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Faculty of Science and Engineering

Yazdan Abbas

Fintech, section B

Course Progress Reflection Report

April,2025

Department Financial Technology

Submitted To : Professor Faheem ur Rehman

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Abstract

This report covers basic programming principles for novices, such as flowcharts, data types,

and input/output operations.The report covers several operators like Arithmetic, Incremen-

t/Decrement, Relational, logical, type casting, and Bitwise along with control structures like

conditional statements and loops. in order to support the modular coding techniques, report

includes discussion on functions, there default parameters, function overloading concepts etc.

Lastly, it discusses Arrays, Detailing on their initialization and Specific representation in pro-

gram. These subjects present a solid foundation that allows anyone to understand and apply

basic programming principles.

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Plagiarism Declaration

With the exception of any statement to the contrary, all the material presented in this report is

the result of my own efforts. In addition, no parts of this report are copied from other sources.

I understand that any evidence of plagiarism and/or the use of unacknowledged third party

materials will be dealt with as a serious matter.

Signed Image

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Acknowledgements

I want to express my gratitude to my instructor, For all of their help and guidance and feedback

throughout this assignment. I also appreciate the support of my classmates, For their assistance,

any shared thoughts and encouragement.

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Contents

1 Introduction 1

1.1 What is programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1.1 The Programming Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.2 Flowcharts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.2.1 purpose of flowcharts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2 Basic FlowChart 4

2.0.1 Basic Flowcart Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

3 Data Types 6

3.0.1 Primitive Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

3.0.2 Input/Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3.0.3 Hello World Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3.0.4 Signed and Unsigned Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3.0.5 Variables and Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

4 Operators 9

4.0.1 Arithmetic Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

4.0.2 Pre/Post Increment and Decrement Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

4.0.3 Relational Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

4.0.4 Logical Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

4.0.5 Type Casting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

5 Bitwise operators 12

6 Conditional/Selection Structures 14

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CONTENTS CONTENTS

6.0.1 if, if...else . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

6.0.2 Nested if...else . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

6.0.3 if...else if . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

6.0.4 Switch Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

6.0.5 Ternary Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

7 Loops 17

7.0.1 While loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

7.0.2 For loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

7.0.3 Do-while loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

7.0.4 Nested for loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

7.0.5 Break and Continue Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

8 Functions 20

8.0.1 Function Definition and Calling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

8.0.2 Function Overloading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

8.0.3 Default Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

9 Arrays 22

9.0.1 Array Initialization and Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

9.0.2 Character Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

References 24

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List of Figures

1.1 program’s workflow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2.1 Basic Flow Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2.2 problem visualization withb basic symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

3.1 Data-Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

3.2 Hello world . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

4.1 Arithmetic Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

4.2 Increment and Decrement Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

4.3 Relational Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

4.4 Logical operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

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List of Tables

3.1 Signed and Unsigned Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3.2 Variables and Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

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Listings

3.1 A simple C++ program that prints ”Hello, World!” to the screen . . . . . . . . . 7

4.1 TYPE CASTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

5.1 Bitwise AND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

5.2 Bitwise OR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

5.3 Bitwise XOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

5.4 Bitwise NOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

5.5 Bitwise Left Shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

5.6 Bitwise Right Shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

6.1 conditional statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

6.2 if , if... else . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

6.3 Nested if . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

6.4 if...else if . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

6.5 Switch statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

6.6 Ternary operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

7.1 while loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

7.2 For loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

7.3 Do-While Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

7.4 Nested for Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

7.5 Break-continue Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

8.1 Function prototype . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

8.2 Function Definition and Calling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

8.3 Function Over-Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

8.4 Default Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

9.1 Arrays initialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

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LISTINGS LISTINGS

9.2 Arrays accessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

9.3 Character Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

9.4 Arraysc ode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

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Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 What is programming

Programming, or as we say coding, is writing a computer understandable instructions that we

execute or as say run to perform specific tasks or solve problems. The instructions are termed as

code, are written in different languages such as C, C++, Python, Java, etc. programming is an

art of transforming human ideas and creativity into a set instructions which are interpreted by

machines. The goal of programming is to develop a software which can automate tasks, manage

data, security, processing of information to computing the information, from simple calculations

to human computer interactions. Program is a unit of programming in simple words, program

is the series of instructions or commands that tells the computer what to do in order to achieve

a specific goal, weather it is mathematical problem, equations, pre-processing of images to

classification or regression, from simple home works to running websites, programming is the

heart of computer.

