VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BELAGAVI - 560018, KARNATAKA

A MINIPROJECT REPORT ON

“IOT BASED BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM”

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY:
Mr. ABHISHEK.P USN: 1CD22EE002
Mr.RAJSHEKAR N PATIL USN: 1CD22EE042
Mr. RAKESH GOWDA.S USN: 1CD22EE043
Mr. Y.MEDHANTH REDDY USN: 1CD22EE063

Under the guidance of:

Madhushree R
Assistant Professor
Dept. of EEE

CAMBRIDGE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

K.R.Puram, Bengaluru - 560 036
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

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 CAMBRIDGE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
K.R.Puram, Bengaluru – 560036

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that “Mr. ABHISHEK.P(1CD22EE002), RAKESH GOWDA S

(1CD22EE043), Y MEDHANTH REDDY (1CD22EE063), RAJSHEKAR N PATIL
(1CD22EE042)”,bonafide students of Cambridge Institute of Technology, Bengaluru have
satisfactorily completed the course of miniproject entitled “IOT BASED BATTERY
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM”, prescribed by Visvesvaraya Technological University,
Belagavi for B.E. Course during the year 2024-25.It is certified that all
corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the
report deposited in the department library. The project report has been approved as it
satisfies the academic requirements in respect of miniproject work prescribed for the said
degree.

Mini Project Guide Mini Project Coordinator Head of the department

Madhushree R Madhushree R Hema A
Assistant Professor Assistant Professor Associate Professor
Dept. of EEE Dept. of EEE Dept. of EEE

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The miniproject work is a result of the help, guidance, encouragement and assistance of
many people. We sincerely thank Visvesvaraya Technological University for providing us
an opportunity to carry out this project work.

We would like to place on record our deep sense of gratitude to Shri D K. Mohan Babu,
Chairman, Cambridge Group of Institutions, Bengaluru, India, Sri Nithin Mohan, CEO,
Cambridge Group of Institutions for providing excellent infrastructure and academic
environment at CITECH without which this work would not have been possible.

We would wish to thank Dr. Indumathi G, Principal, Cambridge Institute of Technology,

Bengaluru, India for providing all the facilities required to complete this project work.

We express our sincere gratitude to Prof. Hema A, Head of Department, Department of

Electrical and Electronics Engineering, for her continuous support.

We also wish to extend our thanks to Ms. Madhushree R, Miniproject Coordinator,

Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, for her guidance
and constructive suggestion during the project work.

We thank our internal guide Name, Asst. Prof., Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering for his / her unstilted support, valuable guidance and help throughout the work.

We would like to thank all the faculty members and non-teaching staff of Dept. of EEE, for
their constant support.

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 DECLARATION

We declare that this miniproject report is our own work and has not submitted in any form
for any other degree or diploma at any university or institution of technical education.
Information derived from any published or unpublished work of others has been
acknowledged in the text and list of references has been given.

Name and USN of the Students Signatures

Mr. ABHISHEK.P USN: 1CD22EE002

Mr.RAJSHEKAR N PATIL USN : 1CD22EE042

Mr. RAKESH GOWDA.S USN: 1CD22EE043

Mr. Y.MEDHANTH REDDY USN: 1CD22EE063

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 CONTENTS

1.INTRODUCTION 07
2. LITERATURE SURVEY 08 - 09
3.OBJECTIVES 10
4. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION 11 – 16
5. WORKING 17
6. CONCLUSIONS& FUTURE SCOPE 18
7. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS 19
8. REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 20

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ABSTRACT

This mini project focuses on the development of an Internet of Things (IoT) based
Battery Management System (BMS) designed to monitor and manage the
performance
of rechargeable batteries in real-time. The primary objective is to enhance battery
lifespan, ensure safety, and optimize charging processes through continuous
monitoring of battery parameters such as voltage, current, and
state of charge (SoC).

