SECTION A

THEMES FROM THE OLD TESTAMENT

 CHAPTER 1
THE SOVEREIGNTY OF GOD AND CREATION OF
THE WORLD
(THE TWO ACCOUNTS OF CREATION)
God's sovereignty is shown in creation by the power of His word. By his sovereignty,
God almighty made the universe and all that are found in it. Therefore, God is the
creator and the controller of the universe. The book of Genesis records two
accounts of creation which differ in content and style. The first account, the priestly
(P) is found in Genesis 1; 2:1-4a and the second account which is Yahwist (J) is
found in Genesis 2:4b-25.

(a) THE FIRST OR PRIESTLY ACCOUNT (Genesis 1; 2:1-

4a)
Scholars believe that the story was written by a priest theologian and so the
account is usually called Priestly (P) account. According to this story God used six
days to create the world.

In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth. The earth was without
form and void and darkness was upon the whole earth. The spirit of God moved on
the surface of the waters. Using the word of mouth, God started His creation in the
following order:

Light — On the first day, God commanded light to appear on the formless, empty
and dark earth. God saw that the light was good so, He separated the light from the
darkness and God called the light Day and the darkness he called Night. Therefore,
there was evening and morning.

Firmament (heavens) — On the second day, God said let there be firmament
in the midst of the waters. Thus God made the firmament and separated the waters
under the firmament from the waters above. God called the firmament Heavens
(sky). This ended work on the second day.

Earth, seas and vegetation — On the third day, God commanded that the
rest of the water should gather at one place and He asked the dry land to appear.
God called the dry land earth and the gathered water seas. God then caused the
earth to produce vegetation of plants bearing seeds according to their kind and
trees bearing fruits.

The Sun, Moon and the Stars — On the fourth day, God commanded that
there should be lights in the sky to separate the day from the night, for signs and
seasons, for days and years. God created lights in the firmament to give light to the
earth. God made two great lights the greater light to rule the day and the lesser
light to rule the night. God also made the stars to give light to the earth.
Fishes and Birds — On the fifth day God commanded that the waters should
produce living creatures (fishes and sea monsters) and also winged birds should fly
across the firmament. The creatures of the sea and the birds were commanded to
increase in number to fill the water in the sea and the earth respectively.

Animals and Man — On the sixth day, livestock, creatures that move along the
ground, and wild animals were also created. God then created man in His own
image and likeness to rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air and all
creatures. God blessed the man and woman to be fruitful and multiply to fill the
earth and subdue it.

God resting — On the seventh day God blessed the day and hallowed it because
on that day He rested from His work of creation.

Significance of the first creation story

1. The story shows the goodness and perfection of God's creation as the phrase
"and God saw that it was good" was frequently used to tell us how good God's
creation was.

2. God is a God of order: This is seen in the systematic arrangement of things that
were created. In the story, creation followed a neat pattern with each day assigned
to a particular stage of God's creative works.

3. Everything created depends on God alone. God created everything but He does
not form part of His creation. Therefore, if God withdraws His power that sustains
the world, it will go back to its original state of formless and total darkness.

4. The story shows that everything in the world including man did not evolve but
was created by God who is the source of fertility.

5. Man is the direct representative of God on earth. This is because God created
man in His own image and gave him the dominion (full control) over all the other
things created.

6. God rested on the seventh (Sabbath) day. This is also significant since it stresses
on the need to rest after a hard day’s work.

(b) THE SECOND OR YAHWIST ACCOUNT (Genesis 2:4b-

25)
The account is called YAHWIST (J) account because the author calls God Yahweh,
which is different from the first story. The number of days God used in creation was
not known but it is believed that creation took place in a day. According to the
writer in the day that the Lord God made the heavens and the earth, there was no
vegetation because it had not rained and there was no one to till the ground. But a
mist went up from the earth and watered the ground. In this creation story, the Lord
God created man before creating all other things.
Man — The Lord God formed man from dust of the ground, breathed into his
nostrils the breath of life and man became a living being. This man was called
ADAM meaning earth-ling.

Garden of Eden — God then planted a garden in Eden and placed man in it,
and there he put the man whom he had formed.

Trees and rivers — God made every tree that is pleasant to the sight and
good for food to grow out of the ground. In the midst of the garden the Lord God
planted the tree of life, as well as, the tree of knowledge of good and evil.

Man was to eat every tree in the garden except the fruit of the tree of good and
evil; for on the day that he will eat of it he will surely die. God caused a river to flow
out of Eden to water the garden and from there it divided into four branches
namely; Pishon, Gihon, Tigris and Euphrates. Man was given dominion (control) over
all the things in the garden. The Lord God took the man and put him in the Garden
of Eden to till it and keep it. Then the Lord God said, “It is not good that the man
should be alone; I will make him a helper as his partner”.

Animals and Birds — Out of the ground the Lord God formed every animal
of the field and every bird of the air and brought them to the man to name them.

Woman — Lastly, God created woman because there was no creature fit for man
as a partner. Thus God caused a deep sleep to fall upon the man and he slept. Then
He took one of his ribs and closed up its place with flesh. The Lord God made a
woman with the rib he had taken from Adam. When Adam saw the woman he said
“this at last is bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh, this one shall be called
WOMAN.” ADAM later called the woman Eve because she is the mother of all living.
Eve was to be a playmate to Adam and the second account ended by touching the
institution of marriage. Therefore, a man shall leave his mother and father and
cleave unto his wife and the two shall become one flesh.

Significance of the second creation story

1. God gave man the dominion (control) over all other created things. Thus, man is
the representative of God on earth.

2. God as a sovereign is aware of man’s need and provides them at the appropriate
time. He therefore brought Eve, a helper fit for Adam.

3. Man is a created being and so has limitations (he’s not to know or do all things)
he was assigned his place in the universe and so was asked not to eat the fruit of
some specific trees.

4. The story shows that every man has some vital aspect of God in him this is the
breath of life.

5. The story tries to explain the constituent of man (man is made with dust and so
called Adam, meaning made from dust)
6. Marriage was instituted by God Himself when He brought Adam and Eve together
as husband and wife. Therefore, marriage must be heterosexual and not
homosexual.

7. Man is not to destroy but to take care of himself and his environment.

(c) SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES IN BOTH CREATION

STORIES
I. Similarities
1. Both stories agree on the fact that there is only one God and He is the creator of
all things in the world.

2. Both stories show that everything in this world including man depends on God.

3. Both agree that God is the source of fertility in both man and the rest of nature.
The creatures were asked to be fruitful and multiply.

4. They both agree that creation of the world is inheritably good, orderly and
therefore perfect.

5. Both agree that man is the steward (caretaker) of God’s creation.

6. In both accounts, God sovereignty is manifested.

II. Differences
1. There are two accounts concerning creation in Genesis and these are priestly and
Yahwist accounts-first and second accounts.

2. The priestly or first account is written in a poetical form or with good Rhythms
and repetitions example, “Let there be. Was..... .and it ...And God saw that it was
good” but in the (J) account, there was none.

3. The priestly account saw God creating the world by word or command out of
nothing whereas the Yahwist or second account gives a picturesque depiction of
God as a moulder or sculptor.

4. The priestly assigns six days to creation with each day being assigned an item
but the Yahwist assigns a day to creation.

5. Man and woman were created on the sixth day of creation in the priestly account
thus, the last day of creation whilst man was the first to be created and woman the
last in the Yahwist account.

6. Whereas the first story (P) says that man was created last, the second story (J)
says man was created first.

7. In the Yahwist account man was formed out of clay (dust) with the breath of life
but it appears man came into being by spoken word in the priestly account.

8. Woman was also created out of the rib of man according to the Yahwists.
9. The “P” account said man was created in the image and likeness of God. There is
nothing like that in the second account.

10. The second creation story shows that there were existing landmarks before
creation as opposed to the landmarks and total darkness, in the first account.

11. Creation was done in the “P” account by God and His agents whereas God was
alone in the “J” narrative.

12. In the first account, man was given every plant to eat, whereas in the second
account, he was given all, except one.

13. The Yahwists said, when the woman was created and brought to the man, the
man became happy saying "this at last is the bone of my bones and flesh of my
flesh." She shall be called woman because she was taken out of man.

14. The Yahwists believed that woman was created as a helpmate of man because
God found man to be alone.

15. The act of naming was recorded by the Yahwist account.

Test Questions
SC = SCHOOL CANDIDATES
PC = PRIVATE CANDIDATES
1. (a) Narrate the first account of how God created the universe.

(b) In what three ways does the first creation story demonstrate God's?
sovereignty?

(PC 2016)

2. (a) Narrate the creation of woman in the garden of Eden

(b) Outline four reasons for the creation of woman.

(c) Identify two responsibilities of man in the Garden of Eden.

(PC 2017)

3. (a) Outline in chronological order the first creation story.

(b) Give three reasons why man is regarded as the crown of creation.

(SC 2018)

4. (a) Relate how marriage was instituted by God in the second creation story.

(b) Identify three factors that can promote good marriage in the society.

(PC 2018)

5. (a) Highlight how God changed a formless earth to a place of life and activity.

(b) State four ways by which humans are destroying God's creation.
(SC 2020)

Likely Examination Questions

1. (a) Outline the events of the first six days of creation in a chronological order.

(b) State four uniqueness of man in the first creation story.

2. (a) Let there be light and there was light. What else did God create in the process
of creation as contained in Genesis chapter 1?

(b) In what three ways can the environment be protected?

3. Examine how God transformed the misty earth into a place of life and activity.

4. Describe the Yahwist account of how God accomplished his creative work of
creation.

5. Narrate the story of the second creation as contained in Genesis chapter two.

6. (a) Discuss the difference between the two creation stories.

(b) In what three ways do human activities degraded the environment?

7. Distinguish between the Priestly and Yahwist accounts of creation.

8. Explain how woman was created in the Priestly and Yahwist accounts of creation.

9. Describe how Eve was created in the Yahwist story of creation.

10. (a) Describe how God made a partner for the man in the Garden of Eden.

(b) Suggest three reasons why homosexuality should be avoided.

Objectives
1.God’s ability to create by His spoken word depicts His

a. Omnipotence

b. Omniscience

c. Sovereignty

d. Affluence

2.God created light to

a. Give humankind the wet and dry seasons

b. Separate the land from the sea

c. Give humankind firmament and darkness

d. Determine day and night

3. The land, the sea and vegetation were created on the.

a. First day
b. Third day

c. Fourth day

d. Fifth day

4. In the fourth day, God created.

a. Birds

b. fishes

c. moon

d. vegetable

5 What was created on the sixth day of creation?

a. The earth

b. Vegetation

c. Man

d. The firmament

6 What, in the creation account, gave man an edge over every other creature?

a. Other creatures were made for man

b. Man alone was created in the image of God

C. Man had the rare privilege to dwell in Eden

d. Satan acknowledged his privileged position

7. What was the relationship between man and the rest of creation? He was to

a. give names to the rest of creation

b. reflect the sovereignty of God

c. have dominion over the earth

d. till the earth.

8. Man became a living being when God.

a. formed him from dust

b. gave him breath.

c. spoke to him.

d. gave him a help mate

9. At the time of creation, the river that flowed out of Eden to water the garden
divided into

a. Pishon, Hauijah, Gihon and Tigris

b. Tigris, Cush, Assune and Haujah

c. Pishon, Tigris, Gihon and Euphrates

d. Euphrates, Gihon, Assyria and Tigris

10. According to the book of Genesis, the goal of marriage is

a. Friendship

b. partnership

c. oneness

d. co-habitation

Further Study and Discussion

1. Chronological order of the first creation story
(GENESIS 1:1-31)
i. In the beginning, God created the Heavens and the Earth.

ii. The earth was without form and void and darkness engulfed it,

iii. The spirit of God moved over the face of the waters.

iv. On the first day, light was created and was separated from darkness to form day
and night.

v. On the second day, the firmament / the heavens were created.

vi. On the third day, land, sea and vegetation were created.

vii. God created the heavenly bodies (Sun, Moon and Stars), on the fourth day.

viii. On the fifth day, sea, animals and birds were created.

ix. God finally created land animals on the sixth day.

x. Subsequently He created man in His own image and likeness and gave him
dominion over all creatures.

xi. On the seventh day, God rested, and made it holy.

2. Importance / Uniqueness of man in the first creation

story
i. Man was created on the sixth day. Man was the final act of creation.

ii. Both male and female were created on the same day.

iii. Man was created in the image and likeness of God.

iv. Both male and female were created out of spoken word of God

V. God blessed man.

vi. Both male and female were to be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth thus
participate in the creative act of God.
vii. They are to subdue the earth.

viii. Man is to have dominion over fish, birds and all the living things which move
upon the earth.

ix. Man shall eat every plant yielding seed/fruit as his food.

Χ. Man is at the pinnacle of all created things.

xi. Man is God’s steward and rulers of the created order.

xii. Man was created to worship God.

3. Creation of light (Genesis 1: 1-5)

i. Before creation, the world was formless and void with only darkness upon the
face of the deep.

ii. And only God’s spirit was moving over the face of the waters.

iii. On the first day of creation, God said “Let there be light” and there was light.

iv. But the light, comprising the sun, moon and stars was created on the fourth day.

v. And God saw that the light He created the first day was good.

vi. He then separated the light from the darkness to create day and night.

vii. The light He called day and darkness the night.

viii. The light was to be for signs, seasons, day and night.

ix. Hence, the reckoning of the first day

4. Creation of woman (Genesis 2:7, 18-24)

i. In the second account, God created man out of dust and gave him breath to
become a living being.

ii. God placed man in the Garden of Eden to keep and till it.

iii. God found man to be alone and decided to get a fitting partner for him.

iv. He put Adam to sleep, took his rib and closed its place up.

v. God used Adam’s rib to create a woman.

vi. Adam became excited when the woman was brought to him.

vii. He said ‘This at last is bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh’.

viii. And she shall be called woman because she was taken out of man.

5. How God created woman in the Garden of Eden (Gen

2:15-25)
i. After God created man, he put him in the garden to till it and keep it,
ii. God saw that man was lonely in the garden and decided to make a partner
suitable for him

iii. All creatures had partners except man

iv. God promised that this partner will be a helper fit for him because man
dominated all other creatures

v. God caused a deep sleep to befall man while he slept, God took a rib from him

vi. God used this rib to make a woman as a life partner

vii. When Adam saw her, he said, “This at last is the bone of my bones and flesh of
my flesh”

viii. “She shall be called woman because she was taken out of man”

ix. Therefore, a man leaves his parents and shall cleave to his wife as one flesh

Χ. The man and the woman were both naked in the garden but they were not
ashamed

6. How God instituted marriage in the second creation

story(Genesis 2:15-25)
i. In the second creation story, God created man out of dust and gave him breath to
become a living being.

ii. God placed man in the garden of Eden to keep and till it.

iii. So he created all living and charged man to name them but none was fit as a
partner for him.

iv. God saw that man was lonely.

V. God therefore said that it was not good for man to lie alone.

vi. Hence he decided to make a helper fit for man as helper.

vii. God caused a deep sleep to fall unto man.

viii. And while man slept He took one of his ribs and closed up its place with flesh.

ix. And out of the rib God took from man, He made a woman and brought her to
man.

x. When man saw the woman he said, “This at last is bone of my bones and flesh of
my flesh”

xi. Man said, she shall be called woman, because she as taken out of man.

xii. That day man and woman became married couple.

xiii. Hence a man leaves his father and mother and cleaves to his wife and they
become one flesh.

xiv. And the man and his wife were both naked, and were not ashamed.
7. The implications of the sovereignty of God
i. Because God is Sovereign and the creator of the universe, human beings should
submit to him.

ii. God’s sovereignty reveals man’s limitation. He should never attempt to take his
place.

iii. As man recognizes God’s sovereignty over his creation, he will learn to care for
his creation.

iv. Since God is sovereign, no situation in man’s experience is beyond his control.

v. Creation is God’s idea.

vi. He has purpose for each of his creatures.

vii. Man should not worship any other creature apart from God.

viii. God is the source and sustainer of life.

ix. God is God of order.

8. The concept of man as the image of God

i. God blessed man to be fruitful and multiply and fill the earth.

ii. He should have dominion over the fish and animals.

iii. Man was charged with the control of every other creature.

iv. He was given authority to feed from the trees and plants.

v. As God’s image man has soul and spirit.

vi. As a free moral agent, man has the right to choose his actions.

vii. Man enjoys a relationship with God

viii. He knows what is good and bad

9. The nature of God as demonstrated in the story of

creation.
i. God has sovereignty over all creation. He also has control over situation.

ii. God’s spoken word translated into visible reality.

iii. No creature determines its own nature but God.

iv. God delegates power to man, thus man was made in God’s image to have power
over all creatures.

v. God was not created by anyone. He is the Alpha and Omega.

vi. God is a God of order, not of anarchy.

vii. Creative action did not stop it continues with the innate power of creation.
viii. God is a God of perfection; all that he created was good.

10. Functions assigned to man in the second creation

i.He was to act as God’s agent in continuing the act of creation of various types of
vegetation.

ii. He was to give names to all creations. This is a very important function because
by knowing the name of a person or thing, you know his or its nature and can,
therefore, exercise power over it.

iii. He was to eat of all trees and plants, but, never the tree of knowledge of good
and evil. This order reflects the dual nature of man being flesh and soul, good and
evil.

iv. By man’s acceptance of Eve, the woman, Adam acknowledged God’s institution
of marriage.

v. Man now has a right to choose between life and death.

11. Ways in which God provided for man’s comfort

i. Provision of water to give constant supply to the garden.

ii. Provision of trees, beasts and birds for food among other.

iii. God provided suitable environment in the Garden of Eden.

iv. He further gave them authority over all other creation and also gave them
names.

v. God made a suitable partner for Adam in the person of Eve.

CHAPTER 2
LEADERSHIP ROLES
(A) JOSEPH AS A LEADER
(GEN 37:1 – 28; 41:1-57; 45:1-15)
i. The dreams of Joseph (Genesis 37: 5-11; 19-28)

ii. Joseph had two dreams, the interpretation of which foretold his lordship over
others.

iii. This made his brothers to hate him.

iv. In his first dream, Joseph said he was in the field binding sheaves with his
brothers.

v. His sheaf then stood upright and those of his brothers bowed down to his.

vi. His brothers said Are you indeed to reign over us?
vii. Are you indeed to have dominion over us?

viii. Joseph dreamt a second dream in which he saw the sun, moon and eleven stars
bowing down to him.

ix. When the father and brothers heard it, the father rebuked him.

x. The father wondered if, indeed, the family would bow before him.

xi. The brothers became jealous of him, while the father kept contemplating.

xii. The brothers became angry and planned to kill him

I. How Joseph came to live in Egypt (Genesis 37:1

– 28)
Jacob was later named Israel; he married two sisters namely Leah and Rachel.
These two sisters had their maid servants, Bilhah and Zilpah, and they later
became wives to Jacob. Through these women, Jacob became a father of twelve
sons and a daughter called Diana. Joseph was the eleventh son of the twelve sons
who were all shepherds. Joseph used to bring bad reports of his brothers to his
father whenever they went to graze the flock or not. Jacob loved Joseph more than
the other sons because he was the son of his old age and the son of Rachael his
beloved wife. To show his love, Jacob made him a long robe with sleeves otherwise
known as the coat of many colours. As a result of this fatherly love for Joseph, his
brothers hated him.

Joseph was a dreamer and interpreter of dreams (dreams in those days were
considered to be message from the spirit). Joseph had two dreams. In his first
dream, Joseph saw that he and his brothers were binding sheaves in the field then
his sheaf arose and stood upright and the sheaves of his brothers gathered around
and bow down to his sheaf. In the second dream, he saw the sun, moon and eleven
stars bowing down before him. Joseph was hated even the more because of the
meaning of his dreams which clearly pointed out the fact that in the future, Joseph's
family will serve him. The brothers therefore plotted against his life. One day, Jacob
sent Joseph to go and see to the welfare of his brothers who were shepherding their
flock and give food to them on the field at Shechem. He could not find them there
but finally found them at Dothan. When Joseph's brothers saw him coming, they
planned to kill him and to report to their father that a wild beast had killed him.

However, Reuben cautioned against killing him, he said "shed no blood". Instead
Reuben Suggested that Joseph be thrown into a pit with the intention of rescuing
him later and they all agreed. So they put him in a pit after stripping off his robe of
long sleeves. While eating, they saw a caravan of Ishmaelite traders going to Egypt.
On Judah's suggestion Joseph was sold to the Ishmaelite traders for twenty shekels
of silver and was eventually taken to Egypt. Joseph was resold to Potiphar, one of
Pharaoh's officers.

III Joseph's encounter with Pharaoh (Genesis 41:1-57)

(a) Joseph interpreted Pharaoh's dreams (Genesis 41:1-36)

More than two years after Joseph had been imprisoned, the Pharaoh of Egypt had
two disturbing dreams in one night. In the first dream Pharaoh stood by the River
Nile and he saw seven sleek and fat cows coming out of the Nile to feed on the
grass. He also saw seven other slim and thin cows but the thin and slim cows
swallowed the fat ones.

Also, in the second dream Pharaoh saw seven plump and good ears of corn growing
on one stalk. He saw another seven thin and blighted ears came up also. Again, the
seven thin and blighted ears of corn ate up the good and plump ones. When
Pharaoh woke up, he was troubled and afraid. He summoned all the magicians and
wise men in Egypt but could not interpret the dreams. Pharaoh's chief butler then
remembered how Joseph had effectively interpreted his dreams in prison. The chief
butler recommended Joseph to Pharaoh.

Pharaoh sent for Joseph and narrated his dreams to him. Joseph emphasized that it
was only God who gives favourable answer or interpretation to dreams. He told
Pharaoh’ the two dreams were the same, God has revealed to Pharaoh what he is
about to do. The seven good cows are seven years, and the seven good ears are
seven years. Also, the seven lean and gaunt cows are seven years, and the seven
empty ears blighted by the east wind are also seven years of famine. Thus there
would be seven years of great plenty throughout the land of Egypt followed by
another seven years of famine. He said the famine would be so severe that all
would forget the earlier seven years with bountiful harvest. The repetition of the
dream means that it would happen by all means. Pharaoh should, therefore select a
prudent man to take charge of food security. There should be overseers to collect
one fifth of all harvests during seven years of plenty. Thus food would be gathered
to be stored in reserve for the lean years so that the land will not perish through
famine.

(b) Pharaoh appointed Joseph as ruler over Egypt (41:37-57) Pharaoh was pleased
with Joseph’s suggestion but he wondered whether a more discreet person than
Joseph could be found in Egypt. Then Pharaoh said to Joseph since God has
revealed the meaning of the dreams to him, clearly no one else is as wise as him.
He declared that Joseph will be in charge of his house and all the people of Egypt
will obey his command. Concerning the throne, Pharaoh said he will be greater than
Joseph. He therefore, appointed Joseph to take full charge over all Egypt. He gave
royal approval to the appointment by publicly putting his signet on Joseph’s
hand/finger as a symbol of authority. Pharaoh made Joseph the minister in charge of
the storage and distribution of food in the land of Egypt and second in command.
He then decorated him in a linen robe and a gold chain. He also gave Joseph a royal
Chariot to ride on. Joseph was then given an Egyptian name Zaphenath Paneah,
meaning a saviour of life.

Joseph was also given a wife called Asenath, the daughter of Portiphera, the priest
of On. Joseph was thirty years old when he was made minister of food in Egypt. For
the seven years during which there was abundant food Joseph worked hard to build
storage houses all over the country, and in these houses he stored food for the
years of anticipated famine. Before the years of famine Asenath bore two sons,
Manasseh and Ephraim for Joseph. Manasseh means God has made me forget all
my hardships and father’s house. Ephraim means God has made me fruitful in the
land of my affliction. During the seven years of plenty, Joseph supervised the
storage of food. Then came seven years of famine in all the land, including Canaan.
The famine was severe that people came from afar to Egypt to purchase food.

IV. Joseph's reconciliation with his brothers (Genesis 45:1-15)

Famine in Israel led Joseph's brothers to seek for corn in Egypt. On their second
visit, Joseph revealed himself to his brothers that he was Joseph whom they sold
into slavery. Joseph could not control himself; he wept aloud in front of them. He
asked if his father was still alive but the brothers could not answer him, because
they were surprised to see him. He told the brothers not to be distressed or angry
with themselves for their wrong act. He pointed out that they meant evil but God
meant it good, he sent him ahead to Egypt to preserve lives.

Joseph told his brothers that God has made him a father to Pharaoh. He then
ordered that they should bring down their father and all their families to dwell in
Egypt in the land of Goshen (a pasture land on the borders of Egypt and Arab) since
the famine has lasted for two years and there were five more years in which there
would be no harvest. He gave them abundant food and clothes to return home.
Having made this needful and reassuring explanation, he fell on Benjamin's neck
and shed tears of joy over him. Joseph also kissed Benjamin and all his other
brothers after which they spoke freely with him. Joseph did that to assure his love to
the brothers.

JOSEPH'S LEADERSHIP QUALITIES

1. He feared God and acknowledged him as the source of knowledge and divine
favour (Gen.45:6-9)

2. He recognized every event that precipitated his present glorious position in Egypt
as an act of God (Gen.45:6-9)

3. As head of Potiphar's household servants, he was a faithful servant.

4. As a leader, he feared God greatly and refused to dishonour his master by

committing adultery with his wife.

5. He is a leader who loves people around him. While in prison, he loved his fellow
prisoners. Thus, the butler, after his release recommended Joseph to the king.

6. He is someone who hates vengeance – he forgave his brothers and even wept
bitterly. We should therefore emulate him.

7. He was humble as revealed in his attribution of the success of everything he did

to the leadership of God.

8. Joseph as a leader had administrative ability in organizing as reflected. In the

way he stored up food during the period of plenty and handled the famine crisis
later on.

Moral Lessons
1. We must resist temptations since it leads to more blessing.

2. If we fear and respect God, he will uplift us. For instance, we should not commit
adultery with our neighbours’ wives or husbands.

3. In every situation we find ourselves, we should give glory to God for He knows
better. Everything works together for he who loves God.

4. God has a purpose for everyone and every misfortune we suffer and we should
see it that way. He has control of every situation and can turn our disappointments
or misfortune into blessings.

5. The story tells us about the need for forgiveness if we want our society to
achieve peace and unity. Thus we must try to be at peace with anyone around us.

6. We must care and provide for those who call on us in times of need.

7. We must accept responsibilities of our wrong doings.

8. There is the need for reconciliation among friends and enemies to ensure
solidarity and progress.

9. Divine purpose cannot be changed.

10. As successful leader must have a good relationship with God.

Test Questions
1. (a) Narrate the dreams of Pharaoh.

(b) In what three ways did the interpretation of the dreams affect Joseph and his
people?

(SC 2017)

2. (a) Narrate the circumstances that led to Joseph’s encounter with Pharaoh.

(b) State three lessons which can be learned by leaders from Joseph.

(SC 2021)

3. (a) Outline how Pharaoh’s dreams led to Joseph attaining the height of second-in
command in Egypt.

(b) What two traits of Joseph are worthy of emulation for your life?

(PC 2023)

Likely Examination Questions

1. (a) Recount the two dreams of Joseph and the reaction of his family to them.

(b) Give three effects of dreams.

2. (a) Examine the circumstances which brought Joseph to Portiphar’s house..

(b) Mention two ways in which God relates to people today.

3. (a) Describe the circumstances in Egypt which made Pharaoh send for Joseph.

(b) State any three qualities of Joseph that earned him Pharaoh’s favour.

4. Narrate the story in which Joseph’s intelligence was revealed to Pharoah.

5. (a) Relate Joseph’s appointment as a ruler in Egypt / Explain how Joseph came to
assume leadership role in Egypt.

(b) In what three ways does God make people leaders or raise people to leadership
Positions?

6. (a)...God sent me before you to preserve life. Examine the final reconciliation
between Joseph and his brothers.

(b) Mention three reasons why siblings should reconcile.

Objectives
1. The two dreams which Joseph narrated to his parents and brothers indicated that

a. the parent would love Joseph more

b. brothers would win the parents

c. parents and brothers would serve him

d. brothers would hate him

2. Joseph was invited in Pharaoh's palace because he

a. proved himself trustworthy

b. organized grain plantation for Egypt

c. was recommended by the butter

d. interpreted the king's dream

3. Joseph was hated by his brothers because his dreams reflected on

a. leadership

b. Drought

c. Lordship

d. Love

4. Joseph was sold into slavery for all the following reasons except

a. The dreams he had

b. His father’s love for him

c. His brothers hatred for him

d. His staying away from the flock

5) Joseph comforted his brothers not to be angry with each other for selling him
because God

a. Wanted to show his love and concern for Jacob

b. Sent him ahead to preserve life

c. Wanted his brothers to suffer humiliation for their sins

d. Used their action to fulfil his purpose

6. Which of the following was not part of the honour done to Joseph when Pharaoh
made him a ruler in Egypt?

a. Joseph was made to address the people

b. The land of Goshen was given to Joseph

c. Joseph was dressed in garments of fine linen

d. A gold chain was put around Joseph’s neck

7. God prepared Joseph for his leadership role in Egypt through

a. The love which his father had for him

b. The trials and temptations of his earlier years

c. His belief that his dreams would materialize

d. The training received from his father

8. According to Joseph’s interpretation to Pharaoh’s dreams; the seven empty ears

blighted by the east wind represented seven years of

a. Famine

b. Abundance

c. Farming

d. Harvest

9. Joseph’s destiny was fulfilled when he was

a. Sold into slavery

b. Put into prison

c. Reconciled with his brothers

d. Appointed a minister

(10) Joseph named his first son “Manasseh” because God made him

a. King in Egypt

b. Forget his hardship

c. A ruler of Israel
d. Fruitful in his father’s land

Further Study and Discussion

Positive attitudes Christians should show
i. Being prepared to forgive.

ii. Being ready to have conflicts / misunderstandings resolved.

iii. Giving peace a chance / no entrenched position.

iv. Reconciling with no conditions attached.

v. Being tolerant / taking criticism easily.

vi. Showing concern/sympathy/compassion / love

vii. Showing regret / apology/remorse where you are wrong.

viii. Demonstrates the power of God by following divine commands

ix. Avoiding discrimination

Χ. Praying for their enemies / intercede on their behalf.

(B) MOSES AS A LEADER

(EXODUS 1,2,3;4:1-17;5:1-5,22-23;6:28-30;7:1-
17,14:32:1-14; NUMBERS 13:1-33; 14:1-19).
I. The oppression of Israel in Egypt (Exodus 1:8-
22)
After the death of Joseph, the Israelites multiplied and grew exceedingly strong. A
new Pharaoh arose who did not know Joseph. He thought that the growth of
Israelites population in Goshen would pose a threat in Egypt. The Pharaoh feared
that if a war befalls them, the Israelites will join forces with their enemies to fight
them and escape. Pharaoh therefore took some measures to control the growing
population of Israel.

Firstly, he used the Hebrews as a cheap labour force for construction works. They
were oppressively made to build the cities of Pithom (in honour of the god called
‘Tem’) and Ramses (in honour of Pharaoh Ramses). There was an increase in the
task of the Israelites, thus they were made to make mortar and bricks and all kinds
of work in the field. He made every attempt to reduce the increasing population of
the Israelites but the more they were oppressed, the more they multiplied and
spread abroad.

Secondly, Pharaoh ordered the Hebrew midwives to kill all male born of Israel at
birth. Shiphrah and Puah, the midwives who were God fearers did not go by the
instruction but they let the male children live. When Pharaoh questioned them, they
said the Hebrew women are not like the Egyptian women thus the Hebrew women
were stronger than the Egyptian women at birth so they delivered before the
midwives attend to them. The Israelites continued to multiply and grew very strong
because God gave them families. Finally, Pharaoh charged all his people that every
male born to a Hebrew must be thrown into the river Nile but the female should be
allowed to live. It was in this state of affair when a son was born to a Hebrew couple
from the tribe if Levi.

Moral Lessons
i. God is capable of liberating us from physical and spiritual slavery.

ii. God can also give us hope for the future.

iii. He can change our hopeless situation through the activities of a leader.

II. The birth of Moses (Exodus 2:1-10)

Moses was born at a time when the king of Egypt made a decree for the drowning
of all male Hebrew babies into the Nile. This was to curb the increasing growth of
Hebrew population which was threatening Egypt's security. It was during this time
that a man (Amram) of Levi's family married a daughter (Jochebed) of Levi and had
a child with her. In view of the King's law and that the child was good looking, the
mother hid him for three months. When she could no longer hide the baby, she
placed him in a basket of bulrushes sealed with bitumen and put it in the reeds of
Nile River.

The child was seen by Pharaoh's daughter who had come in the company of her
maid to bathe in the river. Then Miriam, the sister of the child who was watching
over the child came out and asked if she could go and call someone to nurse the
baby. She went to call Moses' mother. Pharaoh's daughter unknowingly gave Moses
back to his mother to nurse him for her and she promised to pay her wages for her
work. After nursing the child, she handed him over to the princess who named him
Moses, meaning drawn out of water.

III. The life of Moses at Midian (Exodus 2:11-25)

Moses was brought up as a prince with the best-of Egypt’s education in the palace
of Pharaoh. Moses grew up as an Egyptian but was conscious of the fact that he
was a Hebrew. He hated the wicked treatment of the Hebrews by the Egyptians.
Moses went out to where his own people were and watched them at their hard
labour. He saw an Egyptian beating a Hebrew, one of his own people. When no one
was watching, he killed the Egyptian and hid the body in the sand. The following
day, he saw two Hebrews fighting and he wanted to mediate between them, but
the one who did the wrong asked, “Who made you a prince and a judge over us? Do
you mean to kill me as you killed the Egyptian?” Moses became afraid, thinking that
his action had become known to all. When Pharaoh heard of it, he sought to kill
Moses but he fled to Midian.
At the land of Midian Moses sat near a well of water when the seven daughters of
Reuel (Jethro) the priest of Midian came to water their flock. Moses showed
kindness to the daughters. He drove away some shepherds who were maltreating
the daughters of Jethro and drew water for them. When the daughters got home
and informed their father Reuel, The was pleased so he invited Moses to his house.
Moses got married to Zipporah, one of the daughters of Jethro who bore him a son.
Moses named the child Gershom meaning, “I have been a sojourner in a foreign
land.” Moses became a shepherd keeping the flocks of his father in-law for forty
years. While Moses was in Midian the Israelites were still being oppressed in Egypt.
They cried unto God and God remembered his covenant with Abraham, Isaac and
with Jacob and He had compassion on them.

IV. The call and commissioning of Moses (Exodus

3; 4:1-17)
Moses was keeping the flocks of his father in-law Jethro, during his forty years stay
at Midian. He led the flock to mountain Sinai also called Horeb and there, the Lord
appeared to him in a flame of fire in the midst of the bush. The bush was burning
and yet, it was not consumed. Moses was getting closer to take a good look at it but
God asked him to remove his sandals because the place was a holy ground.

Now, God told him that He has seen the afflictions of His people who were in Egypt
and so had come down to deliver them from a land of slavery to the land flowing
with milk and honey. God told Moses that he will send him to Pharaoh to demand
for the release of his people. Moses was not prepared to go, so God promised to be
with him as a sign that He had sent him. Moses asked what he should say in case
the people asked him about His name. God then said to Moses, my name is “I AM
WHO I AM”. He was the God of their ancestors, Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. With this
knowledge of Him, the elders of Israel would accompany Moses to Pharaoh to seek
permission to sacrifice and pray to God in the wilderness for three days. Pharaoh
would offer resistance but God would perform wonders which would break the spirit
of Pharaoh and he would then allow the Hebrews to leave. Moses still complained
that the people would not believe him so God gave Moses some three signs for
Israel to believe him.

First of all, God asked him to cast the rod on the ground and the rod turned into a
snake. God on asking him to pick it by the tail, he did, and it turned into the rod.
Secondly, God asked him to put his hand into his bosom. When Moses removed the
hand, it turned leprous. After repeating the process as he was instructed, the hand
became normal. Thirdly, God told him to go and fetch some water from the river
Nile and pour it on the dry ground and it shall become blood. Moses finally
complained that he was not eloquent so God appointed Aaron his own brother to be
his spokesman while Moses will perform the signs.

Significance
1. The experience that Moses had on mount Horeb shows that holy places were to
be approached with care.
2. One has to be obedient in the presence of God as a sign of honour and respect.

3. The call of Moses showed that in the ancient, a name was not mere label but
indication of character, personality and identity of a god or a person.

4. God’s name meant that he was a personal God who through historical events
showed his saving acts.

5. Moses asked for the name of God because the name of God had not been known
before that time.

6. Fire (burning bush) is the symbol of God's holy presence.

V. Moses' encounter with Pharaoh

(Exodus 5:1-5, 22-23, 6:28-30, 7:1-17)
Moses and Aaron went to Pharaoh to deliver God's message to him. They told him
God wanted the Israelites to hold three days feast for him in the wilderness.
Pharaoh showed disrespect for the God of the Israelites saying he did not know that
God and so he would not let them depart. However, Moses and Aaron persisted,
saying that God wanted them to go on a three days' journey into the wilderness to
sacrifice to him. They added that if the Israelites did not go, God would punish the
Egyptians with pestilence and even death. Moses turned again to God and asked
why he sought to mistreat the Israelites; he even wondered why God sent him in
the first place. Thus when Moses delivered the message to Pharaoh in God's name,
he rather mistreated the Israelites instead of allowing them to go. Moses became
troubled because he did not see any action from God to deliver his people.

Meanwhile, on the day when God spoke to Moses in the land of Egypt, he revealed
himself as the Lord and instructed him to tell Pharaoh concerning his command. At
that time Moses protested that Pharaoh would not listen to him because he was not
eloquent in speech. God then inspired Moses that he has made him like God to
Pharaoh and has appointed his brother Aaron as his prophet. God said Moses would
speak all that he commands him and Aaron would tell Pharaoh to release the
Israelites but he (God) would harden Pharaoh's heart.

God threatened to multiply his signs and wonders in the land of Egypt. If Pharaoh
still did not obey his command, his hand would be against Egypt and by his great
acts of judgement he would deliver his people, then the Egyptians shall know that
he is the Lord. After recounting the words of the Lord, Moses and Aaron obeyed all
that the Lord had commanded them. Moses was eighty years old, and Aaron eighty-
three years old when they spoke to Pharaoh.

VI. Crossing of the Red Sea (Exodus 14)

The Israelites encamped at Pihahiroth between Migdol and the sea on the
instruction of God. God hardened Pharaoh’s heart and when he realized that the
Israelites had fled and will not return, he pursued them with chariots and horses.
When the Egyptians drew nearer, the Israelites became afraid. They cried to the
Lord and accused Moses for bringing them into the wilderness to die, instead of
leaving them to serve the Egyptians. Moses assured them of God’s protection and
salvation saying “Fear not, stand firm and see the salvation of the Lord, which he
will work for you today, for the Egyptians who you see today, you shall never see
again.” He said the Lord will fight on their behalf, they should only be calm. Then
the angel of God who went before the host of Israel moved and went behind them
and the pillar of cloud moved between the Egyptians and the Israelites. There was
cloud with darkness and the night passed without the Egyptians coming near the
Israelites.

Moses stretched out his hand over the sea, on instruction of God to divide it, so that
the Israelites may go on dry land. God then sent a great wind, which blew over the
sea to divide it into two with dry land in the middle creating a way. The Israelites
then walked on a dry land across the sea. God also said he would harden the hearts
of the Egyptians to pursue them and he would gain glory over Pharaoh and his
hosts.

The Egyptians pursued the Israelites into the midst of the sea, Moses once again
raised his hands with the rod towards the sea on the orders of God and a great wind
blew and the water returned. The Egyptian soldiers were all drowned and perished.
The banks of the red sea were littered by the corpses of the Egyptians. The
Israelites saw the great works of God, they feared the Lord and put their trust in
Him and Moses. Thus, God had glory over Pharaoh and his army. Israel then
continued their journey towards Canaan (the Promised Land).

