Age of Exploration- period from 1450 to 1750 Portugal- the first European nation to sponsor Christopher Colombus

voyages of exploration
1400- Portuguese and Spanish sailors led the - a sea captain from Genoa
way across the oceans of the world. Prince Henry The Navigator - was provided a voyage (Colombus’
Voyage) by Queen Isabella
Western Hemisphere- where Europeans learned - Sent ships to explore the West African
- left Spain in August 1492
the existence of two vast continents. coast and look for sea route in East
 Indies- a group islands in Southeast
- Built naval stations at Sagres, Portugal
Muslims, Italians- dominated the old route, Asia
- His success in advancing knowledge of
over land across Asia and Mediterranean  Indians- local people of Indies
the sea caused English writers to call
 San Salvador- new name of Indies
Monarchs- become richer and powerful through him Prince Henry The Navigator
 Hispaniola- now Haiti and Dominican
Asian trade Republic
Trading Post, Plantation- two profitable
Colonies- could produce raw materials not institutions in West Africa and became the  Arawaks- local people of Hispaniola (?)
found in Europe economic base for Portugal’s overseas empire.
King John II of Portugal- objected to Spanish
Cotton (from India), Silk (from China)- a Monopoly- complete control over the sale of claims of the Caribbean islands
demand for luxury goods goods and services
Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
Asian spices Plantation Agriculture- important factor in the
- Signed by Spain and Portugal after long
expansion of slave trade
- demands; Pepper, Cloves negotiations
- it was used for cooking, preserving 1488- a south Atlantic gale blew the ships of - Drew a line of demarcation that ran
meat, aromatherapy, dyeing clothes. Bartholomew Diaz north and southwest of Azores Islands
- Equivalent to gold Pedro Cabral- a Portuguese explorer blown off
Cape of Storms (Cape of Good Hope)- southern
Bartholomew Diaz- he wanted to serve God tip of the African continent course during a storm in 1500
and his King Amerigo Vespucci- an Italian who sailed for
Vasco da Gama
Reformation- brought competitions for Spain in 1507
- sent on a diplomatic mission to India in
Catholics and Protestants Juan Ponce de Leon- set foot on a land,
1497
Renaissance- encouraged a sense of adventure - rounded the Cape of Good Hope and Florida, in 1513
and individual accomplishment sailed up the coast of East Africa
Vasco de Balboa- pushed through the steaming
- return to Lisbon in September 1499,
NAVIGATION DEVELOPMENTS; jungles of Central America in 1513
greeted w/enthusiasm
 Compass, Astrolabe, Quadrant, Portolan Ferdinand Magellan- led the Spanish sailing
1492- Ferdinand and Isabella conquered the last
Charts, Lateen Sail, Caravel expedition that entered the vast Pacific Ocean in
Muslim stronghold
1519
“God, Glory, Gold”- motives behind the
overseas expansion of Western Europeans Francis Drake- English Sea captain that
rounded the tip of South America in 1578
John Cabot Commercial Revolution Locke
- an Italian sent out by King Henry VII of - In the period of 1500 and 1750, where - Agreed w/Hobbes that the purpose of
England Europeans came into contact w/lands government was to create order in
- he landed on the coast of Nova Scotia, and peoples differ from their own society
Canada - Included new business methods, - Thought that people were basically
increase in prices, growth of modern reasonable and would cooperate w/one
Henry Hudson- an English explorer that four
capitalism another
voyages in his search for Northwest Passage
The advancements in science and technology INFLUENTIAL THINKERS;
Half Moon- Hudson’s ship and sailed up the
paved the way to the Enlightenment and Age of
Hudson River, claiming the region for 1. Baron de Montesquieu
Reason in mid 1600s-1700s
Netherlands  The Spirit of Laws- his book,
Thomas Hobbes discussing the differ forms of
New Netherland- Dutch colony (Dutch made
government
settlements along the Hudson River) - used the idea of natural law to argue that
 THREE BRANCHES OF
absolute monarchy was the best form of
1602- the Dutch East India Company was GOVERNMENT;
governance
established a. Legislative Branch- made the laws
- believed that violence and disorder came
b. Executive Branch- enforced them
Netherlands- the only European country naturally to human beings, and that w/o
c. Judicial Branch- interpreted the
permitted to make trade w/Japan an absolute government, chaos would
law and judged them when violated
prevail.