The proposed system utilizes IoT technology to collect data from various sensors
embedded in the battery pack and transmit this information to a cloud-based
platform. This allows for remote monitoring and analysis

The implementation of this BMS can be beneficial in various applications,

including electric vehicles, renewable energy systems, and consumer electronics,
ultimately leading to smarter energy management.

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The industrial process expansion has become very complex in the electronics system. In such
developing industrial field fault detection and fault isolation is very important. This proposed
work reduces the system in identifying the fault in the EV. The vulnerable part in the EV is the
battery.
Battery performance is influenced by factors such as depth of discharge (DoD), temperature and
charging time. This paper attempts to provide the current level and voltage level using Internet of
Things. By depending on the output of the battery fault can be analyzed.
The battery is a device that converts the chemical energy into electrical energy through
electrochemical reaction. Lead Acid battery is the most commonly used battery in UPS. To know
the present status of the battery some important parameters are to be measured in regular
interval.
The important parameters are terminal voltage, load current, discharge current, room temperature
of each battery used in the battery. The UPS that are used in the industries require electric power
for smooth operation. The systems are equipped with lead acid batteries as an alternate source of
electric power.
Battery management system (BMS) forms a crucial system component in various applications
like electric vehicles (EV), hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), uninterrupted power supplies (UPS),
telecommunications and so on.
The accuracy of these systems has always been a point of discussion as they generally 10%
considering all the parameters together. Batteries are the heart of the automation system, and its
applications are more in all the fields, where the electrical supply requires. The periodical
monitoring/observations are required for battery source to provide continuous power to the load
with out any interruption

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

Atzori et; al (2017) proposes Understanding the Internet of Things: Definition, potentials, and
societal role of a fast-evolving paradigm. Ad Hoc Netw. 2017, 56, 122– 140.The Internet of
Things (IoT) has been inscription in this review paper. Internet of Things is a keyword to cover
various challenges related to internet and the web to the real physical world. We know that,
today internet has already taken an important part of everyday life and it has also dramatically
changed the lives of human being. The most important factor of this invention is, integration or
combination of several technologies with the communication system solutions.The most
applicable factors of IoT are the identification and tracking various factors for smart objects. The
universal sensing networks is enabled by Wireless Sensing Networks (WSN) and these
technologies cuts across many areas of modern day living. The escalation of these devices in a
communicating and actuating network will create the Internet of Things (IoT). Here the sensors
and actuators combine easily with the environment around us and the information is shared
across various platforms in order to develop a common operating picture (COP). Internet of
Things predicts the future that, the advance digital world and the physical world will get linked
by means of proper information and wireless communication system technologies. In this survey
paper they have mentioned the visions, concepts, technologies, various challenges, some
innovation directions, and various applications of Internet of Things (IoT).
López-Benítez et; al (2017) proposes Prototype for Multidisciplinary Research in
the context of the Internet of Things. J. Netw. Comput. Appl. 2017, 78, 146–161. This work
proposes a novel mathematical approach to accurately model data traffic for the Internet of
Things (IoT). Most of the conventional results on statistical data traffic models for IoT are based
on the underlying assumption that the data generation follows standard Poisson or Exponential
distribution which lacks experimental validation. However, in some of the use case applications
a single statistical distribution is not adequate to provide the best fit for the inter-arrival time of
the data packets generation. Based on the real data collected for over 10 weeks using their
customized experimental IoT prototype for smart home application, in this paper they have
established this very fact, citing barometric air pressure as an example.

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Xia, Velandia et; al (2016) proposes industrial internet of things: Crankshaft monitoring,
traceability and tracking using RFID. Robot.Comput.Integr. Manuf. 2016, 41, 66–77. M.; Li, T.;
Zhang, Y.; de Silva, C.W. Closed-loop design evolution of engineering system using condition
monitoring through internet of things and cloud computing.

