CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF POLITICAL NEWS ON SOCIAL MEDIA
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
BY
ALBETIA FREINA SINU
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM FACULTY OF TEACHER
TRANING AND EDUCATION SCIENCES UNIVERSITAS KATOLIK INDONESIA
SANTU PAULUS RUTENG
2024/2025
Acknowledgement
In preparing this article, I would like to express my gratitude to all those who have
provided valuable support and contributions. First and foremost, I extend my thanks to my
professors and mentors who have offered guidance and profound insights into discourse analysis
and political communication. Their knowledge and experience have been instrumental in
developing my understanding of this topic.
I also want to thank my colleagues who have shared ideas and engaged in constructive
discussions throughout the research process. Their moral support and constructive criticism have
been significant in enhancing the quality of this study. Additionally, I am grateful to my family
and friends for their unwavering encouragement and motivation.
Finally, I wish to thank all social media users who have shared their information, experiences,
and perspectives. Without the active participation of the public, this research would lack relevant
context. I hope this article provides valuable insights and enriches the discussion on the
importance of discourse analysis in understanding political news in this digital age.
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of The Study..................................................................................................
1.2 Problem of The Study........................................................................................................
1.3 Objectives of The Study....................................................................................................
1.4 Scope of The Study...........................................................................................................
1.5 Significance.......................................................................................................................
1.6 Definition of Key Terms...................................................................................................
CHAPTER II LITERATURE RIVEW
2.1 Theories of DA And CDA.................................................................................................
2.2 The Role of social media In Disseminating Political News..............................................
2.3 Challenges in Political News on social media...................................................................
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Type....................................................................................................................
3.2 Object of The Study...........................................................................................................
3.3 Technique of Data Collection.............................................................................................
3.4 Instrument...........................................................................................................................
3.5 Technique of Data Analysis...............................................................................................
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, the write discusses the background of the study, the objective of the
study. The scope of the study, the significance of the study, and the definition of the key terms.
1.1 Background of the Study
In digital era, social media has become a primary platform for disseminating and
consuming political news. Political news is no longer exclusively delivered by traditional media
but is also shared by individuals and groups on social platforms.With its ability to reach vast
audiences quickly, social media is often used to shape public opinion, influence political
perceptions, and mobilize support. However, this phenomena also brings challenges, such as the
spread of biased news, misinformation, and manipulative narratives. Discourse is a form of
language use, and Discourse Analysis (DA) is an analytical framework that was created for
studying actual text and talk in a communicative context (Mekt et al., 2024). Issues like fake
news, polarized opinions, and emotional narratives are some of the challenges that arise. By
analyzing such discourse, we can better understand how language can be employed as a tool to
shape opinions and strengthen or weaken political arguments. The major focus in Discourse
Analysis is the use of language in social context also, Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) offers a
framework to study language's role in social and cultural evolution, particularly through
Fairclough’s three-dimensional model.
In the presidential election of 2019, accurate information indicates that Joko Widodo,
known for his clean reputation and transparent governance, was able to attract many voters who
were weary of the corrupt elite in Jakarta. Jokowi successfully garnered 55.50% of the votes,
utilizing social media effectively to convey his message and gain support. On the other hand,
Prabowo Subianto, despite having support from certain groups, faced significant challenges due
to aggressive and sometimes controversial campaign tactics, including vote-buying and the
spread of misleading information.
In addition, several inaccurate pieces of information circulated during the campaign
claimed that Jokowi was involved in corruption and had ties to foreign powers, which were part
of a black campaign launched by Prabowo's supporters. For instance, there were allegations that
Jokowi was a "kaafir" and unworthy of being elected, which aimed to tarnish his image among
Muslim voters. Additionally, there were false reports about alleged manipulation of the vote
count intended to discredit Jokowi's victory. These facts illustrate how inaccurate information
can influence public perception and election outcomes. Manipulation of information in the 2019
Indonesian general elections falls into three categories: trickery of electoral law, deception of
cast a ballot preference formation and appearance, as well as deception of the voting
process(Siahaan & Tampubolon, 2021).