VII. The Golden Calf Episode (Exodus 32:1-14)

Moses was on Mt. Sinai to collect the Ten Commandments but delayed in coming
down. The Israelites became angry and impatient as they thought Moses was dead.
And if Moses had died, it meant that God has abandoned them. So they asked
Aaron to make them gods who could lead them back to Egypt. In response, Aaron
collected the golden earrings of their wives, sons, and daughters and fashioned it
into a golden calf. The people rejoiced greatly and they said "These are your gods,
O Israel, who brought you up out of the land of Egypt". He built an altar before the
calf and declared the next day feast unto the Lord. The people rose early the next
day to offer burnt and peace offerings. After that, they sat down to eat, drink and
made merry involving sexual intimacy.

God became angry with the Israelites whom he described as stiff-necked and
decided to destroy them with fire. This was because they had turned aside from
God's commandments. They made a golden calf which they worshipped and
sacrificed to it. The Israelites even described the golden calf as the gods that
brought them out of Egypt. God intended to make a great nation out of Moses.
Moses, however, interceded on behalf of the people. He pleaded with the Lord to
remember Abraham, Isaac and Israel, his servants whom he swore by himself.

Moses reminded God to keep the promises he had made to the patriarchs to
multiply their descendants and forgive the people of Israel. He also pleaded that
God should not be angry with the people he brought out of Egypt with his great
power and mighty hand. Otherwise the Egyptians would say that God brought them
out of Egypt with evil intention to kill them. The Lord repented, thus God then
changed his mind of how he had planned to punish the people of Israel.

Consequences that follow a breach of contract

i. Violating a covenant brings about a strained relationship between the two parties.

ii. The two parties lose the rights and privileges they were enjoying before.

iii. Opportunities for development are also lost/Loss of protection.

iv. It generates mistrust/infidelity.

v. It may affect other family members or relations.

vi. It cuts off relationships.

VIII. The sending of the Twelve Spies (Numbers

13:1-33; 14:1-19)
The Lord instructed Moses to send men to spy out the land of Canaan. Moses
selected twelve men who were leaders from the various tribes, sent them from the
wilderness of Paran and charged them to find out whether the people on the land
were strong or weak, few or many. Whether the land is good or bad, whether they
dwelt in camps or strongholds, whether the land was rich or poor and whether there
were wood in it or not. Moses asked them to be of good courage and bring some
fruits from the land. The spies spied from Zin to Rehob, then into Negeb and into
Hebron where they saw descendants of Anak who are also called Nephilim. The
spies came to the valley of Eshcol and they cut a branch with a cluster of grapes
and carried it on a pole between two men. They also cut pomegranates and figs to
show that the land was really fertile.

After forty days of spying the land, the spies returned to the congregation at Paran
and told Moses that, it is true that the land flows with milk and honey and they
brought some fruits to show. They added that the people who live on the land are
strong and they lived in large and fortified cities. Also the descendants of Anak, the
Amalekites, the Hittites, Jebusites, Amorites and Canaanites all dwell in the land.
They also said that the land devoured its inhabitants. The people are men of great
stature and so they looked like grasshoppers before them. Caleb quieted the people
before Moses and said they should go up at once and occupy the land for they
could overcome the people but the others said the people were stronger than them.

When the Israelites heard this evil report they murmured against Moses and Aaron,
and cried aloud saying they would have loved dying in Egypt than coming to suffer
in the wilderness. They blamed Moses for bringing them from Egypt to perish on
their way to Canaan. They then decided to appoint a new leader to take them back
to Egypt. Better still, they preferred to die in the wilderness than to fight the
inhabitants of Canaan and die by the sword because their wives and children might
be left unprotected after they had died. However, Joshua and Caleb who were
among the spies rent their clothes and told the Israelites that the land which they
had spied out was a very good land. If the lord delighted in them, they would be in
the land which they had said flew with milk and honey. Joshua warned them not to
rebel against God neither should they be afraid of the Canaanites because they are
like bread to them.

The people got angry and attempted to stone Caleb and Joshua. God saw that the
Israelites did not trust him so he threatened to destroy ed them with pestilence and
disinherit them, but Moses interceded for the people, saying that if the other
nations heard about it, they would say that God destroyed the Israelites because he
was not able to bring them to the Promised Land. Moses therefore pleaded on the
Lord’s steadfast love to forgive the iniquity of the people just as he had pardoned
them from Egypt.

LEADERSHIP QUALITIES EXHIBITED BY MOSES ON

THE ISRAELITES/IMPORTANCE OF MOSES
1. Liberator/Deliverer: Moses assumed leadership role in Israel after his call. He led
the Israelites out of bondage in Egypt to the threshold of Canaan. Not to create
leadership vacuum, he appointed Joshua to succeed him when he became old.

2. Patriotic: He felt for the suffering of the Israelites under Egypt and even killed an
Egyptian who was molesting a Hebrew. He rendered selfless service to his people.

3. Intercessor/Compassionate: He had interest of his nation at heart and on two

occasions interceded on behalf of the nation when God threatened to wipe out
Israel e.g. Golden calf episode and mission of the twelve spies.

4. Courageous/Spirit of endurance: He bravely faced the challenges from Pharaoh.

5. Humble: He was not arrogant to the people but humble. His humility helped to
manage the crises that faced him whenever the Israelites rebelled against him and
God.

6. Obedient, faithful and prayerful: He trusted in God and was obedient to God’s
commands e.g. Passover, crossing the Red Sea and at Sinai.

7. Military Strategist: He organized the mission of the twelve spies and prepared the
way for the conquest of Canaan by Joshua.

8. Lawmaker: He collected the Decalogue from God for Israel at Sinai.

9. Judge/Administrator: Moses led the nation in the fashion of the judges solving
their problems. When Israel lacked water and food he provided them as well as
settling their disputes with his seventy appointed elders.

10. Prophetic leadership / visionary: He acted as a prophet since his call. He had
messages from God to the people and from the people to God, hence becoming
God's mouth piece.

11. Founder of the nation: His leadership role gave birth to Israel as a nation at
Sinai. Israel had God as its king and Moses as God's representative, giving rise to
theocracy.
12. Founder of Judaism: Moses" faith and obedience led to the development of
Judaism (worship of Yahweh thus a monotheistic religion).

Moral Lessons
1. It is good to have faith in God because God can come to your aid even when
situations seem awkward.

2. God is always ready to protect His people in times of need and crises.

3. God punishes those who disobey Him and humbles the proud. As a result, the
disobedient Egyptians were punished.

4. God is omnipotent. He has power over nature, because; He divided the red sea
into two before the Israelites.

Test Questions
1. (a) Describe how Moses responded to God's call.

(b) State three reasons why people refuse to accept leadership roles.

(SC 2016)

2. (a) How did Moses become the son of Pharaoh's daughter?

b) Explain in three ways how this prepared Moses for his future leadership roles.

(PC 2017)

3. (a) Give an account of the report brought to Moses by the twelve spies.

(b) What three lessons con political leaders learn from the mission of the spies?

(SC-2018)

4. (a) Highlight the story of how the Israelites cross the Red Sea.

(b) State two lessons which Christians can learn from this incident.

(SC 2019)

5. (a) Outline the birth and settlement of Moses in Midian.

(b) What three lessons can be drawn from the life of Moses during the period
above?

(PC 2019)

6. (a) Highlight the activities of the Israelites when Moses delayed in coming down
from Mount Sinai.

(b) State three challenges which Moses encountered as a leader.

(PC 2020)

7. (a) Outline the consequences of the death of Joseph on the Israelites in Egypt
until the birth of Moses.
(b) Identify four factors that compel people to migrate.

(SC 2022)

8. (a) Give an account of the report by the twelve spies sent by Moses.

(b) Outline two lessons that leaders can learn from the mission of the spies.

(SC 2023)

Likely Examination Questions

1. Explain how Pharaoh dealt with the Israelites after the death of Joseph.

2. Discuss the steps taken by Pharaoh to reduce the population of the Israelites.

3. Outline the circumstances under which Moses was born.

4. Give an account of the circumstances that led to the adoption of Moses by the
Pharaoh’s household.

5. (a) Narrate how Moses came to live in Midian or with Jethro, the Priest of Midian.

(b) State the significance of the episode to Christians today.

6. (a) Discuss the call of Moses and the excuses he gave to refuse the call.

(b) Give three reasons why people give excuses when they are asked to take
leadership responsibilities.

7. Relate the attempts made by Moses to refuse God’s call.

8. Give account of the call and commissioning of Moses.

9. Recount Moses’s encounter with Pharaoh.

10. (a) Describe the escape of the Israelites from Egypt.

(b) In what two ways was this event significant to Israel?

11. (a) Give an account of the worship of the Golden calf.

(b) Mention three reasons why we should obey authority.

12. Discuss Aaron’s dealing with the Hebrews when Moses went up to Mt. Sinai to
receive the law.

13. Explain the mission of the twelve spies to the land of Canaan.

14. Give the account of the report of the spies Moses sent to the land of Canaan.

15. Examine the attitude of the Israelites towards the report brought by the spies.

16. Describe the role of Joshua in the story of the twelve spies.

17. Relate the work of Moses as Lawyer, Prophet, Deliverer and Patriotic.

Objectives
1. The cities of Pithom and Ramses were built to
a. Honour the Egyptian Pharaoh

b. keep the Israelites busy

c. provide the Egyptians with cities of refuge

d. make a new capital for the Pharaoh

2. Moses was born at a period when the Hebrews were

a. Suffering

b. Increasing

c. Backsliding

d. Rejoicing

3. “Who made you a judge over us?” this question was asked when Moses

a. came to deliver the Hebrews

b. separated two Hebrews fighting:

c. criticized two Egyptians

d. defended rights of the Hebrews

4. The pillar of cloud which accompanied the Israelites during the Exodus signified
God’s

a. power

b. presence

c. judgement

d. holiness

5). Which of the following was not part of the majority reports submitted by the
twelve spies?

a. The land flows with milk and honey

b. The people are very strong

c. The land devours its inhabitants

d. Let us go and occupy the land

(6). Moses miracle among the Hebrews after his call were meant to

a. encourage rebellion against the Pharaoh.

b. reveal Moses leadership capabilities

c. convince Israel of Yahweh's supremacy

d. convince Israel of Yahweh's mission.

7. Moses role in the life of Israelites included all the following except being
a. a law giver

b. a prophet

c. an administrator

d. a king

8. Do you mean to kill me as you killed the Egyptian? This statement made Moses
aware of the fact that

a. some Israelites did not like him

b. God was sending him to Midian

c. Pharaoh was looking for his arrest

d. His killing of an Egyptian was known.

9. Aaron had to accompany Moses to Pharaoh because

a. Moses had difficulty with speech

b. Aaron was of the priestly clan

c. Moses feared he could be arrested

d. Aaron was brave and more aggressive

10. Moses had the privilege to live with Jethro at Midian because

a. Zipporah fell in love with

b. Jethro wanted a shepherd

c. Jethro had no male child

d. Moses was kind to Jethro

(C) JOSHUA AS A LEADER (NUMBERS 27:15-23,

JOSHUA 1:1-8)
I. The Appointment of Joshua (Numbers 27:15-23)
When Moses knew that his end was near he asked God to appoint a man over the
Israelites so that they shall not be like sheep without a shepherd. Thus, Moses
asked for a new leader; the one who will lead the people out and bring them in. God
then instructed Moses to appoint Joshua, the son of Nun as his successor. Joshua
was a man with the spirit of God, a long associate of Moses.

Moses was to invest Joshua with some of his authority so that all the congregation
of Israel would obey him. The change was to be gradual while Moses was still alive.
Joshua was to depend on Eleazar, the priest, who would inquire of the Lord by the
judgement of the Urim and Thummin. At Joshua’s command the entire community
of Israel will go out and come in. Moses brought Joshua before Eleazar, and the
congregation. Eleazar commissioned him before the congregation by laying hands
on him. Moses had a great concern for the nation; he was not disturbed by his
impending death but prayed for Joshua.

II. God’s promises/instructions to Joshua after his

appointment (Joshua 1:1-8)
i. After the death of Moses, Joshua took up the leadership of Israel.

ii. God assured Joshua, he would give him every place that the sole of his feet would
tread upon as he promised Moses.

iii. Therefore, he should arise and go over Jordan.

iv. Joshua was also assured by God that no man would be able to stand before him.

v. God further assured him that as He was with Moses, so would He be with him.

vi. God again promised Joshua that he would be with him and would not fail him or
forsake him.

vii. God encouraged Joshua to be strong and courageous so as to be able to lead

the people to possess the land.

viii. Again Joshua was told not to turn from right or left so that he might have good
success.

ix. God also told him that the book of the law should not depart from his mouth.

x. He should also do according to all that is written in the law so that he would
prosper in all his ways.

xi. Finally, God reiterated that Joshua should be strong and of good courage, and
should not be dismayed.z

LEADERSHIP QUALITIES EXHIBITED BY JOSHUA ON

THE ISRAELITES/IMPORTANCE OF JOSHUA
1. He was a political leader. He was Moses’ assistant when they went unto Mount
Sinai to collect the tablet. He later took over from Moses and led his people to cross
the Jordan and to conquer lands in Canaan.

2. He was a Military Strategist. He was among the twelve spies that Moses sent to
Canaan and was one of the two spies who brought good report. On becoming a
leader, he also sent spies to Jericho as a Military Strategist to assess the strength of
the people who occupied the land. He also sent men to spy the city of Ai.

3. He was a priest. In that capacity, he built an altar on Mount Ebal to thank God.
He sent the Levitical priest who regularly offered burnt offering unto the Lord.

4. He was mediator. He constantly received messages from God and told the people
regarding what they should do to obtain the promise land.
5. He was a covenant maker and renewer. He presided over the covenant that
Israelites made with the Gibeonites. Also at Shechem, Joshua renewed the covenant
that had existed between Israel and Yahweh.

Test Questions
1. (a) Discuss the appointment of Joshua as Moses’ successor.

(b) What three qualities of Joshua can be recommended for leaders of today?

(SC 2015)

2. (a) Outline God’s instructions to Joshua on his assumption of leadership over

Israel.

(b) Identify three lessons that political leaders can learnt from Joshua’s experience.

(SC 2020)

3. (a) Highlight the promises God made to Joshua after his appointment to lead the
Israelites.

(b) Explain three benefits of fulfilling one’s promises.

(SC 2021)

Likely Examination Questions

1. (a) Give an account of the appointment of Joshua as a replacement of Moses.

(b) Mention four qualities of Joshua worthy of emulation.

2. (a) Describe the appointment and commissioning of Joshua.

(b) State three reasons why people are appointed into leadership positions.

3. Relate God’s assurances to Joshua after his appointment as Moses’ successor.

4. Discuss four roles Joshua played in the history of Israel.

Objectives
1. In order to be a successful leader, God instructed Joshua to

a. Be strong and of good courage

b. Lead the people without fear

c. Follow the commandments of Moses

d. Take the territories around Euphrates

2. The Urim and Thunmin among the Israelites used were

a. As a talisman for fighting

b. To find the whereabouts of lost articles

c. By the high priest towards off evil

d. To determine the will of God

3. Eleazar became a high priest when

a. Israel conquered Sihon

b. Aaron passed away

c. Moses passed away

d. Joshua succeeded Moses

4. “You shall invest him with some of your authority that all the congregation of the
people of Israel may obey”. This instruction was given to

a. Moses to appoint Joshua as his successor

b. Aaron to appoint Eleazar as a priest after him

c. Moses to elect Eleazar to succeed Aaron

d. Aaron to elect Elizear to succeed Moses

5. Joshua was a successful leader of his people because he

a. Was chosen by Moses

b. Trusted in God

c. Was a good spy

d. Was a brilliant soldier

⑥ Moses asked God for a new leader for Israel so that Israel might

a. Have a shepherd

b. Conquer the Canaanites

c. Own the Promised Land

d. become a great nation

7. Eleazar, the man who commissioned Joshua was a

a. Seer

b. Priest

c. Prophet

d. Judge

8. During the period of the judges, appointed leaders were commissioned to

a. Bring the people to Yahweh

b. Fight Israel’s wars

c. Resolve dispute

d. Prophesy to the people

9. God told Joshua that he could only be successful if he

a. followed Moses’ footsteps

b. humbled himself before the people

c. prayed all the times

d. Meditated upon the law book.

10. During his call, Joshua was expected to be faithful and courageous so that

a. he could achieve success and prosperity

b. he could organize the people

c. Israel could cross the Jordan river

d. Israel could conquer Jericho.

(D) DEBORAH AS A LEADER (JUDGES 4)

The Israelites in the time of Joshua took a covenant that they would not mix the
worship of Yahweh with other gods. But Israel defected from worshiping God alone
and instead, served Baal and Ashtoreth, the gods of the Canaanites. Yahweh was
displeased by this behaviour and thus, delivered Israel into the hands of their
enemies who oppressed them severely and looted them. Whenever they went to
war, they were defeated as God had planned. As a result of their suffering and
punishment, the people prayed to God for deliverance from their oppressors.
Yahweh was moved by the groaning of the oppressed Israelites and raised up
Judges who delivered them from their enemies. However, when the judges died,
Israel went back to sin again against God. Thus the background to the call of
Deborah followed a pattern of disobedience, punishment, prayer for forgiveness
(repentance) and deliverance through one of the Judges.

After the death of Ehud, the Israelites abandoned Yahweh and rather served the
Baal and Ashtoreth of Canaan. As a result of their unfaithfulness, the Israelites
came under the oppression of Canaanite King Jabin and his army commander Sisera
for twenty years. Israel repented and cried to the Lord for help. Deborah, a
prophetess and a judge was called to deliver the people. Deborah belonged to the
tribe of Issachar and she was the wife of a man called Lapidoth. As a prophetess,
she received messages from God to her people and warned them to be faithful to
God. As a judge, she sat under “the palm of Deborah” and settled disputes among
the people. She ensured that there was peace and harmony among her people.

She received message from God and summoned Barak from Kedesh in Naphtali and
gave him the Lord’s command to organize his army to fight Sisera’s army because
God had assured him victory. However, Barak complained saying, “If youwill go with
me, I will go, but if you will not go with me, I will not go”. Barack said this because
he lacked confidence in himself to defeat Jabin and he wanted the assurance of
God’s presence and help. Thus if Deborah accompanied him, her presence as a
prophetess would ensure Yahweh Himself. Because Barak complained, Deborah
prophesied a woman would have the glory.
Barak summoned ten thousand men from the tribes of Zebulun and Naphtali who
met and took positions on Mt. Tabor to fight the Canaanites. Deborah accompanied
Barak as a spiritual leader and to ensure God’s presence. When Sisera heard that
Barak had encamped at Mt. Tabor for war against him, he organized his men with
nine hundred chariots of iron to the battle ground at the Kishon River valley to meet
him. Deborah at this juncture, ordered Barak “Up! For this is the day in which the
Lord has given Sisera into your hand.” Thus Deborah ordered Barak to move
against Sisera because the Lord has given him into his hands.

Israel then marched in surprise, against the Canaanites in the valley where the
chariots of Sisera could not function well. On that day, the Lord routed Sisera and
all his chariots and army. The army of Sisera was defeated. Sisera himself fled on
foot to take refuge in the house of Jael, a Kinite woman. Jael received Sisera and
gave him milk to drink and after he fell asleep. When Sisera was asleep, Jael took a
tent peg and a hammer and drove it into his temple and killed him, thus fulfilling
the prophecy of Deborah. Deborah was thus called the mother of Israel because of
the faithful and courageous service she rendered to God’s people.

LEADERSHIP QUALITIES OF DEBORAH

1. Deborah was courageous and intelligent: this can be seen in the manner she
handled the affairs of the war. She convinced Barack to obey God’s command and
eventually defeated the Canaanite army.

2. Deborah was obedient and humble: She responded to God’s call. She allowed
God to use her as an instrument of victory hence she did not complain when God
sent her to Barack/She trusted God.

3. She motivated Barack to go to war by agreeing to go with him. She served as a

source of motivation / inspiration.

4. Deborah proved that God can use a woman as an instrument. The feminine
gender is no handicap in accomplishing difficult tasks, what matters is the
determination.

5. Patriotism- Deborah demonstrated patriotism by fighting for her nation. She

defended the territorial integrity of Israel.

6. She was approachable.

7. Upheld and ministered justice thus, she was impartial in her judgments, hence
the people respected her.

8. She was able to combine political and spiritual leadership (Judge and prophetess)

9. She did not allow her exalted position to get into her head like most women do
by being disrespectful.

10. She was a team player.

Test Questions
1. (a) Trace the circumstances that led to the call of Deborah to battle with the
Jabin.

(b) Mention three ways women can contribute to national development.

(SC 2017)

2. (a) Recount how Deborah stopped the oppression of Israel by the Canaanite

(b) State three leadership of Deborah which women leaders can emulate.

(PC 2021)

Likely Examination Questions

1. Outline the battle plan which God gave Barak against Sisera and his army.

2. (a) Identify the roles played by Deborah and Barak in the war with Sisera, the
Canaanite army commander.

(b) Give three ways in which women can be assisted to achieve their highest
potentials/goals.

3. Examine the course of events that led to the call of Barak to battle with Sisera.

4. (a) Recount how Jael saved the life of the Israelites during the Canaanites
oppression.

(b) State two reasons why women should be given leadership position.

5. Describe the circumstances that led to the death of Sisera.

6. (a) Describe how Deborah led her people to victory.

(b) In what three ways does the story influence the image of women in your
community?

Objectives
1. In carrying out of his expedition, Barak relied on the support of

a. Lappidoth

b. Sisera

c. Deborah

d. Jabin

2. Deborah was described as judge because she

a. predicted the fall of Jabin

b. rescued Israel by killing Sisera.

c. prophesied that a woman will kill Sisera

d. fought to free Israel from Canaanite domination.

3. In the battle against Sisera, Deborah's co-operation with Barak was based on her

a. belief in Barak's power.

b. absolute belief and trust in God.

c. reliance on a large army.

d. power as a prophetess

4. How did Barak react when asked to lead Israel against the Canaanites?

a. He made enquiries from the oracle

b. He summoned the tribes of Naphtali and Zebulun

c. He requested Deborah to accompany him

d. He summoned courage and attacked Sisera and his men

5. In the episode with Sisera the army commander Jael the wife of Heber acted

a. wisely

b. bravely

c. peacefully

d. deceitfully

6. Deborah accompanied the Israelites army against the Canaanites in order to

a. direct the war

b. pray for the army

c. reveal the hide-out of the army

d. give moral support

7. The Israelites under Barak defeated the Canaanite troops led by

a. Jael

b. Sisera

c. Deborah

d. Abinoam

8. Deborah instructed Barak to engage the forces of Jabin in a battle at

a. River Kishon

b. Mount Gerizim

c. Mount Horeb

d. River Tigris

9. The Lord will sell Sisera into the hand of a woman" This statement was directed
to
a. Lappidoth

b. Barak

c. Jael

d. Jabin

10. Which of the following tribes accompanied Deborah and Barak to the war
against Jabin and Sisera?

a. Naphtali and Zebulum

b. Issachar and Reuben

c. Ephraim and Dan

d. Judah and Benjamin

Further Study and Discussion

Contributions of women to the development of
society/nation
i. In politics, women help formulate government policies for the good of the nation
as Parliamentarians, Assembly women, etc.

ii. Women also engage in programs involving rural and urban development and
dissemination of news.

iii. Others are involved in business and economic activities in the trading and
services sectors of the economy.

iv. Many other women engage in education as teachers.

v. In medicine, women work as doctors of nurses, etc.

vi. There are women in soccer and other entertainments.

vii. In the area of religion, women are engaged in evangelism and other church
activities.

viii. Women as full time Housewives are involved in keeping the family together,
and help in character formation.

CHAPTER 3
PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITY
(1 Samuel 2:11-36; 3:1-18; 4:10-22; 8:1-5)
(a) The sins of the sons of Eli (1 Samuel 2:11-26)
Eli was the high priest at Shiloh. When Eli became old he appointed his two sons
Hophni and Phinehas to be the priests in his stead. The sons of Eli were worthless
men. They had no regard for the lord. These children sinned against God because
they treated the sacrifices offered to God with contempt. Whenever the Israelites
offered sacrifice at Shiloh, the sons of Eli will send their servant with three pronged
fork to take any part of the meat from the boiling pot. All that the fork could pick
was sent to the priests.

Furthermore, before the fat of the meat was burnt; the priest's servants will come
and demand raw meat for the priests to roast, instead of boiled meat as prescribed
by law. If the worshippers protested, then, these servants will threaten them and
take the meat by force. This shows that the sons of Eli had no respect for God and
so they were serving themselves before God. The sins of the sons of Eli were very
great in the sight of the lord. They also slept with the female workers in the tent of
meeting.

Eli their father heard all the bad things that his sons were doing, and so, cautioned
them by saying "Why do you do such things? For I hear of your evil dealings from all
the people. No, my sons, it is no good report that I hear the people of the Lord
spreading abroad. If a man sins against a man, God will mediate for him but if a
man sins against the Lord, who can intercede for him?" But they did not listen to
the voice of their father, for it was the will of the Lord to kill them.

(b) God's Warning to Eli and his Household (1

Samuel 2:27-36)
Later there came a man of God to Eli who told him that thus says the Lord "Why
then look with greedy eye at my sacrifices and my offerings which I commanded
and honour your sons above me by fattening yourselves upon the choicest parts of
every offering of my people Israel?” The man told Eli that days are coming when
the Lord would cut off his strength and strength of your father’s house, so that
there will not be an old man in his house. The one who would be spared in the
house of Eli shall weep out his eyes and grieve his heart and shall die by the sword
of men.

As a sign of this prophecy, the two sons Hophni and Phinehas shall die on the same
day. The man included that God would raise a faithful priest who shall do according
to what is in his heart and mind and would build him a house. He also said anyone
left in the house of Eli shall come to the new priest and beg for a piece of silver or a
loaf of bread, “Put me, I pray you, in one of the priest’s places, that I may eat a
morsel of bread.”

(c) The call of Samuel (1 Samuel 3:1-18)

After Hannah had weaned the child (when the child grew up a little while) she
brought Samuel to Eli in Shiloh to dedicate him to the Lord together with some gifts;
three-year-old bull, an ephah of flour and a skin of wine. Samuel did not behave like
the sons of Eli, the Lord found favour with him, he also grew in the favour of men.
The boy Samuel was ministering to the Lord under Eli. The word of the Lord was
rare in those days; there was no frequent vision. One day, Samuel was asleep in the
temple where the ark of God was kept. God called him “Samuel, Samuel” and he
answered “Here I am” and he run to Eli, but Eli said he did not call him. So he went
back to sleep, after a short while, God called again Samuel; he got up and went to
Eli for the second time. When God called for the third time, he went to Eli again, at
this juncture, Eli perceived that it was God who was calling Samuel.

Eli therefore advised Samuel to respond to the call by saying “Speak, for thy
servant hears”. So Samuel went back to sleep. Then, the Lord called for the fourth
time and Samuel responded as Eli had instructed him. God said “Behold I am about
to do a thing in Israel, at which the ears of everyone that hears it will tingle.” God
further added, that day will fulfil against Eli all that he has spoken against his
house, from beginning to the end. He was about to punish the house of Eli forever
for the iniquity which he knew because his sons were blaspheming God and he
could not restrain them. He also said that the iniquity of Eli’s house could not be
compensated by sacrifices.

In the morning Samuel was afraid to tell Eli the vision but Eli called him and forced
him to reveal the message saying do not hide it from me and may God do so to you
more also if you hide anything from me of all that he told you. So Samuel told Eli
everything and when he finished, Eli said “It is the Lord, let him do what seems
good to him.” 1

(d) God’s Punishment for Israel (1 Samuel 4:10-

22)
It came to pass that Israel was at war with the Philistines, the sons of Eli brought
the ark of God so that the Lord would save them. However, the Israelites were
completely defeated. They lost 30,000 foot soldiers, the ark of the God was
captured and Hophni and Phinehas were slain at the battle of Ebenezer. That same
day a man from the tribe of Benjamin ran from the battlefield and went to Shiloh
with his cloths rent and told the news to the people of the city, they cried out. When
Eli heard the sound of the outcry, he said “What is this uproar?” When he was told
about the capture of the Ark of God, he fell over backward from his seat, his neck
got broken and he died.

At this time, the wife of Phinehas was pregnant and about to give birth. When she
heard the news that the ark of God has been captured, her father in-law and
husband had died she bowed and gave birth, for her pains came upon her and she
died. As she was dying the women who were attending to her said to her “Fear not,
for you have borne a son”., But she did not answer or pay heed and she named the
child Ichabod meaning: The glory of God has departed from Israel because of the
ark of God as well as the deaths of her father in law and her husband.

(e) The sins of Samuel’s sons and the demand for

monarchy/Kingship in Israel (1Samuel 8:1-5)
When Samuel became old, he made his two sons Joel and Abijah judges in Israel.
They were judges in Beer-Sheba. Unfortunately, they did not walk in the ways of the
Lord as their father did. They went after gains thus, they took bribes and perverted
justice.

This made Israel lose confidence in them and therefore the elders of Israel came to
Samuel at Ramah and asked him to appoint a king to rule over them. They said to
Samuel, “Behold, you are old and your sons do not walk in your ways, now appoint
for us a king to govern us like all the nations.”

Moral Lessons
1. Parents and guardians are charged with great responsibilities of training their
children to fear God.

2. Proper upbringing of children brings blessings and glory to a family. But failure
brings shame.

3. God will judge and reward parents according to their responsibilities in training
their children.

4. Parents serving God are not to neglect their responsibilities at home especially in
supervising and training their children.

5. Parents are under divine obligation to watch over the physical, moral and
spiritual welfare of their children.

6. The future of the children depends largely on how well they have been brought
up by their parents.

7. Advice alone to children is not enough; parents should back it up with action.

8. Once we sin God's glory departs from us. This is the significance of the capture of
the ark of God which represents God's presence,

Test Questions
1. (a) Recount the effects of the behaviour of Eli's children on Israel's nation.

(b) What two lessons can be learnt by parents from Eli's attitude?

(SC 2016)

2. (a) Recount the effects of the behavior of Eli's children on Israel as a nation.

(b) What two lessons can be learnt by parents from Eli's attitude?

(PC 2018)

3. (a) Relate the circumstances that led to the death of Eli the priest.

(b) Identify four effects of children's disobedience on the family.

(SC 2020)

4. (a) Give an account of the defeat of the Israelites by the Philistines

which led to the capture of the Ark of God.

(b) State three consequences of disobeying God.

(SC 2022)

5. (a) Trace the events that led to the demand for a king in Israel.

(b) Outline three causes of social unrest in the society.

(SC 2023)

Likely Examination Questions

1. Explain the behaviour exhibited by the children of Eli in Shiloh.

2. (a) Examine the moral weakness exhibited by the children of Eli and Samuel due
to their fathers' lack of parental responsibility.

(b) State four qualities of good parenting

3. Describe Eli's reaction to the attitude displayed by his children in Shiloh.

4. (a) Narrate the circumstances of Samuel's call and the message he received for
Eli.

(b) What three lessons can parents learn from the episode?

5. Examine how God fulfilled his judgment on Eli and his family.

6. Relate how Eli's parental irresponsibity affected Israel.

7. Trace the conditions of Israel which led to the death of Eli.

8. (a) Examine the circumstances which led to the institution of the monarchy in
Israel.

(b) Mention two effects of bad parenting on the society.

9. Describe the events which led to the choice of Saul as the first king of Israel.

Objectives
1. Hophni and Phinehas, the sons of Eli were described as worthless mainly because
they.

a. treated the Lord's offering with contempt

b. demanded a large part of the burnt-offering

c. demanded boiled meat instead of raw meat

d. took bribe and perverted justice

2. Eli's attitude to his sons depicts parental

a. weakness

b. intolerance
c. waywardness

d. rejection

3. Eli, the priest, can be described as irresponsible because he

a. failed to instil the fear of God in the Israelites

b. failed to discipline his children

c. never ensured the safety of the Ark

d. was not faithful to the Lord

4. Eli's lack of parental responsibility led his sons into doing all the following except

a. Taking their choice meat raw

b. Behaving violently towards the worshippers

c. Treating the Lord’s offering with respect

d. Regarding themselves as superior to God

5. Eli's lack of parental responsibility led to the following except the

a. institution of the monarchy in Israel

b. collapse of Eli's priestly lineage

c. decisive defeat of Israel by the Philistines

d. death of Hophni and Phinehas

6. The expression ... the word of the Lord was rare in those days (1 Sam 3:1) means

a. false prophets were many

b. all the prophets had become silent

c. prophecy had been stopped

d. prophecy had not taken hold in Israel

7. The name Ichabod means

a. Yahweh is God

b. beloved of Yahweh

c. I have asked him from the Lord

d. the glory has departed from Israel

8. The two worthless sons of Samuel were

a. Joel and Abihu

b. Nadad and Abihu

c. Joel and Abijah

d. Gershem and Abijah

9. On matters of parental responsibility, Samuel could not be commended because

he

a. made his children judges instead of priests

b. wanted his children to succeed him

c. did nothing to stop his children's immoral behaviour

d. did not care what happened to Israel after his death.

10. The sons of Samuel were rejected as judges in Israel because they_

a. slept with the women at Shiloh

b. treated the sacrifices of God with contempt

c. wanted Israel to be like the other nations

d. perverted justice and took bribes

Further Study and Discussion

EVENTS THAT LED TO THE CALL OF SAMUEL AS A
PROPHET
(i) Eli the high priest at Shiloh had two sons (Hophni and Phinehas) who were
worthless and had no regard for the LORD.

(ii) They treated the sacrifices offered to God with contempt.

(iii) To make matters worse they lay with the women who served at the entrance to
the tent of meeting.

(iv) Samuel was dedicated to God at the shrine at Shiloh in fulfillment of a vow
made by his mother Hannah when she was barren.

(v) Unlike the sons of Eli, Samuel grew in favour with the LORD and with men as he
ministered to the LORD under Eli.

(vi) The word of the LORD was rare in those days, there was frequent vision. no

(vii) As Samuel slept within the temple of the LORD, where the ark of God was, the
LORD called him.

(viii) Thinking that Eli was calling him, he ran to the latter who denied calling him.
This happened three times.

(ix) On the third occasion, Eli perceived that the LORD was calling the boy and
instructed Samuel to respond to the voice ("Speak, for thy servant hears")

(x) On hearing the call again, Samuel responded as directed by Eli.

(xi) God revealed to Samuel that He was about to do a thing in Israel, at which the
two ears of every one that hears will tingle.
(xii) God declared that He was about to punish Eli's house for ever, for the iniquity
which he knew, because his sons were blaspheming God and he did not restrain
them.

(xiii) The LORD swore that the iniquity of Eli's house would not be expiated by
sacrifice or offering forever.

(xiv) In the morning as Samuel was afraid to tell the vision to Eli, Eli pressurized him
into revealing everything to him, which he did.

(xv) In response, Eli said "It is the LORD; let him do what seems good to him.

(xvi) Samuel grew, and the LORD was with him and let none of his words fall to the
ground.

(xvii) And all Israel from Dan to Beersheba knew that Samuel was established as a
prophet of the LORD

CHAPTER 4
CONSEQUENCES OF SAUL'S DISOBEDIENCE
(1 SAMUEL 15:1-26 16:14-23; 31:1-13)
(a) Samuel announced Saul's rejection as King
over Israel
(1 Samuel 15:1-26)
Samuel called on King Saul and gave him God's instructions that he should go and
destroy the people of Amalek because they opposed the

Israelites on their way from Egypt to the promise land. Saul was asked to kill man
and woman, infants and suckling, ox and sheep, camel and ass. That was a holy
war against the Amalekites therefore, everything must be utterly destroyed. So
Saul gathered all his men and beseeched the city of Amalek. He then asked the
Kenites to leave the city else they would be destroyed together with the Amalekites
(the Kenites had always been good to the Israelites). The king and his men attacked
the Amalekites and defeated them woefully but spared Agag, the King of the
Amalekites and best of the cattle and all that was good. God revealed this to
Samuel and added that he had regretted making Saul the king over Israel because
he had turned away from him.

In the morning, Samuel went to look for Saul and was told that he had passed on to
Gilgal. When Samuel found Saul, Saul lied to him by saying that he had done what
God commanded him to do. Then Samuel asked about the bleating of the sheep
and the lowing of the oxen which he was hearing. Saul responded that the people
had brought them from Amalek to sacrifice to God but the rest had been utterly
destroyed. Samuel became annoyed and asked him why he refused to obey the
God who has made him a king.
Samuel rebuked Saul saying the Lord had no delight in offerings and sacrifices as in
obeying his voice. Samuel told Saul that "To obey is better than sacrifice and to
hearken than the fat of rams". Samuel also said rebellion was as the sin of
divination, and stubbornness was as sinful as iniquity and idolatry. He added that
because Saul rejected the word of God, he has also rejected him from being a king
over Israel and has given the kingdom to a neighbour. Saul then acknowledged that
he had sinned against God and requested for forgiveness but Samuel was not
prepared to lead him back to God. At this time, Samuel made an announcement of
Saul’s rejection by God.

(b) The spirit of God departed from Saul (1

Samuel 16:14 -23)
In the war with the Amalekites, Saul was to utterly destroy the people and
everything on the land because it was a Holy war. Though Saul defeated the
Amalekites and all the people, he spared Agag, the king of the Amalekites and the
best of livestock to sacrifice to the Lord. Samuel told Saul, that to obey is better
than sacrifice and because Saul had rejected the word of the Lord, God had also
rejected him from being king.

After the disobedience of Saul, the spirit of the Lord departed from Saul and an evil
spirit from the Lord tormented him. His servant suggested that a man skilful in
playing the lyre should be employed to heilp soothe (calm) Saul whenever he was
tormented. Saul agreed to his suggestion and requested for the service of a skilled
musician. One of the servants recommended David, son of Jesse, a
Bethlehemite.David was described as one skilful in playing the lyre, a brave man
and a warrior, one who speaks well and a fine man and that the Lord was with him.
So Saul sent messengers to his father Jesse that he needed David’s services,
because he was pleased with him.

Jesse released him and gave him an ass laden with bread, a skin of wine and a kid
as a gift to Saul. David thereafter started working in the service of Saul. Saul loved
Davidgreatly and made him his armour bearer. He even sent message to Jesse to
allow David remain with him because he has found favour in the king’s sight.
Whenever Saul was tormented, David played his lyre and Saul felt better, and the
evil sipirit left him.

(c) Saul and his sons perished at the battle at

Mount Gilboa
(1 Samuel 31:1-13)
Saul lost God's support to go to war as a result of his disobedience and rejection by
God. The Philistine army was still ready for war and Saul could not wait any longer.
Therefore, Saul went to war against Philistia knowing that God was not on his side.
The Philistines fought the Israelites and the men of Israel fled. They killed Jonathan,
Abinadab, Malchishua, who were the sons of Saul. Saul himself was badly wounded
and so he said to his armour bearer "Draw your sword, and thrust me through with
it, lest these uncircumcised come and thrust me through, and make sport of me."
Saul would rather like to die at the sword of his armour bearer than be killed by the
Philistines.

When the armour bearer refused to kill him he fell on his own sword and died. For
Saul, suicide was much better than be caught alive by the Philistines and make
sport of him. Seeing Saul dead, the armour bearer also killed himself. The Israelites
left their cities on hearing the death of Saul and his sons. The Philistines came to
live in the abandoned cities of Israel and sent words of victory over Israel to all their
men in Philistine. The next day, the Philistines found the body of Saul and cut of his
head and fastened his body on the wall of the Philistines town of Bethshan.
However, the valiant me.. of Jabeshgilead went and stole the body at night and
burnt it at Jabesh. They then buried the bones under tamarisk tree in Jabesh and
fasted for seven days.