1621- Dutch West India Company was 2. Francois Marie Arouet (Voltaire)
- Published the Two Treatise on
founded - Wrote poetry, plays, essays, books in an
Government in 1690
entertaining, satirical style
Jacques Cartier- reached the St. Lawrence  Leviathan 1651- his book about a state
 Candide- his most celebrated satire
River in 1535 and claimed for France that is now in which people lived w/o government
 Bastille- the prison in Paris where he
eastern Canada. It became known as New Philosophes (Philosophers)- writers and thinkers twice served time in his youth
France. that spread Locke’s idea of natural rights 3. Jean Jacques Rousseau
- A Swiss philosopher who criticized what
Samuel de Champlain Physiocrats he saw as his era’s excessive reliance on
- Father of New America - tried to explain economics using natural reason and claimed that people should
- Established Quebec, the first permanent law rely on instinct and emotion.
French colony in North America - didn’t agree t/the philosophy behind  1760- published his book describing the
mercantilism, arguing that National beauties of nature and pleasures of
La Salle- French nobleman that claimed the simple country life
entire Mississippi valley for France and named it Wealth is the land which is the source
of wealth  Emile- another book where he calls for
Louisiana in honor for King Louis XIV. education that would preserve the
- favored Free Market in which all goods
Fur Trading- primary source of wealth for can be bought or sold w/o controls child’s goodness; emphasizes the
French settlers development of human personality
  The Social Contract 1762- his most Enlightened Despots- absolute rulers who use Copernicus
famous work their power to bring change into the society
- Challenged Ptolemy’s view that the
Immanuel Kant 1. Frederick II (Frederick the Great) Earth is the center of the universe
- king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786  Published Revolution of the Celestial
- Believed that man is basically good
- considered himself, “the first servant of Spheres in 1543
- Disproved the capability of mind to
the state”
explain everything Galileo Galilei
2. Catherine the Great
- Emphasized the role played by faith and
- made limited reforms in law and  Telescope- invented to observe the
the strength of character in man’s quest
government planets and the stars
Denis Diderot - was against Serfdom  Dialogues on the Two Chief Systems
3. Joseph II (Peasant Emperor) of the World- his book that showed his
- Convinced a French bookseller to  Maria Theresa- most radical emperor; a support on Copernican theory
publish the Encyclopedia. Hapsburg emperor  Made his promise not to teach
- Put together the 35-volume
Heliocentric Theory after his house
encyclopedia between 1755 and 1772 Aristotle- created a system of brought based on
arrest
- Hoped that Encyclopedia would bring observation and a process of reasoning (Logic)
about “a revolution in minds of man to Isaac Newton
Rene Descartes
free them from prejudice”
 Mathematical Principles for Natural
- Summarized his ideas in the statement,
Age of Reason- where just society was taught Philosophy- this book provided proofs
“I think therefore I am”
those ideas became in the eyes of the people of what people had observed
 Analytic Geometry- invented a new
where unreasonable and unfounded.  Calculus- a method of calculation
kind of mathematics.
developed to prove his theories
War of censorship- conducted by the Church  Discource of Method 1637- his book
 Law of Gravity- states that force of
and Government who felt the need to protect where he formulated a problem
attraction increases as objects move
against the attacks of Enlightenment
Scientific Method- a process of investigating a closer together
Salon- a place at which writers, artists, phenomenon, and of acquiring new knowledge  Newton’s Law- mathematically
philosophers, exchanged ideas explains how moon’s gravity causes
Geocentric Theory
tides on Earth and how sun’s gravity
Salonnieres- could meet w/people on equal keeps the planet within the orbits
- From Aristotle, expanded by Ptolemy
footing to discuss and spread Enlightenment idea
- States that the moon and the sun and
Johannes Kepler
Madame Geoffrin other planets moved around the Earth
- Questioned by Copernicus, Galileo, - German astronomer used Brahe’s info to
- a leading salonniere who welcomed Newton prove Copernicus’ theories
artists and musicians to play for her  Ellipse- another kind of orbit where
guests Tycho Brahe- Danish astronomer who built an
planets move, announced in 1609
- corresponded w/Catherine II of Russia, observation to study the planets in 1500
Maria Theresa of Austria
Andreas Vesalius- made discoveries in anatomy
and published On the Structure of Human
Body
William Harvey- made a discovery that
disproved many of Galen’s hypotheses
Robert Hooke- made a more fundamental
biological discovery, the cell.
Ambroise Pare
- Developed the ointment that could be
applied to wounds
- Responsible for inventing a technique
for healing wounds using stitches
Leopold Auenbrugger
- Discovered the connection of sound
w/medicine
- Discovered that it was possible to know
the condition of the lungs by tapping the
chest
Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen
 Radiation- discovered in 1895
 X-Ray- pioneered used to study or to
make sure of medical diagnosis
Torricelli- discovered the first barometer
Volta- discovered the use of electric battery
Einstein- discovered the principle of relativity
(link between matter and energy)
Louis Pasteur- discovered Pasteurization as one
step toward the eradication of harmful bacteria
Robert Boyle- establish the science of chemistry