ra
T it
T heory
by: RAYMOND CATTELL
GROUP MEMBERS
CHLOE LEONOR LOUELLA MARAVILLA RHASHMIE LHORLEI
CAPUNO ZATARAIN
CONTENT
Overview of traits development
theory psychopathology
Biography Psychotherapy
structure nature of man
Dynamics application
Determinants
Personality is that which
permits a prediction of what a
person will do in a given
situation.
—Raymond Cattell
16 PERSONALITY FACTORS
Contrast with Allport: Cattell's Factor Analysis: Used factor
approach to trait theory was purely analysis to identify traits related
scientific and mathematical. to one another, refining the list to
16 key personality factors.
Comprehensive Model: Aimed to
create a model to describe and Continuum of Traits: Proposed
explain individual differences in that personality traits exist on a
personality. continuum, with each person
possessing all 16 traits to varying
Reduction of Traits: Analyzed degrees.
Allport's extensive list of traits,
reducing it to 171 by eliminating
redundant or uncommon terms.
biographyEarly Life and Education:
Born on March 20, 1905, in Staffordshire,
England
Earned a scholarship to London
University, majored in chemistry,
graduated with first-class honors in 1924.
Post-WWI social changes led him to
pursue psychology at University College
London under Charles Spearman, a
leading statistician and intelligence
testing expert.
Contributed to the development of factor
analysis and completed his Ph.D. in 1929,
RAYMOND BERNARD followed by a master’s in education and a
doctorate in science.
CATTELL
CAREER: CONTRIBUTIONS:
Moved to America in 1937, worked with In 1945, he utilized the first
E.L. Thorndike at Columbia University, electronic computer for extensive
then at Clark University. factor-analytic studies on personality
Focused on personality measures and at the University of Illinois.
developed his theory on fluid and Founded the Laboratory of
crystallized intelligence. Personality Assessment and Group
Joined Harvard University in 1941, Behavior and published influential
influenced by Gordon Allport and Henry books.
Murray, deepened his study of Received numerous honors, including
personality. the Wenner-Gren Prize and the
establishment of the Cattell Award.
LATER LIFE:
Legacy tainted by controversial views
on eugenics, leading to withdrawal
from the Gold Medal Award for Life
Achievement in 1997.
Passed away on February 2, 1998, in
Honolulu.
TRAITS
structure
ASSESSMENT
relatively permanent reaction TECHNIQUES
tendencies that are the basic Life Record (L-data): observers’
structural units of the personality. ratings of specific behaviors
derived by the method of factor exhibited by people in real-life
analysis. settings
Questionnaires (Q-data): subjects
FACTOR ANALYSIS to rate themselves through
questionnaires.
A statistical technique based on Personality test (T-data): person
correlations between a number of responds without knowing what
measures. aspect of behavior is being
evaluated
traits in different UNIQUE TRAITS
category Traits possessed by one or a few
persons.
1. Common and Unique Traits
2. Ability, Temperament, and Dynamic Traits SOURCE TRAITS
3. Surface Traits and Source Traits Traits that show a correlation but do
4. Constitutional Traits and Environmental- not constitute a factor because they are
Mold Traits not determined by a single source.
building blocks of SURFACE TRAITS
personality Stable, permanent traits that are the
basic factors of personality, derived by
the method of factor analysis.
COMMON TRAITS
Traits possessed to some degree by all
persons.
FACTORS LOW SCORERS HIGH SCORERS
A RESERVED, ALOOF, DETACHED OUTGOING, WARMHEARTED, EASYGOING
B LOW IN INTELLIGENCE HIGH IN INTELLIGENCE
C LOW EGO STRENGTH HIGH EGO STRENGTH
E SUBMISSIVE, OBEDIENT DOMINANT, ASSERTIVE
F SERIOUS, SOBER HAPPY-GO-LUCKY
TABLE 1: SOURCE TRAITS (FACTORS) OF PERSONALITY
G EXPEDIENT, LOW IN SUPEREGO CONSCIENTIOUS, HIGH IN SUPEREGO
H TIMID, SHY, ALOOF BOLD, ADVENTUROUS
I TOUGH-MINDED, SELF-RELIANT TENDER-MINDED, SENSITIVE
L TRUSTING, UNDERSTANDING SUSPICIOUS, JEALOUS
M PRACTICAL, DOWN-TO-EARTH IMAGINATIVE, ABSENTMINDED
N FORTRIGHT, NAIVE SHREWD, WORLDLY
0 SELF-ASSURED, SECURE APPREHENSIVE, INSECURE
CONSERVATIVE, HOLDS
Q1 RADICAL, LIBERAL
TRADITIONAL VALUES
Q2 GROUP-DEPENDENT SELF-SUFFICIENT
Q3 UNCONTROLLED, IMPULSIVE CONTROLLED, COMPULSIVE
Q4 RELAXED, TRANQUIL TENSE, DRIVEN
DYNAMIC TRAITS
dynamics
ERGS ATTITUDES
the primary, biologically based specific, situational responses or
motivational sources that influence predispositions towards
behavior. particular objects or situations.