Moral Lessons
1. We must be cautious in all that we do especially when we are on God's errand or
command.

2. Total obedience to God's command earns great reward.

3. We should try as much as possible not rush in all we do.

4. God hates lies. We should be truthful, accept our mistakes and pray for
forgiveness.

5. We should not try to shift our blame to others.

6. Disobedience leads to disaster and death.

Test Questions
1. (a) Outline the circumstances that led David to the serve in the house of Saul.

(b) What three lessons can leaders learn from the causes of Saul's downfall?

(SC 2017)

2. (a) Recount the story of the death of Saul on Mount Gilboa.

(b) State two effects of disobedience.

(SC 2018)

3. (a) Give an account of how Saul disobeyed Samuel the prophet.

(b) What two consequences do children experience for disobeying their parents?

(PC 2021)

Likely Examination Questions

1. Relate Israel's Holy war against the Amalekites.
2. Narrate the events that led to the rejection of Saul by God with specific reference
to the Amalekites war.

3. To obey is better than sacrifice. Examine the circumstances under which the
statement was made.

4. (a) Relate how David was invited to play music for Saul in the palace.

(b) Outline three moral virtues that lead to reward.

5. How did Saul's disobedience affect his children at Mount Gilboa.

6. Give account of the death of Saul and his children in the war with the Philistines.

Objectives
1. According to Samuel, Saul's rebellion against God was as bad as

a. Blasphemy

b. divination

c. adultery

d. murder

2. "Behold, to obey is better than sacrifice, and to hearken than the fat of rams..."
This statement was made when

a. Israel rejected God and asked for a king

b. Samuel's sons failed to walk in his ways

c. Eli's children treated the offering of the Lord with contempt

d. King Saul disobeyed God over the defeat of the Amalekites

3. When the spirit of the Lord departed from Saul

a. a new spirit entered into him

b. an evil spirit from God tormented him

c. he consulted an oracle

d. he went into hiding

4. Why was Saul asked to destroy the Amalekites?

a. They were worshipping false gods

b. They opposed the Israelites when they left Egypt

c. they did not assist the Israelites

d. God did not like the Amalekites

5. “Behold, to obey is better than sacrifice and to hearken than the fat of rams”.
This statement was Samuel's reaction to
a. David's defence of his sin

b. Saul's defence of disobedience

c. King Agag's defence of his victory

d. Eli's defence of the sins of his sons

6. On Mount Gilboa, king Saul decided to commit suicide in order to avoid

a. ridicule from the Philistines

b. witnessing the death of his sons

c. being killed by his amour-bearer

d. the agony of the injuries received

7. All the following happened to the body of Saul except

a. his head was cut off

b. his body was stripped of all its armour

c. his body was left naked in the battlefield

d. dogs ate up his body

8. Saul's war with the Amalekites was called a holy war because

a. God spared the Canaanites

b. the Amalekites worshipped Baal

c. the booties of war were to be taken only by the king

d. Yahweh ordered total destruction

9. Which of the following reasons best explains why Saul spared king Agag?

a. Agag was a circumcised Amalekite

b. Agag helped Israel to conquer the Amalekites

c. Saul wanted to show his love for God

d. Saul wanted to show his prowess

10. David was invited to play music for Saul in the palace in order to

a. drive away the evil spirit tormenting him

b. demonstrate the power of music

c. provide entertainment for him

d. prepare David for his anointing

CHAPTER 5
 SUBMISSION TO THE WILL OF GOD
(a) David's submission to the will of God (1
Samuel 26)
David's success became so much known that the women sang a song which
suggested to Saul that David was more respected than him. Saul therefore became
jealous of David, and he tried to kill him. The Ziphites came to Saul at Gilbeah and
informed him that David was hiding himself on the hill of Hachilah. Saul therefore
chose three thousand men and went with them to search for David in the
wilderness of Ziph. When David learnt of Saul's presence in the wilderness, he sent
spies to confirm it.

In the night, David and Abishai went into the encampment. He saw Saul sleeping at
his encampment with his spear stuck on the ground where his head lay with Abner,
and the army lying around him. Abishai told David that God had delivered his
enemy into his hands so he should allow him to pin Saul down with the spear but
David refused saying "Do not destroy him, for who can put forth his hand against
the Lord's anointed, and be guiltless?" David dissuaded Abishai from doing what
was against the will of God. He said the Lord himself will smite him or he shall go to
battle and perish. The Lord forbids that he David should put his hand against the
Lord's anointed. David believed also that it was God who caused the deep sleep to
fall on Saul and his men. David then took Saul's spear and his jar of water and went
away without anybody seeing them.

When David had left the place where Saul had encamped at Ziph, he called to Saul
and his men. David told Abner that he had failed to protect the king. David then
showed the king's spear and jar of water to him. Saul heard David's voice and
called him but David asked why he was being pursued without a cause. He also told
Saul that he could have ended his life, but he spared him because he was the Lord's
anointed. He then added that if his pursuit by Saul was the making of God, then
may the Lord accept his offering. On the other hand, if it was the making of men,
then may those men be cursed before the Lord.

However, David told Saul to send one of his young men over to collect the spear he
took during the time when Saul was asleep. He added that it is the Lord who
rewards every man’s righteousness and faithfulness and that he will not put forth
his hand against the Lord’s anointed. David also said, just as Saul’s life was
precious to him, in the same way God will also find his life precious and he would
deliver him out of all tribulations. Saul on hearing these words confessed to have
wronged David. He later blessed David saying, he will do many things and succeed
in them. After, David went his way and Saul returned to his palace.

(b) David’s sin, repentance and forgiveness (2

Samuel 12:15-25)
David had a child with Uriah’s wife (Bathsheba) and this displeased God. After
Nathan had confronted David he confessed his sins with Bathsheba and repented.
However, Nathan the prophet revealed that the child to be born would surely die.
Hence just after the child was born the Lord struck the child with a severe illness.
David therefore pleaded with God for the child to live; David fasted and went in and
lay all night on the ground. The elders of his house stood beside him, urging him to
rise from the ground but he would not, he also refused to eat food. On the seventh
day the child died and his servants were afraid to tell him that the child was dead.

On hearing about the death of the child, David arose from the ground, washed and
anointed himself. He changed his clothes, went into the house of the Lord and
worshipped. He then went into his own house, they set food before him and he ate.
When he was asked by his servants why he did that instead of mourning his child,
David replied by saying “Who knows whether the Lord will be gracious to me, that
the child may live?” David added that the child is dead, therefore there is no need
for him to continue the fast. David made them aware that once the child was dead
there was no way he could bring him back to life and that he would rather go to him
in future. David then comforted his wife, Bathsheba and later on had another son
with her who was named Solomon meaning “Yahweh’s beloved”. He was also called
Jedidiah which means “because of the Lord”. David understood that it was God’s
will that the child should die so he summited to him.

Lessons from David’s submission to the will of

God; His forgiving spirit, His repentance and
forgiveness
1. Once we submit ourselves to the will of God, God can never allow harm to befall
us.

2. David had forgiving spirit as shown in his decision not to kill Saul whom he had
the opportunity to kill. He rejected the suggestion by Abishai to slay Saul.

3. Vengeance belongs to God. We should not revenge.

4. By forgiving our enemies, we are unknowingly attracting God's favour to

ourselves.

5. David respects the will of God; he took the child's death as the will of God.

Test Questions
1. (a) Describe David's reaction to the death of his first son with Bathsheba.

(b) Identify three benefits of submission to God's will.

(PC 2016)

2. (a) Recount how David resisted taking Saul's life at the wilderness of Ziph.

(b) Identify four benefits of self-control.

(SC 2020)
 Likely Examination Questions
1.(a)Narrate the story in which David spared Saul's life at Ziph.

(b) State any three lessons to be learnt from the episode.

2. (a) Narrate the story of the death of the first child to David by Uriah's wife.

(b) In what three ways can one genuinely demonstrate repentance?

3. (a) Do not destroy him; for who can put forth his hand against the Lord's
anointed and be guiltless? Describe the events that led to this statement.

b) Give two ways in which people in authority abuse their power

Objectives
1. David spared Saul's life at Ziph because Saul was

a. the Lord's anointed

b. surrounded by powerful soldiers

c. a brave soldier

d. the first king of Israel

2. When Saul and his troops came after David in the wilderness of Ziph, David and
Abishai went to Saul's camp to

a. slay him

b. surprise him

c. capture him alive

d. dialogue with him

3. When David spared the life of Saul the second time he took away his

a. bow and arrow

b. spear and jar of water

c. royal crown and amour

d. spear and iron shield

4. Who among the following was to ensure the safety of King Saul in the wilderness
of Ziph?

a. Joab

b. Jonathan

c. Abner

d. Abimelech
5. Although David was regarded as a man after God's own heart, he acted badly
before God when he

a. refused to slay Saul in the wilderness of Kish

b. remained at home while his troops were on the battlefield

c. imprisoned Nathan for condemning him

d. committed sins of adultery and murder

6. "I have done wrong; return my son David, for I will no more do you harm,
because my life was precious in your eyes this day..." Who Made this statement?

a. Samuel

b. Joab

c. Abner

d. Saul

7. David committed adultery with

a. Bathsheba

b. Michal

c. Abigail

d. Jezebel

8. When David's son by Bathsheba died, she bore another son called

a. Absalom

b. Solomon

c. Amnon

d. Tamer

9. David showed Nathan the prophet that he had repented of his sin by

a. refusing to marry Uriah's wife

b. confessing that he had sinned

c. offering to compensate Uriah's family

d. making sacrifice to please God

10. The first child David had with Bathsheba died on the

a. third day

b. seventh day

c. eleventh day

d. fifteenth day
 CHAPTER 6
MAKING DECISIONS
(A) SOLOMON'S WISDOM (1 KINGS 3:3-28, 4:29-
34, 5:1 - 12, 8)
I. Solomon's dream at Gibeon (1 Kings 3:3-15)
Solomon loved the Lord and walked in statutes of his father. When he began as a
king in Israel he went to Gibeon the great high place (shrine) to sacrifice to the
Lord. At Gibeon, the Lord appeared to Solomon in a dream and asked him to make a
request of all that he wanted as king. Solomon recounted God's faithfulness,
kindness and steadfast love to his father David. He then replied the Lord that he
was a child who had been chosen to rule Israel and so he should be given an
understanding mind to govern his people, so that he may discern between good
and evil.

God was so happy with Solomon's request because he could have requested long
life, riches or death of his enemies (which are all selfish requests). God granted him
the wisdom and further added riches and honour so that no other king could be
compared to him all his days. Again, God will lengthen his days on earth if he would
obey His commandments as his father David had done. Solomon woke up and
realized that it was a dream. He then went to Jerusalem and offered burnt offerings
to the Lord. He also made a feast for all the people.

II. Solomon's wise judgement/ The test of

Solomon's wisdom
(1 Kings 3:16-28)
Some years later, two harlots came to Solomon with a case to be settled. They lived
in the same house. One gave birth to a male child and on the third day, the other
one also gave birth to another child. The second woman's child died in the night
because she laid on it. She arose and changed her dead child with the first woman's
living child. When she rose in the morning to nurse her baby, behold! It was dead.
However, when she looked at it closely she realized it was not the child she had
borne. Therefore, the case was sent before King Solomon.

The other woman said "No! The living child is mine and the dead child is yours".
This they spoke before the king. In his judgment, Solomon gave a sword to one of
his soldiers to divide the living child into two and give half to one and half to the
other. The woman whose child was alive told the king not to divide the child, she
pleaded that the child should be given to the second woman. But the second
woman told the king to go ahead and divide it. King Solomon then judged that the
living child be given to the first woman for she is the mother because her heart
yearns for the baby. All Israel heard of the judgment which he had rendered and
they were amazed and concluded that the wisdom of God was with him.

III. Solomon's wisdom gain international

recognition (1Kings 4:29-34)
Solomon's wisdom and understanding mind was beyond measure and largeness of
mind like the sand on the seashore. Solomon's wisdom exceeded the wisdom of all
the people of the east and all the wisdom of Egypt. Solomon's wisdom was
incomparable to the Ezrahite and the sons of Mohol namely Haman, Calcol and
Darda. People from all walks of life came to hear the wisdom of Solomon because
he was wiser than all other men. In all, Solomon spoke three thousand proverbs and
his songs were thousand and five. Solomon spoke of trees, from the Cedar that is in
Lebanon to the hyssop that grows out of the wall. He also spoke of beasts, birds,
reptiles and fish.

IV. Solomon builds the temple of God (1 Kings 5:1

- 12)
King Hiram was a friend of David. When Hiram king of Tyre heard that Solomon had
been the king after his father David, he sent congratulatory message to Solomon.
Solomon in turn sent word to Hiram that the Lord had given him rest on every side,
there was no adversary or misfortune and so he sought to build a house of the Lord.
Solomon also told him about David's unsuccessful attempts to build the temple
because of wars that faced him. David's preparation included the acquisition of the
land and arrangements for the supply of timber from Phoenicia.

Solomon decided to build the temple in fulfilment of his father's aspirations. Thus
Solomon after introducing himself to Hiram had a treaty of friendship made to forge
peace and unity between Israel and Tyre. Solomon then made a request for the sale
of cedar and cypress wood to him by Hiram. He further requested that the servants
of the king of Tyre work together with his servants as he was prepared to pay them.

Hiram was happy with the message. He agreed and decided to have his servants
cut the wood into rafts and gets them for shipping down the Mediterranean Sea to
Lebanon. Solomon on his part was to pay for the timber by supplying Hiram with
food for the king's household. So Hiram supplied Solomon with all the timber of
cedars and cypress wood desired while Solomon gave Hiram twenty thousand cors
of wheat and twenty thousand cors of beaten oil yearly. The two kings made treaty
and there was peace between them. The building of the temple provided a proper
religious centre for the worship of Yahweh.

V. Solomon's prayer of dedication (Kings 8:20-53)

Solomon used seven years to build a temple for the Lord and offered a prayer of
dedication to God. Solomon transferred the ark of the covenant to the temple and
invited God to dwell in it. During the dedication, Solomon praised the Creator for
agreeing to dwell in the temple. In his address to the people, Solomon expressed
thankfulness to God for his mercies to the house of David. He then reviewed the
history of God's people from the Exodus to the fulfilment of God's promise to
establish the Davidic dynasty.

He praised God for his covenant love towards his people and prayed that God would
fulfil the covenant promise he made to David. He acknowledged that the Lord's
dwelling place was greater than the heavens, and appealed to God to make his
presence felt in the temple. If a man sins against his neighbour, and takes an oath,
God should hear and judge the two vindicating the righteous and condemning the
guilty. If as a result of sin, the people are defeated and they are to come to the
temple to confess, God should listen, forgive and restore them. Again, if there is
drought because of their sin and they repent, God should listen and grant them
rain. Also if there is famine/ sickness and they offer prayer individually or
collectively with their hands lifted toward the temple, God should hear and forgive
them.

Solomon remembered the resident alien, and pleaded that his prayer might be
answered by God, so that the nations might know the power of Yahweh and fear
Him. Should the people go out to battle their enemies, and pray towards the city
and the temple, God should hear their prayer and maintain their cause.
Furthermore, Solomon considered the possibility of defeat in battle followed by exile
and prayed that if the people were truly repentant, God might forgive and give their
captors compassion to restore them to their land.

The grounds for such a petition, according to Solomon, were found in God’s election
of a special people whom he delivered out of Egypt. Solomon blessed the people; as
God had proven faithful in the past, so might his blessings be upon his people who
sought to do his will. The ceremony ended with a great sacrifice of sheep and oxen,
and attended by all Israel, lasting for 7 days.

(B) UNWISE DECISIONS OF SOLOMON AND

REHOBOAM
(1 KINGS 9:15-23; 11:1-13; 12:1-20)
I. Unwise decisions of Solomon
a. Solomon's introduction of Forced unpaid
labour
(1 Kings 9:15 -23)
Solomon embarked on ambitious and expensive building projects which did not take
into account the concern for the welfare of the people. Apart from the temple
Solomon built for God, he also built a royal palace which took thirteen years to
complete. Solomon built a judgement hall, an armoury and many fortifications
around the cities which were likely to be attacked. He built a wall around Jerusalem.
These were done at the expense of the people's freedom. For example; they were
reduced to slaves under a system of forced unpaid labour known as covee which
demanded that the men should work on his building projects, serve in his army and
help with the work of the court.

b. Solomon's Apostasy (11:1-13)

In the latter reign of Solomon, his heart was turned away from God. This happened
because he married the foreign women they had warned him about. "You shall not
enter into marriage with them, neither shall they with you, for surely they will turn
away your heart after their gods". Solomon did not take heed of this warning. He
held fast in love with them. Thus he made agreements with kings of neighbouring
countries and strengthened these ties or treaties by marrying daughters of the
kings concerned. He married the daughter of Pharaoh, he also married from Moab,
Ammon, Edom, Sidon, Hittite and many others.

In all Solomon had seven hundred wives and three hundred concubines and his
wives led him astray. He worshipped Ashtoreth, the goddess of Zidonians. Milcom
the abomination of the children of Ammon. He went to the extent of building high
places for the detestable gods of his foreign wives. This led to the apostasy of
Solomon. God was however not pleased with Solomon because he did not follow
Him completely as his father David did. God then told him that his kingdom would
be divided but for the sake of his father, it will not happen during his time but his
son's. God would leave only one tribe for Solomon's son in the house of David.

II. The unwise decision of Rehoboam (I Kings

12:1-20)
After the death of Solomon, his son Rehoboam was made king by the tribes of
Judah, in the south. He journeyed to the North to be crowned king at Shechem by
the Northerners, in order to unite the kingdom. Jeroboam, who had been in exile in
Egypt when he heard of the news, returned home and led a delegation from the
North to meet Rehoboam. The delegation requested that the heavy burden imposed
on them by Solomon be made light so that they would serve him. Rehoboam asked
the Nothern delegates to go and return on the third day for an answer.

The king, Rehoboam sought advice from his father's elderly counsellors about the
type of response he should give to the Northerners. They advised the king to pay
heed to their request by reducing their burden so that they would serve him.
Rehoboam rejected the elders’ advice. He later consulted his peers for advice on
the issue. His peers advised him to tell the Northerners: “My little finger is thicker
than my father’s lions”. “Whereas my father laid upon you a heavy yoke, I will add
to your yoke. My father chastised you with whips, but I will chastise you with
scorpions.” This implied that the people’s plight would be worse than that of his
father.

On the third day, Jeroboam and the Northerners returned to Rehoboam for an
answer. Rehoboam rejected the good advice of his elders and took that of his peers;
that he would make their plight more severe. When the Northerners saw that
Rehoboam was not ready to listen to their plea for reduction of their burden, they
broke away from the United Kingdom, saying “What portion have we in David? “We
have no inheritance in the son of Jesse. To your tents, O Israel!” The Northerners
then made Jeroboam their king. Thus the Northerners abandoned the king, only his
closest countrymen, Judah did not abandon him. Only Judah and Benjamin
remained loyal to the ruler from David’s house.

Lessons to learn from Solomon’s mistake

1. No matter how much God loves anyone, once he disobeys God, God punishes
him.

2. Excessive desire for women can be risky. We must guard against this. Solomon's
sensual life led to his fall.

3. We must avoid marrying women who are idol worshippers.

4. It is unwise for leaders to enslave their people to meet their selfish desires for
material things.

5. The words of the elders are always the words of wisdom. If Rehoboam had
listened to the elders, the kingdom would not have been divided.

Test Questions
1. (a) Narrate the circumstances that led to the rejection of Rehoboam as king of
Israel.

(b) What three factors can lead to the rejection of a political leader?

(SC 2016)

2. (a) Highlight Solomon's dream at Gibeon.

(b) Identify four ways Solomon used his wisdom positively.

(c) State four skills one needs in order to take wise decisions.

(PC 2016)

3. (a) However I will not tear away all the kingdoms; but I will give one tribe to your
son for the sake of David my servant. Recount what led to the above
pronouncement.

(b) In what three ways can bad policies of a leader affect his followers?

(SC 2019)

4. (a) Highlight the effects of Solomon's unwise policies on Israel.

(b) State two factors that make leaders unpopular.

(PC 2019)

5. (a) Outline Solomon's prayer at the dedication of the temple.

(b) In what three ways can leaders use resources for the development of society?
(SC 2020)

6. (a) lighten the hard service of your father and his heavy yoke upon us, and we
will serve you. Examine the outcome of Rehoboam's response to the request.

(b) Identify any three lessons which political leaders can learn from Rehoboam's
behavior.

(PC 2021)

7. (a) Highlight the steps taken by Solomon in the construction of the temple.

(b) What three lessons can leaders learn from this episode?

(SC 2022)

8. (a) Behold I give you a wise and discerning mind .... Explain how Solomon
misused the wisdom given to him by God.

(b) State three lessons Christian leaders could learn from this episode.

(PC 2022)

9. (a) Recount how Rehoboam was unable to preserve his royal lineage.

(b) Identify two problems facing modern day governance with reference to
challenges Rehoboam’s kingship faced.

(PC 2023)

10. (a) Give an account of the fall of Solomon in relation to his moral choices.

(b) Highlight three lessons that people placed in authority can learn from Solomon's
moral choices.

(PC 2023)

Likely Examination Questions

1. Describe the sources of Solomon's wisdom and the test of his wisdom.

2. (a) Narrate the story of the two harlots.

(b) In what three ways can citizens report criminals to the security agencies.

3. Relate Solomon's preparation towards the building of the temple.

4. Discuss how Solomon fulfilled his father's dream of building a temple for God.

5. (a) Describe how Solomon dedicated the temple of the Lord.

(b) Give two relevance of Solomon's prayer to places of worship.

6. (a) Examine how Solomon misused the wisdom which he received from God.

(b) In what three ways can political leaders avoid disaster.

7. Recount Solomon's unwise decision which led to the division of the kingdom.

8. (a) Explain Rehoboam's contribution to the division of the kingdom.

(b) Mention three ways in which national leaders abuse the trust people put in
them.

(c) State three roles peers play in decision making.

Objectives
1. When God said to Solomon, "Ask what I shall give you", he requested for

a. long life and prosperity

b. power and assistance against his enemies

c. peace and understanding to serve God

d. wisdom and understanding to serve the people

2. At Gibeon, God promised to lengthen Solomon's days if he could

a. conquer the Syrian king

b. build a temple for God

c. keep God's commandments

d. write three thousand proverbs

3. Solomon first applied wisdom granted to him by God at Gibeon by the

a. establishment of high places in Judah

b. utterances of proverbs and parables

c. marriage alliances with foreign nations

d. judgment between the two harlots

4. God's punishment for King Solomon for idolatry was that all

a. his wives and concubines would go to his enemies

b. the tribes except Judah would be taken away from him

c. his children and wives would go to exile

d. the chambers of his palaces would be occupied by his enemies

5. Solomon told Hiram, King of Tyre, that he had decided to build a temple for the
Lord because

a. the Lord had given him peace and all good things

b. his father, David, never intended to build one

c. he wanted to force Hiram to come to his aid

d. Hiram had entered into a marriage alliance with his father

6. One of the main features of Solomon's prayer at the dedication of the Temple
was the
a. celebration of God who is faithful to his covenant

b. recognition that God loves sacrifices

c. assertion that God dwells in man-made houses

d. proclamation that no prayers be henceforth made outside the temple

7. In spite of Solomon's apostasy, his empire remained intact until his death
because

a. God deferred, for David's sake, the punishment due to him

b. he won decisive victories over his enemies

c. he always took wise decisions

d. he made surrounding nations fight among themselves

8. "Your father made our yoke heavy. Now therefore, lighten the hard service of
your father." These were the words of

a. Jeroboam

b. Solomon

c. David

d. Ahijah

9. Solomon showed lack of wisdom in

a. building the temple

b. his bilateral agreement with other nations

c. engaging in commercial ventures

d. marrying foreign wives

10. It shall be neither mine nor yours; divide it ... Which item was to be divided?

a. Naboth's vineyard

b. Solomon's kingdom

c. Live baby

d. Elijah's mantle

CHAPTER 7
THE SUPREMACY OF GOD
(A) Religious tension during the reign of Ahab
(1 Kings 16:29-34, 17:1-7,18:1-19)
Ahab succeeded his father Omri as king of Israel and ruled over Israel in Samaria
for twenty two years. He was described by the Biblical writers as an evil king
because of his apostasy. His evil deeds were as a result of his marriage to Jezebel,
the daughter of Ethbaal, the Sidonian king. Jezebel was a devoted worshipper of
Baal Melkart of Phoenicia. She brought into Israel her religion together with four
hundred and fifty prophets of Baal and four hundred prophets of Asherah. Jezebel
started propagating the teachings of Baal and tried making Baalism the state
religion of Israel. In pursuance of this policy, she killed the prophets of God who
opposed her. Those who could not stand Jezebel fled the country while others were
hidden by Obadiah. Obadiah was in charge of the palace. He was a devout believer
of the Lord. He hid a hundred of the Lord's prophets in a cave and fed them with
bread and water.

Ahab himself also helped in the promotion of Baalism as he used state resources to
build temples for Baal. Besides, Ahab erected an Asherah pole and participated in
the worship of baals. The forceful introduction of Baalism in Israel brought in serious
religious tensions. Yahweh's jealousy was aroused as many Israelites deserted
Yahweh. It was around this time that Elijah the prophet of Yahweh emerged to
confront Ahab. Elijah means Yahweh is my God. He came from Tishbe in Gilead. God
caused Elijah to pronounce drought on Israel for three years. He said, 'There shall
be neither dew nor rain these years".

By Elijah's word, Yahweh brought judgment of drought and famine on the land of
Israel. The resultant famine brought much suffering and hardship to the people.
When he delivered that word Elijah left toward the east to the brook where Yahweh
demonstrated His power by causing a Raven to feed him. For a while, the prophet
was afraid to meet the king for fear that Jezebel might kill him, because she had
persecuted the prophets of Yahweh. After three years of drought, God instructed
Elijah to show himself to Ahab and He will send rain upon the land. The drought was
so severe that even the horses of the king had no grass to feed on. Ahab called
Obadiah and instructed to go through all the springs of water and valley to see if
there were some fresh grass for the horses and mules so that they may not die of
hunger. On the way Elijah met Obadiah and asked him to go to Ahab and inform
him that he wants to meet him. Obadiah was afraid of being killed because Ahab
had looked for Elijah throughout the whole kingdom but could not find him.

Upon Elijah’s assurance of his safety, Obadiah went and informed the king of
Elijah’s presence. When Ahab saw Elijah he accused him saying; “Is it you, you
troubler of Israel?”, but Elijah maintained that it was Ahab and his father’s house
that had brought the drought because they have forsaken the commandments of
God and taken to the worship of the Baals. Elijah then called for an open contest to
decide the God they should serve. This was a challenge to Baal who was
worshipped by the Israelites. Baal was the god of rain and fertility.

(B) Elijah at Mount Carmel (1 Kings 18:17 – 46)

King Ahab allowed Jezebel his wife to introduce the worship of Baal and Asherah in
Israel. God’s anger was provoked, He therefore sent Elijah, the prophet to
pronounce drought and famine on the land. After three years, when the drought
(famine) was severe, Elijah came back to Israel to contest the four hundred and fifty
prophets of Baal in order that the Israelites would know which God was alive to
worship (Baal or Yahweh). Ahab met Elijah and asked, “Is it you, you troubler of
Israel?” But Elijah told Ahab that the source of Israel’s trouble was the breach of the
covenant by Ahab and the people.

Elijah asked Ahab to gather all the Israelites and the prophets of Baal and Asherah
who ate at Jezebel’s table, so that they would prove to the people who was the true
God of fertility, whether God or Baal. At the request of Elijah, all the four hundred
and fifty prophets of Baal and the four hundred prophets of Asherah met on Mount
Carmel. The contest was between Elijah and the four hundred and fifty Prophets of
Baal. Elijah asked the Israelites that for how long they will go limping with two
different opinions. If the Lord is God follow him but if Baal, follow him. The people
did not answer him. Elijah ordered that two bulls should be given to them, and each
party was to cut his bull into pieces and lay it on the wood, but should not set fire to
it. Thus each party was then expected to call on the name of his God, and the God
who answers by fire was the true God. According to the rule of the contest, the
prophets of Baal chose a bull, prepared the altar and started calling the name of
Baal to set fire to consume the offering. They called the name of Baal from morning
to evening but there was no answer by fire. They jumped about the altar and cried
but still there was no answer. Elijah mocked them by saying, cry aloud for he is
either travelled or perhaps he is asleep. They cried aloud and cut themselves with
metal till blood started coming out but there was no response from Baal.

Then when it was the turn of Elijah, he repaired the altar using twelve stones
representing the twelve tribes of Israel. He made a trench around the altar, put the
wood in order, cut the bull in pieces and asked the people to pour four jars of water
on the offering three times. At the time of the offering of oblation (the time of the
offering of the evening sacrifice) Elijah prayed a simple but earnest prayer saying,
“O Lord, God of Abraham, Isaac, and Israel, let it be known this day that thou art
God in Israel, and that I am thy servant, and that I have done all these things at thy
word...” Immediately Elijah finished praying, fire of the Lord fell and consumed the
offering, the wood, the stones and dust and licked the water that was in the trench.
The people admitted that Yahweh was supreme to Baal. They fell on their faces and
shouted, “The Lord he is God, the Lord he is God”. On the command of Elijah, the
prophets of Baal were seized by the people and not one of them escaped. Elijah
sent them to the brook of Kishon and killed them there. Elijah then sent Ahab home
to go eat and drink, for there was the sound of rushing rain. Soon after that the
Lord ended the drought by a heavy down pour of rain.

Moral Lessons/significance
1. Unfaithfulness to God brings about suffering. God sent the drought as a
punishment to Ahab and all Israel forsaking him.

2. When punishment for sin comes, in most cases, both the culprits and the
innocent ones suffer as in the drought.
3. God has power over all creation, including the power to withhold rain and release
rain.

4. In time of crisis, God always protects his own people as in Elijah and the one
hundred prophets hidden by Obadiah.

5. The Mount Carmel story stamped out baalism totally as all her prophets were
killed thereafter. It was an act of God to flush out baalism.

6. The contest brought the drought to an end. It brought about a turning point for
the people to reconcile to God.

7. The Mount Carmel episode portrays God as a consuming fire.

Test Questions
1. (a) Narrate the circumstances that led Elijah to seek refuge at brook Cherith.

(b) State three ways by which religious conflicts can be resolved.

(PC 2019)

2. (a) Narrate the incident that led to Elijah's pronouncement of drought on Israel.

(b) Suggest four ways by which religious conflicts can be promoted in your society.

(PC 2021)

3. (a) Cry aloud, for he is a god; either he is musing, or he has gone aside, or he is
on a journey.... Trace the events that led to the above statement.

(b) What two lessons can be derived and applied to our lives about the nature of
God from the above events?

(PC 2022)

4. (a) Go show yourself to Ahab; and I will send rain upon the earth. Recount Elijah's
encounter with Ahab before the Mount Carmel contest.

(b) Identify two ways in which religious unrest affects the society.

(SC 2023)

Likely Examination Questions

1. (a) How did Ahab's marriage to Jezebel lead to the religious tension in Israel?

(b) Out three factors that undermine the supremacy of God in a nation.

2. (a) Outline the role played by Jezebel in creating tension in Israel during the reign
of King Ahab.

(b) Identify two consequences of undermining the supremacy of God in a nation.

3. Give an account of the meeting between Elijah and Obadiah.

4. (a) Is it you, you troubler of Israel? Relate the events that led to this statement of
Ahab.
(b) In what two ways can the religious bodies in your country ensure religious
Tolerance?

5. (a) Narrate the contest between Elijah and the Baal prophets

(b) State three causes of religious conflicts in the society.

6. (a) Discuss how the problem of religious tension was resolved at Mount Carmel.

(b) State three relevance of prayer to Christians today.

7.The Lord he is God, the Lord is God. Recount the events at Mount Carmel that led
to this statement.

8. (a) Describe the conflict between Elijah the prophet of God and the prophets of
Baal.

(b)Mention three steps to be taken to minimize religious conflicts in the Society

Objectives
1. When Elijah pronounced heavy punishment against Ahab and his family, Ahab
reacted by

a. chasing Elijah to brook Cherith

b. declaring that all land be held for the king

c. threatening the life of Elijah

d. calling Elijah an enemy of Israel

2. When God ordered famine on Israel, Elijah was fed by the ravens at

a. Brook Cherith

b. River Jordan

c. River Kishon

d. Mount Carmel

3. The contest on Mount Carmel was to determine whether

a. the house of Ahab would retain succession to the throne

b. Elijah was a true prophet of God

c. God or Baal was to be worshipped in Israel

d. Jezebel's authority would still prevail in Israel

4. Elijah destroyed the prophets of Baal

a. to oppose Baal worship

b. as an act of revenge

c. as an act of sacrifice
d. to shame Jezebel

5. Obadiah Ahab's servant, made history for himself by

a. arresting the prophets of Yahweh.

b. executing all the prophets

c. hiding and feeding some of the prophets in a cave

d. inciting the prophets to rebel against king Ahab

6. The contest on Mount Carmel was organized to

a. popularize Baal worship

b. prove the power of God

c. show that God answers by fire

d. prove the immortality of Elijah

7. The rain which fell after the contest between Elijah and the prophets of Baal
shows

a. that the forces of nature were at work in bringing rain

b. the vindication of Yahweh as the true God

c. Elijah as a powerful servant of God

d. Elijah's authority over the forces of nature.

8. Elijah demonstrated the supremacy of God to the people of Israel by

a. condemning Ahab for slaying Naboth

b. prophesying the death of Ahab

c. anointing Jehu as Ahab's successor

d. ordering fire from heaven to consume his sacrifices

9. The Lord, he is God; the Lord he is God." This confession was made at

a. the crossing of the Red Sea

b. dedication of the temple

c. healing of Naaman

d. the contest on Mount Carmel

10. God caused a raven to feed Elijah at the Cherith so that

a. he might not faint and die

b. believe God is a provider

c. ask for the prolongment of the drought

d. dwell there for long

 Further study and Discussion
1. The meeting between Elijah and Obadiah

i. Ahab succeeded Omri his father as king of Israel.

ii. He got married to Jezebel the daughter of Ethbaal, who was a keen worshipper of
Baal Melkart.

She started propagating the teaching of Melkart in an attempt to make Baalism the
state religion in Israel.

iv. She brought 450 prophets of Baal to achieve this.

V. To accomplish her aim, she started persecuting the prophets of God who opposed
her, and killing others.

vi. Those who could not stand it fled the country while others were kept in caves by
Obadiah.

vii. Ahab the king worsened the situation by building shrines and Asherah for the
Baal.

viii. A religious tension created as Ahab gave official approval to Baalism and
participated its worship.

ix. The situation aroused God's anger and jealousy as Israel now preferred Baalism
to Yahwehism.

X. God then called on Elijah the Teshbite of Gilead to champion the cause of
Yahwehism.

xi. He asked Elijah to curse Israel with drought and no rain for three and a half
years.

xii. The resultant famine brought untold hardship to the people, and the King's
household.

xiii. Obadiah was sent by Ahab to search for water and grass in order to save the
King's horses.

xiv. While Obadiah was searching for water, he met Elijah and prostrated before
him.

XV. Elijah asked Obadiah to report his presence to Ahab.

xvi. Obadiah said he could not risk life since Elijah could vanish from the scene at
any time.

xvii. Obadiah further told Elijah of how of how he had hidden and feed some
prophets of God in a cave when Jezebel killed some of them.

xviii. Elijah assured Obadiah that he was ready to meet Ahab and that he should go
and call him.

xix. The King meet Elijah and accused him of being the troubler of Israel.
XX. Elijah proposed a meeting at Mount Carmel to settle who the true God was.

2. How Mount Carmel contest proved the Supremacy of God

i. The contest at Mount Carmel proved the supremacy of God over Baal.

ii. The killing of the four hundred and fifty prophets of Baal brought to light God's
supremacy as it brought to an end the worship of Baal in Israel.

iii. By sending rain after the contest, God proved his supremacy as being able to
withhold rain and release it.

iv. God has power over his creation and can exercise that power for his own glory.

3. Nature of God revealed in the story

i. God's command must be obeyed, failure to do so means punishment.

ii. God is above all kings/rulers and their subjects.

iii. God controls nature e.g. rain, drought, fire, etc.

iv. He cares for those who obey Him

v. God is a jealous God; He takes vengeance on anybody who raises his hand
against His anointed children.

vi. God's servants should be prepared for trials and persecution, but victory shall be
theirs at the end.

4. Factors that undermine the supremacy of God in a nation

i. Arrogance

ii. Pride abuse of power

iii. Foreign influence

iv. Worldly pleasures

CHAPTER 8
GREED AND ITS EFFECTS
(A) AHAB (1 KINGS 21:1-29)
Naboth the Jezreelite had a vineyard (land) beside the palace of King Ahab. Ahab
asked Naboth to give him his land for him to make a vegetable garden because the
land was beside his palace. Ahab was prepared to give him another land or pay for
its value in money. Naboth refused to give Ahab the land because it was his father's
inheritance. He said, "The Lord forbid that I should give you the inheritance of my
fathers." Ahab went home very angry and sad and would not eat food, he then laid
down on his bed and turned away his face.

Jezebel, Ahab's wife came to him and asked why he would not eat. Ahab told her it
was because of Naboth who refused him his vineyard. She asked if Ahab was truly
the king of Israel. She promised to give him Naboth's vineyard. The secret plot that
she planned was that, she wrote a letter in Ahab's name and sent it to the elders of
Jezreel. She wrote in the letter that the Jezreelites should hold a fast and set Naboth
on high among the people. After the fasting, they should get two worthless men to
accuse Naboth for cursing God and the king so that he would be stoned to death.
This was done and Naboth was stoned to death on his own field.

As soon as Jezebel heard that Naboth had been stoned and was dead, she said to
Ahab "Arise, take possession of the vineyard of Naboth the Jezreelite, which he
refused to give you for money; for Naboth is not alive, but dead." The moment
Ahab heard that Naboth had been killed, he rose and went to take possession of the
land. God asked Elijah to meet Ahab on the land. He told Ahab, thus says the Lord,
"Have you killed and also taken possession? In the place where the dogs licked up
the blood of Naboth shall dogs lick up your own blood." Ahab then said to Elijah
"have you found me oh my enemy?" Elijah told him that, the dogs shall eat Jezebel
in the same manner. Again, anyone of the house of Ahab who died in the city, the
dogs shall eat but for those who die in the open country birds of the air shall eat
their corpses. When Ahab heard these words, he was so sad that he rent his clothes
and fasted. God promised Ahab that because he has humbled himself before him,
the punishment shall not come in his days but in the days of his sons.

(B) GEHAZI (2 KINGS 5)

Naaman, the commander of the army of Syria was a great man because by him the
Lord had given victory to Syria most often but this man was a leper. One day his
house maid who was captured from Israel told her mistress that it was possible for
him to be healed of his leprosy in Israel by a prophet of God. Naaman told the king
of Syria, Benhadad who gave him a letter to the king of Israel ordering him to heal
Naaman. Naaman took with him ten talents of silver, Six thousand shekels of gold
and ten festal garments.

When the king of Israel got the letter, he rent his cloth and said, "Am I God, to kill
and to make alive, that this man sends word to me to cure a man of his leprosy?"
He thought the king of Syria was only seeking a war with him by asking him to heal
Naaman so he rent his clothes. Elisha then asked that Naaman be brought to him so
that he may know that there is a prophet in Israel. However, Naaman went to
Elisha's house, expecting Elisha to meet him as courtesy demanded and call the
name of his God, wave his hand over the place and cure him.

