MCC Course

MCC version 2.1 – 30/10/14 mercredi 23 novembre 2016

 CONTENTS

DAY 5 MCC1 Human Factors and CRM:

• Introduction
• Human performances
• Decision making
• Human errors
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• Communication

DAY 6 MCC2 Human Factors and CRM:

• Leadership
• Glass Cockpit
• Notechs
• TEM (Threat and Errors Management)

DAY 7 MCC3 Human Factors and CRM:

• Cases studies (2)

MCC version 2.1 – 30/10/14

 CONTENTS
This course has to be delivered with the Flight Crew Training manual (FCTM) as support !

DAY 8 MCC4 SOP

• MCC philosophy
• Flight phases
•
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Cockpit procedures • Abnormal & Emergency procedures:

• SOP’s
• Safety priorities briefing  Definitions
• Call out  Priorities management
• Task-sharing  Crew task sharing
 Cockpit phylosophy
• Check-list  ATR documentation & Check-list
• Cross-check  DC GEN fault
• AFCS  HYD BLUE LO LVL
 Flaps unlock
• Crew task sharing on AP  Split phylosophy
 Electrical smoke
 Windshear
 Unusual attitudes

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 MCC PHILOSOPHY

The aim of the course is to become proficient in multi-crew co-operation

(MCC) in order to operate safely multi-pilot aircraft and, for that purpose, to
ensure that:
a. The pilot-in-command fulfills his managing and decision-making
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functions irrespective whether he is PF or PM.

b. The tasks of PF and PM are clearly specified and distributed in such a

manner that the PF can direct his full attention to the handling and control
of the aircraft.

c. Co-operation is effected in an orderly manner appropriate to the

normal, abnormal or emergency situations encountered.

d. Mutual supervision, information and support is ensured at all times.

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 MCC PHILOSOPHY

As flight crew is a team, Multi Crew Cooperation training prepares and helps you to
develop optimum

• decision making,
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• communication,
• task sharing,
• use of check-lists,
• mutual supervision,
• team work,

during all flight phases in normal, abnormal and emergency conditions.

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 MCC 4. GROUND PHASES / FLIGHT PHASES

Each flight PHASE is associated with a PROCEDURE and can possibly be followed
by a CHECH-LIST
Preliminary cockpit preparation
Final cockpit Preparation
Before propeller rotation
Before taxi
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Taxi
Before Take off
After take off
Cruise
Descent
Approach
Before landing
After landing
Parking

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 MCC 4. COCKPIT PROCEDURES

Definition:

Procedures are actions carried out to reach an objective in accordance with safety:

-It means a common plan of action.

-It means to dismiss action that could jeopardize safety.
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-It means rules to know and to follow.

Each flight phase complies with a specific chronological actions list that
crew has to perform by memory.

Note : A procedure is performed before the check list reading.

A procedure is triggered by the word “… procedure”. (e.g.“taxi procedure”)

Procedures are in compliance with SOP’s.

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 MCC 4. SOP’S

SOP are well-tried when faced to common problems encounters by operators

in normal and abnormal conditions.

SOP provide a guide line of action experienced and ratified by a group rather
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than a single person, expert though he is.

SOP are less demanding on mental resources.

Based on habits or rules, SOP leave more room to unexpected even.

SOP are the scope of professional language.

This is essential for good communication between individuals.

Procedure is the spine of safety

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 MCC 4. SAFETY POINTS

Responsabilities

The Captain is responsible for the aircraft safe operation.

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He is nominated by the operator.

His decisions are final, and it is the responsability of other crew members for the
safe and efficient execution of any assigned tasks.

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 MCC 4. SAFETY POINTS

Collision Avoidance

Anti collision monitoring has to be done by both crew members on ground and in
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flight.

Outside by visual check and inside by ATC frequency listening and TCAS.

Whatever, always ensure that one pilot is controlling and monitoring the flight path.

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 MCC 4. SAFETY POINTS

Steril Cockpit

During critical phases of the flight (take-off, approach, landing, go-around), talks, requests and
call out must be limited to the activity.
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Technical communications between both pilots have to comply with the standard announcements
and call outs explained in SOP’s.

