Sustainable Food Industry 2025, 1(1)

Honey production in Latvia

Liena Poiša a2, Aleksandrs Adamovičs b, Artis Teilans a
a
Rezekne Academy of Technologies, Atbrivošanas str.115, Rezekne, LV-4601, Latvia
b
Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Lielā str. 2, Jelgava, LV-3001, Latvia

Abstract

The geographical position of Latvia is favorable for obtaining high-quality honey. The beekeeping industry is one
of the modern agricultural production sectors in Latvia. Honey from various flowers can be obtained in Latvia.
The aim of the study is to assess the potential for honey production in Latvia. Research methods: 1) analysis of
honey production data, 2) review of various information sources. On average, 1256.811±0.426 tons of honey are
obtained in Latvia per year (time period 1923-1937 and 1997-2023). Since 2019, honey exports in Latvia have
exceeded imports. The greater the amount of honey produced in Latvia, the greater the amount of honey exported.
The amount of honey exports increased, especially in 2021. It is possible that this was also facilitated by the
formation of beekeepers' cooperatives. The amount of imports also increased, which could be explained by the
decrease in the solvency of the population, i.e., imported honey is much cheaper than local honey. In Latvia (2018),
honey was exported at a price 2.1 times higher than imported, but in 2019, the difference between export and
import prices was only 1.3 times. There is a trend in Latvia where there are many small beekeepers in the honey
extraction sector, for whom it is an additional source of income or a hobby. However, both the number of bee
colonies and the amount of honey produced are increasing every year. Latvian beekeepers can produce high-
quality products, but honey production can be increased by moving bees to nectar-rich pastures and diversifying
production types by developing monofloral honey production.

Keywords: honey yield, tips of honey, Latvia, export, import

1. Introduction

The beekeeping industry is not only one of the modern agricultural production sectors in Latvia, but also an
occupation rich in traditions, and one of the oldest (LR ZM, 2024). In Latvia, colonies of various subspecies of
Western honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) are used in beekeeping (LR ZM, 2021). The Latvian native honeybee (Apis
mellifera mellifera L.), or the European (Western European) dark bee, appeared 8,000 years ago (Liepniece et al.,
2017). Bumblebees can also collect honey, which has a much higher content of enzymes, microelements, and
vitamins compared to bee honey, i.e., 100 g of bumblebee honey replaces 1 kg of bee honey when comparing the
content of enzymes, microelements, and vitamins (Dimiņš et al., 2022). In addition, in northern regions, including
Latvia, during the short flowering period of nectar plants, nectar is released more concentrated and richer in
biologically active substances than in southern regions (LR ZM, 2021). Honey contains antioxidants, which are
higher in bee honey than in bumblebee honey (Dimiņš et al., 2022). The main components of honey are various
carbohydrates, the most important of which are glucose and fructose (Šteiselis, 2024: 157). However, it should be
noted that for beekeeping products, impurities that occurred during product collection are not desirable (Jayapal et
al.,). Honey obtained in Latvia is polyfloral, containing a wide spectrum of biologically active substances (ZM,
2022). Bees can also collect so-called honeydew honey, which is a sweet liquid of plant origin that oozes through
leaves, branches or plant stems (Ritmanis, 1992; 222). Honey is a natural product that has a wide range of
applications, for example, in food, apitherapy. In recent years, beekeepers have also used honey to feed bees.
Various by-products are also obtained from the honey production process, such as bee bread and beeswax candles.

2
Corresponding author

This is an open-access journal under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Online ISSN 3044-7224

https://doi.org/10.17770/sfi2025.1.1.8372
© 2025 The Author(s). The journal is published by the Rezekne Academy of Technologies, Rezekne, Latvia.
 Aleksandrs Adamovičs et al.
Honey production in Latvia, 38–46

