Political

Ideologies
Liberalism

The problem of freedom. John

Locke and the second treaty.
Natural law from a divine origin.
A moral law.
Through the reason we achieve
the natural law.
A society without the virtues.
Life, freedom and property.
Property is what belongs to you.
Rousseau vs Locke
Liberalism

The state exist to protect the

private property.
There are no absolute rights
The state should not care about
inequalities or social justice.
No neutrality.
The civil treaty originates from
what is wrong
The ethical proposal of
utilitarianism

Utility principle: calculation of

benefits and costs
Pleasure not pain.
Virtue leads you to pleasure?
Bentham and the problem of
the homeless
Happiness should be maximized
in the sense of utility, not in the
sense of virtue.
John Stuart Mill
Examples of the Vapes.
The State must protect people
from being harmed.
If the world is freed from
tradition and prejudice it will
turn to its best version of itself.
Freedom of expression must
have certain limits, there are no
absolute freedoms.
Society should not have liberal
margins that are not simply tied
to the economic
The End of The State

Anarchism
No private property. The
revolutionary subject is the
oppressed subject.
They do not believe in political
participation, there cannot be a
dictatorship of the oppressed.
Anarchy is the absence of
domination. No chaos.
Destroy any oppressive
identities.
The End of The State

Revolutionary morality is
everything that promotes
the revolution.
Piotr Kropotkin, all
traditions and institutions
that imparted criteria of
morality must be ended.
Anthropological optimists
The revolution must be
violent.
Libertarianism

A theory from the private

property. Life is a race in
which we all start from the
same place.
We do not have the same
conditions, but we do have
the same capacity and
power to create wealth.
Everyone have private
property. Friedrich Hayek
Libertarianism
Individualistic theory, the
creation of wealth depends
on the market. Libertarians
believe in a free market
society.
The market must reward
talent. There are no ones
who need more help than
others. Societies create
conditions to produce
wealth.
The role of the State.
Libertarianism
Nobody control the Free
Market.
There is no single price, it
implies competition.
The State is not
responsible for everything,
but it has certain minimum
requirements for society to
exist.
Infrastructure.
2. The justice system. Murray Rothbard

3. Security
Libertarianism

Education and health are

aspects that must be
provided by the individuals
themselves.
Libertarians see taxation as
having the effect of
diminishing economic
freedom.
Conservatism

Thought almost
contemporaneous with the
birth of the Tory Party in the
United Kingdom under the
thought of Edmund Burke.
Counter-revolutionary,
appreciating tradition. No
abrupt changes.
Conservatism
Respect for tradition, order
and customs. No appeal to
individual reason influenced
by passions.
Different from the
reactionaries, he defends
an order superior to human
will, prudence is the main
virtue of politics since it
allows to think when there
are changes and when
there are not.
Conservatism

Another principle is
tolerance, liberals are
pluralistic not tolerant since
they accept everything as
good. There is bad things,
but they will not pursue it.
Conservatives believe in
public morality, morality is
not relative.
Conservatism

A strong state is not

required, but an awareness
of public morality is. They
advocate a free market.
For classics the state is for
the good life, for
conservatives it is security.
The nationalism as key.
Example of the carrying of
weapons and the threat of
others and the libertarians.
 Egalitarian
liberalism/Social
Democracy
Which is more important,
equality or freedom?
In search of a new
liberalism. Social justice is
used where equality is
included.
Rawls proposes that the
State has to provide new
social opportunities for
people to develop them.
 Egalitarian
liberalism/Social
Semocracy
Benefit to those who need it
most. The use of social
justice where everyone will
have a minimum.
Anthropological optimist,
The idea of harmonizing
equality and freedom.
A new social contract for
wealth redistribution?
 Egalitarian
liberalism/Social
Semocracy
We can agree on a
conception of justice, seen
as fairness, it is agreed upon
not as something natural.
A theory against
utilitarianism, where we
start from an original
position in our state of
nature what is just.
 Veil of ignorance

Rawls believes that, with an

absolute, but temporary,
ignorance of all that we are
capable of, an equitable
contract will be achieved,
otherwise we would do it as a
calculation of our
circumstances, and not get a
fair distribution, closing the
gaps.
Communitarianism
The importance of
recovering the values of the
communities. They see
justice as a later value, a
desire to reconcile people.
Being liberal in private life,
solidarity based on a
cultural and identity
context, with
autodetermination.
Communitarianism

It rejects the idea that the

rights and autonomy of the
individual are absolute,
arguing that people have
duties to their community.
Society must focus on the
collective welfare rather
than just the sum of
individual interests.
 Communitarianism

Share or certain principles.

Prior to multiculturalism.
Communitarianism is a permanent
correction of liberal theory.
Minorities have a communitarian
dimension. Dilemma between
integration and isolation.
 Republicanism
Public opinion must be nurtured by
popular sovereignty. Discourse
theory for deliberation, regulated
exchange between parties.
Consensus is the content and
deliberative democracy is the
framework.
Neutral rules. Decision-making
cannot be the sole responsibility of
the State, activating the civil
participation of new norms.
 Republicanism

They have a freedom focused on the

ancients, more collective and less
individual.
 Republicanism

The value that there is in the debate

itself is not as liberal theses that it is a
crossover of preferences. There is
value in the debate as they express
their status as citizens.
The law closes these inequality gaps.
 Feminism

The political principle of feminism is

to bring into the public sphere a
series of issues that until the last
century were a private matter.
Compatibility of the roles of men and
women in society.
Combative theory. Focused on
certain claims at certain points and is
not very interested in developing a
theory of universality or generality.
 Feminism
Societies in which the private
dimension had no more relation to
the public than what we see today,
traditional societies, close to
ethnocentrism and Postmodernism.
Impact reflected in different public
policies and changes in the
configuration of the public sector.
Unequal distribution of power
between men and women,
perpetuating male superiority and
female subordination. It is a
systematic problem. Glass roof.
Catharine MacKinnon