1.1.1 The Programming Process

Below is the simple process of programming, Fisrt we have to find the problem,then we do the

rest of the steps trying to get a optimum solution for that problem in terms of both time and

space when it comes to programming.

• Problem identification

• Designing the Algorithm

1
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1.2. Flowcharts Chapter 1. Introduction

• Coding

• Testing and debugging

• Deployment

Figure 1.1: program’s workflow

1.2 Flowcharts

Flowcharts are the visual representations of process / algorithm. Flowchart is an effective way

of demonstrating the overview of the algorithm which is being used as a solution to certain

problem at hand in a program. It uses arrows, lines, shapes like circle, rectangles, and dia-

monds to explain the sequence of the algorithm or a process.

2
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Chapter 1. Introduction 1.2. Flowcharts

1.2.1 purpose of flowcharts

• Flowcharts simplify the complexity of a program.

• Flowcharts are standard visual language which is being understand by anyone specially

when it comes to businesses, or software engineering documents and teams.

• For a standard documentation of operations, flowcharts make it easier to train the new

team member / employee to further continue the procedure.

• Flowcharts increases the visualization of the problem, which results in data-driven choices.

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Chapter 2

Basic FlowChart

2.0.1 Basic Flowcart Symbols

For the start one should know about the placcemnet and basic flow symbols, using the basic

symbols you can create and visualize any programming process. Here are some basic symbols

and terminologies one should know about the flowcharts.

Figure 2.1: Basic Flow Symbols

Now let’s see how you can solve and visualize a big problem with these basic symbols.

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Chapter 2. Basic FlowChart

Figure 2.2: problem visualization withb basic symbols

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Chapter 3

Data Types

In programing, data type refers to the kind of value a variable have, the standard data type

are Boolean, byte, short, int, long, float, double, and char in programing each for specific data

variable.

Name variable : takes a string

Age variable : is an integer

Date variable : in date format and so on.

3.0.1 Primitive Data Types

The present day data types, basic values of specific properties, independent of all the other

types are called primitive data types.

Figure 3.1: Data-Types

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Chapter 3. Data Types

3.0.2 Input/Output

For most programs to communicate with the outside world, input/output (I/O) activities are

necessary. Programs receive data (input) and send data (output).

INPUT

The data user enters and provides by external systems to program is called ”input”. It can

come from various sources, such as the keyboard, a file, or network resources.

OUTPUT

The data that is sent back to user by the program to external system is called ”output”, It is

displayed on the screen, can be written into a file, or sent over a network.

3.0.3 Hello World Program

Listing 3.1: A simple C++ program that prints ”Hello, World!” to the screen
1 # include < iostream > // Library to include input - output functions
2 using namespace std ;
3

4 int main () {
5 cout << " Hello , ␣ World ! " << endl ; // Output to the screen
6 return 0; // Exit program
7 }

Figure 3.2: Hello world

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Chapter 3. Data Types

3.0.4 Signed and Unsigned Data Types

Table 3.1: Signed and Unsigned Data Types

Feature Signed Data Type Unsigned Data Type

Definition Can store both positive and neg- Stores only non-negative values.
ative values.
Example Data int unsigned int
Type
Typical Range −32,768 to 32,767 (for 16-bit 0 to 65,535 (for 16-bit unsigned
int) int)
Default Behavior Most data types are signed by de- Must be explicitly declared as
fault. unsigned.
Use Cases When negative values are When only positive values are re-
needed. quired (e.g., counting items).

3.0.5 Variables and Constants

Table 3.2: Variables and Constants

Feature Variables Constants

Definition Data that can change during ex- Data whose value cannot be
ecution. changed once set.
Mutability Can be modified. Cannot be modified.
Example (C++) float number = 25.5; const float PI = 3.1415;
Purpose Hold dynamic or changing val- Hold fixed values like settings or
ues. formulas.
Use Cases User input, counters, temporary Mathematical constants, fixed
calculations. configurations.