According to the information provided by the Agricultural Data Center (LDC), in 2023, there were 4,723 registered
beekeepers with 117,657 bee colonies. Compared to 2022, the number of beekeepers has increased by 35% and the
number of bee colonies by 12% (LR ZM, 2024).
Research problem: Analysis of the potential for honey production in Latvia is an important factor in assessing
the volume of honey production in Latvia and possible sales opportunities. Research object: honey production in
Latvia. Research subject: honey production potential in Latvia. Research question: What is the potential for honey
production in Latvia. The aim of the research is to assess the potential for honey production in Latvia. The medicinal
and gastronomic properties of honey are an important factor in its application in various sectors. There is a trend in
Latvia where there are many small beekeepers in the honey extraction sector, for whom it is an additional source of
income or a hobby, because in Latvia (LR ZM, 2024)) in 2023, most (28%) were beekeeping establishments with
21 to 50 bee colonies, 22% were establishments with 11–20 bee colonies, 20% were establishments with 6–10 bee
colonies and 21% of establishments with one to five bee colonies. It is important to assess the real potential for
honey extraction in Latvia. Otherwise, a shortage of supply may arise, as a result of which it will not be possible to
ensure demand. However, there is also a risk of the opposite situation, that supply will exceed demand, therefore it
is important to also explore possible sales opportunities and how to increase honey sales.

2. Materials and Methods

A literature review was chosen as a research method because it can summarize and synthesize previous research.
The study collected information on honey harvest in Latvia (time period 1923-1937 and 1997-2023), exports,
imports (Fig. 2 - Fig. 5), using the Latvian Statistics Portal (Latvijasportāls, 2025), (Statistikas portals, 2019), the
Ministry of Agriculture's Agricultural Annual Reports (LR ZM, 2001)-(LR ZM, 2024), as well as to find out what
honey is (Table 1) and what are its types (Fig. 1), because a literature review is also equivalent to practical research
(Snyder, 2019).
Data processing was performed using aprakstošas statistikas elementi (mean values, standard deviation,
regression coefficient, regression equation) in the “Microsoft Excel” computer program.

3. Results and discussion

In Latvia, since 1937, both the number of bee colonies, the total honey yield (Fig.2), and honey consumption
per person per year have been decreasing. In 1936, one person ate an average of 1.8 kg of honey, but in 2016, a
rural person – 0.62 kg and a city person – 0.92 kg of honey per year, but in 2009 – 1.2 kg. (Statistikas portāls, 2019)
(LR ZM, 2010).
Honey has different definitions both in regulatory acts, in various dictionaries, and in scientific publications
(Table 1). Definitions 1-5, 7, 11-13 indicate that honey is a sweet substance, while definitions 6, 9, 10 indicate that
honey is a food product, and definition 8 indicates that it is a source of energy.

TABLE 1 DEFINITIONS OF HONEY

No. Honey is… Information source

...a sweet, aromatic sugar substance that honey bees have collected from living plants, carried into (Latviešu konversijas
1.
cells and sealed; nectar is the main raw material for honey vārdnīca, 2002: 26305)
(Latviešu valodas vārdnīca,
2. …a sweet, firm or viscous product created by bees when processing flower nectar
2013; 613)

3. …sweet liquid (Ritmanis, 1992)

…a sweet additive or sugar substitute in a person's daily diet, a natural product with a liquid or
4. (Vincēviča-Gaile, 2010)
semi-liquid, viscous consistency
…a natural, sweet substance produced by the bee (Apis mellifera) from plant nectar or secretions of
living parts of plants, or from secretions of sucking insects on living parts of plants, which it collects
5. (LR ZM, 2015)
and transforms, adding its own special substances, deposits, dehydrates, stores and leaves in
honeycombs to mature and ripen
6. ...a well-known food product worldwide due to its sweet taste, aroma and health benefits (Keke et. al., 2020)

7. ….a natural sweetener, expensive compared to other sweeteners (Labsvārds et. al., 2021)

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Sustainable Food Industry 2025, 1(1)

No. Honey is… Information source

….an important source of energy, 100 g of which consists of approximately 80 g of carbohydrates

8. (BIOR, 2019: 5)
and 20 g of water
…a complex product consisting of more than 300 different groups of substances: sugars, organic
9. acids, enzymes, vitamins, essential oils, flavonoids, sterols and phospholipids, which also determine (BIOR, 2019: 5)
the taste, colour and aroma of honey
10. …a product that inhibits the growth of foodborne pathogens (Bikheet et. al., 2024)
...the main and most popular bee product. It is widely used in food, as a natural sweetener, and as a
11. (Pokojevicz et.al., 2024)
pharmaceutical product.
…a sweet, nutritious, and stable food that honeybees produce from plant nectar or the excrement of
12. (Washkoo et.al., 2024)
plant-sucking insects found on living plant parts.
…nectar, which is a sugar solution in water that also contains small amounts of other substances
13. (Šteiselis, 2024:151)
(amino acids, organic acids, proteins, minerals)

