Name: Muhammad fahad
DPT120212047
PICO Worksheet
1. Define your question using PICO: Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome.
Population
Who are the relevant patients? Think about age, sex, geographic location, or specific characteristics that would be important to your question.
Describe the most important characteristics of the patient. (e.g., age, disease/condition, gender)
Intervention
What is the management strategy, diagnostic test, or exposure that you are interested in?
Describe the main intervention. (e.g., drug or other treatment, diagnostic/screening test)
Comparison
Is there a control or alternative management strategy you would like to compare to the intervention or indicator?
Describe the main alternative being considered. (e.g., placebo, standard therapy, no treatment, the gold standard)
Outcome
What are the patient-relevant consequences of the intervention?
Describe what you’re trying to accomplish, measure, improve, affect. (e.g., reduced mortality or morbidity, improved memory, accurate and timely
diagnosis)
Time (optional)
What is the time it takes to demonstrate an outcome OR the period in which patients are observed?
Describe the time period of the study (e.g. 6-months following childbirth)
Develop and Frame Your Research Question in this Format
P I C O
(Patient or Population or Problem) (Intervention, prognostic (Comparison) (Outcomes)
factor, exposure)
Intention State the disease, age and gender, if State the intervention and A therapeutic question always has a What is being looked
appropriate, of the population. specifics related to it. comparator (even if it is standard care). for or measured?
Example Religious coping, including Parents who don't use religious coping Level of stress and
(a therapeutic both positive and negative or who rely on other supports like family emotional upset
question) ways of using religion to deal and friends (psychological distress).
Parents of children (0-17 years) who with stress.
were recently diagnosed with cancer
Research question:
Do parents who use religious coping
have more or less stress than those
who don't, after their child is
diagnosed with cancer?
Objective:
To see how religious coping affects
the stress levels of parents whose
kids have cancer, and if things like
resilience or support from others
matter too.
Title:
How Religion Affects Stress in
Parents of Kids with Cancer
Next Step…….. Think about Study design of your review question
Study Design *
Type of Question Ideal Type of Studies (Study Designs)
RCT > Cohort Study > Case Control Study > Case Series
Therapy / Intervention
Cross-sectional Study (with consistently applied reference standard and blinding)
Diagnosis
Cohort Study > Case Control Study > Case Series
Prognosis
RCT > Cohort Study > Case Control Study > Case Series
Etiology/Harm
Next Step…….. Decide Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
Inclusion and exclusion criteria for article selection
Inclusion criteria Exclusion criteria
P Studies involving parents or primary
caregivers of children (0–18 years) who Studies focusing only on children or patients with cancer, not on their parents or caregivers.
have been recently diagnosed with cancer.
Studies assessing religious coping,
I spiritual coping, faith-based strategies, or Studies that do not assess religious/spiritual coping, resilience, or psychological distress.
resiliency-building interventions.
C Studies with a comparison group receiving Articles that are reviews, editorials, commentaries, case reports, or conference abstracts
standard care, no intervention, or routine
without full data
psychological support.
Studies that measure psychological
distress, such as anxiety, depression,
O Studies involving non-cancer conditions or where the child’s cancer diagnosis is not recent.
emotional wellbeing, or mental health
outcomes
Study Design Cross-sectional study (a snapshot in time,
Diagnosis
not long-term).
List the main topics and terms from your question that you can use to search.
Primary Search Terms Synonyms
P Mother OR Father
Family caregiver
Parents of pediatric oncology patients
Parents of children with cancer
Caregivers
Pediatric cancer parents
I Faith-based coping
Religious coping Religious belief
Spiritual coping Spirituality
Resiliency interventions Positive coping strategies
C Routine support
Standard care Control group
Usual care Without coping intervention
No intervention
O Psychological distress
Mental health
Emotional distress
Emotional wellbeing Psychological burden
Anxiety Stress
Depression
Next Step…… Search Strategy with Key Words/Synonyms using Boolean operators
Concept 1 AND Concept 2 AND Concept 3 AND Concept 4
Population [P] Intervention [I] Comparison [C] Outcome [O]
religious coping standard care psychological
distress
parent
OR OR OR OR
caregiver spiritual coping usual care depression
OR OR OR OR
family caregiver no intervention
faith-based mental health
OR OR OR OR
mother coping strategies routine care emotional distress
Example 1:
P I C O
(Patient or Population or Problem) (Intervention, prognostic factor, (Comparison) (Outcomes)
exposure)
Intention State the disease, age and gender, State the intervention and A therapeutic question always has a What is being looked for
if appropriate, of the population. specifics related to it. comparator (even if it is standard care). or measured?
Example Women who have experienced Advocacy programmes General practice or routine treatment Quality of Life (measured
(a therapeutic domestic violence by the SF-36 scale)
question) Research question: For women who have experienced domestic violence, how effective are advocacy programmes as compared with routine
general practice treatment for improving women's quality of life (as measured by the SF-36 scale)?
Objective: The purpose of this review is to evaluate the effectiveness of advocacy programmes as compared with routine general practice on
the quality of life of women who have experienced domestic violence.
Title: The effectiveness of advocacy compared with routine general practice treatment for women who are or have previously experienced
domestic violence: a systematic review of women's quality of life.
Example 2:
P I C O
(Patient or Population or (Intervention, prognostic factor, (Comparison) (Outcomes)
Problem) exposure)
Intention State the disease, age and State the intervention and specifics A therapeutic question always What is being looked for or
gender, if appropriate, of the related to it. has a comparator (even if it is measured?
population. standard care).
Example Adolescents aged 12–18 Frequent social media use (e.g., NA Severity of depressive symptoms
(Observational years with symptoms of more than 3 hours/day of social (measured using validated tools like
SR) depression media consumption) PHQ-9, CES-D, or similar scales)
Research question: For adolescents aged 12–18 years with symptoms of depression, how does frequent social media use compare to limited
or no social media use in influencing the severity of depressive symptoms?
Objective: The purpose of this review is to evaluate the association between frequent social media use and the severity of depressive
symptoms among adolescents aged 12–18 years, compared with those with limited or no social media use.
Title: The association between social media use and severity of depressive symptoms in adolescents: A systematic review of observational
studies.