Elisha rather sent a messenger to tell Naaman to wash himself in the Jordan River
seven times and his flesh shall be restored. But Naaman got angry and went away.
He said, are not rivers Abana and Phapar of Syria better than the filthy Jordan River.
His servant urged him to wash in the Jordan stressing that if the Prophet had asked
him to do something great, he would have done it. Naaman heeded to the advice
and was completely healed. His flesh was restored like the flesh of a child and he
was clean. Naaman returned to Elisha and confessed that, indeed there is no God in
all the earth except in Israel. He presented some gifts to Elisha in appreciation but
he did not accept them. Naaman then asked that two mules (two sacks) of Israel's
soil be given him to send home so that he could worship God on it.
Gehazi was Elisha’s servant. He was not happy about his master’s refusal to take
the gifts which Naaman offered. After Naaman and his team had gone a short
distance, Gehazi, persued Naaman to collect the items his master had rejected. He
said “... as the Lord lives, I will run after him, and get something from him.” So
Gahazi followed Namaan.

When Naaman saw someone running after him, he alighted from his Chariot to
meet him, and asked, “Is all well?” He told a lie that his master just had from the
hill country of Ephraim two young men of the sons of the prophets visiting him. He
therefore needed some of the gifts for them. Naaman gave him two talents of silver
and two festal garments which he put in two bags. Naaman then ordered his
servants to assist him carry the items home. Elisha got to know the misled of his
servant and questioned him. He asked Gehazi where he had been. However, Gahazi
denied that he had not gone to any place. Elisha told him that God had revealed
everything to him in spirit. He rebuked Gahazi saying, “...was it a time to accept
money and garments, olive orchards and vineyards, sheep and oxen, menservants
and maidservants? Elisha then cursed him and his descendants with Naaman’s
leprosy. Instantly, Gehazi became a leper as white as snow because of his greed.

Significance
1. Naaman became convinced that the God of Israel was the only true God, and so
must we.

2. He also learnt that prophets in Israel had power to perform healing miracles.

3. He learnt that it was important to obey the word of God spoken by his true
prophets. So should we.

4. Naaman was surprised that the prophet of God refused to accept any of his gifts,
this contradict the attitude of some men of God who ask for gift after the Lord had
used them to achieve some spiritual objectives.

5. Naaman's acknowledgement put to shame the Israelites who limped in their

opinion whether Baal or Yahweh is God.

6. In the Hebrew literature, the term leprosy was used to describe all kinds of skin
diseases.

Moral Lessons
1. God's gift of healing is free.

2. The study teaches us to be content or satisfied with whatever we have.

3. God hates envy and greed. Greed can lead an individual to sin and destruction.

4. God sees us in all that we do secretly. Nothing can be hidden from God.

5. God's blessing is found only in the path of truthful obedience.

6. Leaders should not use their position to acquire property dishonestly.

7. Greed may affect those around us and also the nation.

8. Greed breeds mistrust and disharmony.

Test Questions
1. (a) Outline how Ahab displayed greed in his dealings with Naboth.

(b) What three lessons can be learnt from the episode in

(a) above? (PC 2016)

2. (a) How was greed demonstrated in the life of Gahazi?

(b) Give three areas in the society where greed is prevalent.

(PC 2018)

3. (a) Outline the role played by Jezebel in the death of Naboth.

(b) Give three reasons for which people are greedy.

SC 2021)

4. (a) Did I not go with you in spirit when the man turned from his chariot to meet
you? Narrate the circumstances that led to this statement.

(b) Identify two causes of greed in the society.

(PC 2022)

5. (a) Narrate the story of how Ahab displayed greed in his dealings with Naboth.

(b) Highlight three effects of the abuse of power on the development of a nation.

(SC 2023)

6. (a) Proclaim a fast and set Naboth on high among the people: ....

Outline the events that surrounded this statement.

(b) Identify four acts of injustice in our society today.

(PC 2023)

Likely Examination Questions

1. (a) Narrate the story that led to the death of Naboth.

(b) State three ways in which greed can be avoided.

2. Examine the role of Jezebel in the murder of Naboth.

3. (a) Have you now found me, o my enemy? Relate the events which led to this
statement in the life of Ahab.

(b) Identify three effects of greed.

4. Discuss the circumstances that led to the healing of Naaman.

5. (a) Highlight the circumstances that led to the dismissal of Gehazi.

(b) Give two consequences of Gehazi's greed.

6. Narrate the story of Naaman and Gehazi.

7. Recount the story of Elisha and Naaman.

8. Describe how Elisha proved the existence of prophet in Samaria during the
healing of Naaman.

Objectives
1. Naboth would not give the vineyard to Ahab because it was

a. under cultivation

b. inherited from his fathers

c. better than Ahab's offer

d. undervalued by the king.

2. The snatching of Naboth's vineyard by Ahab and Jezebel amounted to

a. murder and covetousness

b. cheating and falsehood

c. hatred and stealing

d. greed and insincerity.

3. What legal means did Jezebel use to acquire Naboth's vineyard?

a. Proclamation of a fast

b. Writing letters to the elders of Jezereel

c. Securing two witnesses

d. Stoning of Naboth to death

4. Naaman became angry when Elisha asked him to wash in river Jordan because

a. there were better rivers in Syria

b. Elisha did not come to meet him

c. Elisha's prescription was too ordinary

d. The source of River Jordan was in Syria

5. Although Elisha rejected Naaman’s gift, Gehazi saw the occasion as an

opportunity to

a. benefit from Naaman's sense of indebtedness

b. damn Elisha for choosing a life of poverty

c. exhibit his wisdom and greed

d. conceal his movement from his master.

6. The healing of Naaman illustrates that

a. only rivers in Israel can cure leprosy

b. Naaman had no faith in God

c. God is not limited to Israel

d. Little girls can help great men

7. Naaman's leprosy came upon Gehazi because

a. Gehazi disobeyed Elisha

b. Elijah had prophesied it

c. Gehazi took Naaman's gift and hid it

d. Greed is not good in society

8. Elisha healed Naaman of his leprosy so that

a. Israel would be reconciled with Syria

b. Israel's powers over Syria would be revealed

c. God's mercy would be known to all nations

d. the greediness of Gehazi would be averted

9. Naboth was killed so that.

a. God might punish Ahab and Jezebel

b. Ahab's authority would prevail

c. Ahab might own his property

d. Ahab might stop fasting

10. The Israelite maid who introduced Naaman to Elisha for healing exhibited

a. Charity and faith

b. Love and patience

c. Trust and love

d. Patience and faith

CHAPTER 9
RELIGIOUS REFORMS
THE REIGN OF KING JOSIAH (2 Kings 22;
23:1-30)
 (a) The discovery of the book of the law in the
temple
(1 Kings 22; 23:1-3)
Josiah was eight years old when he began to reign. He reigned for 31 years in
Jerusalem. He did what was right in the sight of God because he walked in the ways
of his grandfather David. He showed much interest in the things of God. In the
eighteenth year of Josiah's reign he began to repair the house of the Lord. He then
sent Shaphan to Hilkiah, the high priest to make available to the workers all the
money the keepers have collected from the people for the purpose of repairing the
Temple of Jerusalem. The workers were not to account for the money because they
were seen as honest men. Hilkiah told Shaphan that he found the book of the law in
the Temple. He now gave the book to him to read and he read it and also read it
before the king.

When Shaphan read the content of the book to Josiah he tore his clothes as a sign
of repentance because he knew that they have transgressed the law of God. Josiah
immediately sent Hilkiah the priest, Shaphan the secretary and others to enquire of
the Lord through prophetess Huldah the wife of Shallum to know the mind of God
concerning the book of the law. The Prophetess revealed that God would carry out
his punishment upon the nation because they have forsaken God and burnt incense
to other gods. However, the king would be forgiven because he had repented. His
eyes would not see the evil that the Lord would bring upon the nation. He would die
peacefully and be buried in peace.

Base on the prophetess' message, Josiah summoned all the people to the temple
for a covenant renewal ceremony. At the ceremony he read the book of the law to
their hearing and made a covenant to walk after the Lord and to keep his
commandments with all his heart and soul. He also pledged to perform the
covenant words written in the book of the law and all the people joined the
covenant.

(b) King Josiah's religious reforms (1 Kings 23: 4-

25)
i. After the discovery of the book of law in the temple, King Josiah initiated some
religious reforms.

ii. Josiah ordered Hilkiah, the priest to bring out all the vessels made for Baal and
Asherah and all other gods.

iii. He burnt them outside Jerusalem in the fields of the Kidron and took the ashes to
Bethel.

iv. He deposed the idolatrous priests whom the king of Judah had ordained to burn
incense in high places to honour Baal and other gods.
v. He broke down the houses of the male cult prostitutes which had taken over the
house of the Lord.

vi. He went all over the city and defiled and chased out the high priests from the
temple where they burned incense to the gods.

vii. He defiled Topheth (refers to the actual altar where the burning took place in the
valley of Hinom) to prevent people from sacrificing their sons and daughters as
burnt offering to Molech.

viii. He removed the horses the king of Judah had dedicated to the worship of the
sun god at the entrance of the temple and burned them.

ix. He destroyed all the altars put in place by Manasseh, Solomon, Jeroboam and
other kings before him.

Χ. Josiah carried out his reforms up to the Northern Kingdom; he removed the
shrines of the high places that were in the city of Samaria/ Bethel which the
Israelites had made.

xi. Josiah killed and burned the bodies of the priests of the high places.

xii. He restored the Passover feast and the Sabbath and commanded the people to
keep it as it was written in the book of the covenant, he restored the ancient faith.

xiii. He abolished idolatry, witchcraft, sorcery, soothsaying, divination from

Judah/Jerusalem.

xiv. Altars at the high places were demolished and worship was centralized in
Jerusalem.

Significance/Effects of Josiah’s reforms

1. The reform was to return the distinctive elements of Israel's faith.

2. The immediate effect of the Josiahnic reforms was the centralization of all
worship of Yahweh in the Jerusalem Temple as a sole legitimate sanctuary.

3. It sets in motion a monopoly in Jerusalem.

4. It led to a certain secularization of life in outlying areas which had not been
known to the people before the reforms.

5. It offered the people an opportunity to take stock of their relationship with God
with the aim of making amends.

6. It leads to the desertification of deities in Israel.

7. The reforms led to the renewal of the feast of Passover, which was neglected.

8. The extension of the reforms into the northern territory of Israel was an attempt
to unite the two parts of Israel under Josiah as was the case during the time of
David.

9. The reform meant total independence from the hated Assyrian rule.
 Moral Lessons
1. We should endeavour to obey God's law, his word no matter how hard it may
seem to be.

2. There is need to change our ways and cleanse our hearts so that we can worship
God in purity.

3. Leaders must show their faith and commitment to God through their actions.

4. A leader's righteousness may bring blessings to him and others.

5. Leaders need to put systems in place which will restrain people from committing
evil.

6. Men of God must deliver the truth to people no matter its unpleasant nature.

7. Without the word of God, we are bound to fall deeper into sin. God shows his
mercy to the repentant.

8. Age is no barrel to good leadership.

Test Questions
1. (a) Describe King Josiah's religious reforms in Israel.

(b) State four ways Christians can maintain the purity of their religion.

(SC 2017)

2. (a) Outline the outcome of King Josiah's meeting with all of Judah after the
discovery of the Book of the Law.

(b) Mention three leadership qualities of Josiah worthy of emulation.

(PC 2020)

Likely Examination Questions

1. Explain how the book of the law was discovered in the reign of King Josiah.

2. Describe Josiah's immediate response to the discovery of the law book in the
temple.

3. (a) How did Josiah react to the contents of the book of the law found in the house
of the Lord by Hilkiah?

(b) State any four of Josiah's reforms.

4. (a) Describe the reforms initiated by King Josiah.

(b) Give two effects of the reforms.

5. (a) Outline the role played by the book of the law in Josiah's reforms.

(b) State three challenges leaders face in discharging their duties.

6. (a) Examine Josiah's response to God's message after consulting Huldah, the
prophetess.

(b) Identify three virtues that can be learnt from Josiah's reforms.

Objectives
1. Josiah's reforms were meant to

a. settle the dispute between the North and the South

b. centralize worship in Jerusalem

c. reverse God's judgment upon Judah

d. enable Judah celebrate the Passover

2. King Josiah was inspired to reform the worship of God in Judah by

a. Hilkiah, the priest

b. Shaphan, the king's secretary

c. the workers repairing the temple

d. the contents of the book of the law

3. The religious reform of King Josiah was triggered off by the

a. death of the former king

b. death of the high priest of the temple in Jerusalem

c. discovery of the law book in the temple

d. exile to Babylon

4. Josiah's Religious Reforms in Judah led to the

a. renewal of the worship of the sun god

b. removal from the temple, vessels dedicated to foreign gods

c. restoration of the rights of wizards and mediums

d. refinishing of all local sanctuaries throughout Judah

5. Josiah's immediate reaction to the words of Huldah the prophetess was

a. ordering the immediate repair of the temple

b. payment of salary arrears to temple workers

c. restoration of his allegiance to the covenant

d. reading of the book of the law.

6. Who was the king who reintroduced the Passover feast in Israel?

a. Jeroboam
b. Asa

c. Josiah

d. Rehoboam

7. Josiah was able to carry out his reforms because

a. he had a strong standing army

b. Assyrian power was on the ascendancy

c. he had revelation from God

d. Egyptian power was on the ascendancy

8. The aim of Josiah's reform was to

a. ensure the security of the priests

b. be independent of Assyria

c. purify the religion of Israel

d. discourage human sacrifice

9. In spite of Josiah's religious reforms, God still punished Judah, because_

a. the reforms were superficial

b. he extended the reforms to the Northern kingdom

c. the countryside priests lost their jobs

d. of the death of few Baal prophets

10. During what year in Josiah's reign was the book of the Law discovered?

a. First

b. Eight

c. Tenth

d. Eighteenth

CHAPTER 10
CONCERN FOR ONE'S NATION
(A) THE CONDITION OF THE NATION (2 Kings
24, 25:1-17)
Pharaoh Neco who had killed Josiah at Megiddo conquered Jehoahaz and imprisoned
him at Riblah. Pharaoh Neco then made Eliakim, the son of Josiah king to rule
Judah. As a sign of vassalage Eliakim was given the throne name Jehoiakim by
Neco.
Jehoiakim was twenty-five years old when he began to rule Judah ad he reigned for
eleven years in Jerusalem. Though loyal to Egy ot Jehoiakim was carefree, lax and
unconcerned. He did what was evil in the sight of the Lord. In 605 B. C. Babylon
defeated Egypt in a war at Carchemish and Judah became a servant of Babylon.
Three years lat r, Jehoiakim rebelled against Babylon. Nebuchadnezzar sent a
contingent of Chaldeans, Syrians, Moabites and Ammonites to descend upon Jud th
and destroy it. These attacks were to fulfill God's prophecies agair st Judah for the
evils and unfaithfulness of Manasseh and Jehoiakim who had shed and filled
Jerusalem with a lot of innocent blood. But Jehoiakim died that very month before
the arrival of the invaders and was replaced by Jehoiachin, his eighteen - year old
son.

Jehoiachin reigned in Jerusalem for only three months. He did not change from the
ways of his father Johoiakim who did evil. That is, Jehoiachin did what was evil in
the sight of the Lord. In 597 B.C King Nebuchadnezzar, came with his men and
besieged Jerusalem. Jehoiachin surrendered himself when Nebuchadnezzar entered
the city. Babylon took into captivity the king, princes, palace officials, the queen,
servants, all strong men and crafts men to exile leaving only the poorest (the weak,
very young and old people). Babylon also ransacked the temple and palace, taking
away all vessels of gold and treasures. Nebuchadnezzar made Mattaniah,
Jehoiachin's uncle, king, in his place and changed his name to Zedekiah. This is the
first deportation.

Zedekiah was Josiah's youngest son. He was twenty-one years old when he became
king and reigned for eleven years in Jerusalem. He was a weak king. It was not long
before he rebelled against Nebuchadnezzar and so in the ninth year of his reign, the
king of Babylon and his soldiers besieged the city of Jerusalem. The city was under
siege till the eleventh year of Zedekiah's reign. There was a severe famine in the
city and there was no food for the people.

Zedekiah could not stand the famine so one night he fled with his men and went in
the direction of Arabah. The Chaldeans pursued the king and his soldiers till the
plains of Jericho where his soldiers scattered from him and he was captured and
handed over to the king of Babylon at Riblah. There, they killed his two sons before
his very eyes and his two eyes were plucked out. He was then bound in fitters and
taken to Babylon where he died.

Shortly after, Nebuchadnezzar sent his men to bum down Jerusalem including the
temple and the walls. Nebuzaradan the captain of the body guard, a servant of the
king of Babylon together with his army came to Jerusalem and burned the house of
the Lord, the king's house and all great houses too. The army of the Chaldeans who
were with Nebuzaradan broke down the walls around Jerusalem and all the people
were taken into exile, only the poorest of the land were left to dress the vine and
plough the field. The army broke into pieces pillars of bronze and the bronze sea
that were in the temple and carried them away. Temple vessels of silver, gold,
bronze and other important objects were taken away. This is the second deportation
in 586 B.C and final destruction of Jerusalem.

(B) RESPONSE TO THE STATE OF THE NATION

 I. Nehemiah's Response (Nehemiah 1:1-11; 2:9-
20, 4:1-23)
(a) The rebuilding of the walls of Jerusalem
Nehemiah was a cup-bearer of the Persian king Artaxerxes I, in the court of Susa
when his brethren came to visit him. Nehemiah Asked Hanani, one of the brethren
about the conditions of the Jews in Jerusalem who survived and escaped the exile
and about the city itself. Hanani told Nehemiah that his brethren were in great
trouble and shame, and the wall of Jerusalem is broken down and its gates are
destroyed by fire. Nehemiah became deeply sorrowed; he mourned, fasted and
prayed to God of heaven for his intervention.

Nehemiah began his prayer by praising God as the great and terrible God, who kept
covenants and had steadfast love for those who love him and kept his
commandments. He confessed his own sins and the sins of Judah to God and
begged for forgiveness because they had not kept faith with God. He then prayed
asking God to remember the covenant he made with Moses that if the Israelites
become unfaithful he will scatter them but when they turn to him and do his
commandments, he will bring them back together. He finally asked for the Lord’s
attention to his prayers and touch the heart of Artaxerxes to grant him mercy.

After the prayers Nehemiah asked for permission to go to Jerusalem with the
authority of governors to help rebuild the broken walls of Jerusalem. With a letter
from Artaxerxes in hand, Nehemiah moved to Judah with officers of the army. He
gave the letters to the governors of the province beyond the river. When Tobiah and
Sanballat heard that Nehemiah had been given authority to seek the welfare of his
people, they were displeased. When Nehemiah got to Jerusalem he rested for three
days and after that he went at night with some few men and inspected the walls of
Jerusalem which were broken without telling the Jews, priests, nobles and officials
his intentions. He inspected the most damaged portion of the city walls. The
inspection party went out through the ruins of the valley gate, the gate to the
king’s pool and all the major destruction points.

Nehemiah then awakened his people to undertake the rebuilding of the city’s walls
so that they will no longer suffer disgrace. Nehemiah told his people about how the
hand of God had been upon him and also the words king Artaxerxes had spoken to
him. The people’s response gave a united response “Let us rise up and build.”
When Sanballat, Tobiah, and Geshem the Arab, the non-Jews heard that they had
started the work they did not like Idea. They therefore despised Nehemiah and the
people saying, “What is this thing that you are doing? Also, they accused them of
rebelling against the king. Nehemiah answered, “The God of heaven will make us
proper, and we his servants will arise and build, but you have no portion or right or
memorial in Jerusalem."

(b) Nehemiah builds despite Opposition

(Nehemiah 4:1-23)
Nehemiah overcame opposition from neighbouring people. On two occasions,
Nehemiah and his men faced opposition when the project was begun. When
Sanballat heard that the walls were being rebuilt, he became very angry. He
ridiculed the Jews as a feeble people who could not rebuild the walls. Tobiah also
ridiculed them for building weak walls, which can be easily broken by a fox.
Nehemiah, however prayed to God to frustrate the enemies' plan and punish them
by sending them into captivity because they had opposed the purposes of God to
protect his people.

When Sanballat and Tobiah, the Arabs, Ammonites and the Ashdodites heard that
the repairing of the walls of Jerusalem was almost completed, they became angry.
They plotted together to fight against Jerusalem and cause confusion in it, kill them
and stop the work. When the Jews who lived by them heard their plot, they came
and informed their people about it. Nehemiah then set guard as a protection
against their enemies day and night. He assigned the families to protect places on
the wall and they were armed with swords, spears and bows. He assured the people
saying, "Do not be afraid of them. Remember the Lord, who is great and terrible,
and fight for your brethren, your sons, your daughters, your wives, and your
homes." When the enemies heard that their plot to stop the work was known to the
Jews and that God had frustrated it, Nehemiah and the people returned to work.

From that day, half of the workers worked on the construction whiles the other half
held the spears, shields, and their bows and body armour. The leaders also stood
behind the whole house of Judah, who were building the wall. The Jews continued
with the work but each had his weapon in one hand and laboured with the other.
Thus each of the builders had his sword fixed at his side while he built. They were
ready to fight as soon as the trumpets sounded. As the work proceeded some of
them guarded from morning till evening and everybody was scheduled to sleep in
Jerusalem at night so that there would be guards at night and labour by day. The
opposition was overcome and the project was completed in fifty-two days.

II. Ezra's response (Ezra 1; 4; 5:1-2; 6:13-22; 7:1-

10)
(a) Cyrus' decree (Ezra 1:1-11)
(i) In 539 B.C, Cyrus the king of Persia defeated Babylon and took control of the
Babylonian empire.

(ii) In the first year of Cyrus reign, God inspired him to pass a decree to return the
Jews to Jerusalem.

(iii) This was to fulfil the prophecy of Jeremiah.

(iv) In a decree, Cyrus acknowledge the fact that God had made him ruler of the
whole world and that he should see to the rebuilding of the temple.

(v) Cyrus then declared that whoever is among you may his God be with him.

(vi) He further declared that the God of Israel is the God who is in Jerusalem.
(vii) In view of that, Cyrus asked the exiles to go and rebuild the temple of his
behalf.

(viii) Cyrus asked that the returnees should be given silver, gold, material goods as
well as freewill offering.

(ix) These items were to be used for the rebuilding of the temple on his behalf.

(x) So the elders of the tribe of Judah and Benjamin as well as the priests and
Levites and many others were ready to go.

(xi) Others who were not willing to go aided the exiles with vessels of silver, gold
and freewill offering.

(xii) King Cyrus also gave back the vessel of silver and gold which were taken from
the temple by Nebuchadnezzar to the exiles.

(xiii) The King's treasurer counted the vessels of gold and silver and gave them to
Shesh - bazzar.

(xiv) Shesh-bazzar was the son of Jehoiachin who was appointed to lead the
returnees.

(xv) Shesh-bazzar was also supposed to supervise the rebuilding of the temple

(b) Problems the exiles faced when rebuilding

the temple and how Ezra handled the problem
(Ezra 4; 5:1-2; 6:13-22; 7:1-10)
The returnees were led by Sheshbazzar, an appointee of Cyrus. Under the
leadership of Sheshbazzar, the returnees laid the foundation of the temple. He was
then succeeded by his nephew Zerubabel. Under Zerubabel and Jeshua the high
priest, the work of restoration continued.

When the Samaritans, enemies of Judah and Benjamin heard that the returned
exiles were building a temple of God of Israel they came to Zerubabel and the
heads of the fathers’ houses and asked to be allowed to help in the rebuilding of
the temple since they also worship the same God but Zerubabel, Jeshua and the
rest turned down the offer saying, “You have nothing to do with us in building a
house to our God but we alone will build to the Lord, the God of Israel, as King
Cyrus the king of Persia has commanded us.” The Samaritans then discouraged the
people and made them afraid to build the temple. They hired counsellors to
frustrate the purpose of the Jews throughout the reign of Cyrus till the reign of
Dairus king of Persia.

During the reign of Artaxerxes of Persia, Rehum the commander and Shimshai the
scribe, and their associates wrote a letter on behalf on the enemies of Judah to the
king asking that the rebuilding be stopped. They stated that the Jewish exiles who
came to Jerusalem were building the rebellious and wicked city. They insisted that if
the city is rebuilt and the walls are finished, the Jews will not pay tributes, tolls into
the royal revenue. They further stated that the city is rebellious, hurtful to kings
and provinces. Therefore, if the king allows the Jews to build the city, he will not
have possession in the province Beyond the River.

After making his search, the king sent a reply to Rehum and his associates that the
rebuilding be stopped since there was evidence to prove that the city was a
rebellious city and had risen against many kings. He said the Jews should not be
allowed to continue the rebuilding project until he authorized. When Rehum and his
associates received the reply, they quickly went to Jerusalem and by force and
power made them cease. The work ceased until the reign of Darius king of Persia.

(c) How the problems were solved

On the prophecies of Haggai and Zechariah in 55B.C, Zerubabel and Jeshua arose
and began to rebuild the house of the Lord in Jerusalem. These two prophets were
with the Jews helping them to rebuild the temple. King Darius sent a message to
the governors of the province Beyond the River ordering Tattenai and his associates
to allow the Jews to continue building. Finally, the Jews finished the rebuilding the
Temple by the command of God by the decrees of Cyrus, Darius and Artaxerxes.
The work was finished on the third day of the month of Adar in the sixth year in the
reign of king Darius.

At the dedication of the temple the people of Israel, Priests and Levites, the
returned exiles celebrated with joy and offered numerous animals as a sin offering
to the Lord. The priests and Levites then started their duties in the temple. On the
fourth day of the first month, the returned exiles celebrated the Passover feast and
the priests, Levites and all the people purified themselves. They became clean and
ate the Passover lamb. They also kept the feast of the unleavened bread for the
Lord for seven days with joy. After this, Ezra came to Jerusalem from Babylon. He
was a Jewish scribe very skilful in the Law of Moses and the hand of God was upon
him. In response to the people’s lack of knowledge of the law, Ezra set his heart to
study the law of the Lord and to do it and to teach His statutes and ordinances to
the people.

Moral Lessons
1. People should be patriotic to their nations. We should learn to take advantage of
every situation to help our nation.

2. Leaders should use their position to mobilize people for positive actions.
Nehemiah used his position as the king's cupbearer to obtain permission from him
to go back to rebuild the walls of Jerusalem.

3. We must use our position to develop our nation.

4. We should pray to God for protection and guidance in all endeavours.

5. We should be bold in dealing with the work of God.

6. We should not give up even in the midst of difficulties or danger.

Test Questions
 (A) Conditions of the nation
1. (a) Narrate the events that led to the destruction of Jerusalem.

(b) Indicate any three conditions in Ghana that should be of concern to the citizenry.

(SC 2013)

Likely Examination Questions

1. Discuss the factors which led to the first deportation.

2. Relate the second deportation of Judah during the reign of Zedekiah.

3. Outline the events that led to the deportation of the Jews in

597 BC.

4. Give account of the destruction of Jerusalem.

5. Describe King Nebuchadnezzar's attack on Judah.

(B) Response to the state of the nation

1. (a) Describe the opposition the Jews encountered during the reconstruction of the
temple.

(b) What two lessons can be drawn from the episode?

(PC 2017)

2. (a) Outline Nehemiah's immediate reactions to the news about the state of
affairs in Jerusalem.

(b) Identify three virtues that can be learnt from Nehemiah's reactions.

(SC 2019)

3. (a) Outline the circumstances that led to the reconstruction of the walls of
Jerusalem.

(b) In what three ways can Christians demonstrate the spirit of patriotism in the
society?

(PC 2019)

4. (a) Highlight the contributions of Cyrus to the return of the Jews from exile.

(b) State three measures a nation can take to prevent God's wrath.

(SC 2021)

Likely Examination Questions

1. (a) Explain how Nehemiah received the news about the state of affairs in
Jerusalem.

(b) What three ways could one contribute to the development of a nation?
2. (a) Relate Nehemiah's response to the bad conditions in Judah after the return
from the exile.

(b) Identify three lessons that can be learnt from Nehemiah's response.

3. Highlight the opposition the Jews received from Sanballat, Tobiah and Geshem
during the rebuilding of the walls of Jerusalem.

4. Explain how Nehemiah handled the problem of opposition to the restoration of

the Jerusalem walls.

5. Discuss the circumstances surrounding the return of the exiles and the building
of the temple.

6. Outline Cyrus contribution towards the rebuilding of the Jerusalem temple.

Objectives
1. Which of the following was carried out by Cyrus in 538 BC?

a. He conquered Babylon

b. He ordered Judeans to leave for Jerusalem

c. He punished the enemies of the Jews

d. He ordered Zerubabel to build the temple

2. The one appointed by King Cyrus to lead the Jews to rebuild the temple was

a. Jeshua

b. Haggai

c. Sheshbazzar

d. Mithradach

3. Jehoiakim became a servant of Babylon when_

a. Neco of Egypt defeated

Judah

b. Egypt lost to Babylon at Carchemish

c. Jehożakim delayed payment of tribute

d. Nebuchadnezzar defeated Judah

4. Nehemiah checked the opposition of Sanballat and Tobiah by_

a. praying for them to repent

b. reporting them to the governor

c. appealing to them to join the rebuilding exercise

d. setting guards to keep an eye on them

5. The king of Judah who suffered in the hands of Nebuchadnezzar was

a. Jehoiachin

b. Manasseh

c. Josiah

d. Zedekiah

6. Which two tribes in Israel led in the rebuilding of the temple after the exile?

a. Judah and Benjamin

b. Naphtali and Joseph

c. Manasseh and Reuben

d. Judah and Ephraim

7. "And I asked them concerning the Jews that survived, who have escaped exile,
and concerning Jerusalem. These were the words of

a. Jeremiah

b. Nehemiah

c. Ezra

d. Hanani

8. "Yet what they are building if a fox goes up on it he will breakdown their stone
wall". This statement by Tobiah was meant to

a. taunt and ridicule the Jews

b. stop and disgrace the Jews

c. tease and punish Nehemiah

d. alert and strengthen Nehemiah

9. The returned exiles rejected the Samaritans help in rebuilding the Temple
because

a. they did not want external assistance

b. they did not want to worship with their enemies

c. the Samaritans were not experts in building

d. the Samaritans were considered impure

10. When Nebuchadnezzar overran Jerusalem, he spared the

a. temple

b. children of the king

c. poorest of the people

d. wealthy men

Further Study and Discussion

Nebuchadnezzar's attack on Judah (2 kings
24:10-17; 25:1-17)
i. As king Nebuchadnezzar besieged Jerusalem, king Jehoiachin surrendered his
administration to him.

ii. The king of Babylon carried away all the treasures in the king's house.

iii. All the vessels of gold in the temple were destroyed.

iv. Able bodied people of Jerusalem (i.e. the princes, mighty men of valour and
thousands of captives) were carried away.

v. He also carried away king Jehoichin and his household to Babylon.

vi. He left behind the poorest of the land.

vii. He appointed Mattaniah king and renamed him Zedekiah.

viii. Zedekiah rebelled against Babylon and this led to another round of siege on the
city, this eventually brought famine.

ix. Zedekiah, managed to escape but he was overtaken and arrested.

x. He was brought to the king of Babylon where his two sons were killed in his
presence.

xi. Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard came to set the house of the Lord on fire,
including the king's house and other houses in Jerusalem.

xii. The army of the Chaldeans led by the captain of the guard broke down walls
around Jerusalem and carried captives to Babylon.

xiii. Some of the people left in the land were vinedressers and ploughmen.

xiv. Some precious materials (i.e. pillars of bronze, the stands and bronze sea) were
destroyed.

xv. But pots, shovels, snuffers, dishes, incense, vessels of bronze, fine pan, gold
and silver materials were carried away to Babylon.

CHAPTER 11
FAITH IN GOD
(A) Faith and courage (Daniel 3)
Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego were devout Jews brought into captivity in
Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar. They dedicated themselves to the worship of their
God and observance of the Israelite laws. Owing to their outstanding qualities the
king appointed the three men to high positions of authority in the country.

Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon made a golden image with the height sixty cubits
and its breath six cubits and set it up at Dura in Babylon. He then sent to assemble
all his officials of Babylon to come to the dedication ceremony of the golden image,
that king Nebuchadnezzar has made and they stood before it. When everybody had
assembled, the herald announced that at the sound of the trumpet and all music,
all must bow down and worship the golden image. He added that, whoever refused
to bow down and worship would be thrown into the burning fire. Therefore, as soon
as the people heard the sound of the music, they fell and worshipped the golden
image. The three Jews refused to bow down and worship the Babylonian deity even
though all others obliged.

The refusal of Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego to worship the image aroused the
anger of some Chaldean officials who reported them to the king. King
Nebuchadnezzar became very angry and asked that the three Jews be brought to
him. When they were brought, he asked them to bow to the image at the sound of
the music or be cast into the burning fire because there was no god that could
deliver them from his hands. With courage, the three Jews replied that they would
not yield to the decree. They said, their God would deliver them, and even if not,
they would still not bow to the golden image.

The king became more furious and ordered that the furnace be heated seven times
more than it was before. He ordered certain mighty men to bind them and cast
them into the fire. The flame of the fire killed the men who threw them into the
burning fiery furnace. Later, king Nebuchadnezzar was astonished, when he saw
four men instead of three, loosed, walking in the midst of the fire and were not hurt.
He asked and it was confirmed that those thrown into the fire were three. The
appearance of the fourth man was like “a son of the gods.” The king then asked
Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego to come out of the fire by referring to them as
“the servants of the Most High God”. When they came out, the satraps, the
prefects, the governors and the King’s counsellors gathered together and saw that
the fire had not had any power over their bodies and the hair of their heads was not
burnt, their mantles were not harmed, and also no smell of fire had come upon
them.

King Nebuchadnezzar then blessed the God of the three Jews for delivering them.
He said “Blessed be the God of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, who has sent
his angel, and delivered his servants, who trusted in him, and set at nought the
king’s command, and yielded up their bodies rather than serve and worship any
god except their own God.” He further made a decree that, anyone who would
speak against the God of three Jews would be torn limb from limb and their houses
laid in ruin. He acknowledged that, there is no other god who is able to deliver like
this. The king afterwards promoted Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego in the
province of Babylon.

(B) Faith and power (Daniel 6)

Darius the king of Persia appointed a hundred and twenty satraps over his kingdom
with three presidents over these satraps; Daniel was one of the presidents. The king
was planning to promote him because he found Daniel to be wise, a good man and
the spirit of God was with him. The other two presidents were jealous of him and
were therefore looking for a way to make him unpopular before the king but they
did not succeed.

Later they found a way to put him into trouble in connection with how he serves his
God. Then these men agreed and said, “We shall not find any ground for complaint
against this Daniel unless we find it in connection with the law of his God.” All the
enemies the two presidents and the satraps resolved and went to the king and
convinced him to make a decree that anybody who prayed to his God other than
the king within the next thirty days will be cast into the lions’ den. When Daniel
knew that the documents had been signed by the king he went into his upper room
and kneeling at the opened window facing Jerusalem, prayed three times a day as
he had been doing previously. Daniel’s enemies came and found him praying. They
reported him to the king and compelled him to apply the interdict. The king became
distressed about this and decided to set him free.

These men went to the king and reminded him that the law of the land of the
Medes and Persia would not be changed. The king gave his consent and so Daniel
was cast into the lions’ den. The king then prayed that Daniel’s God whom he
served continually would deliver him. He went to his palace and did not sleep but
fasted and prayed that night. Early the next morning, the king was the first person
to get to the gate of the lions’ den. He called out to Daniel in the tone of anger to
ask if God had delivered him. He said, “ODaniel, servant of the living God, has your
God, whom you serve continually, been able to deliver you from the lions?” Daniel
answered that his God sent his angel to shut the mouth of the lions.

The king ordered that Daniel be removed immediately. His enemies were then
ordered by the King to be thrown into the lion's den with their wives and children.
The lions devoured them even before they got to the bottom of the den. The king
then made a decree that in all his royal dominion men must tremble and fear before
the God of Daniel for he is the living God. He delivers and rescues, he works signs
and wonders in the heavens and on the earth, he has saved Daniel from the powers
of the lions. So Daniel prospered during the reign of Darius and the reign of Cyrus
the Persian.

Moral Lessons
1. God always delivers his people from their enemies.

2. False accusers will never go unpunished. Daniel's accusers were cast into the
lion's den.

3. Our faith in God can have effect on others around us. The faith of Shedrach,
Meshach and Abednego made all Babylon to begin to worship God. The same goes
for Daniel – Darius recommended the God of Daniel to all his provinces.
4. For God to rise to our protection, we must have absolute faith in him, as well be
upright like Daniel, Shedrach, Meshach and Abednego.

5. Envy and wickedness lead to destruction. We should not envy others because of
their success.

6. We must not be afraid to proclaim or defend our faith in God, even in danger.

7. No matter how much we are threatened by our tormentors, we should stand firm
and trust God. Nebuchadnezzar kindled the burning furnace seven times, thinking
that he will frighten the three Hebrew men to change their mind. But they stood
firm.

8. There is reward for serving God faithfully

Test Questions
1. (a) Recount how God saved Daniel from the conspiracy of the satraps.

(b) State three lessons Christians can learn from Daniel's experience.

(PC 2017)

2. (a) If it be so, our God whom we serve is able to deliver us from this burning fury
furnace .... Discuss the circumstances that led to the above statement.

(b) In what three ways are Christians persecuted today?

(SC 2022)

Likely Examination Questions

1. Recount the story of the three Hebrew young men in the fiery furnace.

2. Describe how the faith of the three Jews was tested.

3. Discuss how Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego demonstrated their faith in the
face of persecution.

4. (a) Describe the life and work of Daniel in Persia.

(b) State four ways by which Christians can stand firm in times of persecution.

5. (a) Discuss how Daniel’s officers plotted against him.

(b) In what three ways can Christians maintain their faith?

6. Explain how Daniel demonstrated his faith in God in the midst of position.

Objectives
1. The incident in the fiery furnace concerning Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego
convinced Nebuchadnezzar that

a. they had many gods to save them

b. the Jews were very powerful people

c. the three Jews were angelic beings

d. Yahweh is the only true God

2. When Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego survived the fiery furnace, all of these
occurred except

a Nebuchadnezzar praising the God of Israel

b. the promotion of the three men

c. the killing of those who spoke against Israel's God

d. Nebuchadnezzar's destruction of all his gods

3. The three Jews thrown into the fiery furnace came out unhurt because of their
faith and

a. confidence

b. intelligence

c. joy

d. love

4. Who among the following refused to worship the image set up by

Nebuchadnezzar?

a. Daniel

b. Shadrach

C. Ezra

d. Nehemiah

5. "Blessed be the God of Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego" Nebuchadnezzar thus

acknowledge the

a. faith and courage of the three Jews

b. obedience of the three Jewish youths

c. stubbornness of the Jewish nation

d. supremacy and greatness of God

6. One of the accomplishments of Meshach, Shadrach and Abednego was that they

a. made the king realize all his faults

b. were also to argue with their enemies

c. behaved well and obeyed laws of the land

d. never compromised on their religious convictions

7. God's favour for Daniel was shown when

a. Daniel prayed to God with faith

b. Daniel was not eaten by the lions

c. Shadrach, Daniel and others were not burnt up

d. the exiles were set free by Cyrus

8. Darius banned the worship of other gods for thirty days in order to

a. magnify his majestic position

b. show his superiority over other kings

c. make him equal to the gods

d. implicate Daniel in a hatched plan

9. Those who made a false report about Daniel were in the end

a. warned and demoted

b. cast into the lions' den

c. made to worship the God of Daniel

d. killed by the king

10. The story of Daniel teaches, among other things, that

a. a Jew can serve a heather king faultlessly

b. Jews are never subject to sin and crime

c. believers can never be subdued by their enemies

d. falsehood and slander are always cover

CHAPTER 12
NATURE OF GOD
(A) TRUE RELIGION AND SOCIAL JUSTICE
(AMOS 2:6-8; 4; 5:1-24, 7:10-17, 8:1-14)
I. Social Justice
1. Amos said God will punish the Israelites as a result of their transgressions
without revoking that punishment because the rich sold the righteous for silver and
the needy for a pair of shoes /sandals and trampled the head of the poor in the dust
and turn aside the way of the afflicted. (Amos 2:6)

2. Amos condemned the sexual immorality that had filled the social life of the
people; the level of prostitution was so serious that a father and son could go into
the same woman or maiden in order to get the name of the Lord profaned. (Amos
2:7)
3. Also, the poor were occasionally robbed of their properties when they could not
pay/fulfil their pledges. Thus, wine and some garments taken in pledges were to be
kept untouched for God but the rich slept on the garments giving to them by their
poor debtors as pledges before the altars and drank the wine of those who have
been fined. (Amos 2:8)

4. Again, Amos likened the women of Samaria to the cows of Bashan. This is
because their selfish and regular demands made their husbands cheat and oppress
the poor in order to satisfy their needs. (Amos 4:1). They were fed fat on the
proceeds of their husbands oppression of the poor. The women drank wine from
bowls; hence Amos referred to them as cows of Bashan.