FL100 • Before eng. start and up to FL100

• From FL100 to eng. shut down

HEADSETS ON ! • On Captain’s decision

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 MCC 4. SAFETY POINTS

Announces to the cabin crew

Pilot have to inform cabin crew of all significant flight phase change :

Take-off.
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Service beginning.
Turbulence area.
Descent.
Before landing.
Technical problem that impacts cabin procedure.

Following the announce, cabin crew must :

Secure servicing materials, and stay at service seat.

Start a technical or commercial action.
Apply a specific procedure.

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 MCC 3. BRIEFING

Definition :
 Departure briefing  Final cockpit preparation procedure.

 Takeoff briefing  Taxi procedure.

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 Arrival briefing  Before descent procedure.

• PF has to prepare all settings prior to perform briefing ( FMS, HT1000 , basic settings
Com and Nav).

• Call out to announce and to close a briefing :

« Are you ready for the ………….. briefing ? »
« If no question, …………. Briefing complete. »

• Always use the same structure.

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 MCC 4. BRIEFING

Structure of departure briefing:

• Status :  Weather condition (icing, thunderstorm, wind…).

 Aircraft technical situation (MEL restriction…).

  Specific flight items (NOTAMs, de-icing…).

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• Taxi :  Runway in use and expected holding point.

  Taxi out description.


 Particularities (contamination, taxyway closed…).

• Runway :  Limitations, specifications, bleed, anti-icing.


• SID :  Jeppesen chart n°…… & date ……
 SID name.
 MSA.

 Flight path description (routing, first FL, climb restriction).
 Radio navigation setting (freq., course…).
 FMS /HT1000 SID.

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 MCC 4. BRIEFING

Departure clearance:

• When the departure clearance is received from ATC, you must check :
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• Is actual SID in compliance with the prepared one ?

• Is altitude clearance in compliance with MSA / SID climb restriction ?
• Set squawk code ( if received ).

• If clearance is amended, reorganize and describe new radio-nav° settings.

• If clearance is not amended, PF announces : « No change ».

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 MCC 4. BRIEFING

Structure of T/O Briefing :

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The goal is to refresh the short term memory with the action to do in case of trouble.

• « Are you ready for takeoff briefing ?

• Takeoff RWY……, weight ………, V1 ……
• If failure before ……, I (you) stop the aircraft.
• If failure at or after ……, we continue HDG……, acceleration altitude is
……, MSA is ……
• Any question ?..........(if NO) briefing complete ».

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 MCC 4. BRIEFING

Arrival Briefing
• Top of descent :  Expressed in distance (time for information) and MSA.

• Particularities :  Icing or normal conditions.

 NOTAM.
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 Airport equipement failure.



• Alternate & hldg :  Holding time before diversion.
 
• Weather at dest. :  Visi / RVR compared to minima  airport accessible or not.

 • Approach proc. :  Jeppesen chart n°…… & date ……

 Type of approach.
 MSA according to the arrival sector.
 Flight path description.
  Descent interception / stabilization point.
 Minima.
  Go-around procedure.
  Radio-nav° setting for the final approach.

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 MCC 4. CALL OUT

 Standard call out

Ensure effective interaction and communication between crew members.

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How ? • Standard communication.

• Same language.
• Don’t speak all the time.
• Don’t make too long message, minimum courtesy.

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 MCC COURSE MCC 4. TASK SHARING

Dad, why are there always two pilots ?

One has to prevent the other from doing stupid things.
Which one is doing stupid things ?

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 MCC 4. TASK SHARING

Main principles: -Status and Functions.

The difference between status (captain/first-officer) and

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functions (PF/PM) should be clearly understood.

Each function (PF/PM) is not fixed, nor cut off from the other one.

Depending on the work load, interaction is necessary to create synergy.

Tasks are shared out after discussion and each crew member is able to perform the task
of the other crew in case of crew incapacity.

On ground seating position prevails.

In flight (70 Kts) functions PF/PM prevail.

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 MCC 4. TASK SHARING

In an Orchestra, to play a good piece of music, each musician needs to know the score.

• What do I have to say?

-call out

• What do I need to do?

