0 Oy, 2p ots , DRAAMAD F003 vis Hovis Faint Teall osm Pn oe Yetow a" Cotoutess or Wito co tt 2 sia nay ba pee Atkall sats, Cf, BF, HO;.50 ‘Held Tost Wet test Uixure + a) HC OF ¥ySO4 z estler Ammonium? «| Smoot mince + fev drops of NaOH, oil ond fost wit Lime popar | ‘EF. fo1 Ainmonium £ Adisture * Wessiter’s Reagent, s (Preparation of Nosstar's + | Reagent :To 5 drops of HgCh ‘oftd gad KI solution til senvlet ppl dissolves and add excess | moisten nlass tod. x44 Smell of ainménii.ncid tha He’ may be present. ~ ‘opous oylved ms ie. pene ean a) : irs ob, . i =A ) ‘Apvearance Ci ‘Amorphous co,” Paste ike | Cr, Br, NO;*may bo prosont Pace stout mg ofthe | Decnaton | cdtatina sos moy be» fema clean and dry tast 4 Whig sublimate, Mtl, gas," | present : : tbe and heat stingy avelved iu tig' may be prosente i CO, gas Is evaivee, turns fine : swoter ey ; : é Voiet vapours and black =] C03" may bo present «| subimate E Redgish brown gas with nay bo present pungent odour. Dark broyn fumes with” . BF may be present. ‘pungent odour. ¢ : CColourless gag with pungent. ‘odour giving vite tick fumes, ‘nth glass rod dipped in NOH. Oly apfearance fumes wath NOs may be present | Nei : ‘Cl-may be present. 2~ Fimay ba present > — ©) GOs" ray be present ; ‘Dusk effervescence of colourlés gas, tums lime wolee inky, Oe ol vnegor 457°" | GHSCOO may ba present (037ls confiimed., as iinet son aggs,. 8? may be present, fuins lend geclaig pa Bick) : : a 18 confirmed, Brown Preclplinig, «. NH Is contiemad, 01 11201 elution Anat OKMixtule + ¢ os bof cone. Cone. H28O, heat if eCRSSaN- Cal pu thi Re at a ANALYSIS OF ACID RADICALS, Voltet Vapputs are evolved having pungent odour. Reddish brown fumes with Pungent odour, color deepens n heating with MnO, Oily appeara, th oles gas Ts evorved wih’ | GF may bo prods INQENK odour and gives while ick fumes with NHAOH I may be present Br may be present. Kéddish brown fumes evolved nd the color deepens on ding Cu turnings. NOs' may be present Ince On the side of F may be present test ube ; © Dmmaten an and 2d@ about ince times of thelStco, A watér bath and centniuge. Use the (est OBSERVATION INFERENCE | Test for Sulphate (S0,"[ Acidity § drops of SE with di, HCI and boil to expelico, completely, then add 4-5 drops of B2Ci, T. for Sulphate (SO, While precipitate insoluble in it HCI even on boiting, | $0.7 may be Present, S.E. acidify with dil, Acetic acid + few drops of lead | acetate. « Tes( tor Halides > SE. acidity with dil, HNO lo expell out CO, completely and Add few draps of AgNOs, T ‘White ppt. sotuble in hot aepemonium acelate i White curdy ppl. soluble in NHOH completely, i 80." is confirmed, Cl may be present Pale yllow ppl. partly soluble in NAOH, GF may be present. Wo Dark yellow ppt, insolubel in Ha 1 Olly appearance in the hot condition, While fumes around M may be present, F may be present, © the molsten glass tod. re Q) Scanned with oKeN Scanner alata Sacco Se"Pies foe ; os [em 1 Ko = TEST GUSERVATION THFERENCE Fetter PO. 7 ore (or SE) + conc HNQ,,| Canary yellow ppl PO. present and and heat il evotutlon of contitined, se colored vap/uts, cool * Smmonivm inolybdate(excess) 6 fang wat for a munule Tesi for Accinto{Cl,cOO): SE. tessa) + 10 drops of ‘Atvily small comes out crag0o te mesenland cy Aceon eae CJ heal sidwly and solution is confined. Ce an ers ! SE i scehly vin dt HySO._ | Brown pL crtsdo0 is present and a3 neural FeCl, solution._| sonldines, tor borate (BO, 1: ’ Taate (e234 4 few drops | Green edged llama. 