5. He rebuked the rich land grabbers who took advantage of the poor to enlarge
their land/farm and property. These land grabbers built winter and summer houses
made of Ivory and hewnstone while used some of the land to plant vineyards.
(Amos 5:11)

6. Amos again condemned the corrupt judges who took bribes and perverted justice
by judging cases in favour of the rich. (Amos 5:12). Thus, the poor were denied
justice whilst they ruled in favour of the rich.

7. He condemned the corrupt traders who used false weights/scale and measures to
extract money from the poor. (Amos 8:6). The rich traders were using false weights
to measure the goods of the poor. While selling to the poor thereby making the rich
become richer and the poor poorer. This attitude of the corrupt traders divided the
society into “haves” and “have nots”. They lived in great luxury with the money
gotten from the poor.

8. Amos also condemned the cases of forced slavery. Some poor farmers who
borrowed money from the rich lenders were turned to servants of the lenders
because they were unable to repay their loans

Consequences of Social Injustices

1. Samaritan women would be exiled with "hooks" (fish hook) as their punishment.
This means they will be exiled in a painful and humiliating manner.

2. There will be wailing in all streets, squares and vineyards signifying a calamity
which God will bring upon Israel.

3. Those who exploited the poor to build house would not stay in their houses
neither will they drink the wine from their vineyards.

4. A nation will be raised by God that will conquer Israel and carry her into exile.

5. Their wives will become harlots in the open and their sons will fall by the sword.

6. All the business hopes of the wicked would fail and their feasts turned to
mourning.

II. True religion according to Amos (Amos 4: 4-5,

5:21-24)
1. Amos condemned the false worshiping of God. He condemned the Israelites at
the following centres: Bethel, Dan, Gilgal and Beersheba where they troop out on
every Sabbath and other ceremonial day. "Come to Bethel, and transgress, to Gilgal
and multiply transgression, bring your sacrifices every morning and tithes every
three days" (Amos 4:4-5) Amos said such actions are lip service because of the
multiplication of the sins and transgressions at these centres. They had rejected
Yahweh and adopted Baalism.

2. He also condemned the attitude of the worshippers in turning worshipping

centres into where they shared clothes as people’s pledges and indulged cult
prostitution with the aim of profaning the name of God.

3. Amos saw Israel's feast and solemn assemblies as pretentious. Yahweh despise
their feasts and take no delight in their solemn assemblies. "I despise your feast,
and take no delight in your solemn assemblies". (Amos 5:21).

4. He further condemned their sacrifice. He said Yahweh would not accept their
offerings and would reject the peace offering of their fatted beasts. "Even though
you offer me burnt offerings, cereal offering, I will not accept them, and the peace
offering of your fatted beasts I will not look upon". (Amos 5:22). He also stressed
that God will not listen to their songs.

5. Amos condemned the cult because it was mingled directly with immorality which
was alien to Yahweh. He will reject the entire practices of his time and that no
sacrifices were sent to Yahweh during the forty years of wilderness wanderings.

What Amos recommended or required from Israel

1. Israel should seek God so they will live (Amos 5:4). They should turn away from
foreign religion and their practices which were alien to Yahwism.

2. They should not seek Bethel or Gilgal or Beersheba, since all these places of
worship will be brought to ruins. Worshipping God should be within and not
outwardly (5:5)

3. Those who turn judgment to wormwood (those who pervert justice) should desist
from it thus; they should let justice and righteousness prevail (5:7).

4. They should hate evil and love good.

5. Justice should be established in the gates. Righteousness should be allowed to

reign like "an ever flowing stream."

6. The people should repent and go back to God for he may still have mercy on the
nation and forgive them.

7. Failure to heed the above would turn the day of the Lord into gloom and darkness
with no glory of God.

Moral Lessons
1. People should worship God with all their hearts.
2. True religion demands purity of heart, honest desires and faithfulness to God.

3. Outward appearance means nothing to God; he looks on the heart of men.

4. God wants sincerity, honesty and faithfulness.

5. Payment of tithe is only meaningful if it is done in righteousness.

6. Societies should advocate the truth all the time.

7. Too much love for material worth is vanity

THE ENCOUNTER BETWEEN AMOS AND AMAZIAH

THE PRIEST
(AMOS 7:10-17)
Amos was a shepherd and also a dresser of sycamore trees, while Amaziah was a
priest at Bethel, the centre of Israel's apostate religion. Amos spoke against the
social and religious malpractices of the Israelites of his day. He also preached at the
king's sanctuary that Jeroboam II would die by the sword. This statement annoyed
Amaziah the priest in charge of the temple at Bethel. Amaziah reported Amos to
the king accusing him of treason. Since the temple belonged to the king and not
God, Amos was forbidden to speak against the king there. Amaziah misconstrued
Amos for any of the numerous false prophets of the time. He called Amos "seer"- а
prophet that was consulted for the discovery of lost articles for a fee.

Amaziah commanded Amos to return to Judah to prophesy and earn a living there
but never again prophesy at Bethel. He therefore thought Amos was a professional
prophet who was prophesying for livelihood. Amos disassociated himself from the
wrong impression Amaziah had on him. He replied by saying, "I am no a prophet,
nor a prophet's son". This implies that he was not a member of the professional
prophets besides no one has paid him to pronounce judgement on Jeroboam and
Israel. He had his double profession as a shepherd and a dresser of sycamore trees
which could have given him his livelihood but the Lord took him from following the
flock in order to prophesy to Israel.

According to Amos, no authority could stop him from delivering his message. Amos
then cursed Amaziah for trying to turn him away from God's command. He
indicated that Amaziah's wife would be a prostitute and his children killed.
Furthermore, Amaziah's land and property would be divided among the people.
Israel would also go into exile. Finally, Amaziah would die in a foreign land.

AMOS' VISION OF A BASKET FULL OF RIPE FRUIT

(AMOS 8:1-14)
God showed Amos a basket full of ripe fruit which represents harvest time. The Lord
told Amos that the end had come and that Israel would no longer be spared. So,
Israel was ripe or due for punishment. The songs of the temple would turn to
wailings and there would be many dead bodies in every place.
Thus the evil deeds of the people would never be forgotten. For example: those
who took advantage of the needy, those who cheated even during the Sabbath. The
Lord would make the sun go down at noon and darken the earth in broad-day light.
Their feasts would be turned into mourning and their songs into lamentation. Also,
the Lord would bring sackcloth upon all loins and baldness on every head.

According to Amos God would send famine on the land, virgins and young men
would faint for thirst. The Word of God would be rare in those days. He further said
that, the young men and women would become weary and faint in their search for
the Word of God. Again, judgement would come on them because they have sinned
against God by trampling on the poor and the needy.

(B) GOD'S DIVINE LOVE - HOSEA (HOSEA 1, 2, 3,

6)
I. Hosea's concept of Hessed or The Divine Love
of God
(Hosea 1, 2, 3, 4)
God instructed Hosea to take for a wife, a woman of harlotry; for the land had
committed great harlotry by forsaking the lord. He took Gomer, the daughter of
Diblaim whose name means complete. They gave birth to three children. The first
child, a boy was named Jezreel. The name implied that God would punish the house
of Jehu for the bloodshed of Jezreel and would put an end to the northern kingdom
of Israel.

Gomer’s second born was a female whom she named “Not Pitied”. Not pitied means
God would no longer pity the house of Israel and forgive them but will have pity on
Judah and deliver them. The third born, who was a son was named “Not my People”
because Israel was no longer the people of God. After the birth of these children,
Gomer abandoned Hosea and ran after other lovers, thus rejecting the marriage
relationship. Hosea, out of love, begged Gomer to come back but she refused. He
sent his children to plead with her, but to no avail.

Gomer was influenced by worldly things she was getting from her lovers. Despite
Gomer’s unfaithfulness and Hosea’s disappointments, Hosea still loved her. In fact,
Hosea bought his wife back from the slave market and restored her to her marital
status. Hosea interpreted the covenant God made with Israel as similar to his own
experience with his wayward wife.

Significance of Hosea’s marriage experience

i. Hosea's marriage experience was synonymous to God's relationship with Israel.

ii. God loved Israel just as Hosea loved Gomer earlier and made covenant with
Israel and called Israel his chosen ones. Just like Gomer,

iii. Israel became unfaithful and God divorced her like Hosea divorced Gomer.
iv. Jezreel signifies God's punishment awaiting Jehu's household for the genocide
committed.

v. Not pitied signified how God was not going to have mercy on Israel for their
idolatrous lives just as Hosea did not have mercy and forsook Gomer.

vi. Israel was not going to be God's people. This means sin is arch rival to God.

vii. Hosea preached on steadfast love for God and the people repented.

viii. Just as Hosea later went back for Gomer, God later accepted Israel.

ix. By changing Hosea's children's names "not pitied" to "pitied" and "not my
people" to "my people" signified real repentance from Israel and God's covenant
renewal with them.

x. Gomer which meant complete truly became a complete wife by reconciling with
her husband just as God reconciled with Israel.

II. Hosea's Message or Man's Response to God's

Love
(Hosea 6:1-11)
Israel did not care to know where and how they offended God, so as to repent and
forsake that very sin. Instead, they repented because they had been made to suffer.
They failed to deal with the root cause of their suffering.

Hosea called Israel to return to the Lord that they may be healed and accepted, for
the Lord has torn and stricken. He will revive and nurture them so that they may
live before him. All that God needs from Israel is genuine repentance. Therefore,
there was the need for them to press on to know the God whose appearance is as
sure as the dawn. As they press on to know him, he will also come to them like the
showers and spring rains that water the earth.

Hosea likened Ephraim and Judah's love for God to a morning cloud and dew that
easily fades away "Your love is like a morning cloud, like the dew that goes early
away." He said God consistently warned Ephraim and Judah and slain them by the
word of his mouth and Judgement that was as fast as the light, yet they did not
repent. Hosea spoke of God's desire for steadfast love and knowledge of God than
sacrifices and burnt offerings, "For I desire steadfast love and not sacrifice, the
knowledge of God, rather than burnt offerings." In other words, God's desire was
not just a mere plea for mercy but a permanent relationship. Mere rituals and
sacrifices will not be enough, but should be accompanied with genuine repentance.

He reminded the people of how they and their ancestors have broken God's
covenant from the time of Adam and dealt faithlessly with him. For example, Hosea
referred to Gilead as a city of evildoers which was filled with blood. They laid in
secret like robbers and banded the priests together and murdered them on the way
to Shechem. By that act they committed a monstrous crime against God. Hosea
indicated that God was aware of all the horrible things in the house of Israel
especially Ephraim’s harlotry that defiled Israel. Finally, Hosea gave hope that at
the appointed time God will restore the fortunes of his people in Judah.

Moral Lessons
1. It is human to sin and we may learn some lessons in our sin, but we need not
remain in it.

2. God punishes his beloved who breaks faith with him and falls into sin.

3. God's discipline is redemptive and not destructive, since it is governed by love.

4. God is prepared to accept repentant sinners.

5. God will forgive us when we sin against him in spite of our sins.

6. Many Christians today play harlotry in their relationship with God. People should
desist from such practice.

7. Many people love God but because of material wealth they will forsake their God.

8. When people forsake God, he also forsakes them.

9. Genuine repentance is important in the lives of Christians.

Test Questions
Amos
1. (a) Highlight four punishments Amos warned Israel about if they failed to repent.

(b) List three sins Amos condemned which are prevalent in our society today.

(SC 2018)

2. (a) I am no prophet, nor prophet's son; but I am a herdsman and a dresser of

sycamore trees lead to this statement. Give an account of the events that

(b) Identify three reasons for which people complain about the activities of
somemen of God today.

(SC 2019)

Likely Examination Questions

1. (a) Examine why Amos condemned the social life of the people of Samaria.

(b) Mention three nature of God’s punishment against Israel.

2. (a) Describe any four practices which Amos condemned in the religious life of
Israel.

(b) Indicate three things he recommended in their place.

3. (a) Highlight the social injustice Amos preached against in Israel.

(b) Identify four social injustices being practised in the Church today.
4. (a) Describe the circumstances which brought misunderstanding between Amos
and Amaziah.

(b) Give three reasons why those who oppose God should be condemned.

5. Recount Amos' experience of the basket of the ripe fruits.

Hosea
1. (a) Relate the story of Hose's marriage to Gomer.

(b) Mention three factors that ensure a stable marriage.

(SC 2016)

2. (a) Outline how God used Hosea's marriage as a channel of revelation to Israel.

(b) State four effects of divorce on society.

(PC 2020)

3. (a) Outline how God used Hosea's marriage as a channel of revelation to Israel.

(b) Discuss three effects of divorce on society.

(PC 2022)

Likely Examination Questions

1. Explain the symbolic names of Hosea's children.

2. Examine how the message of Hosea was delivered through the events of his
family.

3. Relate Israel's response to God's love as recorded in Hosea chapter

Objectives
1. Hosea's message for Israel is centred on

a. divine punishment for her enemies

b. social justice

c. the day of judgement

d. the permanence of divine love

2. Amos' message can aptly be described as

a. justice and righteousness

b. doom for the spiritually bankrupt

c. observance of all religious practices

d. obedient to the law as true religion

3. Gomer's attitude towards her loving husband symbolizes

a. Hosea's unfaithfulness to God

b. Israel's unfaithfulness to God

c. God's love for Israel

d. God's hatred for Israel's iniquities

4. God spoke through Amos that He would punish Israel for the following sins
except that they

a. sold the righteous for silver

b. sold the needy for a pair of shoes

c. trampled the head of the poor into the dust

d. pursued their brothers with the swords.

5. "Your love is like the morning cloud, like the dew that goes early." What did
Hosea mean by this statement?

a. Israel's relationship with God was short-lived

b. Israel did not truly love God as she should

c. Israel had love for other gods

d. Israel had no love for God

6. The women of Samaria were to suffer God's judgment because they

a. gave bribes to the judges and priests

b. defiled men who were dedicated to the worship of God

c. grew fat like the well-fed cows of Bashan

d. oppressed their husbands with unreasonable demands

7. Amos described the Day of the Lord as a day of

a. darkness and gloom

b. joy and peace

c. the end of the world

d. victory over Israel's enemies

8. Hosea's marriage to Gomer, a prostitute was meant to illustrate

a. unfaithfulness of Israel in forsaking God

b. the attitude of Israel towards Israel's neighbours

c. Israel's wickedness to her own people

d. the strengthening of the covenant bond

9. "The day of the Lord" was described by Amos as a day of

a. joy and peace for Israel

b. darkness and doom

c. victory over Israel's enemies

d. the end of the world

10. "I desire steadfast love and not sacrifice". This was the main teaching of the
prophet

a. Amos

b. Elijah

c. Nathan

d. Hosea

SECTION B
THEMES FROM THE SYNOPTIC GOSPELS AND
THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES
CHAPTER 13
THE BAPTISM AND TEMPTATIONS OF JESUS
(A) THE BAPTISM OF JESUS
(MATTHEW 3:13-17: MARK 1:9-11: LUKE 3:21-22)
Matthew:
When Jesus heard of John the Baptist, he came down from Galilee to be baptized in
the river Jordan. John was preaching baptism for the forgiveness of sins. When John
saw Jesus he recognized him as the expected Messiah a man superior to him, so he
said to Jesus "It is 1 who need to be baptized by you, and are you coming to me?"
John therefore became hesitant in baptizing Jesus.

Jesus however persuaded John to baptize Him in order to fulfill all righteousness.
Based on this conviction, John agreed to baptize Jesus through immersion. As He
came out of the water, the heavens opened and the spirit of the Lord descended
and alighted on Him like a dove. Immediately, a voice came from heaven saying,
"This is my beloved son, with whom I am well pleased".

The baptism prepared Jesus for His earthly ministry as it marked his call into public
office. The descent of the spirit on Jesus was a symbol of Him being anointed as son
of God or confirmed as the Messiah. Jesus underwent baptism in order to identify
with sinners whom He came to redeem. The Holy Spirit which came upon Jesus led
and guided Him to do God's will. By going to John for baptism, Jesus was giving
approval to John's baptism of repentance for the forgiveness of sins. Baptism
therefore is a divine ritual necessary to fulfil all righteousness.

Mark:
Jesus came from Nazareth of Galilee and was baptized by John in the Jordan.
Immediately he came out of the water he saw the heavens opened and the spirit
descended on him like a dove. A voice came from heaven saying "Thou art my
beloved son with thee I am well pleased."

Luke:
John baptized all the people who came to him for baptism including Jesus. After the
baptism when Jesus was still praying, the heavens opened. The Holy Spirit
descended on him in a bodily form as a dove. A voice came from heaven saying
“Thou are my beloved son with thee I am well pleased."

Synoptic Account:
i. Matthew, Mark and Luke recorded the story of the baptism of Jesus.

ii. The three agreed that John the Baptist baptized Jesus in the river Jordan.

They all observed that Jesus came for the baptism from Galilee.

iv. However, Mark was very specific that in those days Jesus came from Nazareth of
Galilee to be baptized.

V. Mathew alone talked about a dialogue between Jesus and John showing John's
reluctance and inferiority to baptize Jesus. (I need to be baptized by you, and do
you come to come?).

vi. Jesus replied, let it be so now; for thus it is fitting for us to fulfil all righteousness.

vii. Mathew concluded that John got convinced and had Jesus baptized through
immersed.

viii. The three writers continued that when Jesus was baptized, the heavens
opened, and God's spirit descended on Jesus in the form of a dove.

ix. Luke alone said Jesus was praying after the baptism when the heaven opened.

Χ. Luke emphasized that the Holy Spirit descended on Jesus in a bodily from as a
dove.

xi. After this the three gospels maintained that a voice was heard confirming Jesus
as the Son of God.

xii. Mark and Luke put out the divine voice as thou art my beloved son with thee I
am well pleased.

xiii. Mathew had it that this is my beloved son, with whom I am well pleased.

Significance of the Baptism of Jesus

1. John's refusal to baptize Jesus is significant in that he was aware that Jesus had
no sins in him, hence none to confess.

2. Jesus' baptism was not for the remission of his own sins but that of the world; he
took away the sins of the world.

3. Jesus' insistence on being baptized was equally a way of identifying himself with
sinners whom he came to redeem.

4. The baptism of Jesus provided a forum for a public confirmation of his

messiahship and being son of God. This was fulfilled in the presence of the Holy
Spirit in the form of a dove and the voice from heaven.

5. The appearance of the Holy Spirit as well as the voice from heaven, confirmed to
John that actually Jesus was the messiah earlier prophesied about.

6. Jesus' baptism has taught the world that believers ought to be baptized.

7. The voice from heaven also established the belief of Christians today that truly
Jesus is Lord.

8. Through baptism Jesus received God's approval for his mission.

9. God also gave Jesus power through the Holy Spirit, to work as God's own agent.

10. Jesus gave approval to John's baptism of repentance for the forgiveness of sins.

11. The trinity was manifested at the baptism of Jesus.

Moral lessons
1. Every leader must identify himself with the needs and concerns of the people he
leads.

2. We must ask God's sign of approval on all our work and decisions.

3. God alone can give the power for us to do his work.

(B) TEMPTATIONS OF JESUS

(MATTHEW 4:1-11; MARK 1:12-13; LUKE 4:1-13)
Matthew:
After the baptism, Jesus was led by the Holy Spirit into the wilderness to be
tempted by the devil. He fasted forty days and nights and at the end of the fasting.
He was hungry. According to Matthew, in the first temptation the devil came to
Jesus saying "If you are the son of God, command these stones to become loaves of
bread." Jesus replied that

"It is written that: Man shall not live by bread alone but by every word that
proceeds from the mouth of God."

Again, Matthew reports that in the second temptation the devil took him to the Holy
city (Jerusalem) and set him on the pinnacle of the temple and said to him, "If you
are the son of God, throw yourself down, for it is written, 'He will give his angels
charge of you,' and 'On their hands they will bear you up, lest you strike your foot
against a stone." And Jesus replied him, "Again, it is written, "You shall not tempt
the Lord your God."

Thirdly, the devil took Jesus to a high mountain and showed him with all the
kingdoms of the world and their glory. The devil said to him, "All these I will give
you, if you will fall down and worship me." Jesus rebuked the devil to go away,
saying "You shall worship the Lord your God and him only shall you serve." Finally,
the devil left Jesus and angels of the Lord God came and ministered to him.

Mark:
i. After the baptism the spirit immediately drove Jesus out into the wilderness.

ii. He was there in the wilderness for forty days, tempted by Satan.

iii. According to Mark, Jesus was with the beasts in the wilderness and angels
ministered to him.

iv. Mark did not mention the order of the temptation neither did he describe the
nature of the temptations.

Luke:
Luke's account has it that Jesus full of the Holy Spirit returned from the Jordan and
was led by the Spirit in the wilderness where for forty days he was tempted by the
devil. He ate nothing at all during those days and when they were over, he was
hungry. According to Luke the devil said to him if he is the son of God, he should
turn a stone to bread. Jesus replied. "Man shall not live by bread alone. "Again in
the second temptation, the devil took him up and showed him all the Kingdoms of
the world. He told him he would give him all the Kingdoms of the world, all
authority and their glory to Jesus if he would worship him. But Jesus answered "it
has been written that the Lord alone should be served."

Thirdly, the devil took Jesus to the Pinnacle of the temple and told him to throw
himself down if he is the son of God so that angels would guard him. Jesus replied
"It is written the Lord your God should not be tempted". Luke said, when the devil
had finished all the temptations he departed from him until an opportune time.

Synoptic Account:
The temptation narrative is found in all the synoptic gospels. However, Mark's
account is very brief. Mark did not mention the order at all: neither did he describe
the nature of the temptation. Matthew and Luke depended mainly on the "Q"
Material. According to Mark after Jesus' baptism the spirit drove him into the
wilderness for forty days, tempted by Satan and with him were the wild beasts.
Afterwards the angels of God came and ministered to him. According to Matthew,
the first temptation was that Jesus should change stone into loaves of bread, if he
was the son of God because he was hungry after the forty days fasting. This idea
would have made him to ignore his task as a and instead become an economic
saviour. Jesus replied that: "Man shall not live by bread alone but by every word
that proceeds from the mouth religious messiah of God." The answer shows Jesus
dependence on God's direction instead of satisfying the material needs of the
people.

Again, Matthew reports that in the second temptation the devil took him to the holy
city ( Jerusalem) andset him on the pinnacle of the temple. He asked Jesus to throw
himself down if he was the son of God and with the assurance of divine protection,
that the angels would protect him without any harm happening to him. This was to
make him appear as a wonder or miracle worker. This temptation came second in
Matthew but third in Luke’s account. Jesus rejected such a suggestion because
jumping from that dangerous height to test God would mean lack of faith in God
and also by that he would appeal to the false imagination of the Jews. Jesus replied
Satan “Do not put the Lord your God to test.”

In the third temptation, the devil took Jesus up to a high mountain and showed him
all the kingdoms of the world together with its glory. The devil said he would offer
all to Jesus if only he would fall down and worship him. By this temptation, Jesus
was to join forces with the political groups to overthrow the Roman administration
and restore the Davidic kingdom. Jesus dismissed Satan, quoting the scriptures:
“You shall worship the lord your God and him only shall you serve.” Finally, at the
end of the temptations. Matthew and Mark report that the angels of God arrived at
the scene of the event to minister to Jesus and rejoice over his victory whilst Luke
has it that at the end, the devil departed until an opportune time.

Significance of Jesus’ temptation

1. Jesus' temptation was based on material needs, self-glorification and power, but
he overcame them all. Here on earth all temptation of man has its roots in these
three things.

2. Like Jesus, Christians should endeavour to overcome temptation when they are
tempted.

3. The first temptation showed Jesus as an economic messiah who should ignore His
main task as a religious messiah and to focus on physical needs (food). It was
revealed in the Old Testament that, the period of the messiah would be
characterized by material prosperity and the hungry shall be satisfied.

4. Jesus' reply to the temptation to jump from the pinnacle of the temple was meant
to make him appear as a miracle worker known in the Jewish world of the expected
messiah. Here the devil tried to compel Jesus to display spiritual power to gain
cheap popularity. Jesus did not come to the world to show signs or perform miracles
to the neglect of his main task of saving humanity.

5. The Jews had known from Malachi 3:1 that the messiah would suddenly come to
the temple. So to jump from the pinnacle of the temple would have satisfied
immense great expectations from a messiah instead of appealing to their true
conscience. Jesus' rejection on this challenge was based on his conviction that a
test by jumping from such a height would determine the lack of faith he had in God.
6. The temptation concerning the kingdoms of the world showed Jesus as a political
messiah who would come and wrestle power from the Romans and make Israel a
supreme nation or restore the Davidic kingdom. Again, the devil tried to make Jesus
forget his heavenly kingdom and pursue an earthly political kingdom that is to lose
his position in God's kingdom for the sake of worldly kingdom.

7. Jesus' temptation was for the fulfilment of the word of God (thus, it was a divine
will of God that he should be tempted). The temptation also prepared him for his
ministry.

Test Questions
1. (a) Describe the temptations of Jesus as recorded in the gospel of Matthew.

(b) In what three ways were the temptations significant to Jesus in His ministry?

(SC 2017)

2. (a) This is my beloved Son with whom I am well pleased. Discuss the events
which led to the above statement.

(b) What four steps can Christians take to become committed to God?

(SC 2018)

3. (a) Highlight the synoptic accounts of the Baptism of Jesus Christ.

(b) In what three ways is Jesus' baptism significant to a Christian

(PC 2020)

4. (a) Describe the temptations of Jesus as recorded in the gospel of Matthew.

(b) In what three ways were the temptations significant to Jesus and His ministry?

(PC 2021)

5. (a) This is my beloved son; with whom I am well pleased. Highlight the events
which led to the statement.

(b) State four traits that Christians can exhibit for God to be pleased with them.

(SC 2023)

Likely Examination Questions

1. Discuss the meeting between Jesus and John the Baptist in the Jordan River.

2. Let it be so now; for thus it is fitting for us to full all righteousness. How did John
respond to this statement?

3. Relate the baptism of Jesus as contained in Matthew's account.

4. Outline Luke's account of the temptation of Jesus.

5. Relate how Jesus resisted the temptations by the devil after his forty days fast.

6. Describe the story of the temptation of Jesus in the wilderness.

 Objectives
1. Jesus came to John at River Jordan to

a. proclaim himself as Messiah

b. disclose himself to John

c. call some of John's disciples

d. receive baptism like others

2. According to Luke, the third temptation of Jesus was that He should

a. jump down from the high mountain

b. jump from the pinnacle of the temple

c. bow and worship him

d. order the stone to become bread

3. From Luke's account of the baptism of Jesus, which of the following happened
before the voice was heard?

a. John was reluctant to baptize Him

b. John called Jesus the lamb of God

c. Jesus arrived with Peter, James and John

d. The Holy Spirit descended upon Jesus

4. According to Matthew's account of the baptism of Jesus, the voice from heaven
said

a. "here is my beloved son.

b. "this is my beloved son.

c. "thou art my beloved sons."

d. "see my beloved son."

5. At the baptism of Jesus, the following happened except

a. a voice was heard acclaiming the messiahship of Jesus

b. the heavens opened and the spirit of God descended like a dove

c. there was a thundering activity in the sky

d. a dove hovered on the head

6. "Then Jesus was led up by the spirit to the wilderness to be tempted" This
statement means that

a. Jesus deliberately went to be tempted

b. Jesus going to the wilderness to face temptation

c. it was the divine will that Jesus be tempted

d. Jesus could not be tempted outside the wilderness

7. Satan asked Jesus to jump from the pinnacle of the temple so that Jesus would

a. satisfy people's bodily need

b. show that he is a conquering Messiah

c. give the chance to exhibit His close relations with God

d. display his magical powers

8. Satan asked Jesus to turn stones into bread so that Jesus would

a. show that he was a conquering Messiah

b. use divine power to satisfy physical needs

c. display his magical powers

d. demonstrate his power over nature

9. According to Mark, when Jesus was tempted by Satan what did the Angels do?
They fought Satan

a. the Angels rebuked Satan

b. the Angels ministered onto Jesus

c. the Angels exhorted Satan to go away

10. According to Luke the second temptation by Satan was that Jesus should

a. worship Satan so that all kingdoms will be given to Him

b. throw Himself down from the pinnacle of the temple

c. jump from a high mountain

d. order to turn stones into bread.

CHAPTER 14
THE CALL AND DEMANDS OF DISCIPLESHIP
(MATTHEW 4:18-25; 8:18-22; 9: 9-13; MARK
1:16-20; 2:13-17; LUKE 5:1-11; 9:57-63;
14:25-33)
(A) The call of Jesus’ first four
disciples(Matthew 4:18-25; Mark 1:16-20)
 Matthew:
As Jesus walked by the Sea of Galilee, he saw Simon Peter and Andrew his brother,
casting their net into the Sea because they were fishermen. Jesus told them to
follow Him. He added that he would make them fishers of men. They left their nets
and followed him without hesitation. From there, he saw two brothers, James and
John the sons of Zebedee. They were in the boat with their father mending their
nets. Jesus asked them to follow him and they responded immediately. Leaving their
father and the boat behind, they followed him.

Mark:
i. According to Mark, Jesus first chose Simon Peter, Andrew, James and John.

ii. Mark records that Jesus passed beside the Sea of Galilee where he saw Simon
and his brother, Andrew casting their net into the Sea.

iii. Jesus commanded them "Follow me and I will make you become fishers of men."

iv. They complied and followed him immediately, leaving their nets.

v. Going a little further, Jesus called James the son of Zebedee and John his brother
who were then mending their nets.

vi. They immediately left their father behind as well as the hired servants and
followed Jesus.

(B) The call of Matthew or Levi, the tax collector

(Matthew 9:9-13; Mark 2:13-17)
Matthew:
The next account of Jesus’ call is recorded in Matthew 9:9-13. As Jesus passed by he
saw Matthew, a tax collector sitting at the tax office. Jesus called him saying “Follow
me”. He rose and followed him. Mark called Matthew Levi, the son of Alphaeus.
Later, Levi organized a feast in his house for Jesus and his disciples. Many tax
collectors came to sit at table with Jesus and his disciples and they dinned together.

The Scribes and the Pharisees murmured “Why does he eat with tax collectors and
sinners?”When Jesus heard it, he replied them by saying: “Those who are well have
no need of a physician, but those who are sick. For I came not to call the righteous,
but sinners.” He then asked them to go and learn the meaning of the following
statement: “I desire mercy and not sacrifice."

Mark:
i. Mark also reported the call of Levi (Mark calls Matthew Levi).

ii. According to Mark Jesus taught a multitude of people gathered around him
beside the Sea.
iii. After the teaching, Jesus saw Levi, the son of Alphaeus who was in his tax office
at Capernaum. Jesus called him to be his disciple; he rose and followed him.

iv. Levi later organized a dinner for Jesus and some tax collectors in his house.

v. Jesus' feasting with tax collectors annoyed the scribes and the Pharisees.

vi. They said to his disciples, "Why does he eat with tax collectors and sinners?"

vii. Jesus responded that "Those who are well have no need of a Physician, but
those who are sick; I came not to call the righteous. but sinners.

Comments:
Matthew belonged to the much hated class of tax-collectors whom the Jews
considered as outcasts. This makes it surprising that Jesus who claimed to be
Messiah should invite Levi to be his disciple. It may be that by this, Jesus was
dramatizing his desire to bring all men to God. Levi organized dinner for some of his
business partners and other friends so that they could meet Jesus in appreciation of
his call.

(c) The call of Jesus’ first three disciples (Luke

5:1-11)
Luke differs from Matthew and Mark however. According to Luke, Jesus was
preaching at the Shore of Gennesaret Lake, where he noticed two empty anchored
boats whose owners were apparently washing their nets. Entering one of the empty
boats which belonged to Peter. Jesus asked Peter to push the boat a little bit into
the sea so as to teach comfortably without stampede.

According to Luke at the end of the teaching, Jesus asked Peter to throw his net into
the sea but Peter hesitated telling him he had been toiling all night without a catch.
However, he later obeyed Jesus and they had a great shoal of fish. When their nets
were breaking they called on their partners in the other boats for assistance, which
they filled the boats to the extent that they began to sink. Peter was surprised by
the great number of fish caught. He then fell on his knees and confessed before
Jesus that he was unworthy to be in his presence. Jesus promised to make him a
fisher of men: "Do not be afraid; henceforth you will be catching men." Luke also
mentioned James and John, the sons of Zebedee, who were partners with Simon.
When they brought their boat to shore they left everything and followed him.

Luke states that Jesus spent the whole night in prayer for God's guidance in
selecting twelve worthy disciples. The number twelve may have been forced upon
to correspond to the twelve tribes of Israel. Thus the twelve were chosen to prepare
them for leading the new Israel.

Synoptic account of the call of the Twelve

disciples
 (Matthew 4:18-25; 9:9-13; Mark 1:16-20; Mark
2:13-17; Luke 5:1-11)
The story of the call varies slightly from each gospel. According to Luke, Jesus
prayed throughout the previous night for divine Guidance before choosing the
disciples. Furthermore, the disciples had different professions-fishermen, tax
collectors, politicians and so on.

According to Mark, shortly after Jesus temptation. He passed beside the Sea of
Galilee where He saw Simon Peter and his brother Andrew fishing, because they
were fishermen. Jesus commanded them “Follow me and I will make you become
fishers of men”.

Immediately they left their nets and followed Him. Moving further, He saw James,
the son of Zebedee and John his brother who were in their boat mending their nets.
He called them and they left their father Zebedee in the boat with the hired
servants and followed Him.

According to Luke, Jesus saw Simon and Andrew by the Lake of Gennesaret. He got
into Simon's boat and asked him to push it a little from the land. After teaching
from the boat for a while, Jesus asked Simon to put out into the deep and let down
their nets for a catch. Simon lamented they had toiled all night without a catch, but
because of His words he would cast the net. They had a great catch and the boat
began to sink. Jesus calmed their fears and told them they will be catching men.

Further on the way, Jesus saw Levi and called him to be his disciple. Levi who is also
known as Matthew heeded Jesus' call and later organized a feast for Jesus and His
disciples and some tax collectors. Jesus' feasting with tax collectors annoyed the
scribes and the Pharisees. Jesus responded to their accusation saying "Those who
are well have no need of a physician, but those who are sick. I came not to call the
righteous but the sinners to repentance". The other disciples were Philip,
Bartholomew, Thomas, James, the son of Alpheaus, Simon, the Cananean, Judas the
son of James and Judas Iscariot.

Moral Lessons
1. No matter our profession, we can be called to serve God. Even as sinners God
can still call us. Matthew was a tax collector, a profession Jews hated. To them, a
tax collector was a Roman agent of oppression, a traitor, a sinner and a profiteer.

2. Jesus called all manner of people even the 'perceived sinners' to show that he
came to call sinners not the righteous. In other words, God's call of favour does not
discriminate.

3. The first apostles left everything and followed Jesus. Likewise, we should respond
to God's call promptly.

4. Nothing should distract us from serving God.

5. We should not postpone giving our lives to God.

(D) The Demands of Discipleship (Matthew 8:18-22, Luke 9: 57-62: 14:25-33)

Matthew:
A teacher of the law came to Jesus and expressed his desire to follow him wherever
he went. Jesus' reply to him was that "Foxes have holes and birds of the air have
nests, but the Son of man has nowhere to lay his head." Jesus also invited a second
man to be his disciple, the man asked Jesus to allow him first to go and bury his
father after which he would follow him. Jesus advised this second fellow to leave the
dead to bury their own dead and follow him to proclaim the kingdom of God.

Luke:
Luke's account also presents a disciple who wanted to follow Jesus but wanted
permission to go home and say farewell to his family. Jesus replied "No one who
puts his hand to the plough and looks back is fit for the Kingdom of God". Jesus also
said that if anyone would follow him and did not hate his father, mother, wife and
children, brothers and sisters, he could not become his disciple. He further drives
this point home by using two comparisons-a builder who costs his house first before
building, and a warrior who assesses his strength against his enemies' before
declaring war.

Firstly, he said if one wants to build a tower, one must first sit down estimate the
cost to see if one has enough money to start and complete it to avoid being
mocked by the people. Secondly, Jesus said that a king whose military strength
does not measure up to that of his enemy, must immediately negotiate for peace.
Jesus in essence, did not want a naive commitment that expected only blessings.
Thus, whoever cannot take his cross to follow Jesus is not worthy of him. Finally, to
follow Jesus requires self-denial, complete dedication and willingness to obey him
and his course.

Comments
1. Jesus' wanted the first man to understand that contrary to his expectation,
discipleship involves some difficulties and uncertainties and therefore requires
some personal sacrifices and commitment, The first disciple, who volunteered to
follow Jesus later, changed his mind when Jesus told him that he (Jesus) had no
house of his own where they could go in and relax. Without any doubt, this man
was not physically committed.

2. Jesus' answer to the second man means that whoever does not receive the
gospel is spiritually dead and therefore Christians should give preference to the
service of God before other services.

3. A plough is a farm tool. What Jesus meant was that services to God demands
absolute loyalty not divided loyalty, no distraction and no disturbance. One just has
to make up his mind before beginning or deciding.
 Lessons to be learnt
i. Becoming a disciple of Jesus involves challenges / difficulties.

ii. Discipleship involves giving Jesus the priority / first place in one's life.

One has to pay a price for discipleship.

iv. Discipleship involves total commitment / surrender / obedience.

V. To follow Jesus requires self-denial, complete dedication and willingness to obey

him and his course.

vi. Open mindedness.

vii. Steadfastness/ Endurance / Self-control

viii. Sacrifice / renouncing materialism.

Test Questions
1. (a) Highlight Jesus' call of the twelve disciples

(b) Identify four good qualities of a Christian leader.

(SC 2016)

2. (a) Highlight the requirements Jesus demanded from his would-be disciples as
recorded in Luke's gospel.

(b) State three lessons Christians can learn from such demands.

(PC 2016)

3. (a) Account for the call of the first four disciples as recorded by the Synoptic
Gospels.

(b) State three lessons Christians can learn from the attitude of the disciples to the
call of Jesus.

(PC 2017)

4. (a) Narrate Jesus' encounter with the fishermen at the Sea of Galilee.

(b) State three qualities of a disciple.

(PC 2019)

5. (a) Do not be afraid; henceforth you will be catching men. Describe the
circumstances under which the above statement was made.

(b) Mention three factors that prevent people from becoming committed Christians.

(PC 2020)

6. (a) Narrate Luke's account of how Peter became a disciple of Jesus.