-Action
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-Procedure
-Check
-Read back

• How do I have to do it?

-memo items.
-reading

• How to say it?

-Professional language: what is the phraseology to say it.

It must be remembered that omission of a single call out, may have a huge
consequences for the remaining of the flight.

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 MCC 4. TASK SHARING

Responsabilities

WHAT WHO
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Decision making Captain First Officer

Task sharing PM PF
Flying / Acft config. 
During
Navigation Emer/Abnorm C/L, 
PF is in charge of
Mechanical & C/L  communication

Communication  

PF / PM is CM1 or CM2 alternately or following the choice of captain.

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 MCC 4. TASK SHARING

 In Flight Engines Management

PM
Manages condition
PF levers
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Manages power
levers

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 MCC 4. TASK SHARING

 Priorities Management

• Fly the aircraft.

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• Navigate the aircraft.

• Understand the problem before acting.
• Assess risk and time pressure.
• Match response strategy to simulation requirements.
• Plan for contingencies.
• Consider implications before decision.
• Manage workload.
• Create shared problem model by communications.

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 MCC 4. TASK SHARING

 Crew functions

Flight Phases
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On ground < 70 Kts CM1 CM2

On ground > 70 Kts 1st situation * PF PM

Or

In flight 2nd situation * PM PF

* The function is decided during the briefing by the captain.

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 MCC 4. TASK SHARING
 Crew function
Pilot flying transfer announcement.

By the PF : « YOUR CONTROL » or « YOU HAVE CONTROL »

By the pilot who receives PF function :

Example : T/O « MY CONTROL » or « I HAVE CONTROL »
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Check,
Your 70 Kts
control
My control
V1, Rotate

T/O start 70 Kts V1 - VR

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 MCC 4. TASK SHARING

 Specificities
Flaps and Landing gear

PF order the system action.

PM performs the action and announces the configuration when setting is in
compliance with the system indicator.
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PM checks the speed before each configuration change the performs the task and
announces the new configuration.

Example
Flight Events PM PF
 Order
 Announce « Flaps xx »
Flaps extension « Speed check »
 Do
Flaps lever…….selected

 Announce
Flaps at xx on the
« Flaps xx »  Announce
indicator
« Check »

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 MCC 4. TASK SHARING

 Specificities

Altimeter setting and altitude change

PF and PNF altimeter setting have always to be the same. Any change will be
performed with a specific call and mutual control.
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Altimeters
Flight Phase
CM1 Standby CM2

From ground till QNH QNH QNH

cleared to FL (Departure apt) (departure apt) (departure apt)

From climb to FL till

QNH
cleared down to Std Std
altitude (Regional)

Cleared to altitude
QNH QNH QNH
(arrival airport) (arrival airport) (arrival airport)

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 MCC 4. CHECK-LIST (C/L)

Definition:

Normal C/L are used to verify that main procedures with impact on flight
management have been correctly performed. This is a quality control.
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To be efficient, C/L reading has to be preceeded by actions performed by

memory.

Procedures allows crew members to do all correct actions.

Check-list permits to check they have been done.

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 MCC 4. CHECK-LIST (C/L)
 Use of C/L

Challenge & Reply concept : PM reads C/L, PF answers.

On Ground In Flight
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•C/L is requested by CM1. •C/L is requested by PF.

•C/L is read by CM2. •C/L is read by PM.

• PM annouces C/L title, reads the C/L, asking questions.

• When C/L is completed, PM announces « C/L complete ».
• The answer must be in compliance with the C/L and adapted with the present
situation.
• The PM must receive correct answer before reading the next item. If not, PM has to
repeat the same item.
• If C/L is interrupted, resume reading one step before last item.
 For a long interruption resume reading from beginning of C/L.

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 MCC 4. CROSS-CHECK

 Goal :

 The mutual control is a safety factor.

 Control must be done by clear messages and informations.

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 To be efficient : each pilot should know the other crew member procedures.
the procedure should be entirely and accurately followed.

 If an indication is not in compliance with the executive action, crew must check
the system and take any necessary action to correct the situation.

 Any pilot action which modify the flight parameters should be announced and
cross-checked (eg : HDG,ALT,…)

 If PM is busy, PF must report any change when PM is again available.