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CHAPTER 3
OBJECTIVES

1.Real-Time Monitoring: To develop a system that continuously monitors c ritical battery

parameters such as voltage, current and state of charge (SoC) to ensure optimal performance and
safety.
2.Data Transmission: To implement IoT technology for transmitting collected data to a cloud-
based platform, enabling remote access and analysis of performance.
3.User-Friendly Interface: To design an interface that allows users to easily access and interpret
battery data, manage settings.
4.Sustainability: To contribute to energy efficiency and sustainability by optimizing battery
usage and lifespan, thereby reducing waste and promoting the use of renewable energy sources.

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CHAPTER 4
BLOCK DIAGRAM

METHODOLOGY
1. Define System Objectives
• Parameters to Monitor: Identify key metrics such as battery voltage, charging status, and
state of charge (SoC).
• Data Visualization: Display charging status and battery percentage graphs on the
ThingSpeak platform for real-time monitoring.
2. Components Overview
• ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module: Enables internet connectivity and data transmission to
ThingSpeak.
• 18650 Battery: A rechargeable lithium-ion battery powering the system.
• TP4056 Module: Ensures safe charging of the 18650 battery.
• Breadboard and Jumper Wires: Facilitate secure connections between components.
• Voltage Driver Circuit: Steps down the battery voltage to 3.7V, suitable for the ESP8266.
3. Circuit Design

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 • Connect the TP4056 module to the 18650 battery for charging.
• Use the voltage driver circuit to step down the battery voltage for the ESP8266.
• Ensure all components are securely connected on the breadboard.
4. Software Setup
• Install the Arduino IDE and configure it for the ESP8266.
• Develop Embedded C code to include:
o Libraries for Wi-Fi connectivity and HTTP requests.
o Code for reading battery voltage using an analog input pin.
o Code to connect to Wi-Fi and send data to ThingSpeak.

IMPLEMENTATION
Key Components
1. Battery Pack: The set of batteries to be monitored and managed.
2. Microcontroller/Processor: The system core (e.g., Arduino, ESP32, Raspberry Pi).
3. Sensors:
o Voltage Sensors
o Current Sensors
o Temperature Sensors
4. Communication Modules:
o Wi-Fi (e.g., ESP8266/ESP32)
o GSM/GPRS (e.g., SIM800L)
o Bluetooth (e.g., HC-05/HC-06)
5. Cloud Server: For data storage and processing (e.g., AWS IoT Core, Azure IoT Hub, or
ThingsBoard).
6. Software Tools:
o Firmware for real-time data acquisition and processing.
o Cloud dashboards for analytics and visualization.
7. Power Management Circuit: Includes cell balancing, charging, and discharging control.
8. Mobile/Web Application: For real-time monitoring and alerts.

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Implementation Steps
1. Circuit Design
• Sensor Connections: Attach voltage, current, and temperature sensors to the battery pack.
• Microcontroller Interface: Connect sensors and communication modules to the
microcontroller.
• Power Management: Incorporate circuits for charging, discharging, and
overcurrent/voltage protection.
2. Develop Firmware
• Data Acquisition: Program the microcontroller to periodically read sensor data.
• Data Processing: Calculate parameters like SoC and State of Health (SoH).
• Communication: Transmit data to the cloud server using protocols such as MQTT or
HTTP.
3. Cloud Integration
• Server Setup: Configure cloud services like AWS, Azure, or ThingsBoard for data
storage and analytics.
• APIs and Protocols: Implement MQTT, HTTP, or CoAP for data transmission.
4. Develop Dashboard
• Data Visualization: Design dashboards to display voltage, current, temperature, SoC,
SoH, and charge/discharge cycles.
• Alerts: Integrate real-time notifications for anomalies such as overcharging or
overheating.
6. Implement Safety Features
• Overvoltage, undervoltage, and overcurrent protection.
• Temperature control and cell balancing.
7. Testing and Calibration
• Test the system under various conditions to ensure reliability.
• Periodically calibrate sensors for accuracy.