80,?s present and ¥ ‘of alcohol + conc. HySOx, heal confiimed. © strongly and poss the vapours - Io tne 2 non-lunmous tame. _| Test for Oxalate (C6. SE (ere) 15 acidily deatic 3¢id ond boiled olf CO; vite prt ts formed naire may ve present.) Qh) Scanned witlr OKEN Scanner ta rah aRaoak inane"& Ay [nian pupmied Cach soln and |, Paced ts bel water bath and setae ed ” alata Is contin Kesidue « di. W380. and bol, | Cleat sotutien yf om Cleat soln ¢ very dil KMnO, _| Kenn; soln decolourlsos. | MTeatfor ey | Soe ak eisited wih dil acetic. | White ppt. is formed which Is | F's contin ote and added freshly latotuble in hot dil. 1450, pigpared CaCl; solution. —————- Pop i Detection of basic radicals or cations. Preparation of o1 init solution | . : | 1.C,0., CHCOO’, Bo,* oF F's present inthe given mixture, then prepare original solution (OS) by weating wih aquaria, 98 Pies Procedure : Take about 100 mg of the mature a china dish, add 2 mi of aquaregia and sea nale the mixture to almost dryness Repeat the same with another 2 ml aquaregia. Test the y Solubilly of the residue with dil, HCl or di FNOs (in cold or hot condilion) and prepara the os Secordinaly (ih he acid n which the residues suo) WPOK Is presentin nto hen prepare te OS using the solve water 2. dil HCI [> aint, 4. Cone. HCl, ‘al as shown below ', 5. Conc, HNO, ameval of PO. Analze the 1 andi group cations ina usvalw HsS ond test or 2¢* and Fe™, for add divte NOH soln of forms. centituge. Reject.ine ppl and repeatedly sud rf |. 20 while ppl forms. itis better fo concentrate ihe cent 2 3 ere oT: i & [ NHICNS can be used in place of KSCN or vicewersa, . Prepare SnCl, soln treshly by healifig a small amount of Solid SaCk (test tude must be free from x ap water) in Gon, HCl t Vbnonys whe pretty pergecd Sn Ch keiakon pF Le ee Jia ha. ‘ QP scanned with OKEN.Seannercompletely Osteo s | OS and centthage: Treeiuaies | Contelunate Separation of cations Into groups : 7 eH HMw ot MITEL TPN Ac nlitagaite mel be tee for : ? Tako small volume of eevnislagate and puss 138 throu aon tune tho wha ceninfugate and pia: 1,8 and Jhon centri, Reales NMS soln, warm, Usw the mistive fr festINg git HH ppl eccurs, fitirota (elear col) for WA cation and testing 8 eaon Procinlialo; | Gan a bo {ree from #1 group radicals, . See ity ; : Uuitugato, add 0.5mt group (Ths cent fodeats are | Howl wlf Hs lum the centrtugato. To zy fow drops of Con present Lttineant tsi and cool Add a{don of KCNS. Blood rod COvOr oF ppl Fe mT FS leis esait ten add conatiNO3 Ib ho whole canteitugila nod eat tit thang thew id soled NI, oflosnt by ammonin sot til It becomes “apnmgryes, waum and cent Hep forms. yf Ceuteituqata ; {is coniagnte mus{ bo eco from group I A radicals ) rout of te geniatunata pes 1438. If ppt. cecurs 11,8 fo tha whole cantitugate and cantiliuga Piezhiarstes | Centeiunsto: Free ere ntogota mst bo foo rom group tmonis are | HD