(b) State three attitudes which Christians should demonstrate to attract others to
their faith.
(SC 2022)

7. (a) Narrate Jesus' encounter with the fishermen at the sea of Galilee.

(b) Outline three lessons that Christians can learn from Jesus' encounter with them.

(SC 2023)

8. (a) Narrate the story of how the first three disciples were called as recorded in
the Gospel of Luke.

(b) Outline three ways by which people are called by God to do His work.

(PC 2023)

Likely Examination questions

1. Describe how Jesus assembled the twelve apostles.

2. Give an account of how Jesus called his first five disciples as recorded in the
gospel of Matthew.

3. Discuss Jesus' encounter with Levi at Capernaum as narrated in Mark's gospel.

4. Examine Luke's account of the call of the first three disciples.

5. Highlight the call of Peter as recorded in Lukes' gospel.

6. Relate the encounter between Jesus and the three would – be disciples.

Objectives
1. Jesus' teaching about discipleship emphasized

a. the need to bury the dead

b. total commitment and absolute dedication

c. a place for the Son of man to lay his head

d. putting one's hand into the plough

2. Before their first encounter with Jesus. Peter and Andrew were

a. preachers

b. tax collectors

c. fishermen

d. tent makers

3. According to Mark, the first four disciples to be called by Jesus were

a. Simon, James, John and Philip

b. Simon, James, John and Matthew

c. Simon, James, John and Bartholomew

d. Simon, Andrew, James and John

4. The first three disciples of Jesus according to St. Luke were

a. Peter, James and Andrew

b. Peter, James and John

c. James, John and Andrew

d. Peter, John and Andrew

5. Jesus selected twelve disciples in order to

a. represent the Church

b. make them his bodyguards

c. act like Jewish teachers

d. train them to carry on after his departure

6. Jesus said to him follow me and leave the dead to bury their dead. This implies
that Jesus

a. opposed burial of the dead

b. was acting as a fanatic

c. regarded as dead anybody who rejects him

d. placed more emphasis on the living than the dead

7. Peter did not hesitate to cast the net into the lake as commanded by Jesus
because he

a. Authorized him to do so

b. had strong faith in Jesus

c. considered Jesus as a master fisherman

d. had a great respect for Jesus

8. "Those who are well have no need of a physician, but those who are sick, "These
words were said when

a. Pharisees challenged Jesus on his claim to forgive sins

b. Jesus healed a paralytic on Sabbath

C. Pharisees and Sadducees challenged Jesus for eating with tax-collectors and
sinners

d. Jesus addressed his disciples on a level place

9. Jesus told the scribe who wanted to follow him that "Foxes have holes and birds
of the air have nests but the Son of man has nowhere to lay his head" because

a. Jesus knew that the scribe was self- righteous and therefore unfit to be a disciple
b. Jesus foresaw that the scribe thought that discipleship was a thing of pleasure

c. Jesus knew as a lawyer the scribe would disprove his teachings

d. the scribe asked Jesus first to allow him to bury his father

10. When Jesus told the would-be disciple who wanted to bury his father to leave
the dead to bury their own dead he meant that

a. it was customary for the Jewish family to bury the dead

b. the spiritually dead should be left to bury the physically dead

c. there was an assurance of resurrection for all

d. discipleship entailed complete detachment from the family.

Further Study and Discussion

1. Relevance of the call/Why Jesus needed Disciples
i. He needed their companionship.

ii. To train those who would assist in the continuity of preaching before and after his
death.

iii. To train people with the miracle of healing and casting out demons.

iv. He also needed devotees who will give their lives to the service of God.

v. He deemed it necessary to get foundation members of the new community of

believers which he had come to establish.

2. Ways through which God calls people to his service

i. Through dream

ii. Through vision

iii. Through accident

iv. Through prophesy

v. through circumstances

CHAPTER 15
JESUS’ TEACHING ON FORGIVENESS
(MATTHEW 6:12, 14-15; 18:21-35)
According to Jesus, forgiveness is a pre-requisite of receiving a divine forgiveness.
Jesus taught that before we ask for forgiveness of our debts we should have already
forgiven our debtors. He said, if we forgive men their trespasses, our heavenly
father will also forgive our trespasses. But if we do not forgive men their trespasses,
neither will our father in heaven forgive our trespasses.
Peter came to Jesus and said to him, “Lord, how often shall my brother sin against
me, and I forgive him?” As many as seven times?” Jesus said to him “I do not say to
you seven times but seventy times seven,” Jesus then told a parable of the
unforgiving servant in response to Peter’s question on how often one should forgive
a neighbour. Jesus compared the kingdom of God to a king who wished to settle
accounts with his servants. The parable illustrates that a servant who served at a
king’s palace owed the king ten thousand talents (about one fifty million cedis). The
king called for the servant but he could not pay his debt. The king ordered him to
be sold together with his wife and children and all his properties to defray the debt.
The servant then fell on his knees and pleaded to the king for more time saying
“Lord have patience with me, and I will pay you everything.” The king out of pity
decided to forgive the servant by writing off the debt because he knew that the
servant could not pay. “And out of pity for him the lord of the servant released him
and forgave him the debt” (Matthew 18:27)

However, the same servant had a fellow servant who owed him only a hundred
denarii i.e. a hundred and fifty thousand cedis. The forgiven servant quickly
grabbed his debtor by the throat and forced him to pay up. The debtor fell down
and pleaded with him but he refused to listen to his plea. He wanted his money
there and then. Since the debtor did not have any, he put him in jail until he pays
everything. The king heard about the behaviour of the servant and he summoned
him and said to him "You wicked servant! I forgave you all that debt because you
besought me should you not have had mercy on your fellow servant as I had mercy
on you?" (Matthew 18:33). In anger, the king jailed him till he pays the debt. Jesus
concluded that God would not forgive anyone who fails to forgive others.

Significance/Moral Lesson
1. The king's servant did not want his debtor to enjoy the same forgiveness that he
was enjoying from the king. If you do not allow your neighbour to a chance first,
you may even lose your own opportunity.

2. Diligence, hard work and fellow feeling must characterize every work and
behaviour in life.

3. Forgiveness is a divine act because it is the basis on which to seek intercession

with God.

Test Questions
1. (a) Narrate the parable of the unmerciful servant.

(b) State three reasons why a Christian should forgive others.

(PC 2017)

2. (a) Lord, how often shall my brother sin against me, and I forgive him? Recount
Jesus' response to the above question.

(b) State three lessons that can be learnt from Jesus' teaching on forgiveness.

(PC 2018)
 Likely Examination Questions
1. Discuss the parable of the debtor as narrated in Jesus' teaching on forgiveness.

2. Recount the story of the unmerciful servant.

Objectives
1. Jesus taught that Christians should forgive their neighbour's sins

a. three times only

b. seventy times seven times

c. seventy-seven times seven times

d. as many times as possible.

2. The importance of the parable of the unmerciful servant is that Christians should

a. allow mercy to take precedence over justice

b. avoid discrimination against one another

c. be faithful and not to betray their trust

d. use wealth diligently and honestly

3. Which of the following themes can be associated with the Lord's Prayer?

a. Love

b. Forgiveness

c. Humility

d: Commitment

4. In his teaching on forgiveness, Jesus said that Christians should forgive others
seventy times seven. This implies that Christians

a. should confess 490 times

b. would be forgiven if they also forgive

c. should forgive without limit

d. should forgive 490 times

5. Jesus narrated the story of the debtor-servant in order to teach

a. humility

b. forgiveness

c. honesty

d. compassion

6. According to Jesus, one's sins would be forgiven if one

a. confess one's sins

b. prays without ceasing

c. forgives others

d. offers sacrifice

7. Jesus taught that the attitude of Christians towards forgiveness should be

a. limitless

b. restricted

c. purposeful

d. conditional

8. The lesson learnt from the story of the unmerciful servant is

a. all debts must be settled on time

b. people with forgiving spirit receive forgiveness.

c. indebtedness to people must be avoided.

d. mercy must be shown at all times.

9. "And forgive us our debts, as we also forgiven our debtors." Our debtors in this
statement means those who

a. hate us.

b. owe us money.

c. persecute us.

d. hurt us

10. What punishment was given to the unmerciful servant by the king in Jesus'
teaching on forgiveness?

a. He was demoted.

b. He was killed.

c. His family was sold.

d. He was imprisoned.

Further Study and Discussion

1. The Relevance of forgiveness
i. It brings about peace among men.

ii. It draws us closer to God.

iii. It brings about reconciliation.

iv. God would not forgive us if we do not forgive others/Christians receive
forgiveness from God and others when they also forgive others.

V. Forgiveness leads to answered prayers.

vi. The righteous can intercede on behalf of others to be forgiven.

vii. Forgiveness restores love in family and society.

viii. Forgiveness brings internal happiness to the individual as bitterness is removed

from the heart.

ix. Forgiveness brings healing and blessing.

2. Ways by which one can show remorse for doing wrong

i. Acceptance of fault

ii. Asking for Pardon

iii. Confession

iv. Avoiding the wrong act

V. Compensating victims of wrong acts.

CHAPTER 16
THE TRIALS OF JESUS
(A) JESUS AT GETHSEMANE
(MATTHEW 26:36-56, MARK 14:32-52)
Matthew: The agony and arrest of Jesus in the
Garden of
Gethsemane
Jesus and his disciples went to a place called Gethsemane. He told them to wait
whiles he goes further and prayed to God to avert his death or change the style of
death. He took with him Peter, James and John. He began to be sorrowful and
troubled; he then confided in the three disciples that indeed he was sorrowful even
unto death. After telling them to remain and watch with him, he went a little
further, fell on his face, and prayed "My Father, if it be possible, let this cup pass
from me; nevertheless, not as I will, but as thou wilt." (Matthew 26:39).

After the painful prayer Jesus came back to find the three disciples sleeping. He
accused them of not being able to watch for an hour, they should watch and pray to
avoid temptation. As a result, he said "The spirit is indeed willing but the flesh is
weak." (Mark 14:38). Jesus left them to pray for the second time, telling his father
that if the event could not pass unless he drank the cup, then His will should be
done. On his return, he found them still sleeping and their eyes were heavy. He did
not disturb them this time, but went and prayed for the third time, repeating the
same words. When he finished praying he came to the disciples and found them
still sleeping and said to them "Are you still sleeping and taking your rest?" Jesus
told them that the hour had come and the son will be betrayed into the hands of
sinners.

When he was getting the disciples up, Judas came to him with a large crowd armed
with swords and clubs sent from the Chief priests and the elders of the people
(Sanhedrin). Judas in trying to identify to the people Jesus so that arrest could be
effected he kissed him. When the crowd laid hands on Jesus and arrested him one
of the disciples took his sword and struck the servant of the high priest cutting off
his ear. On the other hand, Jesus expressed genuine love and healed the injured
man and asked the disciple to put away his sword for those who take the sword will
perish by the sword. Jesus said he could appeal to his father and he would send him
more than twelve legions of angels without hesitation and that the arrest must
occur so that the scriptures of the prophets may be fulfilled. At that time all the
disciples deserted him and fled.

Mark: Events leading to fleeing of a person

naked (Mark 14: 32 - 52)
i. Jesus and His disciples went to Gethsemane where he asked them to sit and wait
while He prayed.

ii. He took Peter, James and John (the inner circle), and He was greatly distressed
and troubled.

iii. He told them "My soul is very sorrowful, even to death" and asked them to
remain there and watch.

iv. After moving further, Jesus fell on the ground and prayed that if it were possible,
God should remove the cup of suffering from Him., though God's will must be done.

v. When He returned to the disciples, He found them sleeping.

vi. He accused them of not being able to watch for an hour; they should watch and
pray to avoid temptation.

vii. He said, "The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak."

viii. Jesus went back to pray again using the same words as previously.

ix. On His return, He found them again sleeping and their eyes were heavy.

x. On the third time when He found them sleeping, He told them it was enough, and
the time had come for the son of man to be betrayed into the hands of sinners.

xi. They should be going, for the betrayer was at hand.

xii. While He was speaking, Judas Iscariot came with armed crowd, the chief priests,
the scribes and the elders to arrest him.
xiii. Judas kissed Jesus to betray Him to the Sanhedrin.

xiv. They seized Jesus and a disciple cut the ear of the high priest's servant.

xv. Jesus asked if they took Him for a bandit or robber, that they had come with
swords and clubs to arrest Him.

xvi. Jesus asked them why they did not arrest Him as He taught daily in the
synagogues (the scriptures needed to be fulfilled).

xvii. All the disciples deserted Him and fled.

xviii. Among those following was 'a young man with nothing but a linen cloth about
his body; and they seized him but he left the linen cloth and ran away naked.'

Significance of Jesus prayer in the Garden of

Gethsemane
1. Jesus' prayer was an indication of his preparation for the suffering and death
before him.

2. Jesus again, emphasized the importance of prayer in the life of a believer during
times of agony or trouble.

3. Through prayer Jesus received strength to face the suffering he went through.

4. As we pray, we should be ready to accept the will of God. Example: "Lord if it is

your will, let the cup pass over me."

5. The experience of the three disciples shows that they were not well-informed
about or able to perceive the approaching events.

6. Jesus' attitude to the events ahead shows his complete surrender in perfect
obedience to the will of God.

7. The cup is a symbol of suffering and death.

(B) PETER'S DENIALS

(MATTHEW 26:69-75, MARK 14:66-72, LUKE
22:54-62)
Matthew:
When Jesus was arrested and all the people fled, Peter followed him at a distance to
the high priest's courtyard to watch events. While sitting in the courtyard, there
came a maid servant who identified Peter as one the disciples of Jesus. He denied
before them saying "I do not know what you mean." Thus he denied having
knowledge of Jesus.

At the porch another maid once again confronted him and said to the bystanders
"This man was with Jesus of Nazareth." For the second time Peter denied any
knowledge of what the maid was talking about and even with an oath. Peter was
accused the third time by bystanders who said “certainly, you are also one of them
for your accent betrays you”. Peter quickly began to invoke a curse on himself and
swore: “I do not know the man”. He claimed of not knowing Jesus the third time.
After the third denial, the cock crowed and Peter remembered how Jesus predicted
his denial of Him. He went out and wept bitterly for denying his master.

Mark:
i. At the courtyard where Peter was warming himself, one of the maids of the high
priest looked at him and said he was with the Nazarene, Jesus.

ii. Peter denied it saying he neither knew nor understood what the maid meant.

iii. Peter went to the gateway. Again the maid saw him and said to the bystanders
that he was one of the disciples but he denied the second time.

iv. After some time the bystanders said to Peter "Certainly you are one of them; for
you are a Galilean."

V. Peter began to invoke a curse on himself, he even swore that he didn't know the
man they were talking about. "I do not know this man of whom you speak."

vi. Immediately the cock crowed a second time, Peter remembered Jesus'
prediction, "Before the cock crows twice, you will deny me three times."

vii. Peter then broke down and wept.

Luke:
i. Peter followed the soldiers at a distance when Jesus was brought to the high
priest's house.

ii. He sat among them when they set a fire in the middle of the courtyard.

iii. When Peter was sitting in the light gazing at Jesus, a maid saw him and said
"This man also was with him.

iv. Peter denied it saying he didn't know him. 'Woman I do not know him.'

v. After some time someone else saw him and said, ‘he is one of the disciples.

vi. Again Peter denied that he was one ' Man I am not. '

vil. An hour later another person insisted that Peter was with Jesus because he is a
Galilean saying 'certainly this man also was with him; for he is a Galilean.'

viii. Peter still maintained that he didn't know anything about what the man was
talking about 'man I do not know what you are saying.'

ix. While Peter was still speaking the cock crowed.

x. The Lord turned and looked at Peter. Peter then remembered the word of the Lord
which he said to him.

xi. "Before the cock crows today, you will deny me three times."
xii. Peter then went out and wept bitterly

(C) CONDEMNATION OF JESUS

(MATTHEW 26:47-75; MARK 14:53 72; LUKE
22:66-71; 23:1-12)
I. Matthean Religious Or Jewish Condemnation
(Matthew 26:47-75)
After his arrest, the mob took Jesus to Caiaphas, the high priest where Scribes and
the elders had assembled. The assembly was looking for false evidence against
Jesus so that they could kill him. But they could not find any, even though many
false witnesses came forward. Finally two came forward and declared that Jesus had
said he would destroy the temple and rebuild it in three days. Then the high priest
stood up and asked Jesus if he would not answer the charge against him. But Jesus
kept quiet. The High priest said to Jesus, "I charge you under oath by the living God
if you are the Christ, the son of God."

Jesus replied, yes, it is as you say "You have said so, in the future you will see the
Son of Man sitting at the right hand of Power and coming on the clouds of heaven."
The high priest tore his clothes and said Jesus had spoken blasphemy. He wondered
if there was any further witness. face and some even slapped him, saying
"Prophesy to us, you Messiah! They all declared that Jesus was worthy of death.
They spat into Jesus' Who is it that struck you?"

II. Markan Religious Or Jewish Condemnation (Mark

14:53-72)
i. Jesus was led to the Sanhedrin in the home of the high priest. Peter followed them
at a distance, right into the courtyard of the high priest, where he sat with the
guards and warmed himself at the fire. The chief priests and the council
(Sanhedrin) sought false testimony against Jesus to put him to death but they found
none.

ii. Mark says that many people came to give false evidence against him but their
statements did not tally.

iii. Jesus was accused of saying, "I will destroy this temple that is made with human
hands and in three days I will build another, not made with hands." (Mark 14:58).

iv. The high priest asked Jesus, "Are you the Messiah, the Son of the Blessed One"?
(Mark 14:61) Jesus replied affirmatively by saying, "I am and you will see the Son of
man seated at the right hand of Power and coming with the clouds of heaven."

V. The high priest tore his garments and asked if they needed further evidence.

vi. According to the high priest Jesus had spoken blasphemy so he sought for the
decision of the council.
vii. The whole council condemned him that he deserved death.

viii. Eventually, some spat on him, while others covered his face and struck him.

ix. They then asked him to prophesy the one who had struck him.

Χ. Likewise, the guards also received him with blows.

I. Lukan Roman Or Civil Condemnation

(Luke 22:66-71; 23:1-12)
According to Luke Jesus was brought before the Sanhedrin (thus the assembly of
the elders of the people, both chief priests and scribes) the next morning. Luke
stated that the Sanhedrin questioned Jesus saying: "If you are the Christ, tell us."
Jesus then replied them saying: "If I tell you, you will not believe and if I ask you,
you will not answer. But from now on, the Son of man shall be seated at the right
hand of the power of God." However, after Jesus' answer all of them asked him
whether he was the son of God and he answered: “You say that I am.” They then
said: “What further testimony do we need? We have heard it ourselves from his own
lips.”

The Sanhedrin condemned Jesus of being guilty of blasphemy and was taken to
Pilate, the Roman Governor. Before Pilate the religious charge of blasphemy for
which the Sanhedrin had condemned him, was changed into political charges;
knowing fully that Pilate was more interested in political than religious charges.
Jesus was politically accused of perverting the nation. They also said he was found
forbidding Jewish citizens from payment of taxes to Caesar. The next charge says
that he claims to be a king, thereby making himself equal to the emperor or
overthrowing Caesar.

Pilate first asked Jesus if he was the king of the Jews. Jesus’ answer was “You have
said so.” Pilate was not convinced of the basis of the accusation levelled against
Jesus so he told the Chief Priests and the crowds that he found no crime in Jesus.
The people then made another accusation insisting that Jesus stirred up the people
with his teaching throughout Judea all the way from Galilee.

On hearing that Jesus came from Galilee and he was under Herod’s jurisdiction,
Pilate decided to send him to Herod Antipas who by coincidence, was in Jerusalem
then. Herod Antipas had heard so much about Jesus in terms of the miracles he
performed, hence he was glad to see him. He was hoping that Jesus would perform
some miracles. Jesus did not only refuse to perform any miracle but snubbed Herod
by not answering any of his questions. Herod and his soldiers then treated him with
contempt and decided to make mockery of Jesus by dressing him in a royal robe
since he claimed to be the king of the Jews. Herod sent him back to Pilate. That
same day Pilate and Herod Antipas who had remained enemies for a long time
became friends.

Synoptic Account
According to Mark and Matthew, Jesus was led to the Sanhedrin in the house of the
High Priest, Caiaphas, after the arrest of Jesus. Jesus was accused of saying, “I will
destroy this temple that is made with human hands and in three days I will build
another, not made with hands." He was also charged of being the son of God. Mark
says that many came to give false evidence of him but their statements did not
tally and so all attempts to commit him failed. When the high priest called Jesus to
answer the charges, he was quiet perhaps he did not want to implicate himself. The
high priest then asked Jesus "Are you the Messiah, the Son of the Blessed One"?
Matthew says Jesus was asked to answer this question on an oath "I adjure you by
the living God".

According to Mark, Jesus answered, "I am", but in Matthew’s account Jesus replied,
yes, it is as you say "You have said so, in the future you will see the Son of Man
sitting at the right hand of Power and coming on the clouds of heaven. "The high
priest tore his robes as a sign that Jesus had blasphemed. He then condemned
Jesus for blasphemy because he had made supernatural claims. Mark says, the
Sanhedrin met again in the morning and took a decision to send Jesus to Pilate. So
they sent Jesus to Pilate in order to have him condemned to death.

According to Luke, when Jesus was sent to Pilate, he was politically accused of
perverting the nation, forbidding payment of taxes to Caesar, and calling himself as
Christ the king. Pilate asked Jesus, "Are you the king of the Jews"? Jesus then
answered, "You have said so." Pilate was not convinced with the charges levelled
against Jesus, and he told the Chief priest and the crowd that he found no crime in
Jesus. The people then made another accusation that Jesus stirred up the people all
the way from Galilee. Luke says Pilate sent Jesus to Herod because he heard that
Jesus came from Galilee, Herod's territory. Herod was only interested in seeing
some miracles performed by Jesus but he did not perform any and ended up
mocking him, as his soldiers treated him with contempt. Herod sent Jesus back to
Pilate. Herod and Pilate were reconciled on that very day because they had been
enemies for a long time.

Significance of the trials of Jesus

1. Jesus was accused wrongly of an offence he did not commit.

2. His embarrassment, torture and his endurance are to serve as good lessons to
Christians to stand firm in the midst of trials.

3. The fact that Judas was living in sin. Satan has to use him to achieve his diabolic
task. Christians should therefore avoid sin to be free from the path of the devil.

4. Throughout the trial, Jesus was not aggressive as he remained calm.

5. Jesus was not supposed to be condemned since the charges were not proved. But
at any rate he was condemned for the scriptures to be fulfilled.

6. We should always stand firm and not allow people push us into doing things we
do not wish to do like Pilate. It was not his will to condemn Jesus

Test Questions
1. (a) And a young man followed him; with nothing but a linen cloth about his body;
and they seized him ....and ran away naked. Trace the events which led to this
incident in the life of Jesus.

(b) Give four reasons why some people forsake their friends.

(SC 2016)

2. (a) Examine the trial of Jesus before Pilate as recorded in Luke's account.

(b) State three elements of a fair trial.

(PC 2018)

3. (a) Relate the trial of Jesus before the Sanhedrin according to Mark's gospel.

(b) Give two reasons for which people bear false witness against others.

(SC 2019)

4. (a)My soul is very sorrowful, even to death; remain here and watch with me give
an account of what happened to Jesus after he made this statement.

(b) Identify two ways by which one can assist a fellow Christian going through
challenges.

(SC 2019)

5. (a) Trace the events that led to the Pontius Pilate and Herod Antipas.

(b) State three ways of ensuring Justice in our courts.

(PC 2021)

6. (a) And a young man followed him, with nothing but a linen cloth around his
body; and they seized him... Trace the events which led to this incident

b) Give three reasons for which people forsake their friends.

(PC 2022)

Likely Examination Questions

1. Recount the agony of Jesus in the Garden of Gethsemane.

2. Relate how the disciples of Jesus deserted him in the Garden of Gethsemane as
contained in Matthew's gospel.

3. Recount Mark's account of the clash between Jesus and the armed crowd.

4. Describe the three stages of Peter's denials of Jesus as recorded in Matthew's

gospel.

5. Discuss how Peter fulfilled Jesus' prediction of his denials as narrated in the
gospel of Mark.

6. Narrate Luke's account of Peter's denials.

7. (a) Give an account of the condemnation of Jesus by the High Priest.

(b) Describe Peter's behaviour during this period.

8. Are you Messiah, the Son of the Blessed one? Examine the events that led to this
query by Caiaphas, the high priest.

9. Highlight the trial of Jesus by the Sanhedrin in the house of Caiaphas, the high
priest.

10. Examine Jesus' trial by Pilate and Herod who were enemies for a long time.

11. (a) Relate the Lukan condemnation of Jesus.

(b) In what two ways are people denied justice in your society?

12. Discuss how the long-standing conflict between Pilate and Herod was resolved.

Objectives
1. Before the arrival of Judas in Gethsemane, Jesus

a. appealed to his disciples for co-operation

b. prayed for the cup to pass from him

c. warned his disciples against indolence

d. knew that his enemies were at hand

2. According to Matthew, after the arrest of Jesus in the garden of Gethsemane, he

was first taken to

a. Pontius Pilate the governor

b. Caiaphas, the high priest

c. King Herod

d. King Agrippa

3. The prayer of Jesus at Gethsemane shows that

a. He was in severe agony

b. He wanted to escape death

с. He needed the support of His disciples

d. God had abandoned him

4. What allegation was brought against Jesus during his trial before Pilate?

a. Claiming to be the son of God

b. Being a friend of tax-collectors

c. Changing the law of Moses

d. Forbidding people to pay tribute to Caesar

5. The trial of Jesus was transferred from the High Priest's court to Pilate because
a. Jesus lodged an appeal to the higher court

b. the High Priest had no power to impose the death penalty

c. it gave the High Priest the opportunity to reconcile with the Governor

d. the Governor sent troops to stop the trial as a riot was threatening

6. Pilate referred Jesus to Herod for trial because Jesus

a. and Herod were friends

b. did not co-operate with Pilate

c. lived in the jurisdiction of Herod

d. did not respond to Pilate's questions

7. When Pilate asked Jesus, "Are you the king of the Jews?" He replied

a. "My kingdom is not of this world"

b. "For this cause I was born"

c. "The kingdom of God suffers violence"

d. "You have said so".

8. Which question was put to Jesus by the High priest?

a. destruction of the temple

b. accusation that he was the Messiah

c. changing the laws of Moses

d. discouraging payment of taxes

9. What was Peter's reaction when he realized that he had denied Jesus? He

a. tore his garment and fled

b. cursed the Jews by the fireside

c. broke down and wept

d. regretted and fled from the courtyard

10. Herod was happy to receive Jesus for trial because

a. He expected to see signs

b. Pilate and Herod were friends

c. Pilate had communicated with Herod

d. Herod was the ruler of Galilee

Further Study and Discussion

How People are denied Justice
i. Hiring of false witnesses

ii. Adjournment of case, causing delay of trial and judgement

iii. Bribery, as judges demand and take bribes

iv. Falsification of evidence

V. Failure to release judgement as and when due

vi. Rigging of election

vii. Nepotism and tribalism

CHAPTER 17
THE CRUCIFIXION, BURIAL AND
RESURRECTION OF JESUS
(MATTHEW 27:32-66 MARK 15:16-47 LUKE
23:26-56)
(A) CRUCIFIXION OF JESUS
Matthew:
As they were taking Jesus away to be crucified, the soldiers compelled a man,
Simon of Cyrene to carry Jesus' cross. When they came to Golgotha (place of skull),
they offered him wine mixed with gall (vinegar) which he tasted but refused to
drink. Jesus was crucified alongside two robbers, one the right and the other one on
his left. The soldiers divided his garments among themselves by casting lots. An
inscription was placed above his head showing the charge on which he was
crucified, - "This is Jesus, the king of the Jews". Those who passed by mocked him
by saying, "You who would destroy the temple and build it in three days, save
yourself! If you are the Son of God, come down from the cross." The chief priests
together with the scribes and elders mocked him saying, "He save others, he
cannot save himself." They said, Jesus should come down from the cross and they
will believe him. They also said, "He trusts in God, let God deliver him now, if he
desires him, for he said, 'I am the Son of God." The robbers who were crucified with
also mocked him.

At about the sixth hour, darkness covered the land until the ninth hour. About the
ninth hour, Jesus cried with a loud voice: Eli Eli lama sabachthani?, meaning "My
God, my God why hast thou forsaken me?' The bystanders who heard him thought
he was calling on Elijah to save him. Jesus cried again with a loud voice and gave
up his spirit. The curtain of the temple divided into two from top to bottom, also the
earth shook. The rocks split, the tombs opened and many dead bodies of the saints
arose and they went into the holy city and appeared to many people. When the
centurion and the guards watching over Jesus saw the earthquake and the events
that took place, they expressed surprise saying "Truly this was the Son of God!".

Present at the scene of crucifixion were Mary Magdalene. Mary the mother of James
and Joseph as well as the mother of the sons of Zebedee.

Mark:
i. According to Mark, the soldiers took Jesus to the praetorium inside the palace and
they called the whole battalion together.

ii. The soldiers first clothed him in a purple cloak; plaited a crown of thorns and put
it on his head.

iii. They also saluted and called him king of the Jews, struck his head with a reed,
spat on him and knelt down in homage to him.

iv. Later they changed the purple cloak, put his clothes on him and led out to be
crucified.

v. The soldiers compelled Simon of Cyrene (the father of Alexander and Rufus) who
at the time was coming from the country, to carry the cross of Jesus.

vi. Jesus was finally brought to the place called Golgotha.

vii. He was offered wine mixed with myrrh but he refused to drink it.

viii. At the third hour (9 am), the soldiers crucified him and divided his garments by
casting lots to decide what each should take.

ix. The inscription of the charge against him read "The King of the Jews."

x. Two other robbers were crucified with Jesus, one on his right and the other on his
left.

xi. Those who passed by wagged their heads saying, "Aha! You who would destroy
the temple and build it in three days, save yourself and come down from the cross.

xii. The chief priests and the scribes mocked him saying, "He saved others; he
cannot save himself.

xiii. They said, "Let the Christ, the King of Israel come down from the cross that we
may see and believe."

xiv. In like manner, the two robbers who were crucified with him reviled him.

xv. At the sixth hour (12 pm), there was darkness over the whole land until the
ninth hour.

xvi. At the ninth hour (3 pm), Jesus cried with a loud voice "Eloi,
Eloilamasabachthani"; which means, "My God, my God, why have you forsaken
me?"

xvii. The bystanders who heard him thought he was calling on Elijah the prophet for
help and they would wait to see whether Elijah would save him.
xviii. Jesus cried aloud and breathed his last, then the curtain of the temple was
torn into two, from top to bottom.

xix. When the centurion, who stood facing Jesus saw him breathing his last, he said
"Truly this man was the Son of God."

xx. There were many women present watching the events. Among them were Mary
Magdalene, Mary the mother of James (the younger) and Joses and Salome,

xxi. Mark reported that these women had followed Jesus in Galilee and ministered
to him.

xxii. Several other women also came with Jesus from Galilee to Jerusalem.

Luke:
After Pilate condemned Jesus, he released him to the religious leaders; according to
Luke they led him to the place called Golgotha (place of skull) for crucifixion. Simon
of Cyrene was asked to carry the cross by way of helping Jesus. Many people
followed Jesus; among them were women who were weeping for him. Jesus
addressed the wailing women as daughters of Jerusalem and demanded that they
weep for themselves and their children. "Daughters of Jerusalem do not weep for
me, but for yourselves and for your children. For if they do this when the wood is
green, what will happen when it is dry." (Luke 23:31). Two criminals, were led away
to be put to death with him. When they came to the place called The Skull, they
crucified Jesus and the criminals, one on the right and the other on the left. Jesus
said, "Father, forgive them, for they know not what they do". The soldiers cast lots
to divide Jesus' garment.

The rulers mocked him, saying "He saves others; let him save himself, if he is the
Christ of God, his Chosen One." The soldiers also mocked him, coming up and
offering him vinegar and saying "If you are the King of the Jews save yourself."
There was also an inscription over him, "This is the king of the Jews" One of the two
criminals who were hanged mocked Jesus saying, He should save himself and them
if he was the Christ while the other criminal rebuked him saying he did not fear God
because their punishment was justifiable but Jesus was innocent of His charge.
Jesus assured the criminal who rebuked his colleague that he would be with him in
paradise.

About the sixth hour, there was darkness over the whole land until the ninth hour
when the sun's light failed and the curtain of the temple was torn into two. Jesus
cried with a loud voice and committed his spirit into the Father's hand, after which
he breathed his last. When the centurion saw what had taken place, he praised God
and said "Certainly this man was innocent!"

Synoptic Account
After Jesus was condemned, the soldiers led him away to be crucified. Simon of
Cyrene was compelled to help Jesus carry the cross. According to Luke, many
people followed Jesus, among them were women who were weeping for him. Jesus
addressed the wailing women as daughters of Jerusalem and demanded that they
weep for themselves and their children. "Daughters of Jerusalem do not weep for
me, but for yourselves and for your children. For if they do this when the wood is
green, what will happen when it is dry."

Matthew says when they reached Golgotha the soldiers offered him wine mixed
with gall while Mark describes it as wine mixed with myrrh. The soldiers cast lots
over Jesus' garment. Luke also said, Jesus was crucified with two criminals one on
his right and the other on his left. Jesus said, "Father, forgive them, for they know
not what they do". One of the two criminals who were hanged mocked Jesus saying.
He should save himself and them if he was the Christ while the other criminal
rebuked him saying he did not fear God because their punishment was justifiable
but Jesus was innocent of His charge. Jesus assured the criminal who rebuked his
colleague that he would be with him in paradise. They put an inscription over his
head which reads "This is the king of the Jews." When Jesus was on the cross the
chief priests, scribes and the elders mocked him.

Luke narrates that about the sixth hour, there was darkness over the whole land
until the ninth hour when the sun's light failed and the curtain of the temple was
torn into two. Matthew says about the ninth hour, Jesus cried with a loud voice: Eli
Eli lama sabachthani? In Mark's account Jesus cried with a loud voice "Eloi,
Eloilamasabachthani"; which means, "My God, my God, why have you forsaken
me?" The bystanders who heard him thought he was calling on Elijah the prophet
for help and they would wait to see whether Elijah would save him. Jesus committed
his spirit into the Father's hand, after which he breathed his last.

When the centurion saw what had taken place, he praised God and said "Certainly
this man was innocent!" Matthew says "Truly this was the Son of God" while Mark
quotes the centurion as "Truly this is man was the Son of God." The women present
at the scene of crucifixion were Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James and
Joseph thus Matthew while Mark said Magdalene, Mary the mother of James (the
younder) and Joses and Salome.

Significance of Jesus death

1. Jesus' words on the cross signify that his death was within God's plan to save
mankind. The words on the cross show that he was obeying God's will to suffer for
mankind.

2. The tearing of the temple curtain symbolized that unlike in the past, Jesus' death
guaranteed believers' straight access to God. There is neither mediator nor
sacrifice. Thus, the death of Jesus opened to all men a way to God by grace through
faith.

3. Wine mixed with gall would have relieved his suffering by dulling the senses. Also
the wine mixed with myrrh as recorded in Mark's account was a drug to help
deaden the awful ordeal of the cross for those about to die. It is interesting to note
that, when Jesus was born, the wise men brought him myrrh. When he died, he was
offered myrrh. Myrrh therefore speaks of his death. His refusal shows that he chose
death with full sensory awareness.
4. The inscription above him is the accusation of the crime for which he was
crucified.

5. The cry of Jesus was not a sign of suffering but a sign of victory (it is finished).
Jesus won victory through suffering.

6. In the last hours of dying, a prisoner on the cross, had his legs broken to hasten
his death. Jesus was already dead and it was not necessary to break his legs.

7. The centurion made a confession of faith. He acknowledged that Jesus was God's
son. This man came to the light. He was a pagan Roman and had a cruel job of
crucifying men.

Moral Lessons
1. Christians should pray for their enemies even when they are attempting to harm
them.

2. We should forgive those who wrong us even as Jesus forgave his torturers and
those who killed him.

3. They should ask for God's pardon for their enemies.

4. Christians should be ready to accept their faults or mistakes.

5. Christians should bear reproaches and persecutions with patience.

6. Christians should commit all their problems to God.

7. Everyone who repents shall be forgiven like the robber who was crucified with
Jesus. Even the great sinner will be forgiven if he/she shows acts of repentance.

8. Jesus has power on earth to save himself, but he bore all these sufferings so as
to obey his father's will to die and save mankind.

9. Jesus saved us from the death sentence and made possible the free gift of
eternal life

(B) THE BURIAL OF JESUS

(MATTHEW 27:57-66; MARK 16:42-47; LUKE
23:50-56)
Matthew:
When it was evening, there came a rich man from Arimatthea, named Joseph who
was also a disciple of Jesus. He went to Pilate and asked for the body of Jesus. Pilate
ordered it to be given to him. And Joseph took the body, wrapped it in a clean linen
shroud, and laid it in his own new tomb which he had hew in the rock. He then
rolled a great stone to the door of the tomb and departed. Mary Magdalene and the
other Mary were sitting opposite the sepulchre.
On the next day, the Chief priests and the Pharisees went to Pilate and said, “Sir,
we remember how that imposter said, while he was still alive ‘After three days I will
rise again. They then requested that the sepulchre be made secure till the third
day, so that his disciples will not go and tell others that “He has risen from the dead
and the last fraud will be worse than dead.” Pilate asked the Jewish leaders to go
and set a guard themselves to secure the sepulchre. So they went and sealed the
sepulchre with a stone and set guard to watch so nobody goes in.

Mark:
i. In the evening of the day of preparation (the day before be Sabbath) Joseph of
Arimathhea, a respected member of the council, who was also looking for the
kingdom of God, took courage and went to Pilate, and asked for the body of Jesus.

ii. Pilate wondered if he was already dead.

iii. Pilate, after confirming from the centurion that Jesus was really dead, handed
the body to Joseph of Arimathea.

iv. Joseph bought a linen shroud, took the body down and wrapped him in the linen
shroud and laid him in a tomb which had been hewn out of the rock.

V. Finally, he rolled a stone against the door of the tomb.

vi. Mary Magdalene and Mary the mother of Joses saw where he was laid.

Luke:
There was a man named Joseph from the Jewish town of Arimathea. He was a
member of the council, a good and righteous man, who disagree with plan and
action of the Jewish leaders and was also looking for the kingdom of God. He went
to Pilate and asked for the body of Jesus. Then he took it down, wrapped it in a linen
shroud, and laid him in a rock hewn tomb, where no one had ever been laid. This
took place on the day of preparation, when the Sabbath was beginning. The women
at who came with Jesus from Galilee followed and saw how his body had been laid.
Then they returned and prepared spices and ointments.

Synoptic Account:
Crucifixion was very cruel form of execution. Even though the victims are left to die
slowly, Jesus died within six hours. After the death of Jesus on the cross, a young
man with name Joseph from Arimathea, took courage and went to Pilate and asked
for the body of Jesus for burial. Joseph was a respected member of the council, a
good and righteous man who was looking for the kingdom of God; he was a secret
disciple of Christ. He did this, since it was evening and the day of Preparation, and
the Sabbath was beginning.

Pilate after making sure that Jesus was truly dead agreed and released the body to
Joseph of Arimathea for burial. Joseph went with a Linen shroud (burial garment)
which he had bought earlier on. So taking the body down, he wrapped him in the
Linen shroud and laid him in his new tomb which had been hewn out of the rock. He
then rolled a stone against the door of the tomb. Mary Magdalene and Mary, the
mother of Joses who had come with Jesus from Galilee followed and saw where
Jesus was laid. Luke in his account adds that the women went home and prepared
spices and ointments with which they will prepare Jesus' body on the third day since
the second day after the crucifixion was the Sabbath.