11 ergs includes: anger, appeal, curiosity,
disgust, gregariousness, hunger,
protection, security, self-assertion, Self-
submission, sex SUBSIDIATION
SENTIMENTS means simply that within the
personality some elements
also called as Socially Shaped Ergic subsidiary, or are subordinate to,
Manifolds (SEMS) other elements.
learned, enduring attitudes directed
towards broad classes of objects or
activities.
DYNAMIC LATTICE
the representation in a chart or
diagram of the relationships among
ergs, sentiments, and attitudes.
RELATIONSHIP
Ergs: provide the basic drives
Sentiments: mediate these drives
into broader, learned
preferences;
Atitudes: represent the specific,
situational expressions of this
dynamic interaction.
FIGURE 1: DYNAMIC LATTICE MODEL
SELF-SENTIMENT 5 GLOBAL FACTORS
the self-concept, which is the
organizer of our attitudes and EXTRAVERSION
motivations. Primary Factors: Warmth (A),
it encompasses self-esteem, self- Liveliness (F), Social Boldness (H),
worth, self-identity, and self- Privateness (N, reversed), Self-
concept. Reliance (Q2, reversed)
Description: Measures sociability and
assertiveness versus reserve and
16 PRIMARY FACTORS introversion.
provides the foundational elements of ANXIETY
personality. Primary Factors: Emotional
these factors interact with each Stability (C, reversed), Vigilance
other, exist on a continuum, and (L), Apprehension (O), Tension
influence a wide range of behaviors (Q4)
and motivation Description: Reflects levels of
stress and susceptibility to
psychological distress.
TOUGH-MINDEDNESS SELF-CONTROL
Primary Factors: Sensitivity (I, Primary Factors: Rule-Consciousness
reversed), Vigilance (L), (G), Liveliness (F, reversed),
Abstractedness (M, reversed), Abstractedness (M, reversed),
Openness to Change (Q1, reversed) Perfectionism (Q3)
Description: Measures practicality Description: Measures discipline and
and realism versus sensitivity and self-regulation versus impulsivity and
openness to new ideas. spontaneity.
INDEPENDENCE
Primary Factors: Dominance (E),
Social Boldness (H), Vigilance
(L), Openness to Change (Q1)
Description: Reflects
assertiveness and self-
sufficiency versus submission
and conformity.
Determinants
Cattell believed that our personalities are influenced by two main factors: our
genes and our environment. Here's a closer look at these determinants:
1. Heredity (Genetics) 2. Environment
Cattell's research suggested that The environment includes all the
genetic factors play a significant role external factors that influence our
in shaping certain personality traits. personality development. These
He estimated that heredity accounts factors are:
for about 80% of traits like Social Influences: Family, friends,
intelligence (Factor B) and timidity education, and social interactions.
versus boldness (Factor H). This Cultural Factors: The norms, values,
means that a substantial part of these and customs of the society we live i
traits is inherited from our biological Life Experiences: Our personal
parents. experiences, including significant life
events and everyday interactions.
Genetic or environmental
Constitutional Traits: Dynamic Traits: Influenced
Genetic by both Personality Traits
Environmental-Mold (Genetic & Environmental)
Traits: Environmental and Current Needs or
Ability Traits: Both Desires
Genetic and Environmental Crystallized Intelligence
Temperament Traits: Both (gc): Environmental
Genetic and Environmental Fluid Intelligence (gf):
Genetic
Crystallized Fluid
Intelligence intelligence
Based on educational NOT based on
experiences and educational
increases with age. experiences and
(e.g. general decreases with age.
information, (e.g. creativity,
vocabulary, abstract thinking, logic
analogies test, and skills, reasoning, and
left brain activities) right brain activities)
Determinants
Cattell concluded that about two-thirds of
our personality is shaped by these
environmental influences. This indicates that
while our genetics set certain
predispositions, our environment plays a
crucial role in shaping the majority of our
personality traits.