In this model, discourse is not only a tool of communication but a mechanism that both
mirrors and molds societal structures. Fairclough emphasizes the dialectic relationship between
discourse and social realities how discourse is both shaped by and shapes power relations and
ideologies. In social media, CDA examines how discourse is contextualized, showing how
language reinforces or disrupts dominant ideologies, potentially challenging social injustices by
exposing power imbalances and social conflicts. By applying CDA to political discourse,
researchers can analyze language’s power to frame ideologies and influence public opinion,
understanding how particular narratives uphold or challenge existing power structures, especially
in politically charged online environments. Thus, CDA is essential for uncovering subtle, often
ideological influences that shape public perception and contribute to ongoing shifts in social
power relations. is has to provide explanations and critique to the case in study to disclose the
possible misinterpretations, discover all the variety of meanings in the particular discourses
(Abdulkadir, 2023).
Moreover, the socio-cognitive approach in discourse analysis offers a deeper
understanding of how language interacts with power dynamics, social cognition, and ideological
structures. This approach, as proposed by van Dijk (2015), emphasizes that language is not
merely a tool for communication but also a means of social control and influence. Through
analyzing political news on social media, we can uncover how specific narratives either uphold
prevailing ideologies or push back against established power dynamics. This becomes
particularly important with the spread of misinformation, where language is often crafted to stir
emotions, polarize views, and influence public attitudes. Discourse analysis, therefore, enables a
critical look at the linguistic strategies in political news, examining whether these strategies
reinforce or question authority, making it a valuable approach for understanding modern political
communication's complexities.
Van Dijk‟s Socio-Cognitive Discourse Analysis is an approach characterised by the
interaction between cognition, discourse and society. This approach originated within formal text
linguistics, evolving to include components of the standard psychological model of memory. It
also adopted the "frame" concept from cognitive science, which explores how structured mental
representations shape understanding. By integrating these elements, the approach provided a way
to examine how memory frameworks and cognitive structures influence the interpretation and
organization of texts, thereby broadening its scope to encompass psychological and cognitive
dimensions of language and meaning. A large part of van Dijk‟s practical investigation deals
with stereotypes, the reproduction of ethnic prejudice, and power abuse by elites and resistance
by dominated groups.(Hidalgo Tenorio, 2021)
A politician may in fact hide himself behind these skills so as not to connect himself to
any kind of commitment.The news interview is not characterized by spontaneous conversation
solely. In fact, it is a type of interaction largely influenced by media and political norms and
institutions; the news interview is a social institution in its own right (Clayman, 2021). The
purpose of discussing the topic "Critical Discourse Analysis of Political News on Social Media"
is to explore the complex relationship between language, power, and public perception in the
realm of political communication. In today's digital age, social media serves as a primary source
for political news, significantly influencing how information is disseminated and received. By
analyzing the discourse present on these platforms, we can uncover underlying biases, rhetorical
strategies, and potential manipulations of public opinion.
History overflows with different instances of bending reality for material augmentation,
famously called lying, or flexing reality for political gain, named purposeful publicity (Raj &
Goswami, 2020). This practice has a longstanding place in political strategy globally. The
primary challenge with this trend is striking a balance between ethical standards and practical
ambitions. Without regulation, distorting truth risks undermining public trust and causing
significant societal harm. It’s important to recognize that this manipulation not only impacts the
directly involved but also brings far-reaching, long-term effects on society as a whole.
There are several study that related in this topic, first study by (Abdulkadir, 2023) Thus, this
paper investigated how ideological beliefs of individuals or groups were conveyed through. In
this research, video data from Channels TV’s YouTube channel were downloaded and
transcribed to analyze Nigerian political interviews. Using van Dijk’s (2006) socio-cognitive
Critical Discourse Analysis framework, the study examined how politicians use language to
influence and control. The analysis revealed that politicians assert dominance by employing
strategic language, such as “we” for self-presentation and “they” for opposing groups, creating
power asymmetry. Rhetorical devices like polarization, categorization, populism, and emotional
appeals implicitly express ideological positions, emphasizing themes of dominance and group
identity.