alta) reg | take gmn tii oe M | and ofeesa of NHAOM + (NH4)COx(s0%. IF teo".Ne | ppt zany | aa sit 1 NH,OH(excess) + (NIl4)>COs aged Mets a (Leta urs thon taku the whole samplo end Oe 4 Heat dnecentefugo. war [7 Senmemunate = ; {hts contilugata,must be “© free trom IV group eadicats.) progent Conuifugato fs evaporated Gaeeites} tak LU | edryness nena ish iyonides Lyes'}|co™ | and exirsctod wih teupnidee) [SEAS | and at ocetic veld mad, josh tole \g- (Cartjonates) wo) Ng KU) _sortests: 3g ge ests <———_—__—fonsenvations 1 Fin ERERGE ea TI w Gray oF Fag eaelten OTP f 2 pose re : Aliranne 10d Nato : Dont use fap walor for : wastungs ind oltior purpose Ia thls ! fost © OS. i rarop lino, 2arons of [HUcKer Wve pol ee ‘inihyanitic aeld n ateotiol immediately changes | Co Is pr ~ nf a ' prosent. be hss ines nana Revesentes LAP patent | ee | g Q) Scanned with OKEN Scanner NOTA 77 an ht aeJ 286-2240 ete SAPO Note t ele jt On usa tap water for WashI9S ond wther pune [fost "murs is O15. anni tisseen free eng, OH TSS ama wr ~| eee elTaTER Fo" Ispinsent or. OS. + Fottetracyanide v Prussian blue coloration. Pink or rod coloration OS. ONS 4 Sone solution, = Ht Is presant ‘ .S.* Iwo drops of ating Green ppt c Fair —] oS ENG, + Tisrag —} SU [ore present, "PONT a | seed wat Nd | OR o “oR -| tna present ~ O.S.tie-y Cone: HNO, ty >) Purpie color, e z {ttle sod Bismuthate. : io dene OS oF. Mer paper Taw —| REGS ETT We""Ts praseni dheps of c+ ew drops ian | ara : [pe-—[sstited amore ns ure * a Cl veg we pt] YoTOW TON 5 To the white ppl aéd vitted — & water, Bolland add Kl br KjCtOyiun E ‘OR Blue ring tums red on Pb?" Is present. $5," ter rope sone dopo | sing Ges " i lum hoelzonmereage [Ee [Ose sai Hels trap | : 3 an Soa present [So" | Ssitte = tev cos star fee coco Laz —-[2tmonium tiscynaidingnes [cree eet Nit 0.8. + freshly prepared sodum ‘Yellow ppt of WH. Ts presen . cobatinte saute ‘ ammonium ae B eobatnt, Ba" — a abeenceat FOP Green ai Oa Rese i GS Cobatsiratesluion + Cone.HtiO, and me Db fee les per In Land hald it torte fame shite gean tee pptelas chLie des Po I The ppl may canlan PUCh, gC GsCh and ‘entilligata Ry conan PB" Eraparais Te fuming wih 2-3 ml Con H2504, cool dikae 40m), cool dnd fie, the ppt with hol water ‘nil the washing give a ppt with : Caniritugate® eslu: wile pr consis of PESO, This i ian toy consi toluble la EM ammonium accate soe, Mai cana ns (AQ(NH,)" aod WO. | With K;CrO, soln yellow ppt is obsg LHgxCle ; fungalic seid Wash | Neutra yh 8, soln to vediasolve any ppl which forms Add 0,4M KI soln and filter < % yellow pp My, le soln, it ppt forms. Pan rami | Residue: pale yelow FOTA ult van ba padenp dip Hel 9 hr art u ‘ gos (dissetyss em Ip pet : whhe feb WS a enous Hs) Held ae a § Seah 6 vali ( proseree BT, Q® Scanned with OKENScanner RH Tb SEES ESEAa eve sen | 1 Efomnonis #0 RV teva | Pest or ear gon Hee es Atay contin WO. HHeavetnch, Acs Hfeomatsel Tagpanegcentg Malt) ise find heal ane to I isting x __| Blue ppt oreo ave A) DP paren ae o ANALYSIS OF GROOM: tg", "GI" Cul lornat.ol’sal sv") pled 4 pi | i Nig: Black Gd: Yellow f POS: lack AtS) Yellow 4 CUS. Black piace in hat waterbath for 2-3 minutos wh Residue + YmL yeow ammonium suiphdel