Matthew says on the next day, the chief priests and the Pharisees approached
Pilate to ensure that the tomb was firmly sealed and guarded till the third day so
that Jesus' disciples will not go and steal the body and tell others that Jesus had
risen from the dead since this will be a difficult situation to deal with. Their request
was based on the fact that Jesus himself made it clear that after his death he will
rise up again on the third day. Pilate asked them to go and set a guard themselves.
So they went and sealed the tomb and mounted guards to watch so nobody goes
in.

Significance of the burial of Jesus

1. Arimathea, where Joseph came from was a place near Lydda. Joseph was
apparently a member of the Sanhedrin-a counsellor (Matt 15:43). He was looking
for the Kingdom of God. He was a rich man as recorded in (Matthew 27:57). No
doubt during Jesus' burial he bought a fine piece of linen and wrapped him in it. He
offered his tomb for the burial of Jesus to save his body from being further
disgraced as he could have been buried in a mass grave together with other
criminals who were executed by crucifixion.

2. The Romans used to leave the body of a crucified man on the cross, unless some
friends or relatives of his wanted to bury it. According to the Jewish law, even a
criminal body might not be left hanging all night but had to be taken that day. His
body shall not remain all night upon the tree, but you shall bury him the same
night. The burial of Jesus would have to take place before six pm. (Friday) for the
Sabbath started then, and it would not be allowed to remove the body during that
day-the Sabbath.

3. The tomb was probably intended as a temporary resting place until the Sabbath
was over.

4. Only Matthew adds the story of the guarding of the tomb (Mt 27:66)

5. Those who believe in Jesus ought to sacrifice something towards the growth of
the gospel, like Joseph of Arimathea who buried Jesus in his own tomb.

(C) THE RESURRECTION OF JESUS

(MATTHEW 28:1-10 MARK 16:1-14 LUKE 24:1-35)
1. Matthean Resurrection
Matthew records that after the Sabbath; early in the morning Mary Magdalene and
the other Mary went to the tomb to embalm Jesus' body. They realized after their
arrival that the tomb was empty and the body disappeared.
According to Matthew a violent earthquake took place and God's angel came down
to roll the stone at the entrance of the tomb and sat on it. His appearance was like
lightening and his clothing white as snow. This resulted in the fear of the guards
and they fell down as though they were dead. The women became frightened, but
the angel said to them: "Do not be afraid, for he has risen, as he said. Come, see
the place where he lay. Then go quickly and tell his disciples that he has risen from
the dead, and behold, he is going before you to Galilee, and there you will see him."

The women then departed quickly with fear and great joy and ran to tell the
disciples. On the way Jesus met them and they took hold of his feet and worshipped
him. Jesus confirmed the meeting in Galilee when he instructed the women to tell
the disciples to go to Galilee and they will see him there.

II. Markan Resurrection

i. After the Sabbath Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James and Salome
brought spices so they might go and anoint Jesus' body.

ii. They went to the tomb very early on the first day of the week when the sun had
risen.

They wondered who will roll the stone from the tomb for them since it was very
large.

iv. While they were still perplexed, they saw that the stone has been rolled back.

V. The women entered the tomb and to their surprise they saw a young man sitting
on the right side dressed in a white robe.

vi. The young man said to them "Do not be amazed; you seek Jesus of Nazareth,
who was crucified. He has risen, He is not here; see the place where they laid him.
But go tell his disciples and Peter that he is going before you to Galilee."

vii. When Jesus resurrected on the first day of the week, he appeared first to Mary
Magdalene (from whom he had cast out seven demons).

viii. She went out and told the disciples, as they mourned and wept.

ix. Even though the disciples heard that Jesus was alive and had showed himself to
Mary Magdalene, they did not believe it.

X. Jesus again appeared in another form to two men who were walking into the
country.

xi. They also went back and told the disciples, but they did not believe them.

xii. Finally, Jesus appeared to the eleven themselves as they were eating.

xiii. He rebuked them for their unbelief and hardness of heart because they did not
believe those who saw him after he had risen.

III. Lukan Resurrection

(a) Jesus' appearance to the women (Luke 24:1-11)
Luke records that on the first day of the week at dawn, the women went to the
tomb side with spices. They found the stone rolled away from the entrance. They
went in and were perplexed for not finding the body of Christ. Two men stood by
them in dazzling apparel and they were frightened. The men asked the women why
they were looking for the living among the dead.

The men reminded them of what Christ said in Galilee thus, the son of man must be
delivered into the hands of sinful men, and be crucified and on the third day rise.
The women remembered the words of Christ and went and told the eleven apostles
and the rest. The women were Mary Magdalene, Joanna, Mary, the mother of James
and the other women with them. Though they told the apostles about the
resurrection, they did not believe them.

(b) Jesus' appearance to the two men going to Emmaus

(Luke 24:13-35)
On the first day of the week/ the evening of the resurrection, Cleopas and one other
disciple were going to Emmaus discussing the most current event in Jerusalem,
thus the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. Jesus drew near and walked with
them, and joined the conversation. They could not recognize him and were
surprised when he asked them what they were discussing. They asked him whether
he was the only stranger around, unaware of the most current happening. He asked
them what it was. They answered, it concerned Jesus, a great prophet that was
mighty in words and deeds; and how the Jewish council had delivered him to be
condemned to death.

Cleopas expressed the belief that Jesus was the one they had hoped would redeem
Israel. It was then the third day it happened though some of their women had
amazed them with the story of his resurrection Some of their men had however
been to the tomb and found it empty as the women had told them/ but Jesus they
did not see. Jesus called them fools who were slow of heart to believe all that the
prophets had spoken. He said that, it was necessary that the Christ should suffer
and enter into glory. Beginning with Moses and the prophets, he interpreted to
them all that the scriptures had spoken about himself.

When they drew near the village, Jesus made as though he would go further – they
pleaded with him to pass the night with them (for the day was far spent). He went
in with them and, at table; he took the bread, blessed and broke it. And their eyes
were opened and they recognized that it was Jesus. Jesus disappeared from their
sight. They. Wondered how it did not dawn on them when he was expounding the
scriptures to them that they were actually talking to Jesus. They immediately
returned to Jerusalem, told their experiences and the brethren in turn confirmed
Jesus resurrection.

Synoptic Account:
i. After the Sabbath, and towards dawn of the first day of the week, Mary
Magdalene and the other Mary went to see the sepulcher where Jesus had been
buried.
ii. There was a great earthquake, as an angel of the Lord descended from heaven
and rolled back the stone covering the entrance to the tomb and sat upon it.

iii. The appearance of the angel was like lightening and his dress as white as snow.

iv. The guards at the tomb were terrified at the sight of the angel.

v. The angel told the women about the resurrection of Jesus Christ.

vi. He said: "Do not be afraid for I know that you seek Jesus who was crucified".

vii. He is not here; for he has risen as he said".

viii. He asked them to quickly go and tell his disciples that he has risen from the
dead and was going before them to Galilee.

ix. Upon hearing this good news of the resurrection, the women quickly departed
from the tomb with great joy, and run to tell the disciples.

x. According to the account some of the guards were bribed to deny the
resurrection of Jesus, which they did.

xi. The eleven disciples met Jesus at a mountain in Galilee.

xii. When they saw him they worshipped him; but some doubted.

xiii. Jesus came and said to them, "all authority in heaven and on earth has been
given to me.

xiv. Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of
the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit".

xv. Luke, however, reports that Jesus, on the evening of the resurrection, interacted
with two men going to Emmaus.

xvi. They narrated the story of the passion to him.

xvii. Jesus revealed himself to them and then vanished.

xviii. At Jerusalem, Jesus appeared to them all and ate with the disciples to convince
them that he was not a ghost.

Test Questions
1. (a) Give an account of the resurrection of Jesus Christ as recorded in the Synoptic
gospels.

(b) In what three ways is the resurrection of Christ significant?

(PC 2016)

2. (a) Highlight the activities of each of these characters during the crucifixion of
Jesus Christ.

(i) The Two Robbers.

(ii) Joseph of Arimathea.

(b) In what three ways are the behaviour of the robbers significant to Christians?

(SC 2017)

3. (a) Outline the roles women played in the resurrection stories according to the
Synoptic Gospels.

(b) What three roles do women play in the church today?

(SC 2018)

4. (a) Describe the burial of Jesus as narrated by the synoptic Gospels

(b) State three ways in which money is overspent during funerals in the society.

(SC 2020)

5. (a) Give an account of the burial of Jesus as recorded in the synoptic Gospels.

(b) State three reasons for which Christians should cut down on expensive funerals.

(SC 2022)

6. (a) Narrate the story of the appearance of Jesus to the women after his
resurrection as recorded in the gospel of Matthew.

(b) In what three ways is the resurrection of Jesus significant in the lives of
Christians?

(PC 2022)

7. (a) Are you the only visitor in Jerusalem who does not know the things that have
happened there in these days? Recount the events that followed the above
statement.

(b) Identify two lessons that Christians can learn from Jesus' encounter with the
men going to Emmaus.

(PC 2023)

Likely Examination Questions

1. Discuss the crucifixion of Jesus Christ.

2. Trace Matthew's account of the crucifixion of Jesus Christ.

3. Recount the crucifixion of Jesus Christ as narrated in the gospel of Mark.

4. Relate the Lukan story of the crucifixion of Jesus.

5. (a) Describe the roles of Joseph of Arimathea and the women in the burial of
Jesus.

(b) In what three ways was Joseph's action significant?

6. Discuss the encounter between Jesus Christ and the women at the sepulcher as
recorded in Matthew's gospel

7. Outline the resurrection events described in Mark's gospel.

8. (a) Describe the resurrection and appearance of Jesus Christ in Luke's Gospel.

(b) State three lessons that can be derived from this episode.

9. Narrate the synoptic account of the Resurrection of Jesus.

10. Recount Cleopas experience of meeting the risen Jesus on his Journey to
Emmaus.

11. Write short notes on the following in respect of resurrection and appearances of
Jesus:

i. the soldiers

ii. the angel

iii. the women

iv. the two disciples going to Emmaus

Objectives
1. Which of the following asked for the body of Jesus for burial?

a. The centurion

b. Joseph of Arimathea

c. Simon of Cyrene

d. Mary Magdalene

2. The chief priest wanted Jesus to be crucified for

a. blaspheming against God

b. declaring Himself king of the Jews

c. not observing Jewish traditions

d. opposing the authority of the Emperor

3. "Why do you seek the living among the dead?" This question was directed to

a. Peter and John

b. Mary Magdalene and other women

c. the eleven disciples

d. Mary Magdalene alone

4. Who among the following disciples did Jesus appear to on his way to Emmaus?

a. Peter

b. Barnabas

c. Cleopas

d. Simon of Cyrene
5. The executioners divided the garments of Jesus among themselves because

a. of the high quality of his garments

b. they liked the garment

c. Pontius Pilate ordered them to do so

d. the cloths were by custom property of the executioners.

6. Which of the following did not happen immediately after Jesus had yielded up his
spirit on the cross?

a. The curtain of the temple was torn into two

b. Joseph of Arimathea removed his body for burial

c. The earth shook, the rocks were split

d. the tombs of the saints were opened

7. Which according to Luke were the last words of Jesus?

a. "Eli, Eli, lamasabach-thani"

b. "Father forgive them for they know not what they do"

c. "Truly, I say to you, today you will be with me in paradise"

d. "Father unto thy hands I commit my spirit"

8. "He saved others, he cannot save himself". This was said by the

a. Scribes and elders

b. Roman authority

c. Crowd of people

d. Crucified thieves

9. When the Chief priests and the elders heard that Jesus had risen, they offered
money to the soldiers so that

a. the soldiers would give false report concerning the resurrection

b. they would go out to spread the news

c. they would search for the risen Christ

d. The soldiers could prepare for a celebration of the events

10. According to Luke, Jesus' first action at Emmaus was

a. announcing His resurrection

b. breaking bread at evening meal

c. denouncing Cleopas for unbelief

d. vanishing out of their sight

 Further Study and Discussion
1. The role Peter played in the trials of Jesus
i. Peter accompanied Jesus to pray to the Father for strength and courage in
Gethsemane but he slept when Jesus called on him and others to watch and pray
with him for a while.

ii. When Jesus prophesied his death, Peter cut in to say if others would fall away he
would not but he later revealed his weakness.

iii. Peter at the courtyard warming himself denied Jesus when the maid of the High
Priest asked him if he was with Jesus.

iv. Peter again denied Jesus at the porch when the maid told the bystanders that he
was with Jesus of Nazareth.

v. Peter also denied Jesus when the bystanders challenged him that he was Galilean
and was with Jesus.

vi. He denied any knowledge of Jesus, cursed himself and after that the cock
crowed.

vii. He broke down and wept bitterly.

2. Significance of Joseph's action

i. He was a true friend.

ii. He made up for the friendship denied Jesus by his enemies.

It would be sad to allow Jesus' body to be left hanging on the cross till the Sabbath
day as if he was a common criminal.

iv. It would be worse still if the body was left till the Passover night when the Pascal
lamb was being slain.

V. He could not allow Jesus' body to be buried in a common burial place meant for
criminals.

vi. As a mark of faith in Jesus, he had to honour him by burying him in a new grave.

3. The role of the women in the burial of Jesus

i. There were also many other women there looking on from afar who had followed
Jesus from Galilee ministering to him.

ii. Among them were, Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James and Joseph and
the mother of the sons of Zebedee.

iii. There were other women who accompanied him to Jerusalem.

iv. When the body of Jesus was taken from the cross and buried in the tomb, the
women were around and knew the location of the tomb.
 SYNOPTIC GOSPELS OUTLINE
Matthew
1. The baptism of Jesus (Matthew 3:13-17)

2. The temptations of Jesus (Matthew 4:1-11)

3. The call of the first four disciples (Mark 5:18-25)

4. The call of Matthew (Matthew 9:9-13)

5. Demands of discipleship (Matthew 8:18-22)

6. Jesus’ teaching on forgiveness (Matthew 6:12, 14-15; 18:21-35)

7. Jesus at Gethsemane (Matthew 26:36-56)

8. Condemnation of Jesus (Matthew 26:57-68)

9. Peter's denials (Matthew 26:69-75)

10. The crucifixion of Jesus (Matthew 27:32-56)

11. The Burial of Jesus (Matthew 27:57-66)

12. The Resurrection of Jesus (Matthew 28:1-10)

Mark
1. The baptism of Jesus (Mark 1:9-11)

2. The temptations of Jesus (Mark 1:12-13)

3. The call of the first four disciples of Jesus (Mark 1:16-20)

4. Jesus' encounter with Levi, the tax collector (Mark 2:13-17)

5. Jesus at Gethsemane (Mark 14:32-52)

6. Condemnation of Jesus (Mark 14:53-65)

7. Peter's denials (Mark 14:66-72)

8. The crucifixion of Jesus (Mark 15:16-41)

9. The Burial of Jesus (Mark 15:42-47)

10. The Resurrection of Jesus (Mark 16:1-14)

Luke
1. The baptism of Jesus (Luke 3:21-22)

2. The temptations of Jesus (Luke 4:1-13)

3. The call of the first three disciples of Jesus (Luke 5:1-11)

4. Demands of discipleship (Luke 9:57-62; 14:25-33)

5. Peter's denials (Luke 22:54-62)

6. Condemnation of Jesus (Luke 22:66-71; 23:1-12)

7. The crucifixion of Jesus (Luke 23:26-49)

8. The Burial of Jesus (Luke 23:50-56)

9. The Resurrection of Jesus

o Lukan Judean resurrection (Luke 24:1-11)

o Appearance of Jesus to the men travelling to Emmaus(Luke 24:13-35)
 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES
CHAPTER 18
FELLOWSHIP IN THE EARLY CHURCH
I. The election of Matthias (Acts 1:15-26)
After the ascension of Jesus, Peter assumed the leadership of the early church.
Peter proposed to the disciples that Judas Iscariot be replaced so that what the Holy
Spirit had spoken beforehand by the mouth of David will be fulfilled "Let his
habitation become desolate and let there be no one to live in it; and his office let
another take." He said, Judas was once a member of the Twelve and was allotted a
share in the ministry but his position had become vacant and it needed to be filled.
Judas committed suicide after betraying Jesus. His reason for such a proposal was
that it was scriptural.

Peter then outlined the qualification of the successor as one who had been with
Jesus since his baptism and witnessed his resurrection. Based on these
qualifications, two people namely Joseph Barsabbas also called Justus and Matthias
qualified. The congregation prayed for God's guidance in choosing the right person.
After the prayers, they cast lots for them to know God's choice and the lot fell on
Matthias and was enrolled with the eleven apostles.

Application
1. Corporate prayers are very good for Christians

2. Through prayers, Christians seek God's counsel in making important choices that
will affect their destinies forever.

3. We must learn to receive deep insight into the scripture as Peter and the apostles
did by relying on the scriptures to teach them how replacement of Judas Iscariot
should be done.

4. We should avoid taking bribes.

5. Communities have the responsibility of electing the right people to fill vacant
position if they exist.

6. Although human beings make use of their will to vote in elections, it is always
God who chooses the one His heart desires but through human beings.

II. Communal Living in the Early Church

(a) Togetherness in the Early Church (Acts 2:41-47;
4:32-37)
After the arrival of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost, Peter gave a powerful speech and
about three thousand converts were made, and became part of the early church.
The new converts were then baptized. Their life was characterized by a strong bond
of fellowship because they were of one heart and soul. They devoted themselves to
the apostles' teachings and fellowshipping together. Fear came upon them as
wonders and signs were performed by the apostles. Their togetherness was shown
in the practice of joint ownership of possessions/property (i.e. they had things in
common). They sold their possessions and goods and shared the proceeds among
themselves according to their needs, and there was no needy person among them.

Day by day, the Lord added to their number. They devoted themselves to breaking
of bread from one house to another with gladness, generous hearts and sincerity of
mind. They prayed together, praising God and had favour with all the people. The
apostles gave testimony to the resurrection of the Lord Jesus, and grace was upon
them. The rich who had land or houses sold them, and brought the money to the
apostles to be shared. No one owned what he possessed. Notable among those who
sold their properties was Joseph, also known as Barnabas meaning "Son of
encouragement", a Levite and a native of Cyprus who willingly sold his land and
brought the money and laid it at the apostles' feet.

(b) Ananias and Sapphira (Acts 5:1-11)

As many of the Christians sold their properties and brought the proceeds to the
congregation, it was assumed that any member of the congregation who sold their
property should follow the same trend, though people were not forced to sell their
properties. Ananias and Sapphira, in order to enjoy the same praise given to others
who sold their properties and brought the whole proceeds, went and sold their own
property. But with the knowledge of the wife they kept back some of the proceeds
and brought only part and laid it at the apostles' feet.

Peter rebuked them sharply for dishonesty saying, "Ananias why has Satan filled
your heart to lie to the Holy Spirit and keep back part of the proceeds of the land?
While it remained unsold, did it not remain your own? After it was sold, was it not at
your disposal? How is then that you have contrived this deed in your heart? You
have not lied to men but to God.” (Acts 5:3-4) By keeping back part of the money,
he was pretending that he has being generous and that meant lying to God and not
to man.

Immediately Ananias received the rebuke, he fell down and died. The young men
around him carried him and buried him. The whole congregation was afraid at what
happened. When Sapphira, Ananias wife who did not know what had happened
arrived, Peter also asked her whether all that her husband brought was the
proceeds of the land. She confirmed that it was all. Peter equally rebuked her and
she fell down and died so they buried her beside the husband. After the incidents a
great fear seized the whole church and all who heard it.

Significance / Lessons
1. Lying by this couple resulted in their deaths. Christians should therefore be
faithful to God in all their dealings.

2. God is a consuming fire, the consequences of telling lies may be disastrous.

3. When people are honest with God and their fellow human beings, the result is
blessing. So Christians should endeavor to be honest.

(c) The appointment of the seven deacons (Acts 6: 2-6)

(i) A complaint was made to the Apostle about discrimination among believers with
regards to the welfare of the widows (the Hellenistic widows were being neglected
in the daily distribution of food by the Hebrews)

(ii) This problem came up due to the increase in the number of the early church.

(iii) The Apostles informed the brethren that they could not forgo their main task of
preaching the word of God to serve tables.

(iv) What the Apostles said pleased the whole multitude.

(v) They therefore said that competent men should be appointed to be in charge of
the daily distribution.

(vi) And they would have time to engage in evangelism.

(vii) Seven men of good character were to be appointed.

(viii) They should be filled with the Holy spirit

(ix) These men were also to have wisdom

(x) Among them was Stephen, a man full of faith and the Holy Spirit.

(xi) Others were Philip, Prochorus, Nicanor, Timon, Parmenas and Nicola.

(xii) They were brought before the Apostles who laid their hands on them and
prayed for them.

(xiii) This was to signify that they had been commissioned to cater for the welfare
of the widows in the early church.

Moral Lessons
1. Everybody should be treated fairly and equally in society.

2. We should delegate powers to qualified people to enhance development.

3. Christians should find lasting solutions to problems they face in their churches
today by employing people devoid of conflict, discrimination, differences, ethnic
embezzlement.

Test Questions
1. (a) Describe how Matthias was enrolled with the apostles.

(b) State three guidelines churches should follow in appointing leaders.

(PC 2016)

2. (a) Describe the Communal Living of the Early Church.

(b) What three lessons can be learnt from the life of the Early Church?

(SC 2017)

3. (a)Trace the circumstances that led to the death of Ananias and Sapphira.

(b) Indicate three lessons that can be drawn from this incident.

(PC 2017)

4. (a) Relate the reasons that led to the selection of the seven deacons.

(b) Identify three factors that generate conflict in the church.

(PC 2020)

5. (a) How was the problem of discrimination solved in the early Church by the
apostles.

b) State three effects of discrimination in society.

(SC 2021)

6. (a) Trace the events that led to the election of Matthias as one of the apostles.

(b) State three principles which can be considered when electing a Christian leader.

(PC 2021)

7. (a) Describe how Mathias was enrolled with the apostles.

(b) Highlight three ways of ensuring that the right people are elected into office.

(SC 2023)

Likely Examination Questions

1. (a) Explain the apostles' decision to replace Judas Iscariot.

(b) In what three ways are people selected in your denomination?

2. (a) Discuss how the qualities Peter outlined to replace Judas Iscariot were met.

(b) Mention three guidelines that should be followed while conducting elections.

3. Describe the lifestyle of the early Christian community.

4. Describe how the early Christians organized their communal life.

5. (a) Give an account of how Peter handled the dishonesty of Ananias and
Sapphira.

(b) State three effects of dishonesty.

6. Examine the twelve apostles' decision to choose some assistants.

7. Relate the steps taken by the apostles to deal with the complaint made by the
Hellenists.

8. How did the apostles solve the problem of favouritism in the early church?
 Objectives
1. Matthias was elected to take Judas Iscariot's place because

a. Judas had died committing suicide

b. the number twelve must be maintained

c. it was scriptural and the Holy Spirit spoke beforehand

d. the apostles ordered it to be so

2. The first thing the disciples did before selecting Matthias was

a. the proposal of two men

b. praying and fasting about it

c. the singing of hymns of praise

d. the casting of lots

3. The seven deacons were chosen to

a. support the apostles with prayer

b. undertake witnessing in other towns

c. take charge of the Hellenists

d. take charge of the daily distribution

4. The story of Ananias and Sapphira was meant to show that the early church
disliked

a. dishonesty

b. ingratitude

c. unfaithfulness.

d. arrogance

5. The Early Christians emphasized unity for all the following reasons except the

a. survival of the Gospel in the face of stiff opposition

b. establishment of a system of congregational worship

c. practical manifestation of love for one another

d. mustering sufficient people to fight for their human rights.

6. The early church showed that it was not prepared to condone the sin of hypocrisy
and greed with the story of

a. the appointment of Matthias

b. Saul on the road to Damascus

c. Elymas, the magician at Paphos

d. Ananias and Sapphira

7. The last thing the disciples did after selecting Matthias

a. singing hymns of praise

b. praying over it

c. enrolling Matthias with the eleven

d. casting of lots

8. After the disciples have put up two men, what did they do?

a. they prayed

b. they cast lots

c. they sang hymns

d. they enrolled him immediately

9. How many brethren were present at the election of Matthias?

a. 11

b. 120

c. 3,000

d. 12

10. 'Akeldama,' the field where Judas Iscariot died means

a. desolate habitation

b. field of blood -

c. field of revenge

d. field of wickedness

CHAPTER 19
THE HOLY SPIRIT AND THE MISSION TO THE
GENTILES
(A) THE HOLY SPIRIT AT PENTECOST
(Acts 2:1-47)
 I. The outpouring of the Holy Spirit (Acts 2:1-13)
On the day of Pentecost, the apostles were all with one accord in one place when a
sound from heaven like that of a mighty wind filled the house where they gathered.
There appeared on their heads tongues of fire which sat upon each of them. They
were filled with Holy Spirit and they spoke in other tongues as the spirit gave them
utterance. There were many pilgrims from different nations of the world in
Jerusalem that day. They converged together to listen to the apostles but they were
amazed as each heard the apostles speak in his own language. While many of the
multitudes were amazed, some alleged that they were already drunk. Peter stood
up and refuted the charge of drunkenness.

II. Peter's reaction to the charge of drunkenness (Acts

2:14-47)
At Pentecost, the disciples were filled with the Holy Spirit and spoke in tongues. The
crowd around was surprised at what they saw and heard so they asked, "Are not all
these who are speaking Galileans? And how is it that we hear, each of us in his own
native language?" But others alleged that the disciples were drunk. Peter addressed
the crowd that it was too early to get drunk. But it was rather the fulfilment of Joel's
prophecy that in the last days God would pour his spirit upon all flesh. Their sons
and daughters would prophesy, men would have visions and old men dream
dreams. Peter continues his speech "I will show wonders in the heavens above and
signs on the earth below, blood and fire and billows of smoke. The sun will be
turned to darkness and the moon to blood before the coming of the great and
glorious day of the Lord" (Acts 2:19-20). Thus, there would be signs of judgement
but not all will be destroyed. According to Peter, those who would call upon the
name of God would be saved.

Peter said Jesus was crucified by lawless men according to the plan and
foreknowledge of God. But God raised Christ from the dead, loosening Him from the
pangs of death. For the scripture (Psalm of David) maintained that the soul of the
Holy one would not be abandoned in Hades nor see corruption. He said that David
died and was buried, his tomb was still there. As a prophet, David spoke about the
resurrection of Jesus. According to Peter, God raised up Jesus and exalted him at His
right hand. Further, Jesus received from the Father the promise of the Holy Spirit
and poured it on the disciples.

Peter further declared that God had made Jesus both Lord and Christ. The crowd
was cut to the heart and asked Peter, “Brethren what shall we do? Peter asked them
to repent and be baptized in the name of Jesus for the forgiveness of their sins and
they would receive the gift of the Holy Spirit for the promised was for them and
their later generations. Hence, they should save themselves from this crooked
generation. The crowd responded favourably such that three thousand people were
baptized. They devoted themselves to the apostles’ teaching, fellowship, and the
breaking of bread and prayer.

Comments
The Greek word “Pentecost” means “fifty or “fiftieth”, and the day of Pentecost was
one of the three main festivals of the Jews on which every devout adult was to
appear before the Lord God in Jerusalem. The day of Pentecost took place fifty days
after the Passover feast. Pentecost therefore, was the Greek name for the ancient
Jewish Feast of Weeks since it was held seven weeks after the Passover.

The Jewish feasts of Weeks was originally an agricultural festival celebrated to mark
the end of the wheat harvest, and to give thanks to God who made it possible for
the fruits to ripen and crops to grow. It was also an occasion for welcoming the new
agricultural year. However, by the time Jesus was born, the Feast of Pentecost was
celebrated as the anniversary or commemoration of the giving of the law to Moses
at Mount Sinai when the Israelites were on their way from Egypt to Canaan. It was
on the day of Pentecost that the apostles received the gift of the Holy Spirit and
began to speak in tongues to the astonishment of some of those who had gathered
at Jerusalem to celebrate the feast.

The Significance of the decent of the Holy Spirit

to the Church
1. Prior to the Pentecost day, the apostles were afraid; it was the receipt of the Holy
Spirit on the day of Pentecost that gave the apostles the courage and boldness to
preach the gospel.

2. The miracle whereby the apostles spoke in tongues and all the nations of the
world around understood their languages symbolizes the universalization of the
gospel.

3. The Pentecost marked the beginning of evangelism as that was the day the
apostles started preaching the gospel and after Peter concluded his speech, about
three thousand (3000) souls were won for Christ.

4. The coming of the Holy Spirit marked the beginning of the Christian church and
the continued presence of Jesus among the disciples and believers. Jesus is
continually active in all churches who serve God in truth and in spirit.

5. Peter's speech on the Pentecost day, helped in convincing the people that Jesus
was the expected Messiah and this led most of them to repent and be baptized.

6. It is pertinent to note that it was the same Holy Spirit who came down on the
Pentecost day that is still working in the churches today.

7. Through the power of the Holy Spirit, most of the nations that were idol
worshipers with a lot of human practices have been converted by the churches
through evangelism.

(B) MISSION TO THE GENTILES

I. The conversion of Saul (Acts 9:1-20)
After the death of Stephen, the Christians were gripped with fear and as a result
dispersed abroad to avoid persecution. Saul was still breathing threats and murder
against the Lord's disciples. He went to the High Priest and asked him for letters to
the Synagogues at Damascus to seize any Jew who had become a Christian thus,
those who belong to the Way. As Saul approached Damascus, a light from heaven
flashed around him. He fell on the ground and heard a voice saying to him. “Saul,
Saul, why do you persecute me?” Saul answered, “Who are you, Lord?” The reply
came, “I am Jesus, whom you are persecuting; but rise and enter the city and you
will be told what you are to do.” Those who accompanied him stood speechless
because they heard the voice but did not see any one.

Saul was led by the hand to Damascus, he was blind for three days and he couldn’t
eat nor drink. Meanwhile, a disciple of the Lord in Damascus called Ananias was
told to visit Saul in the house of Judas on the street called ‘Straight’. Saul who was
praying saw in a vision of a man called Ananias laying his hands on him to regain
his sight. Ananias objected saying, “Lord, I have heard from many about this man,
how much evil has he done to thy saints at Jerusalem; and here he has authority
from the chief priests to bind all who call upon thy name”. But the Lord said to him
“Go, for he is a chosen instrument of mine to carry my name before the Gentiles
and kings and the sons of Israel, for I will show him how much he must suffer for
the sake of my name. “So Ananias went to the house and said, “Brother Saul, the
Lord Jesus who appeared to you on the road by which you came, has sent me that
you may regain your sight and be filled with the Holy Spirit.” When Ananias laid his
hands on Saul something like scales fell from his eyes and he regained his sight. He
was then baptized immediately. He also ate and regained his strength. In the Jewish
synagogues he began immediately to preach about Jesus as the Son of God.

Significance of Saul’s conversion

1. Saul's conversion changed him from being a persecutor of the Christians to a
defender of the faith. Thus he stopped persecuting the Christians and the Church
had peace.

2. The peace that the church experienced helped the church to grow rapidly
throughout Judea, Galilee and Samaria among the Gentiles.

3. It also changed him from his original devotion of the Law or Judaism to a
complete devotion to Jesus Christ.

4. Saul became a sufferer for Christ as Jesus had predicted.

5. Saul’s conversion bore witness to the reality of the risen Christ and the power of
the Holy Spirit to change the lives of people.

6. God can transform anybody any time, even the worst sinner. We should not give
negative responses to his call.

7. Jesus telling Saul that he was persecuting him meant that what is done to
Christians is done unto Jesus.

II. The plot against Saul and his Escape from Damascus
 (Acts 9:21-31)
After his conversion, Saul remained with the disciples at Damascus for several days.
He immediately proclaimed in the synagogue at Damascus that Jesus was the Son
of God.

People who heard him were amazed since they knew him as a serious persecutor.
They remarked "Is not this man who made havoc in Jerusalem of those who called
on this name?A further remark was made that Saul had come to Damascus to
arrest the believers and send them to the chief priest.Saul was empowered to
amaze the Jews as he proved to them that Jesus was the Christ. The Jews in
Damascus who were against the Christian faith plotted to kill Saul. They kept close
watch on the city gates day and night looking for Saul to take his life but their plans
became known to him. Later, Saul escaped to Jerusalem with the help of his
disciples/converts who lowered him in a basket over the city wall.

At Jerusalem, he tried to join the disciples because he knew he was one of them but
they were very much afraid of him. They did not believe that he really was a
disciple/changed man. But Barnabas took Saul and brought him to the Apostles who
narrated to them how on the road he had seen the Lord who spoke to him and how
at Damascus he had preached boldly in the name of Jesus. Saul was then welcomed
as one of the brethren because of Barnabas testimony about him. After this Saul
went about Jerusalem and preached boldly in the name of the Lord. In the course of
his preaching. Saul spoke against the Hellenists therefore they plotted to kill him.
The brethren intervened and sent him to Tarsus. his home town. Eventually, the
churches in Judea, Galilee and Samaria had peace. They grew and walked in the
fear of the Lord and also with the help of the Holy Spirit the Churches multiplied.

III. Peter at Lydda and Joppa (Acts 9:32-43)

Peter visited the Christians outside Jerusalem in order to encourage them in the
faith. He visited Lydda where he came across a man called Aeneas who was
paralysed and had been bedridden for eight years. Peter prayed for Aeneas and he
was instantly healed. As a result of the healing, many people at Lydda and the
nearby town of Sharon got converted to the Lord.

While Peter was in Lydda, a disciple named Tabitha (Dorcas) became sick and died
at Joppa. She was a woman who was very charitable, always doing good and
helping the poor. They washed the body and laid her in an upper room. The
brethren at Joppa heard of Peter’s miracle at Lydda, so they sent for him. When
Peter arrived he was taken into the upper room where Dorcas was laid in state.
There were widows weeping and showing garments which Dorcas has made for
them. Peter sent all the mourners out, knelt down and prayed for Dorcas to come
back to life. After the prayer he turned to the body and said. “Tabitha, rise.” Tabitha
then opened her eyes and on seeing Peter, she sat up. Peter lifted her up and
presented her alive to the disciples. The miracle Peter performed brought joy, and
many who heard of it believed in the Lord. Peter stayed in Joppa for many days with
a tanner named, Simon.
 IV. Peter’s defense of his role in the conversion of
Cornelius
(Acts 11:1-18)
After the conversion of Cornelius the Apostles and brethren who were in Judea
heard that the Gentiles had received the word of God through Peter. The
circumcision party thus, the Jewish Christians who were still strict in the observance
of the law criticized Peter on his return from Caesarea to Jerusalem saying: “why did
you go to uncircumcised men and eat with them?”

Peter gave a narration of the events that led to the conversion of Cornelius and his
baptizing of gentiles. He narrated to them of the trance he had at Joppa. He saw
something descending like a great sheet, let down from heaven to him by four
corners. The sheet contained all sorts of animals, beasts, reptiles and the birds of
the air and was asked to kill and eat. He rejected the order three times saying
nothing common or unclean has ever entered his mouth. Peter referred to the
animals common or unclean. But he was told each time not to despise what God
had cleansed. Peter also told the brethren, the events at Caesarea in the house of
Cornelius. He said at that very moment three men from Caesarea came to him and
told him that Cornelius had sent them. He was instructed by the spirit of God to go
with them and not to make any distinction. So he went with them together with six
other Christian brothers from Joppa.

On his arrival, Cornelius told Peter how he had seen the angel who asked him to
send to Joppa and bring Simon called Peter. After Cornelius' explanation, Peter
addressed the audience mentioning that God is no respecter of persons, but in
every nation he that fears him and does what is right is acceptable to him. Peter's
address in the house of Cornelius was immediately followed by the descent of the
Holy Spirit on Cornelius and his household and they spoke in tongues. They were
then baptized. Peter then remembered what Jesus told them "John baptized with
water but you shall be baptized with the Holy Spirit." He concluded his defense by
saying that if God gave the same gift to them as he gave the gentiles, he is nobody
to withstand God's decision. When the circumcised believers in Judea heard that
they kept silent. They rejoiced and glorified God because God had granted even the
Gentiles repentance unto life (11:18).

Significance
1. Jesus came for all.

2. Universalizing of the gospel.

3. Peter said, I am also a man. We should not discriminate among people.

4. God does not show partiality. Anyone at all can be saved by Him as it happened
to the house of Cornelius.

5. The good things that we do can bring salvation to our house. The good things
that Cornelius did brought salvation to his house.
6. The gift of the Holy Spirit can be poured on ordinary people.

7. The early church settled a social dispute capable of tearing apart amicably.

8. The conversion of Cornelius convinced the early church to open up to the

gentiles

Test Questions
1. (a) Highlight the activities of Peter in Lydda and Joppa.

(b) Identify two ways by which some pastors are hiding behind miracles to cause
havoc in the society.

SC 2016)

2. (a) Discuss the outpouring of the Holy Spirit on the day of Pentecost.

(b) State three effects of the above mentioned event on the church today.

(PC 2019)

3. (a) But others mocking said, "they are filled with new wine". Highlight
Peter'sreactions to the above accusation.

(b) Enumerate four benefits of the outpouring of the Holy Spirit to the church.

(PC 2020)

4. (a) Narrate how Saul escaped the attempt on his life in Damascus.

(b) Identify three reasons for which people wish with evil for others.

(SC 2021)

5. (a) Highlight Stephen's defence before the Sanhedrin.

(b) State two lessons that can be learnt from the incident.

(SC 2022)

Likely Examination Questions

1. (a) Relate the outpouring of the Holy Spirit on the Day of Pentecost and the
reaction of the pilgrims who witnessed it.

(b) What two ways does God give power for witnessing today?

2. Outline Peter's sermon on the day of Pentecost.

3. (a) Describe the circumstances that led to the conversion of Saul into the
Christian faith.

(b) Mention two examples of the effect of this conversion on the growth of the
church.

4. (a) Saul, Saul, why do you persecute me? Describe the circumstances that led
this Question.
(b) In what two ways did this experience affect Saul’s life?

5. Relate the role played by Saul to oppose the earliest Christian Community.

6. Describe how the plot against Saul in Damascus and Jerusalem failed.

7. Outline the events that took place after the baptism of Saul.

8. (a) Highlight the miracles performed by Peter at Lydda and Joppa.

(b) In what two ways were the activities of the Holy Spirit manifested?

9. Describe the events that took place in Lydda and Joppa which led the people to
the Lord.

10. Relate Peter's reaction to the controversy over the admission of the Gentiles
into the church.

11. Examine Peter's defense of his role in the conversion of Cornelius.

12. Why did you go to uncircumcised men and eat with them? How did Peter
explain this query?

Objectives
1. Pentecost was another name for the

a. feast of Tabernacle

b. Jewish feast of weeks

C. Passover celebration

d. giving of the Ten Commandment

2. Why did Peter say that it is only the third hour of the day when they were
accused of drunkenness?

a. It was still dawn

b. Drinking shops were not yet opened

c. The Jewish fast was not yet over

d. The disciples were not expected to drink

3. Saul engaged in the persecution of Christians because

a. the Christians were unpopular

b. Christianity was a licensed religion

c. he was ignorant of the Gospel

d. the elders ordered the persecution

4. Peter's vision of various animals at Joppa revealed that he should not

a. eat common animals

b. interact with Gentiles

c. regard what God had made as unclean

d. regard all creatures as clean

5. The main focus of Peter's speech on the Day of Pentecost was

a. repentance for salvation

b. the risen Christ

c. the gift of the Holy Spirit

d. baptism of the forgiveness of sin

6. After his conversion, Saul was introduced to the apostles by

a. Ananias

b. John Mark

c. Silas

d. Barnabas

7. "Then to the Gentiles also God has granted repentance." This statement was
made when

a. Paul and Barnabas returned to Jerusalem

b. Philip encountered Bar Jesus

c. Peter defended himself in Jerusalem

d. Judas and Silas were sent to Antioch

8. The disciple in Damascus that God commissioned to restore the sight of Saul was

a. Philip

b. Ananias

c. Peter

d. Barnabas

9. The outpouring of the Holy Spirit on the Pentecost day marked the beginning of
the apostles'

a. evangelism

b. miraculous work

c. intercessory prayers

d. persecution

10. One of the lessons Peter learnt from his Joppa experience is that God

a. was aware of his hunger

b. is not partial

c. would save the desperate

d. would destroy unbeliever

Further Study and Discussion

Ways in which the Holy Spirit influences life of
Christians today
i. Through the Holy Spirit, active evangelism still goes on today.

ii. The Holy Spirit is assisting people to repent from hatred, envy. man's inhumanity
to man, corruption and so on.

iii. The Holy Spirit is recognized as the lonely voice appealing to human conscience
to be more humane and ensure survival of the human race.

iv. In spite of economic declines, the Holy Spirit still provides the church with the
strength to carry on.

v. Through the Holy Spirit miracles of healing are being recorded daily in our
churches and hospitals.