Summarizing the definitions of honey (Table 1), it can be stated that honey is clearly a natural and sweet product,
which is a good source of energy, and with its positive properties has been widely known in Latvia and the world
since ancient times. Honey is a sweetness that has taste properties that are not found in any other sweet substance
(Šteiselis, 2024:426). This means that honey can be used as a sugar substitute.
Honey can be divided into nectar or flower honey (it is obtained from plant nectar) and honeydew-leaf honey (it
is mainly obtained from the secretions of sucking insects on the living parts of plants or from the secretion of the
living parts of plants (LR MK, 2015) (Fig.1). In Latvia, various flower honeys can be obtained (various flowers,
wildflowers, linden flowers, phacelia flowers, sweet flowers, heather flowers, meadow flowers and buckwheat
flowers, etc.) (Dimins et al., 2008). The quality of honey can be characterized by various chemical and physical
parameters (Kūka et al., 2002). Latvian beekeeping production meets EU requirements in terms of both price and
quality (ZM, 2022). In order to support Latvian honey producers, scientific research has been underway for several
years on the authenticity, quality and safety of honey of Latvian origin. As a result of the research, a database has
been created, with the help of which it will be possible to distinguish honey of Latvian origin from products of other
countries, as well as to assess the quality of Latvian honey and monitor the spread of pesticide residues (ZM, 2022).
Honey samples obtained in Latvia have been of high quality, natural and matured (Kūka et al., 2002).
Honeydew-leaf honey is produced by bees from sweet secretions left on plants by various insects. This honey
is darker and thicker than flower honey, with a pronounced taste and aroma. The fructose and glucose content (total)
in honeydew-leaf honey, in a mixture of honeydew-leaf and flower honey, the sugar content must be at least 45
g/100 g, and in flower honey - at least 60 g/100 g (BIOR, 2019), (LR MK, 2015). If honey is produced from the
flowers of different plants, it is called polyfloral honey. If honey is produced from the flowers of one plant species,
it is called monofloral honey.
Honey from various flowers is most widely available in Latvia, however, nectar from a specific plant is
becoming increasingly popular (Labsvārds et al., 2021). The following monofloral types of honey are most
commonly obtained in Latvia:
• Linden honey: light, mild, with a distinct linden blossom aroma.
• Buckwheat honey: dark, with a specific taste and aroma, rich in iron.
• Rapeseed honey: light, with a mild flavor, crystallizes quickly.
• Heather honey: dark, with a bitter taste, jelly-like consistency.

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 Aleksandrs Adamovičs et al.
Honey production in Latvia, 38–46

Types of honey

Honeydew
Flower honey
honey

Honey from
Leaf honey
different
Monofloral (from trees Spruce or
flowers or
honey that have forest honey
polyfloral
leaves)
honey

Sowed crops
such as Heather, Linden leaves, Oak leaves Spruce, pine,
Larch
rapeseed, linden, etc. etc. etc.. silver fir
buckwheat

Fig.1. FTypes of honey (Šteiselis, 2024:153), (ZM, 2022), (BIOR, 2019), (LR MK, 2015), (LR ZM, 2024) (Labsvārds et.al., 2021).