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 MCC 4. CROSS-CHECK
 Mutual Supervision

SET & CHECK PHILOSOPHY

When the pilot has completed his action, he informs the other one by using the
word “SET” at the end of his call out.
The other pilot checks the new status and announces “CHECK” , this is your
acknowledgement.
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« SET » at the beginning of the sentence = order.

« SET » at the end of the sentence = action done.

Example

« Check »
« Power set »

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 MCC 4. AFCS

 AFCS basic practice

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ATR 500 ATR 600

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 MCC COURSE

Click to continue the course…

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 MCC 4. TASK SHARING / AP
 Summary

• « I say what I do, I do what I say »

• Using AFCS :
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 AP engaged  PF acts directly.

 AP disengaged  PF asks its PM to act.

Before any action on AP,we must know wich mode is already engaged.
Engagement of AP is done only with FD ON and a well trimmed aircraft.

•Standard calls in accordance with SOP’s.

•Importance of cross-check.

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 MCC 4. ABNORMAL AND EMERGENCY PROCEDURE

Definitions :

1° Emergency situation
« A condition of being threatened by serious and/or imminent danger and of requiring
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immediate assistance »

2° Abnormal situation
« A condition concerning the safety of : an aircraft , another vehicle, a person on board or
within sight, which does not require immediate assistance »*

3° Standard communication
Distress : MAYDAY, MAYDAY, MAYDAY
Urgency (abnormal) : PAN PAN, PAN PAN, PAN PAN

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 MCC 4. ABNORMAL AND EMERGENCY PROCEDURE

Priorities management (NASA study)

-Fly the aircraft

-Navigate the aircraft
-Understand the problem before acting
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-Assess risk and time pressure

-Match response strategy to simulation requirements
-Plan for contingencies
-Consider implications before decision
-Manage workload
-Create shared problem model by communications

Fight path management

PF may decide to transfer flight controls to PM in certain circumstances , in that case

PF will announce "YOU HAVE CONTROL" and check control transfer. PM will announce
"I HAVE CONTROL".

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 MCC 4. ABNORMAL AND EMERGENCY PROCEDURE
Task sharing
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 MCC 4. ABNORMAL AND EMERGENCY PROCEDURE

2° Cockpit philosophy
- Dark cockpit philosophy
NO LIGHT = normal operation
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- Lights philosophy
Dark normal operation (no light)
Amber caution
Red emergency
White system is OFF
Blue status (switches temporary ON by the crew)
Green feedback (system has been automatically turned ON)

Failure detection process on ATR 500 Failure detection process on ATR 600

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Click to continue the course…

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 MCC 4. ABNORMAL AND EMERGENCY PROCEDURE
Preconditions

A black square : PM will announce « YES or NO? » at the end of

the item to help PF ’s decision.

A black dot : when an action has to be applied.

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 MCC 4. ABNORMAL AND EMERGENCY PROCEDURE
Memo items
-It is a flow of actions known by heart that has to be performed by the crew.

-Memo item are Boxed inside the check list and have to be read back when the
relevant check list is performed
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-As soon as flight path is controlled, and after confirmation of the failure or the
emergency/abnormal situation, PF orders « xxx MEMO ITEMS »
(Except engine flame out, wich require immediate check or action before reaching
acceleration altitude. It will be initiated by PM without any PF call out.)

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 MCC 4. ABNORMAL AND EMERGENCY PROCEDURE
3°Use of the Check-list
- Confirmation by the PF :
PF « DC GEN FAULT CHECK LIST »
PM « DC GEN FAULT CHECK LIST? »
PF « CONFIRM »
- Read and Do by the PM and crosscheck by PF
PM « DC GEN 2 ? »
PF « CONFIRM »
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PM « OFF »

- The Check-list may enclose a memo item.

- On ground : aircraft is stopped and parking brake set. CM1 performs required actions of the
emergency procedure. CM2 reads the check-list and controls CM1 actions. No crosscheck procedure
needed.
- In flight : PM reads out the item loudly and performs the required action after PF confirmation.

- When a C/L refers to another one, the first C/L is complete only when the second C/L is done.