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IMPLEMENTED CODE
#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
#include <ThingSpeak.h>
#include <Wire.h>
#include <Adafruit_SSD1306.h>

const char* ssid = "your_SSID";

const char* password = "your_PASSWORD";
const long channelID = your_channel_ID;
const char* writeAPIKey = "your_write_API_key";

#define OLED_I2C_ADDRESS 0x3C

Adafruit_SSD1306 display(128, 64, &Wire, -1);

const int batteryPin = A0;

WiFiClient client;

void setup() {
Serial.begin(115200);
WiFi.begin(ssid, password);
while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {
delay(1000);
Serial.println("Connecting to WiFi...");
}
Serial.println("Connected to WiFi");

ThingSpeak.begin(client);

if (!display.begin(SSD1306_SWITCHCAPVCC, OLED_I2C_ADDRESS)) {

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 Serial.println(F("SSD1306 allocation failed"));
for (;;);
}

display.clearDisplay();
display.setTextColor(SSD1306_WHITE);
display.setTextSize(1);
}

void loop() {
if (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {
Serial.println("Wi-Fi connection lost. Reconnecting...");
WiFi.begin(ssid, password);
while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {
delay(1000);
Serial.println("Reconnecting to WiFi...");
}
Serial.println("Reconnected to WiFi");
}

int sensorValue = analogRead(batteryPin);

float batteryVoltage = (sensorValue / 1023.0) * 3.3 * 2;
float batteryPercentage = (batteryVoltage - 1.0) * 100.0 / (3.7 - 1.0);
if (batteryPercentage > 100) batteryPercentage = 100;
if (batteryPercentage < 0) batteryPercentage = 0;

Serial.print("Battery Voltage: ");

Serial.print(batteryVoltage);
Serial.println("V");

Serial.print("Battery Percentage: ");

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 Serial.print(batteryPercentage);
Serial.println("%");

ThingSpeak.setField(1, batteryVoltage);
ThingSpeak.setField(2, batteryPercentage);

ThingSpeak.writeFields(channelID, writeAPIKey);

display.clearDisplay();
display.setCursor(0, 0);
display.print(F("Battery Voltage: "));
display.print(batteryVoltage);
display.println(F("V"));

display.print(F("Battery %: "));
display.print(batteryPercentage);
display.println(F("%"));

display.display();

delay(2000);
}

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CHAPTER 5
WORKING
The Battery Management System (BMS) is designed to ensure the safe and efficient operation of
modern battery-based energy storage systems, including applications in electric vehicles,
renewable energy storage, and portable electronics. It works by continuously monitoring key
parameters such as voltage, current, temperature, and state of charge (SoC) of the battery. These
parameters are crucial for the safe operation of batteries, as the BMS prevents common issues
such as overcharging, over-discharging, and thermal runaway. By maintaining the battery within
its optimal operating conditions, the system significantly extends its lifespan and enhances its
overall performance.
In the system, sensors are used to collect real-time data about the battery's voltage, current, and
temperature. This information is processed by the BMS, which takes necessary actions to
regulate the charging and discharging processes, ensuring that the battery operates within safe
limits. The BMS also performs cell balancing to ensure that all cells in the battery pack charge
and discharge at the same rate, preventing individual cells from becoming imbalanced, which
can lead to reduced efficiency or even damage.
Furthermore, the BMS facilitates communication with external systems for optimal energy
management. For example, in electric vehicles, the BMS integrates with the vehicle’s powertrain
and smart grid systems to manage the energy flow efficiently. It also provides users with
valuable information, such as the battery’s state of charge (SoC) and overall health, through
displays or connected platforms, enabling informed decisions regarding battery usage and
maintenance.
In essence, the BMS plays a critical role in enhancing battery safety, optimizing performance,
and contributing to the sustainability of battery technology across various industries. The
continued advancements in BMS technology are integral to the future of energy storage solutions
and their growing role in sustainable technological progress.

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CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
A Battery Management System (BMS) is a vital component in modern energy storage systems,
ensuring the safety, reliability, and efficiency of battery operations. By monitoring critical
parameters such as voltage, current, temperature, and state of charge (SoC), the BMS effectively
prevents issues like overcharging, over-discharging, and thermal runaway, thereby extending the
battery's lifespan. Additionally, it optimizes performance by balancing individual cells and
integrating with external systems for efficient energy management. In conclusion, the BMS plays
an indispensable role in the sustainable and safe use of batteries across various applications,
including electric vehicles, renewable energy storage, and portable electronics. It contributes
significantly to technological advancements and environmental sustainability.

