CHAPTER 6

1. Brigada Eskwela – programs engages all education stakeholders to contribute their time,
effort and resources
2. Brigada Eskwela – takes place more or less two weeks before classes begin in June.
3. Brigada Eskwela – school maintenance program that has been institutionalized since
2009 when DepEd issued DepEd Order No. 100
4. Curriculum Development – use of community resources for learning
5. Work Experience Programs – training ground for learners
6. Work Experience Programs – a concrete example is the Work Immersion required for
Senior High School students
7. Partnership – implies to parties helping each other and both parties benefit.
8. Service Learning – actively involves students in a wide range of experience
9. Remediation and Enrichment Classes – parents and retired teachers may be involved in
School Reading Remediation and Learning Enrichment Programs.
10. Youth Development Programs – young may involve themselves in this youth
development program and develop their skills and talents
11. Community Service - students participating in tutorial programs community reforestation
programs, clean up drive; etc.
Chapter 1
1. John Locke (1632-1704): The Empiricist Educator
2. John Locke – acquire knowledge about the world; learning by doing; simple ideas
become more complex through comparison; the learner is an active, not passive;
questioned the long traditional view; opposed the “divine right of kings” theory;
education is not acquisition of knowledge; learners interacting with concrete experiences;
education is seeing citizens participate actively and intelligently; no one person is
destined to be ruler forever
3. Herbert Spencer (1820-1903): Utilitarian Education
4. Herbert Spencer – to survive is a complex; concentrates on a limited field is useful;
emotionally safe and caring adults; survival of the fittest; was not inclined to rote
learning; school must be related to life; favors specialized education over that of general
education; he who is fittest survives; proponent of structural-functional views society as a
system of interconnected parts
5. John Dewey (1859-1952) – Learning Through Experience
6. John Dewey – education is a social process and so school is intimately related to the
society; children want to explore their environment; does not regard the accumulated
wisdom of the past; democracy; schools are democratic institutions; schools are for the
people and by the people
7. George Counts (1889-1974): Building a New Social Order
8. George Counts – Education is not based on eternal truths but relative to a particular
society living; social change or change society; cultural lag; provide an education that
afford equal learning opportunities to all students; very evident but moral and ethical
development seem to have lagged behind; schools and teachers should be agents of
change; like dewey, problem solving should be dominant method for instruction
9. Theodore Brameld (1904-1987) – Social Reconstructionism
10. Social Reconstructionism – a philosophy that emphasizes the reformation of society
11. Technological Era – era of independence and so education
12. Theodore Brameld – build a new society not just change society; believe in active
problem; education is a right that all citizens regardless of race and social status must
enjoy; critically examine present culture and resolve
13. Paulo Freire (1821-1997) – Critical Pedagogy
14. Paulo Freire – employ critical pedagogy and dialogue; systems must be changed to
overcome oppression; banking method; teachers must not see themselves as the sole
possessors of knowledge; dialogue; learners are not empty receptacles to be filled
15. Dialogue – basis for critical and problem-posing pedagogy; central element of freire’s
pedagogy
Chapter 2
1. Education or school - is an institution created by society.
2. Education - is a function of society and such arises from the nature and character of
society itself;
3. Schools – agents of socialization
4. Socialization Process - process of learning the roles, statuses, and value; lifelong process.
occurs primarily during early childhood but was progress from infancy to old age.
5. Anticipatory Socialization - Role learning that prepare us for future roles
6. Family - the most important agent of socialization
7. Education in Primitive Society - preliterate persons faced the problem of survival in an
environment
8. Primitive societies - survival against natural forces was the need and so what were taught
were survival skills and values to cultivate group cohesiveness.
9. Athenian - in ancient Greece what matters most in education was the rounded
development of every individual while for Spartans it was development of soldiers and
military leaders.
10. Early Romans - schools needed to develop a sense of civic responsibility and develop
administrative and military skills as citizens of Roman Empire.
11. Ancient Arabic world - where Islam rose the most important concern of education was to
cultivate religious commitment of Islamic beliefs.
12. Medieval period - schools were concerned with the development of religious
commitment, knowledge and ritual to stablish order.
13. Renaissance period - fervent period of European cultural, artistic, political and economic
“rebirth” following the Middle Ages. Education was focused on rediscovery of classical
Philosophy, literature and art.
14. The Reformation period - had as for its educational goals the cultivation of a sense of
commitment to a particular religious denomination and general literacy.
Chapter 3
Chapter 5
1.) Climate Change – global temperatures are rising; severe weather
2.) Pollution – clean water is essential for humans; includes noise pollution
3.) Violence – can be found in the social, cultural and economic; hatred targeted at a certain
group; preventable problem that has been an issue for longer than necessary.
4.) Physical Violence – someone uses a part of their body or an object to control a person’s
actions
5.) Sexual Violence – person is forced unwillingly take part in sexual activity
6.) Emotional Violence – someone says or does something make a person feel stupid or
worthless
7.) Psychological Violence – someone uses threats and causes fear in an individual to gain
control
8.) Spiritual Violence – (or religious) someone uses an individual’s spiritual beliefs to
manipulate, dominate or control that person.
9.) Cultural Violence – individual is harmed as a result of practices that are part of her or his
culture, religion, or tradition.
10.) Security and well being – UN is a perfect example of what should be done
11.) Lack of education – children are not enrolled in schools
12.) Corruption – include graft, bribery, embezzlement
13.) Substance Abuse – harmful or hazardous use
14.) Terrorism – causes fear and insecurity violence and death; often without warnin