- When the first C/L is completed, PM clears the CAP/EWD.

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 MCC 4. ABNORMAL AND EMERGENCY PROCEDURE
Failure treatment concept
1° Philosophy
- Never rush : Take time to analyze the situation before acting !

 Check system: is triggered by the PF and performed by the PM :

Control : is the system command in a logical position ? Reset ?
Supply : is/are the supply source(s) available ?
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Circuit breakers : C/B popped-out ?

Lighting : is/are bulb(s), digit(s) working ?

 Reset policy: at PF discretion, one reset associated with a failed system may be performed

Exceptions: BLEED LEAKS, LO LEVEL, EEC/ECU, PEC, BUS , AUTO-PRESS.

 Circuit breaker policy:

 In flight, a pilot should reengage a tripped circuit breaker only if it is judged necessary for the
safe continuation of the flight. In this case, only one reengagement should be attempted and
must be written in the maintenance log book.
 On ground, a pilot can reengage a trip circuit breaker provided the action is coordinated with
the maintenance team.

 Check list priority : EMERGENCY NORMAL ABNORMAL

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 MCC 4. ABNORMAL AND EMERGENCY PROCEDURE

2° Check list reading

- Triggered by PF above acceleration altitude.

- PM read and execute each item with PF crosscheck.

Associated notes must be completely read for a good understanding.

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-On ground, in emergency situation, CM1 performs actions without

request « CONFIRM ?» Before acting, but with CM2 monitoring.

- When a C/L refers to anotherone, the first C/L is completed only when the second
one is also completed.

C/L is read by PM in flight and CM2 on ground.

Note : In case of heavy workload, captain may agree on PF request :

« check list, by yourself »

That means PM has to announce loudly and check every items by himself.

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 MCC 4. ABNORMAL AND EMERGENCY PROCEDURE

3°Sum up, decision, information

 Sum up:
Once the C/L completed, PF sums up situation by taking into account the three following
-O–C
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aspects : T
Technical assessment
Operational assessment
Commercial assessment
 Decision:
When the assessment is completed, the PF is able to suggest a decision, which must be
validated by the captain.
CREW MUST ASSESS BEFORE DECISION
 Information:
PF and PM plan together the consequences of failure(s) encountered.
Then PM informs, if necessary :
ATC, flight attendant, passengers, Airline flight operations.

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 MCC 4. ABNORMAL AND EMERGENCY PROCEDURE

 System failure management examples

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ATR 500 ATR 600

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Click to continue the course…

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 MCC 4. ABNORMAL AND EMERGENCY PROCEDURE

System failure management practical exercises : ( under Instructor’s guidance)

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Discussion about Technical and Non-Technical aspects.

Hydraulic Blue Lo Level in Cruise ( From Detection to Decision )

Flaps Unlock after V1 ( From detection to decision )

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 MCC 4. ABNORMAL AND EMERGENCY PROCEDURE

Philosophy

In case of system failure, workload may increase significantly and force the crew to use a new strategy.
Temporarily, the task of each pilot is modified.

This is known as SPLIT

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When the crew split, each one is going to perform his/her task
with no possibility to be crosschecked.

During the split, each crew member must be sure that it is not possible to cross check everything.
This assumption is necessary to focus on its own task.

PM would not be able to follow the flight path and PF to follow the check.

For this reason, it is of the most importance when the crew meet again, to sum up the situation, for
everyone to get back in the loop again.

The crew will meet again during the situation analysis assessment.

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 MCC 4. ABNORMAL AND EMERGENCY PROCEDURE

Failure treatment practical exercises : ( under Instructor’s guidance)

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Discussion about SPLIT and Non-Technical aspects.

ELECTRICAL SMOKE ( at Take-off)

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 MCC 4. ABNORMAL AND EMERGENCY PROCEDURE

WINDSHEAR
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WINDSHEAR
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WINDSHEAR
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 MCC 4. ABNORMAL AND EMERGENCY PROCEDURE

 Unusual attitudes
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ATR 500 ATR 600

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Click to continue the course…

MCC version 2.1 – 30/10/14

 MCC COURSE MODULE COMPLETED !

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