Infancy (birth to
development
age 6) Maturity (ages 23-50)
major formative period for generally a productive, satisfying
personality time in terms of career, marriage,
Weaning; toilet training; formation and family situations.
of ego, superego, and social
attitudes.
Childhood (ages 6 - 14) Adolescence (ages
stage of personality formation, there 14-23)
are few psychological problems. troublesome and stressful stage.
Independence from parents and Conflicts about independence,
identification with peers. self-assertion, and sex.
Late Maturity Old Ages (ages 65
(ages 50-65) onwards)
people reexamine their values and pervasive sense of loneliness and
search for a new self. insecurity.
personality developments in adjustments to different kinds of
response to physical, social, and losses—the death of spouses,
psychological changes. relatives, and friends.
psychopathology
- primarily focuses on describing and measuring normal personality traits rather than
directly addressing psychopathology.
indirect connection to psychopathology
TRAITS VULNERABILITY: Certain personality traits identified by the 16PF may
indicate vulnerability to specific mental health disorders.
Odd/Eccentric Cluster Dramatic/Erratic Cluster
Paranoid Personality Disorder Antisocial Personality Disorder
Schizoid Personality Disorder Borderline Personality Disorder
Anxious/Fearful Cluster
Avoidant Personality Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
psychotheraphy
Cattell explored different ways of understanding personality, each with its own strengths
and weaknesses.
Bivariate Approach Clinical Approach
This method is like setting up This approach involves things like
experiments in a lab, where one thing talking about dreams or memories to
is changed to see how it affects understand personality.
something else. Cattell thought it was nice that
Cattell thought it was good for clinicians cared about people, but he
science because it's precise, but he didn't like that it wasn't very exact or
said it only looks at a small part of scientific. He said it's like having
personality. He thought it was too good intentions but not always
strict because it doesn't consider all having a clear idea of what's going
the different things that can affect on.
personality, like emotions, which are
hard to control in a lab.
psychotheraphy
Cattell explored different ways of understanding personality, each with its own strengths
and weaknesses.
Multivariate Approach
Cattell's favorite was this one, which
uses fancy math to look at lots of
different things at once.
He liked it because it could show
specific details about personality by
analyzing many pieces of information
together. For example, he used
techniques like factor analysis to find
patterns in large sets of data from
groups of people or from one person
over a long time.
Two Techniques
P Technique R Technique
Cattell introduced the P technique, On the other hand, the R technique,
which involves gathering data from often referred to as the most
an individual across multiple prevalent form of factor analysis,
instances. This method aims to entails administering diverse
capture the individual's unique traits personality tests to groups of
rather than focusing on commonly research participants. Subsequently,
observed characteristics. By the intercorrelation of scores is
collecting measures from one person examined. This approach allows
on various occasions, Cattell sought researchers to identify patterns and
to delve deeper into the intricacies of relationships among different aspects
individual personality. of personality across a sample
population.
nature of man
Free Choice Determinism
Nature Nurture
Causality Teleology
Uniqueness Similarities
nature of man
Equilibrium Growth
Pessimism Optimism
application
Career Counseling and
Employee Selection
Educational Guidance
Research Purposes
Clinical Psychology and
Counseling
Personal Growth and
Development
Recap
References
16PF. (n.d.). https://changingminds.org/explanations/preferences/16pf.htm
Feist, G.J., & Roberts, T.A. (2020). Theories of Personality (10th ed.) McGraw
Hill.
Schultz, D. P., & Schultz, S. E. (1994). Theories of Personality (11th ed.).
Cengage Learning.
Studocu. (n.d.). Trait Theory by Raymond Cattell - Trait Theory by Raymond
B. Cattell Cattell’s goal in his study of - Studocu.
https://www.studocu.com/ph/n/12590006?sid=151342941716053203
Studocu. (n.d.). Theories of Personality chapter 10 Raymond Cattell -
THEORIES OF PERSONALITY Duane P. Schultz Sydney - Studocu.
https://www.studocu.com/ph/n/47715113?sid=151342941716053355
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