Second research by (Yunanto et al., 2024) This research aims to analyse political discourse in the
media space in Indonesia using a critical discourse approach. The research method involves
collecting data from various media sources, such as newspapers, television, radio, and online
platforms, which are then analysed using a critical discourse approach. The results reveal that the
construction of political narratives in the Indonesian media is often influenced by certain
political and economic interests, which reinforce framing in accordance with a particular agenda.
In additionn, various rhetorical strategies, such as the use of emotional appeals, analogies, and
emphasis on authority, are also used in political reporting to influence public opinion. The
findings also show that political discourse in the media tends to accentuate opinion polarisation,
political personalisation and stereotyping, which directly affects political participation and
decision-making processes.
The third research done by (Scheffauer et al., 2024) Research has shown positive attitudes
toward journalists and their roles foster pro- democratic outcomes. This study aims to explore the
impact of social media and algorithms on public opinion, journalists, and media trust. A panel
survey was conducted in the U.S. to gather data on citizens' preferences regarding news
gatekeeping. The results indicate that citizens favor journalist gatekeeping to enhance trust in
both traditional and social media. In contrast, a preference for algorithmic news selection does
not influence trust levels. Furthermore, those who consume traditional news more frequently and
prefer professional gatekeeping exhibit higher trust in media sources.
The similarities between previous research and upcoming studies in the context of "Critical
Discourse Analysis of Political News on Social Media" can be seen in several aspects. Firstly,
both studies focus on the analysis of discourse related to political news and how language is used
to shape public opinion. Previous research has employed Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and
socio-cognitive approaches, which will also be applied in upcoming studies to understand the
dynamics of power and ideology in political communication.
The overall aim of this research, as outlined in the background section, is to explore the complex
relationship between language, power, and public perception within the realm of political
communication. In today's digital age, social media serves as a primary source for political news,
significantly influencing how information is disseminated and received by society. Through the
analysis of discourse present on these platforms, this study seeks to uncover underlying biases,
rhetorical strategies, and potential manipulations of public opinion.
Additionally, the research aims to understand how political discourse on social media shapes
public perception and influences political attitudes, particularly in the context of the rapid and
often emotionally charged spread of information. Thus, this study endeavors to provide deeper
insights into how language is utilized as a tool to shape opinions and reinforce or challenge
existing power structures, while also identifying the challenges arising from the phenomena of
fake news and misinformation in the digital world.
Both studies will analyze the linguistic and rhetorical strategies used in political news to uncover
underlying biases and ideologies. Lastly, the social and cultural context influencing the
production and reception of political discourse is also of concern in both studies. Therefore,
while there may be differences in focus and specific contexts, there are many similarities in the
goals and analytical approaches used.
1.2 Problem of The Study
The research questions guiding this study include: How does the rapid spread of political
news on social media affect the public’s ability to distinguish between accurate and inaccurate
information? And how does political news on social media influence public trust in political
institutions and political participation?
1.3 Objectives OF The Study
The primary objective of this study is to analyze how the rapid spread of political news on social
media affects the public's ability to distinguish between accurate and inaccurate information. By
examining the mechanisms through which misinformation or disinformation spreads, this study
seeks to understand the challenges individuals face in evaluating the credibility of political news
and the implications of these challenges on informed decision-making.
Furthermore, this study aims to explore the influence of political news on social media on public
trust in political institutions and political participation. By investigating how exposure to such
news shapes perceptions of credibility and legitimacy, the study will also delve into the extent to
which political news on social media motivates or discourages individuals from engaging in
political activities. This research aspires to provide insights that can guide the development of
strategies to enhance media literacy and foster a more informed and active citizenry.