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Chapter 4

Operators

Operators are the construct of programing language that gives the functionalities which is not

possible to define by the user-defined function in a code.

4.0.1 Arithmetic Operators

For basic mathematical performed on values and variables we use Arithmetic Operators.

Figure 4.1: Arithmetic Operators

4.0.2 Pre/Post Increment and Decrement Operators

To increase or decrease the value of a variable by one increment (++) and decrement (–)

operators are used.

Figure 4.2: Increment and Decrement Operators

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Chapter 4. Operators

Pre-increment/decrement (++x, –x): Value of variable is updated initially, and the expres-

sion then uses the revised value.

Post-increment/decrement (x++, x–): the expression then uses the initial value of the

variable before updating it.

4.0.3 Relational Operators

When we have to compare 2 values or expression Ralational Operators are used, the return

boolean result either true or false.

Figure 4.3: Relational Operators

4.0.4 Logical Operators

Boolean expressions can be combined or invert using Logical operators. They evaluate logical

conditions and return true or false based on the logic applied.

Figure 4.4: Logical operators

Logical AND: if both conditions are true, it returns true. Example: (a > 0 ∧ b > 0)

Logical OR: if at least one condition is true, it returns true. Example: (a > 0 ∨ b > 0)

Logical NOT: Inverts the truth value. Example: ¬(a > 0)

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Chapter 4. Operators

4.0.5 Type Casting

In programming, specific types in being held by the variables, such as integers, floating-point

numbers, strings, and more. Computer interpretation and manipulation of the information is

determined by these data types. So Type casting becomes necessary when you want to perform

operations or assignments involving different data types. The method of converting one data

type into another is called Type casting.There is different syntax in different languages.

Listing 4.1: TYPE CASTING

1 int value = 12;
2 double doubleVal = value ; // Implicit type casting
3 }

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Chapter 5

Bitwise operators

Bitwise operators are one of the most important operators in programming.Bitwise operators

manipulate the individual bits of integers. They are AND, OR, XOR, NOT, left and right

shifts.

Listing 5.1: Bitwise AND

1 int z = 89 , y =34 ;
2 int result = z & y ; // 0101 & 0011 = 0001 (1)
3 cout << " AND : " << result << endl ;

Listing 5.2: Bitwise OR

1 int r = 7 , s = 10;
2 int result_or = a | b ; // 0101 | 0011 = 0111 (7)
3 cout << " OR : " << result << endl ;

Listing 5.3: Bitwise XOR

1 int t = 8 , i = 10;
2 int result_xor = t ^ i ; // 0101 ^ 0011 = 0110 (6)
3 cout << " XOR : ␣ " << result << endl ;

Listing 5.4: Bitwise NOT

1 int p = 17;
2 int result = ~ p ; // ~0101 = ...11111010 ( in 2 ’ s complement : -6)
3 cout << " NOT : ␣ " << result << endl ;

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Chapter 5. Bitwise operators

Listing 5.5: Bitwise Left Shift

1 int y = 12;
2 int result_ls = y << 1; // 0101 << 1 = 1010 (10)
3 cout << " Left ␣ Shift : ␣ " << result << endl ;

Listing 5.6: Bitwise Right Shift

1 int l = 13;
2 int result_rs = l >> 1; // 0101 >> 1 = 0010 (2)
3 cout << " Right ␣ Shift : ␣ " << result << endl ;

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Chapter 6

Conditional/Selection Structures

if statement:evaluates a condition in a program and the particular is executed if the condition

is true.

Listing 6.1: conditional statement

1 int x = 20;
2 if ( x > 18) {
3 cout << " x ␣ is ␣ greater ␣ than ␣ 18 " << endl ;
4 }

6.0.1 if, if...else

In if, if....else , the else statement is executed when if statement is not true.