Future Scope
1. Battery Recycling: Efficient recycling of electric vehicle (EV) batteries is essential to
mitigate environmental impact. Ongoing research focuses on improving battery recycling
technologies to ensure sustainability.
2. Enhanced Thermal Management: Thermal management is a critical challenge for EV
batteries, as overheating can compromise their safety and performance. Developing
advanced thermal management systems can enhance battery cooling and heating,
improving their overall efficiency and lifespan.
3. Integration with Smart Grid Technologies: As EV adoption grows, integrating these
vehicles with smart grid systems becomes increasingly important. A BMS can play a key
role in monitoring EV energy consumption and optimizing charging cycles to reduce the
strain on the power grid.
4. Improved Safety Features: Safety is paramount in EVs to prevent accidents like battery
fires. By enhancing BMS capabilities to monitor temperature, voltage, and current more
effectively, it is possible to detect potential hazards early, preventing critical issues from
arising.

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CHAPTER 7
RESULTS

The implementation of the Battery Management System (BMS) has led to significant
improvements in various aspects of battery performance, safety, and efficiency. One of the
primary results is the extension of battery life. By constantly monitoring and regulating the
battery's voltage, current, and temperature, the BMS prevents overcharging and over-
discharging, two major factors that contribute to battery degradation. This protection ensures that
the battery operates within optimal conditions, ultimately prolonging its lifespan and enhancing
its performance over time.
In addition to extending the battery's life, the BMS also plays a crucial role in improving safety.
The system's ability to detect potential hazards such as thermal runaway, overheating, or
overcharging ensures that the battery remains safe to use under various conditions. This is
particularly important in high-stakes applications like electric vehicles and renewable energy
systems, where battery safety is paramount to avoid risks such as fires or system failures.

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CHAPTER 8
REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Hemaprithni, R. and G.T. Sundar Rajan, “Three Level Integrated AC to DC Converter fed
DC Drive with Cascaded Filter,” International Journal of Applied Engineering Research,
Volume 10, Number 6, 2015, pp. 5140 – 5146.
2. Senthil Nayagam, V., G.T. Sundar Rajan, and V. Balasubramanian, “Improved Power Factor
at Input Stage of Pseudo Boost Rectifier with Improved Switching Pattern,” International
Journal of Applied Engineering Research, Volume 10, Number 6, 2015, pp. 5158 – 5164.
3. Sundar Rajan, G.T. and C. Christober Asir Rajan, “A Novel Unity Power Factor Input Stage
with Resonant DC Link Inverter for AC Drives,” Journal of Electrical Engineering, Volume
12, 2012 - Edition: 4, pp. 62 – 66.
4. Sundar Rajan, G.T., “Power Quality Improvement at Input and Output Stages of Three Phase
Diode Rectifier Using Artificial Intelligent Techniques for DC and AC Drive Applications,”
IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Computing Research
(ICCIC - 2014), 2014, PARK College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil
Nadu, India, pp. 904 – 909, December 18 to 20, 978-1-4799-3972-5/14.
5. Venkatasetty, H.V. and Y.U. Jeong, “Recent Advances in Lithium-Ion and Lithium-Polymer
Batteries,” Proc. 17th Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances, Jan. 2002,
pp. 173–178.
6. Wu, C., J.L. Sun, C.B. Zhu, Y.W. Ge, Y.P. Zhao, “Research on Overcharge and
Overdischarge Effects on Lithium-Ion Batteries,” Proc. IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion
Conference, pp. 1-6, 2015.
7. Yong Tian, Dong Li, Jindong Tian, “An Optimal Nonlinear Observer for State-of-Charge
Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries,” Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA), 2017
12th IEEE Conference.

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