Nt hing ad eentnfge * centeifugate Residue {U1 8 ardup is present} Mo®Sn"S0"1 wprerrereujry ppl pelpbedes ‘9 boting water bath with ~ ANALYSIS OF GROUP IA eave + db INOs|2 dr008 0 +6 drops of water pce ‘imag 2-9 ma and centage Ve ee oF [Resaue [cenuatugate ‘maybe present Paco" Cu" Gi” May be presen. mck ppt Ha" ke present CT fer Ha": Fy Renguo # Aqua regio to get cea! salen : . Ree aon + Sncl}> grey colored PAL at fig confer. ey a mnie Raa me OTT i La ero RS Ham ie ove ES “ fey clr in og 2 pple. a at for ote adeas of18 group: PIC: 7 SEeettusate: Tes smal poten of enuiugate (rom the M group analysis) \eencf Orange oat 4S" Sa" So may be present. | The ata tne, Helin esse i 2 Teatlon ks » Residue + H0 + cote ‘Testior Sa"; fiteralo + Fe wire, warm for W4NCO5 warm fier ‘mins. Add MgC, White siry ppt Feerete« DIMCI-> Yeton got ‘Sa is present and centemed. #8" present and contimned ‘Test for Sb™ in presence of Sn?*: Boome aumsner orate» & i present and confimed, Peete * amunonim hyde, vas and 8245369 Orange ppt SS" is present and confirmed, ANALYSIS OF MA GR LUTE Cot typ olpa I HE, Gustentous pe TS vine opt Ceniragar acre 1 Aly with ai soy sag 3 yikes nate ccna Teanga: Ears oma set Fen otops et sontion + 1 4éop ot iO, ans wacm ta expen “vn NO, cori « KCUS ston 3 Coca reo egg Oa min Feist 3nd conned, EBOwaee aryl acon yo " eae “onde. Shae Testo Eesrpr ol cnn «269s 1,004 0, Orsgaree 2G; Coerctetarges ue Sica Pp Zamept aie pace and ee feral dap Miserin ned bd U. Red eds Chad ening fap nalts por Gentbiny ty pe Des bap) j bolpbids EMU ppd ot hydrortefet ulin HORE “SLOTS Tedliecoemmy* ~ teers are Tewiavs Fo" ai PEG £ Few drops of gotution + small amt of ovate acid in hol water | passinb HS gaz Neutralize with ‘with stitang While ppt confims Co! /Th" NH; $0!a, coo! and pour Inia on Perform tpgt text for Co" given abov' coxcest of (1H,),COs soln. waem | Test far nin’*: * for § rn, allow'to stand, tor. |, Few crops of Solulion + 3 drops of Cone, 1,50, evaporate - és ‘white fumes ang cco , add oil, HNOs and'sdd codlum Reside: White pat cantiens A? ‘bismuthate > Pink color confimis hin” : «| Perfortn alizarin red test for OR AP "given under spo! festa § drops of solution + PLO, + cone. HNO, bell far two'mins 5 and cool alow il settle > Pinkiviolel color in supernant soln | Filtrate. May centaln U". Acidity Mois present and confimes, ‘with oi HCI and add potassium Cotas ppl Co = Black Za: White. NP relack in? : White or but, , i [Reciauey From he group analysis, ino residue ls taken and to W very oi, HGH ms addeay 10) and ccentriuge. * Reside: [CF FT Centrtagate: [za | ria] Residue + squaregia, evaporate to dryness In_| Boil oll H,S In boil iube and add 1-2 mL of | | china dish, discalve the residue with 45.20. | NaOH and 4-5 drope of 3% H,Ozand heat on ‘ ip cl walat: wwaler bath ond cenigfuge. Dive solution Co may be present) Residue: (07 Contrugate: [Za] : Test for Mal": Pass H,S 995 through “est or Gol : Few drops of solution + amy! | Dissiove te ppt. in |_| centnlugate « acetic ‘aloahol + ammonium thiocyanate (NHASCN)) | tmiof conc. HNO; | | seid, White ppt Sa 5 Blue coloration fo oigantc layer. 