Listing 6.2: if , if... else

1 if ( y > 12) {
2 cout << " y ␣ is ␣ greater ␣ than ␣ 12 " << endl ;
3 } else {
4 cout << " y ␣ is ␣ not ␣ greater ␣ than ␣ 12 " << endl ;
5 }

6.0.2 Nested if...else

When 1 if is nested inside the another if statement, let’s see the example.

Listing 6.3: Nested if

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Chapter 6. Conditional/Selection Structures

1 if ( r > 0) {
2 if ( r == 10) {
3 cout << " r ␣ is ␣ equal ␣ to ␣ 10 " << endl ;
4 }
5 }

6.0.3 if...else if

When we have to check Multiple possibilities in sequence then we apply the chain of if ... else

if.

Listing 6.4: if...else if

1 if ( i > 20) {
2 cout << " i ␣ is ␣ greater ␣ than ␣ 20 " << endl ;
3 } else if ( i > 15) {
4 cout << " i ␣ is ␣ greater ␣ than ␣ 15 ␣ but ␣ less ␣ than ␣ or ␣ equal ␣ to ␣ 20 " << endl
;
5 } else {
6 cout << " i ␣ is ␣ less ␣ than ␣ or ␣ equal ␣ to ␣ 15 " << endl ;
7 }

6.0.4 Switch Statement

A multi-way branch statement whcih is used for a particular checking one condition against

multiple possibilities.

Listing 6.5: Switch statement

1 switch ( day ) {
2 case 1:
3 cout << " tuesday " << endl ;
4 break ;
5 default :
6 cout << " Invalid ␣ day " << endl ;
7 }

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Chapter 6. Conditional/Selection Structures

6.0.5 Ternary Operator

shorthand for if...else which based on condition returns one of two values.

Listing 6.6: Ternary operator

1 result = ( t > 12) ? " t ␣ is ␣ greater ␣ than ␣ 12 " : " t ␣ is ␣ less ␣ than ␣ or ␣ equal ␣
to ␣ 12 " ;

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Chapter 7

Loops

Loops are the most basic yet powerful concepts in programming. A loop in a computer program

is an instruction that repeats until a specified condition is reached. The loop asks a question,

If the answer requires action, it is executed.

7.0.1 While loop

While loop (Sentinel-controlled and condition-controlled): Runs as long as a given

condition for it is true,so that’s why while loop is suitable for both sentinel-controlled and

condition-controlled loops. We mostly apply the condition on the input taken by the user.

Listing 7.1: while loop

1 int Age ;
2 while ( Age != 0) {
3 cin >> Age ;
4 }

7.0.2 For loop

When it comes to iterations for loop is used, it iterates till the condition is true, and terminates

as soon as the condition gets false.post and pre increment and decrement is used in the for loop

as:

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Chapter 7. Loops

Listing 7.2: For loop

1 for ( int j = 0; j < 20; j ++) {
2 cout << " Iteration ␣ " << j << endl ;
3 }

7.0.3 Do-while loop

the do-while loop is executed at least once and then the condition is checked , as:

Listing 7.3: Do-While Loop

1 int c = 0;
2 do {
3 cout << " Iteration ␣ " << c << endl ;
4 i ++;
5 } while ( c < 10) ;

7.0.4 Nested for loops

When it comes to mutidimential data , nested for loop is used. when we do multi dimensional

maths calculations e.g matrix multiplication, addition, substraction e.t.c

Listing 7.4: Nested for Loop

1 for ( int j = 0; j < 6; j ++) {
2 for ( int k = 0; k < 6; k ++) {
3 cout << j << " ," << k << endl ;
4 }
5 }

7.0.5 Break and Continue Statements

• break exits the loop prematurely.

• continue skips the current iteration and proceeds to the next iteration.

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Chapter 7. Loops

Listing 7.5: Break-continue Statement

1

2 for ( int v = 0; v < 10; v ++) {

3 if ( v == 8) break ;
4 }

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Chapter 8

Functions

Functions are ”self contained” part of program , which is executed to complete a specific task.

Functions usually ”take in” data, process it, and ”return” a result.fucntions are important as

they make program ”optimal” as you do not have to write the logic again and again , Once a

function is written, it get called and take in data and make the time space efficient.