1.4 Scope of the Study
The scope of this study focuses on analyzing political news discourse on social media
platforms and how language is strategically used to shape public perception, influence political
opinions, and convey ideological messages. Utilizing Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), this
research will examine the dominant linguistic elements, narrative structures, and rhetorical
strategies employed in political news content on platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. The strategies explored will include the use of emotional appeals, framing techniques,
polarization of opinions, and the manipulation of facts to either reinforce or challenge existing
power structures. This study will also investigate how these strategies contribute to the spread of
fake news, misinformation, and the amplification of biased narratives, which ultimately impact
public opinion and social cohesion.
The research will focus on recent political events, primarily within the last two years, to
ensure the relevance of the a nalysis to contemporary political communication. The qualitative
methods will be employed to analyze a selected range of posts, articles, comments, and shares,
examining both the language used by the media and the responses from users. Through this, the
study aims to uncover patterns in how political news is consumed, shared, and understood on
social media, highlighting the role of discourse in modern political communication.
1.5 Significance of the Study
By utilizing Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), this research provides insights into how
language is strategically employed in political news to manipulate or shape public views, spread
ideologies, and reinforce or challenge power structures.The findings from this study will be
beneficial to several groups. Academics and researchers in the fields of political communication,
linguistics, and media studies will gain a deeper understanding of how discourse functions in
shaping political realities, especially on social media. Policy makers and media regulators will
find the insights useful in developing strategies to combat misinformation and promote more
ethical media practices, particularly in the digital space. For journalists and media professionals,
this research highlights the importance of critical awareness regarding the language used in
reporting, helping them to avoid contributing to biased or misleading narratives. Social media
users and the general public will benefit from this study by becoming more informed consumers
of political news, allowing them to better discern between fact and manipulation, ultimately
fostering a more informed and critically engaged society.
1.6 Definition of Key Terms
CDA: CDA is a kind of analysis of discourse which brings forth odd relationships among
different social and ethnic groups.(Mekt et al., 2024)
Political News: News related to political issues, including reports, commentary, and analyses
regarding policies, elections, and government actions, which play a role in shaping public
opinion and attitudes. Abdulkadir (2021: 3)
Social Media : The social media is now used with a varying degree of success by global and
national political actors, which allows us to speak about it as about the instrument of political
discourse and one of the concepts representing soft power in politics.(Fairclough & Silverman,
2021) .
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE RIVEW
2.1 Theories of Discourse Analysis and Critical Discourse Analysis
DA, is an approach used to understand various forms of texts and conversations within specific
communication situations. It focuses on how words, phrases, and sentence structures are used to
convey particular ideas or intentions. In DA, attention is given to how meaning is constructed
through the interaction between speakers or writers and their audience. This makes DA a crucial
tool in analyzing the dynamics of communication. DA is thus not simply an alternative to
conventional methodologies; it is an alternative to the perspectives in which those methodologies
are embedded (Mahmud, 2019).Discourse Analysis plays an important role in social and political
contexts, as it can reveal how language is used to shape perceptions, spread ideologies, and
influence public opinion. In the political realm, DA allows us to see how discourses are crafted
to support or oppose particular policies. Discourse analysis is a methodological approach that
delves into the study of language and communication to uncover underlying social, cultural, and
power dynamics. It treats language as a social construct that reflects and shapes reality,
emphasizing the importance of context and power relationships. The nvestigation further
explores different types of discourse analysis, including critical discourse analysis, conversation
analysis, and feminist discourse analysis, each with its own focus and techniques (Syarif &
Jakarta, 2022).In social contexts, DA helps us understand how language reflects or shapes
norms, values, and power structures within a society. Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is a
branch of DA that focuses on the relationship between language, power, and ideology. CDA
reveals how language use can reinforce or challenge existing power structures in society.
.Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is a multidisciplinary field where a linguist and a sosiologist
work together on a social phenomenon in a social discourse ( Riyadi Santosa, 2020).The
Fairclough’s three-dimensional model, which includes text, discursive practice, and social
context, provides a robust framework for analyzing how political discourse is constructed and
functions on social media.