In 2000, the trademark “Ievākts Latvijā” was created in Latvia and applied for registration with the Patent Office,
which designates beekeeping products collected in Latvia and prepared for sale. The trademark was created with
the aim of highlighting products produced in Latvia in the general range of goods and supporting local producers.
The trademark project envisages extensive popularization of beekeeping products, as well as training of beekeepers
to improve their professional skills and produce high-quality products. The project has earned recognition and
received state support for 2001 (LR ZM, 2001).
Honey is the third most counterfeited product in the world (Eiropas Parlaments, 2018), so honey labelling is
important so that consumers of honey products know the country and place of origin of honey. Any product labelled
as honey that is not a joint product of bees, and a living plant is counterfeit (Latviešu konversijas vārdnīca, 2002,
26305). The geographical location of Latvia is favourable for obtaining high-quality honey. The mixed forests of
the temperate climate zone, which alternate with wide meadows, natural and floodplain meadows, shrubs, bogs and
heaths, are an excellent home for nectar plants. The diversity of nectar plants and their quality are the main
prerequisites for the quality of the harvested honey.
In Latvia, honey consumption has decreased to 576.8 tons in 2000 (LR ZM,2001). If we compare the statistics
for four years (1996-2000), then the number of bee colonies has tended to decrease, which has affected the amount
of honey produced and caused its decrease from 700.2 t in 1997 to 333.3 t in 2000. However, in 1999, 362.3 t were
produced, which is more than in 2000. The reason is indicated that it was a rainy summer in 2000 (LR ZM, 2001).
It is positive that the total honey yield in Latvia has tended to increase in recent years (Fig. 2), which is an important
factor, especially considering the changes in the environment, when, due to weather conditions, many farms suffered
losses due to floods, rain, heat, etc. This phenomenon of not only not decreasing but even increasing honey yield
can be explained not only by the increase in the number of apiaries, but also by the suitability of the bee species in
Latvia for the geographical location of Latvia. The increase in the total honey yield in Latvia can serve as a good
basis for the sale of honey not only in Latvia, but also outside Latvia. It is positive that Latvia has a trademark
“Ievākts Latvijā”, which, by developing it, implementing various distribution methods, advertising it, depicting its
positive qualities and uniqueness, can bring the name of Latvia to distant lands, thus increasing its distribution
opportunities outside Latvia. Many Latvians also live in other countries and the trademark “Ievākts Latvijā” can
cause nostalgia and when planning a marketing strategy, attention should also be paid to this aspect.

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Sustainable Food Industry 2025, 1(1)

3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0

2007
1937
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006

2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
1923-1926
1927-1931
1932-1936

Honey, t Average, t
Fig.2. Total honey production in Latvia depending on the year of production, tons (Statistikas portāls, 2019), (LR ZM, 2001) - (LR ZM,
2024), (LR,2022), (LR MK, 2015).

In 2021, Latvia produced 2,135 tons of honey (Fig.2), which is 27.2% more than in the previous year. This could
be explained by Covid-19 restrictions, when people had to spend more time at home, as well as be near their apiaries
and pay more attention to their bee colonies, while monitoring their health.
The value of honey exports increased especially in 2021 (Fig.3). It is possible that this was also facilitated by
the activities of beekeepers' cooperatives. The value of imports also increased, which could be explained by the
decrease in the solvency of the population, i.e. imported honey is much cheaper than local honey. In Latvia (2018),
honey is exported at a price 2.1 times higher than imported, but in 2019 the difference between export and import
prices was only 1.3 times. The value of honey exports in the reporting period from 2021 to 2023 decreased by 21%
overall, but in 2023 compared to 2022 – by 26%. The value of honey imports increased by 2% in the reporting
period, while in 2023 it decreased by 25% compared to the previous year. The average price of honey exports in
2023 increased by 11% compared to 2021 and the average price of imports – by 19%.
Since 2019, there has been a trend in Latvia that honey exports exceed imports (Fig.3, Fig.4), which can be
assessed positively from an economic point of view. Despite the fact that the largest increase in the total honey yield
was observed in 2018 (Fig.2), the sharpest increase in exports was observed only in 2021 (Fig.3, Fig.4). Which
could be explained by caution on the part of beekeepers, restrictions introduced due to Covid-19, or sufficient
demand in the domestic market. Despite the good total honey yield in 2023 (Fig.2), honey exports decreased in that
year compared to previous years. The decrease in imports is also more likely due to the fact that Latvia had a good
total honey yield in that year. It can be unequivocally stated that Latvia has a good environment for honey production
and there is also potential for its distribution.
After joining the European Union, Latvian honey producers had the opportunity to sell their products in other
EU member states, thus expanding the range of consumers. In very small quantities, honey was exported to Estonia
and Malta in 2005, but the largest percentage of honey imports came from Hungary and Ukraine, even up to 99%
of all imports (LR ZM, 2006:111). In 2019, honey was mainly exported to Estonia (36% of the total value of honey
exports), Germany (29%), Poland (17%) and Lithuania (11%), while the honey importing countries were Lithuania
(40% of the total value of honey imports), Poland (35%), China (16%), etc. (LR ZM, 2020:73). At the end of 2022,
the European Commission also approved the Latvian Beekeeping Society's program "EU honey - delicious and
environmentally friendly", the operation of which began in Latvia and Estonia in 2023. The aim of the project is to
promote honey consumption in everyday life and public awareness of the possibilities of using honey and its
connection with natural diversity in Latvia and Estonia. When implementing the project, information campaigns are
organized to popularize honey harvested in the European Union as a delicious and environmentally friendly food
product (LR ZM, 2024).