Listing 8.1: Function prototype

1 int add ( int , int ) ; // Function prototype

8.0.1 Function Definition and Calling

Functions have a return type, a name, and parameters, and are get called in the main program.

Listing 8.2: Function Definition and Calling

1 int add ( int z , int v ) {
2 return z + v ;
3 }
4 \\
5 \\
6 \\

8.0.2 Function Overloading

Function overloading, means when multiple functions can have the same name with different

parameters:

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Chapter 8. Functions

Listing 8.3: Function Over-Loading

1 int add ( int w , int v ) {
2 return w + v ;
3 }
4

5 double add ( double f , double g ) {

6 return f + g ;
7 }
8

9 int main () {
10 int num1 = add (12 , 10) ;
11 double num2 = add (7.8 , 9.6) ;
12 cout << " Int : ␣ " << num1 << " \ n " ;
13 cout << " Double : ␣ " << num2 ;
14 return 0;
15 }

8.0.3 Default Parameters

Functions can have default parameters values, which are used if no argument is passed. One can

use a default parameter value, by using the equals sign (=) and is often known as an ”optional

parameter.

Listing 8.4: Default Parameters

1 void myFun ( string my_country = " pakistan " ) {
2 cout << my_country << " \ n " ;
3 }
4

5 int main () {
6 myFun ( " Sweden " ) ;
7 myFun ( " India " ) ;
8 myFun () ;
9 myFun ( " USA " ) ;
10 return 0;
11 }

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Chapter 9

Arrays

An array is a data structure which is collection of elemeents can be values or variables and each

value and variable is identified by at least one array index or key.

9.0.1 Array Initialization and Representation

Arrays are initialized and representated as

Listing 9.1: Arrays initialization

1 int arrays [7] = {1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ,6 ,7}; // or

Listing 9.2: Arrays accessing

1 int arrays [7] = {1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ,6 ,7}; // or
2 cout << arrays [0]; // Outputs 1

9.0.2 Character Arrays

Character arrays are used to store strings.

Listing 9.3: Character Arrays

1 char names [] = " yazdan " ; // Automatically adds ’\0 ’ at the end

here’s to clear describtion

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Chapter 9. Arrays

Listing 9.4: Arraysc ode

1 # include < iostream >
2 using namespace std ;
3 int main () {
4 // Integer Array Initialization
5 int num [6] = {11 , 12 , 16 , 40 , 20 , 50};
6 // Displaying array elements
7 cout << " Array ␣ Elements ␣ integers : ␣ " ;
8 for ( int j = 0; j < 6; j ++) {
9 cout << num [ j ] << " ␣ " ;
10 }
11 cout << endl ;
12 // Character Array ( String )
13 char names_here [] = " yazdan " ;
14 // Displaying character array
15 cout << " Names : ␣ " << name_here << endl ;
16 return 0;
17 }

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Chapter 9. Arrays

Referencing

• Programming 1.1, https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/programming-tutorial/

• Flowchart Purpose 1.2, https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/an-introduction-to-flowcharts/

• Basic Flowchart 2, https://www.programiz.com/article/flowchart-programming

• Basic Flow Symbols 2.1,https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/an-introduction-to-flowcharts/

• Problem visualization 2.2,https://www.tutorialspoint.com/programming_methodologies/

programming_methodologies_flowchart_elements.htm

• Logical Operators 4.0.4,https://www.w3schools.com/programming/prog_operators_logical.

php

• Functions 8,https://users.cs.utah.edu/~germain/PPS/Topics/functions.html

• Bitwise operators 5,https://www.tutorialspoint.com/cprogramming/c_bitwise_operators.

htm

• Loops 7,https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-loop-958105

• Function 8,https://users.cs.utah.edu/~germain/PPS/Topics/functions.html

• Function-over loading 8.0.2,https://www.w3schools.com/cpp/cpp_function_overloading.

asp

• Default Paeameter 8.0.3,https://www.learncpp.com/cpp-tutorial/default-arguments/

• Arrays 9,

https://press.rebus.community/programmingfundamentals/chapter/arrays-and-lists/

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