2.2 The Role of Social Media in Disseminating Political News
Social media has significantly altered the process of sharing and receiving political information
among the public. Political news is no longer confined to traditional media outlets; rather,
individuals and various groups now distribute it via platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and
Instagram. This shift has decentralized the flow of political news, making it accessible from
numerous sources and giving users the power to share widely. the impact of social media on
political communication is a complex and evolving subject. While it offers benefits like rapid
information dissemination and grassroots mobilization, it also poses challenges such as political
polarization and the spread of disinformation. Researchers continue to explore and analyze this
dynamic relationship to better understand its implications for modern politics(Content et al.,
2023). The rapid dissemination and extensive reach of social media often result in viral content,
which may not always undergo fact-checking. This lack of verification raises concerns about the
reliability of information. In this context, it is crucial to examine how the narratives and language
used in political news on these platforms influence how the public perceives and understands
political issues. The research investigates the ways in which social media might facilitate
political participation and civic engagement. Specifically, it examines the ways in which it can
amplify voices that are marginalized and encourage political discourse that is inclusive. A
comprehensive understanding of the intricate connections that exist between political discourse
and social media can be obtained through the utilization of this multidisciplinary approach. It
provides the general public, scholars, and policymakers with essential information by elucidating
the benefits and drawbacks associated with this shifting link(Borah et al., 2022).
2.3 Challenges in Political News on Social Media
One of the primary challenges in political news on social media is the phenomenon of
misinformation and opinion polarizationSince companies such as Google or Facebook have been
involved in the search for perpetrators, despite their own role in spreading fake news: Google has
announced that they will ban any website that publishes the fake news, while also using their
online adver- tising service. Facebook CEO, Mark Zuckerberg, announced that they were
considering various options, including easier flagging of suspicious content by users(Pasławska
& Popielska-borys, 2018). The polarization influence is applicable to both people with and
without a clear political orientation. Interpersonal discussion and news exposure also had
polarizing effects on public opinion during the Umbrella Movement, suggesting that polarization
effect is not unique to social media when the political context itself is polarizing(Lee, 2019)
Emotional and manipulative narratives can shape public perception in harmful ways. Previous
research has shown that the language used in political news often serves to reinforce specific
ideologies, create social injustices, and undermine public trust in political institutions. Language
plays a crucial role in the ideological process, serving as the link between individuals'
understanding of the world and their social practices, as it mediates both thought and behavior. It
will be demonstrated how language reflects ideology and functions not only as a means of
communication bu t also as a tool for power and control. Ideologies are sets of ideas involved in
the ordering of experience, making sense of the world. This order and sense is partial and
particular. The systems of ideas which constitute ideologies are expressed through language.
Language supplies the models and categories of thought, and in part people's experience of the
world is through language(Brognolli, 2018). The research examines trends in political trust and
confidence during this parliament and compares them with the experience of previous
parliaments from the 1970s onwards. It then analyzes how far the trends uncovered can be
explained by some of the public policy challenges that the government has faced before, and
finally, discusses the implications for political engagement, attitudes toward constitutional
change, and support for populism (Centre, 2024) .
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Type
This study employs a qualitative approach, aiming to gain a deep understanding of social
phenomena. The main aim of qualitative research is to explore and provide deeper,
comprehensive and detailed description of phenomena from non-numeric data, (Oranga &
Matere, 2023). Qualitative research is an approach used to understand social phenomena in
depth by exploring the meanings, experiences, and perceptions of individuals or groups involved.
This type of research focuses on the context and processes behind the phenomena being studied,
emphasizing a holistic and comprehensive understanding. Qualitative research is concerned with
feelings, ideas, or experiences(Ugwu, Chinyere, N; Eze Val, 2019). Qualitative research allows
the researcher to explore the meanings, experiences, and perceptions of the subjects involved.In
this study, the qualitative method used is Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA),which focuses on
analyzing political discourse on social media. The analysis will examine various political texts
that appear on social media platforms, with the goal of understanding how language is used to
shape public opinion and reinforce or challenge existing power structures.
The specific qualitative method employed in this research is Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA),
a method that explores the relationship between language, power, and ideology in discourse.