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 Aleksandrs Adamovičs et al.
Honey production in Latvia, 38–46

3,0

2,5

2,0

1,5

1,0

0,5
0,20,5 0,70,7 0,60,9 0,30,6 0,40,7 0,30,5 0,60,7 0,60,9 0,71,0 0,70,9 0,70,6 1,00,7 2,10,9 2,21,3 1,71,0
0,0
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Export Import

Fig. 3. Honey export and import in Latvia depending on the year of production, million, euros (LR ZM, 2010) - (LR ZM, 2024).

In 2015, the number of farms with more than 150 bee colonies also increased rapidly (an increase of 29%), as
well as the number of professional beekeepers (LR ZM, 2016; 63). The structure of the honey market has changed
significantly since 2013 – direct sales to consumers have decreased, the volume of honey sold to retail companies
and producers has slightly increased, and exports have begun. This means that honey producers are becoming more
professional, the volume of wholesale honey sales is increasing, and large producers do not threaten beekeepers of
small farms who are engaged in direct sales to consumers with their products.

6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023

Honey export price, euro/t Honey import price, euro/t

Honey price in Latvia, euro/t Average - Honey export price, euro/t
Average - Honey import price, euro/t Average - Honey price in Latvia, euro/t

Fig. 4. Honey export and import price in Latvia depending on the year of production (LR ZM, 2019) - (LR ZM, 2024).

The large import of honey, despite the large honey harvest in Latvia, can be explained by the price of imported
honey (Fig.4, Fig.5). Although the price of imported honey increases every year, except for 2023, when it remained
at the previous year's level, it is still cheaper than local honey. It should be noted that since 2021, the price of honey
consumed by Latvians has been lower than the price of exported honey, which indicates the interest of Latvian
residents in purchasing local products. In previous years, honey was exported at a significantly lower price than it
was offered to local consumers in Latvia. The larger the amount of honey produced in Latvia, the larger the amount
of honey exported (Fig.5).

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Sustainable Food Industry 2025, 1(1)

2,5
2,0
1,5 y = 0,0007x - 0,2459
R² = 0,3698
1,0 y = 0,0002x + 0,504
0,5 R² = 0,196

0,0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Honey yield, t
Export, million euro Import, million euro
Linear (Export, million euro) Linear (Import, million euro)

Fig. 5. Relationship between export/import and honey production in Latvia 2009-2023 (LR ZM, 2010) - (LR ZM, 2024).

In the future, honey consumption could possibly increase, not only in markets and shops, but also in restaurants
and cafes and other public catering establishments. Reducing the price of the product is currently not possible due
to the political situation in the world, and therefore an increase in consumption can be ensured by educating
consumers, offering new and suitable packaging types and sizes, as well as using honey and its products in other
industries, such as medicine, cosmetics, confectionery, etc.

4. Conclusions

Both the number of bee colonies and the amount of honey produced are increasing every year. Latvian
beekeepers are able to produce high-quality products, but there are additional opportunities in honey production,
both in increasing productivity by moving bees to nectar plants and by diversifying production types - by developing
monofloral honey production.
The price of honey produced in Latvia is higher than the price of imported honey. The large import of honey,
despite the large honey harvest in Latvia, can be explained by the price of imported honey. Since 2019, honey
exports in Latvia have exceeded imports. Both the number of bee colonies and the amount of honey produced are
increasing every year.
The increase in the total honey yield, price stability, and the development of the beekeeping industry are key
factors that indicate that the honey yield in Latvia is sufficient to satisfy both the needs of local consumers and
suffice for export, making a greater contribution to Latvia's economic growth and development of the national
economy.

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