4100p of conc. 202) | is present and ‘Cos present and confirmed. warmen water bath] | confimed, Soin + lew drops of Nivoso napthol. > Pink | far 3 minutes. Ash test (generally not ‘colored ppt. Test for Ma: answers convincingly Ge ieee, nt inthe presence of So's Pu, + yl | POY To the salad | > | oteant: HNO,” |" | Const soln tntrstere i fhaine, > Scaiet"| NatiO,ane bei for | Sulphole orcnloragy joanne | Mins and cool, -> - ‘and 2 drops ef Con, | Purpie or violet colo. | HNO, Mix Itwith a Testis RA Five drops gf sputionO.S+ THACI = DIGS + ait 2H; edippl. Ni" is preset ) Terocanide, Grown eolr or pet | Of ‘conhims U"> h ANALYSIS OF ua GROUP Ica?" 20". oP] phe. ot Subpbsdes | i { ! : Mn Is present and) | fiter paper and ; | confimed, ‘expose the fer paper «/ : {o tho Name. Green... ash confirms Zn” ‘se cat Arvncyss ohenou we pptels of Cather % Color of ppt: White for al Ba", Co*” and Residue romthe gioup analysis: Dissove ae ‘n minimum di CHICOOH and ste wet Divide ell ‘no 3pans, pnrtTest for Ba" Solution + K,C1O, Ys Perio flame Yeti: Apple gtecn lame, Ba" Is PAL 83" is present QD Scanned with OKEN Scanner eesPettorm flame Test: Crimson ted er Is confined. Ii pant Test for Ca’*: Solution + (NI, }}C,Oe solution -» While ppl. Ga”" 1 preeent Perfonn flame Test ; Brick red, aj" is confirmed i OA AWALYSIS.OF V GROUP RADICAL flag? Ka" LIT Transter the centrlugate obtained from fou yaxchina ash and, add fe of ain i ith group tatoraxchina dah an pete acehe acid. Evaporata Io dynes, ool and dssalve in minmum quanti of vater and cide i into four parts and perform ihe follawing tests : 4 es ~ | Test for hig [Test fork Teal for Na Test for Li f Soluitcn-« ammonium | Solution ¢-sodium Solution +faw.drops Solution + (Sosum carbonate+ HHOHY hyatoxize til atkatine | cobaltinite.solution. | of pol. Pyroantimale | 3 While erystaling | ammojnium carbaecte + Na:HPO, (or 5 Yellow ppt erthophosphoric acid) | K" is present. ppl > While ppt, > white ppt Na’ is present. U' prdgent ( ag"" is present G.T. for K* ; Solution « Fete Me picne acid, serptch CT tor Ma wih agiass 4 | CT for Nat 3 (Orine test) Yellow ppl. Kis Solujon + uianyt } solution +NHCl+ — | present and magnesium acetate-> | 3 NH,OH titalkaline + | confirmed. yellow ppt” eect Na’ present and ; oxine reagent, heat on | * | awater bath. > pale | (Preparationof cobalinittite soln. : “confieried. yellow ppt. Mg” is present and | Liltle NaNO, solid —_| Perform flame test confirmed, Co(HOs)2 soln + dit [Perform the above | CHxCOOH,) 4 e - test withoul Mg”*salt i pe a and compare ine color | Perform flame tes} of the ppl) | é ; 4 Flame tests : ke Some amount of tne compound on a clean watch glass and add to ita little cone. HCL mix rod! and hold it (o 2 non-lurninous ame, Feat plotiqum wtelplass iy we SRT ETIN erp Acier see A a Lilac red (viewed through cobalt glass) + 4 Kils present. Golden yellow + No! ts present ~ Carmine red + Litls present. A Crimson red i ! eee ese Apple green : b Cate pesee Ga ee buick red abla fo carryout tho fama tost with tha (respective) group precipitate. i NOTE: Its always ou tte gee 1 oparopiais places. Carry oul spol 105) Faeroe ins. Quo auive jnoraanls Annlysts by G_Svobla (7* editton) eoferonsere Voriule Qu * >. Scanned with OKEN Scanner