CDA is particularly effective in understanding how political discourse is constructed on social
media platforms and how these texts influence political perceptions, either reinforcing or
challenging established power structures. CDA is an intervention of social practices, which
critically investigate(Armayanti, 2019). This analysis will scrutinize political texts circulating on
social media to identify how language is strategically employed in these contexts.
Overall, qualitative research provides a more holistic and contextual approach to understanding
phenomena. In this study, the researcher will analyze political texts on social media to explore
how they shape public views. Through this approach, the research aims to uncover how political
discourse plays a role in constructing ideologies and influencing the dynamics of social and
political power.
3.2 Object of the Study
The object of this research consists of data sources obtained from various social media platforms,
including Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. The data to be analyzed includes posts, articles,
comments, and shared content such as memes, videos, and images related to political news and
events. These forms of digital content are integral to understanding how political messages are
communicated, shaped, and consumed by the public in an online environment.The analysis will
focus on how language is used within these political texts to convey specific political ideologies,
influence public opinion, and shape perceptions of political issues. The study will examine the
choice of words, tone, and language structures that are used to frame political narratives.
language that provides the opportunity for politicians to explore its verbal communicative
resources and manipulate words to suit their intentions. Both the political message and its
manner of presentation are consequently very important. Language is used in politics to make
speeches and remarks. Thus, political career is negotiated, secured and practised through the
instrumentality of language whose product, in this wise is mainly speech making(Sarah &
Oladayo, 2019). This involves analyzing how language serves as a tool for reinforcing or
challenging established political power structures. Examples of Critical Discourse Analysis
(CDA) of Politicians’ Social Media Posts (Alia Azmi n.d,2019).
3.3 Technique of Data Collection
The technique of data collection used in this study is observation. Observation is conducted by
directly monitoring interactions and content that appear on social media. In this context,
observation involves gathering data from posts, comments, and discussions occurring on these
platforms. Observation is one of the most basic data collection methods. Observation is
sometimes used as a method on its own, but is more often used in parallel with other data
collection and analysis methods(Umar, 2023). The researcher will document how social media
users respond to political news and how the language used influences their opinions. Observation
as a scientific method can be carried out in various ways giving the possibility of obtaining
specific data about the examined phenomenon(Swanwick, 2019). This observational approach
helps the researcher understand the social and cultural context of the discourse being analyzed.
3.4 Instrument
The instrument used in this research is an observation tool that includes guidelines for
identifying key elements within political discourse. Observation, as one of these tools and
techniques help a researcher to collect lively and rich information from the sources available by
utilizing his senses of observation(Yeradkar & Jaywant, 2020). This observation model
encompasses categories such as the use of emotional language, which aims to detect examples of
language that evoke specific emotions in readers, as well as framing techniques that analyze how
political issues are framed to influence public perception. Additionally, the instrument will focus
on opinion polar
ization by noting how language can trigger divisions among social media users.
By employing this observation tool, the researcher will be able to document language use that
reflects particular biases or ideologies in political discourse on social media. This measurement
tool is designed to support a systematic analysis of the collected data, allowing the researcher to
identify patterns, rhetorical strategies, and the impact of language in shaping public opinion.
Through this instrument, the study aims to provide a deeper understanding of the relationship
between language, power, and ideology in modern political communication.
3.5 Technique of Data Analysis
In this study, the technique of data analysis is conducted through a series of systematic steps.
First, data collection involves gathering information from various sources on social media related
to political news. Data collection is a technique or method that can be used by investigators to
collect data(Salmia, 2023). Once the data is collected, the next step is data organization, where
the data is categorized based on themes, contexts, and language strategies employed. Data
organization are subjected to processing activities such as calculating, comparing, and
classifying(“Data Organization,” 2019). Following this, discourse analysis is applied using the
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) methodology to investigate the relationship between
language, power, and ideology in the observed content. CDA is an intervention of social
practices, which critically investigate(Armayanti, 2019). This This process assists the researcher
in identifying patterns, biases, and rhetorical strategies that emerge from the data analysis.
Through in-depth interpretation of the results, this research aims to uncover how language is
utilized in political discourse on social media and how it influences public perception and shapes
existing power structures.
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