CHAPTER 20
OPPOSITION TO THE GOSPEL MESSAGE
1. The arrest of Peter and John (Acts 4:1-31)
When the lame man was healed the people converged in astonishment and Peter
seized the opportunity to preach to them using the name of Jesus. The priest, the
captain of the temple and the Sadducees got angry at their teaching. This was
because the apostles taught the people proclaiming the resurrection of Jesus from
the dead. Peter and John were arrested and detained in custody over-night.

The next day they were brought before the elders, the scribes, Annas the high
priest, Caiaphas, Alexander and all the high priestly family. They asked the power or
name by which they performed the miracle. Peter, who was filled with the Holy
Spirit, opened his defense by declaring that the lame man was healed in the name
of Jesus of Nazareth whom they crucified but God raised him from the dead. Peter
then referred to Jesus as a corner stone which the builders rejected but has become
the head of the corner and that it is only through him that the salvation of man is
assured. He said, there is no other name under heaven given unto man by which
they must be saved.

The boldness of Peter and John made them to wonder for they assumed that they
were uneducated and common men but they later recognized that they were with
Jesus. The man whom they healed was standing by them as self-evident therefore,
the Sanhedrin could not say anything further in opposition. Peter and John were
ordered out to give them room to take a decision on them. They then agreed to
command them not to speak in the name of Jesus again in order to prevent further
spread of Christianity among their people. Having heard that, Peter and John asked
them whether it is right to listen to man than God. They said they cannot stop
talking about what they have seen and heard. The Sanhedrin extremely warned
them not to preach in the name of Jesus again and were released. Peter and John
returned to the company of the disciples and they prayed together to God for
power to face further opposition and also boldness to continue their witness. They
were filled with the Holy Spirit and continued preaching the word of God with
boldness.

Lessons
i. Preachers should learn to give glory to God for miracles that they perform. This is
because Peter and John did not give glory to themselves after the miracle.

ii. God ought to be obeyed rather than man.

iii. The gospel should be preached boldly.

iv. We should not allow people influence us negatively.

II. Gamaliel's Speech (Acts 5:17-42)

As the apostles continued to spread the gospel by the power of the Holy Spirit, the
high priest and his men got the apostles, arrested them and put them in prison out
of jealousy. There in the prison, the angel of the Lord released them and said to
them, "Go and stand in the temple and speak to the people all the words of this
life." (Acts 5:20). The apostles did exactly as the angel directed them. When the
Sanhedrin met, they sent for the apostles in prison but they were not there. Later,
an informant told them that the apostles were in the temple preaching. They
brought them out of the temple without violence because the Sanhedrin was afraid
of the people in the temple. The high priest questioned them saying, "We strictly
charged you not to teach in this name, yet here you have filled Jerusalem with your
teaching and you intend to bring this man's blood upon us" (Act 5:28)

Peter and the apostles replied, "We must obey God rather than men. The God of our
fathers raised Jesus whom you killed by hanging him on a tree. God exalted him at
His right hand as a leader and Saviour to give repentance to Israel and forgiveness
of sins and we are witness to these things, and so is the Holy Spirit whom God has
given to those who obey Him," (Acts 5:30-32) The response of the apostles enraged
the Sanhedrin and they wanted to kill the apostles.

A Pharisee in the council, Gamaliel, a teacher of the law held in honour by all the
people, stood up and ordered the men to be put outside for a while. Then he
advised, “Men of Israel, take care of what you do with these men. For before these
days Theudas arose, giving himself out to be somebody and a number of men,
about four hundred joined him; but he was killed and all who followed were
dispersed and came to nothing. After him Judas the Galilean, arose in the days of
the census and got some of the people to follow him; he also perished and all who
followed him were scattered. So, in the present case, I tell you, keep away from
these men and let them alone; for if this undertaking is of men it will fail; but if it is
of God, you will not be able to overthrow them. You might even be found opposing
God.” (Acts 5:33-39). The council took his advice and when they called in the
apostles, they beat them and warned them not to speak in the name of Jesus again.
The apostles left the presence of the council, rejoicing that they were counted
worthy to suffer dishonour for the name of Jesus.

Significance/Lessons
1. The arrest of the twelve apostles was one of the greatest threats to the Christian
faith, but God, through the power of the Holy Spirit gave the apostles the power to
defend themselves.

2. God also used Gamaliel to intervene on their behalf. If the twelve disciples have
been killed, this probably would have been the end of the Christian faith but God
did not allow it.

3. This is a lesson to Christians that in time of difficulty, the Holy Spirit always
helped in all ways to ensure they are set free from difficulty.

III. Accusation against Stephen and Defense (Acts 6:8-

9; 7:1-10)
Stephen was one of the seven deacons appointed to see to the welfare of the poor
and needy in the early Christian community. He was full of faith, grace and power
and performed great wonders and signs among the people. Then some of the Jews
who belonged to the synagogue of the Freedmen objected Stephen's message and
begun to argue with him.

In his defense, Stephen said that, the God of glory appeared to Abraham when he
was in Mesopotamia before he lived in Haran. God said to Abraham "Depart from
your kindred and go into the land which I will show you." When his father died, God
removed Abraham to Canaan but he gave him no inheritance in it, not even a foot's
length. God promised to give the land of Canaan to him and his descendants
though he did not have a child. God told Abraham that his descendants would
become slaves in another country and they would be maltreated for four hundred
years but he would judge the nation which they serve. After that, Abraham's
descendants would go out and worship him in the land of Canaan. Stephen
revealed that God gave Abraham the covenant of circumcision. Later, he became
the father of Isaac and circumcised him on the eighth day. Isaac also became the
father of Jacob and he also became the father of the patriarchs.

Stephen also said that Joseph was one of the twelve patriarchs. He was hated by his
brothers and out of jealousy they sold him into Egypt but God was with him and
protected him. God rescued Joseph from all his afflictions and gave him favour and
wisdom when he stood before Pharaoh, the king of Egypt who later appointed him
ruler/governor over Egypt and all his household.
 Significance/Lessons
1. Stephen was killed based on false allegation. His teaching was misunderstood
and interpreted as blasphemy against the temple and the law. Stephen defended
himself insisting that in the Old Testament God was tied to his people wherever
they were and not to buildings.

2. In rushing on Stephen to stone him to death, the people showed that they did not
want to listen to God. As he died from the stoning, Stephen asked for forgiveness
for his killers and God's acceptance of his spirit.

3. The successful arrest, trial and killing of Stephen, encouraged the Jews to embark
on mass persecution of the church and consequently, many of them were killed, but
that did not stop the spreading of the gospel.

4. The persecution of the church made them ran to various places and as they
went, they kept on preaching the gospel and that led to the widespread of
Christianity. An example of this is Philip's action and movement to Samaria.
Persecution is part of the heritage of Christians and they should not be discouraged
by such things; rather, persecution should make them strong in their faith.

5. Present day evangelists should know that the same fate awaits them at all times.
They should therefore pray always for God's guidance and protection.

IV. Peter's release from prison (Acts 12:1-19)

At this time, King Herod started persecuting the Church. He had James, the brother
of John killed and this pleased the Jews so he proceeded to arrest Peter as well
during the Unleavened Bread. Herod imprisoned Peter and four guards were made
to guard him till the end of the Passover when he will be brought to the people and
killed. But the members of the church continued to pray for the safety of Peter.

On the night before the day Herod planned to kill Peter, he (Peter) was sleeping,
bound with two chains between two soldiers with sentries guarding the prison
gates. Then an angel of the Lord appeared and woke Peter and told him to stand
up, when he made the chains binding him fell down. The angel ordered Peter to
dress up and follow him "Dress yourself and put on your sandals." Peter obeyed and
went out following the angel. They passed through the first and second sentries and
they got the Iron Gate leading into the city, it opened by itself and they went
through. When they got to the first street, the angel departed. It was then Peter
realized what was happening was real and not a vision but it was the angel of the
Lord that came to rescue him "Now I am sure that the Lord has sent his angel to
rescue me from the hands of Herod and from all that the Jewish people were
expecting."

Peter immediately went to the house of Mary the mother of John Mark where the
disciples had gathered praying. Peter knocked the door and Rhoda the maid went to
answer but on recognising Peter's voice instead of opening him she run to the
others and informed them it was Peter at the door. They told her she was mad but
upon her insistence that it was Peter, they concluded that maybe it was Peter's
angel. Peter still stood at the door knocking.

When the door was finally opened, they saw Peter and were surprised. Peter
silenced them and described to the disciples how the Lord brought him out of
prison. He instructed those gathered to tell it to James and the brethren. He
departed and went to another place. In the morning, when Herod ordered a search
and could not find Peter, he then examined the soldiers on guard and ordered them
killed. Herod then went down from Judea to Caesarea and stayed there.

V. The death of Agrippa I (Acts 12:20-24)

Herod was angry with the people of Tyre and Sidon so they came to him in a group
and having persuaded Blastus, the King's chamberlain they asked for reconciliation.
This was because the country depended on the king for food and had withdrawn
the supplies.

On the appointed day when Agrippa I was to meet the delegates of Tyre and Sidon,
he wore his rich clothes, sat on his throne and delivered a public address to them.
The people kept shouting. "The voice of a god, and not mortal." Luke says an angel
struck him down immediately, because he did not give the glory to God. He was
eaten by worms and died. After his death, the word of God continued to spread and
gained believers.

Lessons
i. We should not take the honour that is due God.

ii. We should give God the respect.

iii. Anyone who opposes the gospel will surely be punished.

iv. The need to eschew pride, for it brings disgrace.

V. The need to establish good relationships with one's subjects and neighbours.

vi. God is the author of life.

vii. God's power cannot be degraded.

viii. Man cannot compete with God.

Test Questions
1. (a) Relate Peter's miraculous escape from Prison.

(b) State three factors that motivate people to pray.

(SC 2018)

2. (a) Examine the prosecution Peter and John had after healing the lame man.

(b) Mention two lessons that can be learnt from the reaction of Peter and John.

(PC 2018)
3. (a)Give an account of Stephen's defence before the Sanhedrin.

(b) State three lessons that can be learnt from Stephen's defence.

(SC 2019)

4. (a) Describe the incident that made the people of Tyre and Sidon to refer to
Herod Agrippa's speech as the voice of a god, and not of man.

(b) State three effects of arrogance on individuals.

(PC 2019)

5. (a) Describe the circumstances under which Peter was rescued from prison.

(b) What three lessons can be learnt from the incident above?

(SC 2020)

6. (a) Recount the events that took place after Herod Agrippa I killed James.

(b) State three factors that motivate Christians to pray.

(SC 2021)

7. (a) Examine Gamaliel's intervention during the arrest of the twelve apostles.

(b) Discuss three ways of promoting church growth.

(PC 2022)

8. (a) Describe the events that made the people of Tyre and Sidon refer to the
speech of Herod Agrippa I as the voice of a god and not of man.

(b) Outline three likely consequences of arrogance on the individual.

(PC 2023)

Likely Examination Questions

1. Narrate the events that led to the arrest and imprisonment of Peter and John.

2. (a) Explain how Gamaliel handled the conflict between the apostles and the
Sanhedrin.

(b) State three reasons for proliferation of new churches.

3 . (a) Narrate the incidents in which the apostles were saved by Gamaliel.

(b) Mention four types of opposition that are confronting the church today.

4. How did God use Gamaliel to further the course of Christianity in the early
church?

5. (a) Examine how Gamaliel saved the apostles during their trial by the Sanhedrin.

(b) Give two qualities that can be attributed to Gamaliel.

6. (a) Recount the trial of Stephen by the Sanhedrin.

(b) State two reasons why people use the social media to accuse others.

7. (a) Relate Peter's escape from the prison custody.

(b) Give four reasons why it is dangerous to escape from prison.

8. Explain how Herod opposed the early church.

9. Describe the encounter between Peter and Agrippa I

Objectives
1. What event prompted the first arrest and trial of Peter and John?

a. Peter's preaching on the Day of Pentecost

b. False accusation levelled against them

c. The healing of the lame man

d. Peter's preaching about the resurrection of the dead

2. After the healing at the Beautiful Gate, the apostles were not punished by the
religious leaders because

a. they were very courageous

b. the healed person was present

c. they were seen as doing God's work

d. the rulers supported their action

3. When the Sanhedrin saw the courage of Peter and John who were unschooled,
they concluded that the two

a. had been with Jesus

b. were filled with the Holy Spirit

c. had taken strong drink

d. were ordinary fishermen

4. "Dress yourself and put on your sandals". This instruction was given to

a. Peter

b. Silas

c. Paul

d. John

5. In his defence, Stephen made a point that

a. the existence of God depends on the temple

b. God established a covenant with Israel

c. The Jews were for four hundred years enslaved in Egypt

d. Israel always rejected her appointed saviours

6. The reason given for the sudden death of King Herod was that he_

a. did not give glory to God

b. persecuted the Christians

c. killed James, the brother of John

d. was too harsh on his subjects

7. Herod persecuted the early church because he was

a. opposed to the Apostles teaching

b. impressed by his growing popularity after killing James

c. unhappy that the Jewish leaders were not doing enough havoc to the apostles

d. asserting the extended powers granted him by Rome.

8. According to Gamaliel, the man who organized a riot during the census was

a. Sergius Paulus

b. Simon the Cyrene

c. Judas the Galilean

d. Barabbas

9. Keep away from these men and let them alone. This counsel was offered by

a. Pilate

b. Gamaliel

c. Caiaphas

d. Cleopas

10. The maid who was about to open the gate for Peter after his released from
prison was

a. Martha

b. Tabitha

c. Rhoda

d. Mary
 SECTION C
THEMES FROM THE SELECTED EPISTLES
(JAMES AND 1ST PETER)
CHAPTER 21
THE EPISTLE OF JAMES
(A) JAMES' TEACHING ON FAITH AND WORKS
(JAMES 1:2-27; 2:14-26)
I. Concept of faith (1:2-21)
James encouraged the persecuted Jewish believers scattered among pagan people,
that whenever they face any kind of trials they should consider it nothing but joy
because their faith is being tested and the testing of their faith produces endurance
and when endurance has its full effect in their lives they may be mature, complete
and will lack nothing. He also taught that, the one who lacks wisdom must ask God
who gives generously and ungrudgingly and it will be given him. He advised them
to ask in faith and never doubting, because the one who doubts is like "a wave of
the sea blown and tossed by the wind." God however, is not pleased with those who
do not have faith in him but are double minded and unstable, such people must not
expect anything from God. He said the one who asks for wisdom need to evidence
with hope.

James further, states that the lowly brother should boast in his exaltation and the
rich in his humiliation because like the flower of the grass, he will pass away. For
the sun rises and its scorching heat withers the grass and its flower falls and beauty
perishes so will the rich fade away in the midst of his pursuits. James again
revealed that the one who endures temptation is blessed; he will receive the crown
of life which God promised those who love him. Again, when one is tempted he
should not say he is tempted by God for; God cannot be tempted by evil and he
himself tempts no one. One is tempted by his own desire. The desire conceived,
gives birth to sin and sin gives birth to death.

According to James every good and perfect gift comes from the father with whom
there is no variation. He also admonished Christians to be quick to hear, slow to
speak and slow to anger. He said, a man's anger does not work the righteousness of
God. Therefore, all forms of filthiness and wickedness must be put away and
practice meekness, the implanted word that is able to save the soul.

Ⅲ. Relationship between faith and works

(James 1:22-27, 2:14-26)
Faith is not only a belief in God as it is occasionally defined but also a practical
demonstration of one's belief in God through actions. James began his teaching on
faith and works by calling on Christians to be doers of the word and not hearers
only while deceiving themselves. For if they are mere hearers and not doers, they
are like a man who observes his natural face in a mirror, but as soon as he goes
away he forgets what his face looks like. But anyone who looks into/hears the
perfect law of liberty (the gospel of Christ) and not being a hearer alone but a doer
shall be blessed in his doings. Again, he said a religious man must bridle his tongue
otherwise he deceives himself and his religion is vain. According to James, the
religion that is pure and undefiled before God is to visit the orphans and widows in
their afflictions and keep oneself undefiled by the world.

In addition to the faith James introduced, he continued in Chapter 2:14 with a

rhetorical question: "What does it profit my brethren if someone says he has faith,
but has no works?” He stressed that, it is worthless to boast of faith without any
work. He said faith without works cannot save a person. James gave an example of
a brother who is ill-clad and without daily food and one of the brethren says "Go in
peace, be warmed and filled," without giving them the things needed for the body,
then what does it profit? He added that faith without works is dead. According to
James faith must be combined with practical Christian work to produce the desired
results.

James remarked that Christians who have faith but no works are not different from
the devil who believes that God is one, but has no works to show for it. James cites
the case of Abraham and Rahab to confirm his principle that faith without works is
dead. He said, Abraham was justified by his work when he attempted to offer Isaac
as a sacrifice. In this instance, Abraham illustrated that faith goes with works. For
this reason, it was written, "Abraham believed God and it was reckoned to him as
righteousness and he was equally called the friend of God.” James continued by
saying that a man is justified by works and not by faith alone. In the same way,
Rahab the harlot had faith that the spies sent to spy Jericho were God’s people and
she justified it by her works when she received and protected them and later sent
them out on another route to escape from their pursuers. James concluded by
saying that just as the physical body without the spirit is dead, so also faith without
works is dead.

(B) JAMES TEACHING ON IMPARTIALITY (JAMES 2:1-13)

To be partial means to discriminate, to be unjust and unfair to a person or a group
of people. James in his epistle first admonished the Christians not to show partiality
to any one being rich or poor but to accept others as they are equal before God.
They are ambassadors of Christ and profess/hold the faith of the Lord Jesus Christ.
James gave an example of a rich man who comes into their meeting place with gold
rings and fine clothes and the poor man in shabby clothes also enters, they should
be treated equally. If preferential treatment is given to the rich man over the poor
man, then one is guilty of partiality. According to James showing partiality in not
only causing division but also, assuming the role of the judges with evil intention or
thoughts. Therefore, no distinction should be made among Christians because God
does not make distinctions.

James said, God has chosen those who are poor in the world to be rich in faith. He
stresses that the poor are the heirs of the kingdom which is promised to those who
love God. In showing partiality, the poor has been dishonoured. He said the rich
who is honoured and favoured when shown partiality is the one who oppresses the
poor and drags him to court. Worst still, the rich blaspheme the honourable name of
Jesus. So they must recognize that discriminating the poor and favouring the rich
was wrong and totally unreasonable.

James called on the believers to fulfil the royal law which states that “Love your
neighbour as yourself.” He continued that those who commit partiality, commit sin
and are convicted by the law as transgressors. James advised them saying, he who
keeps all the laws but break one, breaks all. To illustrate this, James said that God
ordered Christians not to commit adultery and at the same time not to kill.
However, breaking one of them will make one guilty of violating all aspects of the
law. He urged them to speak and act as those who are to be judged under the law
of liberty. For judgement is without mercy to those who show no mercy. However,
mercy triumphs over judgement.

Significance/Lessons
1. Partiality in whatever form is a sin and punishable.

2. There should not be any form of social distinction in the church. Everybody is
equal before God.

3. Impartiality is a form of righteousness.

4. God is no respecter of persons.

5. Any action based on class distinction or discrimination is very hostile to the

wellbeing of that society.

6. Any offence against the poor is an offence against God.

7. Impartiality retards the growth of the church.

(C) JAMES' TEACHING ON EFFECTIVE PRAYERS (JAMES

1:2-8; 5:13-18)
Prayer is a personal and intimate communion with God; so intimate that it requires
mental concentration and gripped attention. It also serves as a weapon of defense
against the evil one. Effective prayer refers to that type of prayer which God
answers. It is the type of prayer which is accompanied by faith.

James encouraged Christians to be joyful when they face various trials for it is a test
of their faith, because when faith is tested it produces steadfastness. He said that
steadfastness should have its full effect in their lives so that they might be perfect
and lack nothing. James said if anyone lacks wisdom, he should pray to God who
gives generously and without reproach. James said that Christians must repent of
their sins and confess them to one another for God is holy, and does not tolerate
sin. He said prayers must be made in faith without doubting, for the doubter will
receive nothing. He compared anyone who doubts with a wave of the sea that is
driven and tossed by the wind. He emphasized that any petition made to God must
be backed by belief that God would grant the request.

James revealed that God is glorified when people pray for the right things; thus
prayers should be made according to the will of God. James urges Christians to
exercise patience by waiting upon the will and the grace of God. They must pray in
humility for their prayers to be effective. They should also be persistent in prayer
by praying unceasingly till their requests are met. James taught that the fervent
prayer of the righteous has great effect. He gave an example of Elijah who prayed
fervently for no rain and there was no rain for three years and six months. He
prayed again, and there was rain.

James mentioned four situations that call for prayer, as well as types of prayer. He
mentioned the prayer of adoration: "Is anyone cheerful? Let him sing praise" (James
5:13). He also mentioned of petition and intercession: James advised that the elders
of the Church should be called upon to pray for the sick. "Is anyone sick? Let him
call for the elders of the church and let them pray over him. He taught that the
prayer of faith would save the sick (James 5:14). Again, the prayer of confession is
mentioned as well: "Therefore confess your sins to one another" (James 5:16).

Test Questions
(A) Faith and Works
1. (a) Recount James' argument that faith without works is dead.

(b) Mention three benefits of faith to a Christian.

(SC 2018)

2. (a) Explain James' advice to Christians to be doers of the word and not hearers
only.

(b) State two factors that hinder Christians from doing the will of God.

(PC 2018)

3. (a) Recount James' exposition on the relationship between faith and works.

(b) In what two ways can the Christian demonstrate commitment to God?

(PC 2020)

4. (a) You have faith and I have works, show me your faith apart from Your works.

(b) State two ways by which Christians can increase their faith.

(SC 2022)

5. (a) Highlight James' reasons for his advice to Christians to be doers of the word
and not hearers only.
(b) Explain three factors that prevent believers from putting their faith into practice.

(PC 2023)

Likely Examination Questions

1. (a) Discuss James' teaching on genuine religion?

(b) Mention two deeds of faith.

2. (a)Abraham believed God and it was reckoned to him as righteousness and he

was equally called the friend of God. Trace the teaching of James that led to this
statement.

(b) What two lessons can Christians learn from this teaching?

3. (a) How did James prove 'faith apart from works is dead'?

(b) Suggest three ways by which Christians can strengthen their faith.

4. (a) Explain James concept of works in relation to faith.

(b) In what three ways can Christians demonstrate their faith in their daily life?

(B) Impartiality
1. (a) Recount James's advice to Christians on how the poor and the rich should be
treated in the church.

(b) State four reasons why people should not discriminate against each other.

(SC 2017)

2. (a) Outline the reasons for which Christians should avoid discrimination as taught
by James.

(b) State five reasons for which people discriminate against one another.

(PC 2019)

3. (a) Describe how James dealt with the problem of partiality in the church.

(b) Indicate three ways by which partiality is practiced in the church today.

(PC 2021)

4. (a) My brethren show no partiality as you hold the faith of Jesus Christ, the Lord
of glory.

Highlight the grounds on which James made the above statement.

(b) Highlight two reasons for which leaders should not be bias in their dealings with
people.

(SC 2023)

Likely Examination Questions

1. (a) Recount the teaching of James which led to the saying Love your neighbour
as yourself.

(b) Identify two effects of partiality in society.

2. Relate James' teaching on "Royal Law".

3. (a) Give James exposition on partiality in the church.

(b) Highlight three ways impartiality is promoted in our society.

4. (a) How did James deal with the problem of partiality in the church?

(b) In what two ways does the church today fall short of the standard which James
recommended?

(C) Effective Prayer

1. (a) Describe the right attitude to prayer as recommended by James.

(b) State two reasons why Christians cannot pray effectively.

(PC 2016)

2. (a) Highlight James' teaching on Prayers.

(b) State any three factors that make prayers ineffective.

(PC 2017)

3. (a) Therefore confess your sins to one another, and pray for one another, that
you may be healed James give on effective prayer? What other teachings did

(b) In what three ways are Christians misusing prayers today.

(SC 2019)

4. (a) Relate how James addressed the subject of prayer.

(b) State two roles prayer can play in the life of a Christian.

(SC 2020)

5. (a) Discuss the necessary conditions under which a Christian’s prayer can be
answered.

(b) State three types of Christian prayers.

(SC 2021)

6. (a) Therefore, confess your sins to one another and pray for one another, that
you may be healed. What other teaching did James give on effective prayer?

(b) Identify three ways in which Christians misuse prayer today?

(PC 2022)

Likely Examination Questions

1. (a) Highlight Elijah's connection with the prayer recommended by James.

(b) Mention four factors that hinder the effectiveness of prayer.

2. Relate James' exposition on situations that could call for prayers

Objectives
1. Partiality, according to James, is practiced in the church by_

a. neglecting the poor

b. misusing church funds.

c. respecting the educated members.

d. offering service to non-believers.

2. James urged Christians not to be partial to fulfil the "royal law". What is the royal
law?

a. You shall not commit adultery

b. Do good to those who hate you

c. You should love your neighbour as yourself

d. Pray for those in authority always

3. James teaches that the man who shall be blessed is he who

a. hears the word of God

b. knows the law perfectly

c. does the word he hears

d. teaches the word of God well

4. According to James, Christians who are passing through trials for their faith
should

a. quite the faith

b. rejoice

c. fast

d. cry for help

5. For James, there is partiality in the church if

a. we do not have enough seats

b. the ushers do not show people their seats

c. rich people are welcome to the church

d. poor people are discriminated against

6. James says that the prayers of the elders of the church produced results which
include

a. prosperity in life

b. healing and forgiveness of sin

c. cheerfulness in giving

d. confession of sins

7. James recommends the anointing oil of the elders because such anointing

a. prepares the sick for his last journey

b. makes the sick holy and righteous

c. promotes physical recovery

d. ensures forgiveness to the sick

8. To James, a religion that is pure and undefiled before God means

a. using one's tongue freely

b. hearing of the word of God

c. keeping the law of Moses

d. living a life free of stain

9. According to James, what does a sin which is full grown brings to a believer?

a. Pain

b. Faith

c. death

d. disaster

10. James taught that Christians should offer prayers of thanksgiving when they are

a. Remorseful

b. sick

c. interceding

d. cheerful

Further study and Discussion

1. Deeds of faith/How Christians can strengthen their
faith
i. Reading/studying the Bible every day

ii. Meditating on the word of God

iii. Believing and trusting the word of God

iv. Giving to charity

V. Being prayerful, that is praying fervently and frequently for guidance, protection,
etc.

vi. Fasting

vii. Fellowshipping/Regular church attendance and participating in other church

activities

viii. Listening to, and reading the testimonies of other Christians. When Christians
share their testimonies with each other, it brings them up as it also strengthens
their faith.

ix. Leading a righteous life

Χ. Helping the less-privileged

2. How to achieve Effective Prayers

i. By praying unceasingly.

ii. By being humble in our prayers.

iii. By praying with faith.

iv. By doing away with sin in our lives

V. By avoiding empty words.

vi. By asking for the

3. Factors that hinder prayers from being answered

i. Double-mindedness in prayer/unbelief/lack of faith.

ii. Unforgiving spirit.

iii. Unconfessed sins/keeping iniquity in the heart.

iv. Asking for the wrong things/inappropriate motive/focus on worldly desire

v. Not praying according to the will of God.

vi. Lack of concentration.

vii. Lack of wisdom.

4. Four types of prayer Christians could pray according to

James
(JAMES 1: 2-8, 5: 13-18)
i. Thanksgiving / Adoration: It is a prayer that is said to express appreciation and
gratitude for life and things God had done. Jantes said when people are cheerful;
they should sing praises to God.
ii. Intercessory Prayer: This is prayer said on behalf of someone

to a deity. These are said to thank God, to petition Him, or to prevent an impending
danger. James said any one sick should call upon the elders of the church to pray
and anoint him. James also said that, the prayer of a righteous man has great
power in its effects / Elijah.

iii. Supplication / petition prayer: It is a kind of prayer made to present request to

God / a prayer asking for things one needs. James observed that anyone suffering
should pray to God over the issue.

iv. Confessional prayer / forgiveness: a prayer said to admit wrongs done and to ask
for forgiveness. James said, "And if he has committed sins, he will be forgiven.
Therefore, confess your sins to one another."

v. Dedication prayer: This prayer leads one to be committed anew to God to remain
God's children. James urged Christians to pray when cheerful / suffering. Such
prayer brings us closer to God and therefore committed to Him.

CHAPTER 22
THE EPISTLE OF 1 PETER
(A) PETER'S TEACHING ON GOOD CITIZENSHIP
(1ST PETER 2:13-17)
A good citizen is one who is law abiding and who has respect for constituted
authorities. He performs his civic duties and responsibilities promptly to all men.
Peter in his epistle said, a good citizen is he who for God's sake subjects himself to
every human institution and respect them, including the authorities of state. For it
is God who appointed kings to punish wrong doers and reward those who do good.

He stressed that Christians' good behaviour, would put to shame the ignorance of
the foolish men. As men who have been liberated from the curse of the law, a good
citizen or Christian should live as a freeman without using his freedom as a pretext
for evil. But he should live as an obedient servant of God. Besides, he should
respect every man and love the brotherhood of Christians. Furthermore, he should
fear God and honour the rulers and the kings.

HOW TO BE A GOOD CITIZEN

1. A good citizen should pay taxes, rates, levies and electricity bills promptly.

2. He should be law abiding and should have respect for constitutional authorities

3. He should maintain self-discipline, be obedient to the power and avoid making

derogatory statements against constituted authorities.

4. He should join voluntarily organizations such as boy's brigade, boys scout, and
church youth to enhance the improvement of the society.
5. He should take part in public enlightening campaigns to eradicate illiteracy,
spread of communicable diseases, drug peddling, armed robbery.

6. They should avoid gossiping and rumour mongering.

7. He should learn to express his grievance through dialogue and not through
violent demonstration.

8. He must shun membership of secret cult.

9. He must go out to cast his vote at elections.

10. He should avoid engaging in any trade or activity that will amount to economic
sabotage in the country.

11. A good citizen must not be criminally minded and must learn to do the right
thing at the right time and at the right place.

12. Christians should respect themselves and others.

13. Christians should render selfless services to the society they belong to.

14. Christians should show love to the needy. They should forgive others who might
have offended them.

15. Christians should ensure peace and harmony in the society in which they
belong to. They should contribute to the welfare of the society

(B) PETER'S TEACHING ON CHRISTIANS LIVING AMONG

NON-CHRISTIANS (1ST PETER 2:9-25)
St. Peter referred to the Christians as the chosen race when he said: "But you are a
chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, God's own people, that you may
declare the wonderful deeds of him who called you out of darkness into his
marvellous light. Once you were no people but now you are God's people; once you
had not received mercy but now you have received mercy. "St. Peter therefore
appealed to Christians not to conform to the standard of this world. They should
avoid the passion of the flesh and things that hinder their spiritual growth. They
must maintain good conduct among non-Christians, so that in case of false
accusation, people would see their good deeds and glorify God.

Again, Christians are expected to be subjected to every human institution and to

civil authorities. He expressed that God set up authorities to punish wrongdoers and
praise those who do the right thing. By so doing, they would put to silence, the
ignorance of the foolish man. As men who live under the freedom of Christ, they
should not use their freedom as pretext for evil, but as servants of God, they should
honour all men, love their brotherhood, fear God, and honour their leaders. In
summary, Christians should maintain high moral standard wherever they find
themselves.

St. Peter advised servants to submit themselves to their earthly masters. Even
where there is a case of unjust punishment, they should bear it. Christians should
be responsible and faithful in carrying out their duties. God rewards faithfulness,
although men do not recognize it. To buttress this point, Peter cited the case of the
unjust suffering of Jesus as an example. When Christ was reviled, he did not revile
back when he suffered, he did not threaten, but he trusted in God. Christians should
therefore follow the good example of Jesus Christ in all things.

(C) PETER’S TEACHING ON INTER-PERSONAL

RELATIONSHIP AMONG CHRISTIANS (1ST PETER 5:1-11).
Peter exhorted the elders of the church to tend the flocks of Christ with care. This
should be done not by constraint but willingly; also not for shameful gain but
eagerly. Peter continued that they should present themselves as mature Christians
worthy of emulation. The elders should copy the good examples of Jesus the Good
Shepherd. He said when worthy lives are led, they would earn Christ’s crown of
glory when He comes the second time.

To the young men, Peter said they should be humble by submitting to the elders.
Thus everyone should be humble towards one another for God opposes the proud
but gives grace to the humble. For this reason, he expressed that believers should
humble themselves under the mighty hand of God, so that in due time God will
exalt them.

Peter further admonished that Christians should cast all their anxieties on God for
He cares for them. He said everyone should stand firm in the faith and be alert
because the enemy, the devil, is always seeking for a chance to attack. He assured
believers that they can resist the devil with their faith in Christ. Peter encouraged
Christians to endure suffering in such a way that the grace of God would be made
manifest in their lives. Peter finally said that Christian suffering will last only for a
while but their glory in Christ will be eternal.

Test Questions
(A) Good Citizenship
1. (a) Relate Peter's teaching on submission to authority.

(b) State seven ways a Christian can be a good citizen.

(SC 2016)

2. (a) Outline Peter's teaching on Christians' attitude to civil authorities.

(b) State three reasons for submission to civil authorities.

(SC 2017)

3. (a) Highlight the kind of relationship that Peter advised Christians to have with
civil authorities.

(b) Mention three obligations of a Christian to the less privileged.

(PC 2019)

4. (a) Recount Peter's teachings on the obligations of a good citizen.

(b) List three benefits of a responsible citizen.

(PC 2020)

5. (a) According to Peter, what are the necessary requirements a citizen should
have to make him/her responsible?

(b) State three types of Christian prayers.

(SC 2021)

6. (a) Recount Peter's teaching on the obligations of a good citizen.

(b) State three benefits of being a responsible citizen.

(PC 2022)

7. (a) Outline Peter's teaching on submission to people in authority.

(b) Highlight three reasons for which individuals are entreated to submit to
authority set over them.

(PC 2023)

Likely Examination Questions

1. (a) Outline the main ideals in Peter's teaching on good citizenship.

(b) In what three ways can Christians act as good citizens?

2. (a) Discuss Peter's teaching on good citizenship.

(a) Identify three qualities of a good citizen.

3. (a) Examine Peter's concept of good citizenship.

(b) Mention two factors that make it difficult for believers to fulfil their religious
obligations.

(B) Christian Living among Non-Christians

1.(a)Outline Peter’s advice to Christians living among people of different religious
faiths.

(b) State three benefits of living in harmony with others.

(PC 2017)

2. (a) Highlight Peter's reasons for calling on Christians to remain loyal to their
masters in all situations.

(b) List three virtues worth of practice by Christians.

(SC 2018)

3. (a) Highlight the attitude Peter recommended for Christians living among people
of other faiths.

b) State two factors that can make Christians turn away from pleasing God.
(SC 2019)

4. (a) But you are chosen race, a royal priesthood, a Holy nation Outline the
expectations of Peter from the people describe above.

(b) List four factors that prevent Christians from doing the will of God.

(SC 2022)

5. (a) Outline Peter's prescription for Christians living among non-Christians.

(b) Identify four benefits society drives from peaceful co-existence of its members.

(SC 2023)

Likely Examination Questions

1. (a) Relate the responsibility which Peter entrusted Christians living among non-
Christians.

(b) In what three ways can Christians promote good relationship with non-
Christians?

2. How according to Peter should Christians relate to non-Christians.

3. (a) Explain Peter's description of Christians as "chosen race and a royal

priesthood".

(b) Give two examples in a Christian's daily life to support the above question.

4. Describe the behavioural patterns which Peter recommended for the Christians
servants living among non-Christians?

(C) Interpersonal Relationship among Christians

1. (a) Examine Peter's advice to the elders and the youth in the church.

(b) Identify two causes of conflict between the elders and the youth in the church.

(PC 2016)

2. (a) Outline Peter's teaching on interpersonal relationship among Christians.

(b) Identify three factors that may cause conflict among people.

(PC 2018)

3. (a) Outline Peter's advice to the elders and members of the church on their
interpersonal relationships.

(b) Mention three factors that may promote good interpersonal relationship.

(PC 2021)

4. (a) But you are a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation,

God's own people... Explain Peter's exhortation to Christians on the above

statement.
(SC 2022)

Likely Examination Questions

1. (a) Explain Peter's advice for the elders and members of the church in their
interpersonal relationships.

(b) State two duties of a good church leader.

2. (a) Highlight Peter's admonition on the inter-personal relationship among

believers.

(b) Mention three major causes of conflict among Christians today.

3. (a) Relate how Peter expected Christian leaders to relate to their followers?

(b) State any three problems which confront Christian leaders

Objectives
1. For Peter, submission to civil authorities include the following except

a. honouring all men.

b. paying of tithes.

c. loving the brotherhood.

d. living as servants of God.

2. Peter taught that people who disregard authorities would

a. be banished from society

b. lose eternal life

c. be punished by God and king.

d. suffer persecutions in all their lives.

3. The elders of the early Christian communities were advised by Peter to

a. fast and pray regularly

b. wash the feet of their Church members

c. lead the faithful in prayer five times daily

d. lead those entrusted to them by their good example

4. Peter advised Christians living among non-Christians to

a. protect their rights

b. disregard the alien laws

c. live exemplary lives

d. pray for a change of heart

5. According to Peter, God set up the State to

a. carry out appropriate sanctions

b. collect taxes from its citizens

c. cater for the needs of each family

d. ensure the education of its citizens

6. Peter enjoins church Elders to tend the flock of God

a. for gain

b. willingly

c. domineeringly

d. with constraint

7. What advice did Peter give to the elders of the church in their relationship with
the younger members?

a. Work as if being under external constraint

b. Work without a domineering spirit

c. Work with a desire for materials gains

d. Control their flocks with firm hands

8. Peter recommends submission to the civil authority so as to

a. silence the ungodly

b. encourage the believers

c. promote faith in God

d. live as free men

9. A good citizen according to Peter is one that

a. obeys the law of the state and provides for the poor

b. provides social services for the needy

c. obeys the law of the state and fulfils his obligations

d. helps to finance the government at all times

10. Which of the following according to Peter is not a sign of Christian freedom?

a. Giving honour to all men

b. Love of the brotherhood

c. Honouring the Emperor

d. Using freedom as a pretext for evil

 Further Study and Discussion
1. How Peter expected the Christians to behave to civil
authorities
i. Peter expects Christians to subject themselves to civil authority and institutions
for the Lord's sake.

ii. This is because God has set them up to punish wrong doers and praise those who
do right.

iii. It is God's will that doing right, they would put to silence the ignorance of foolish
men.

iv. He also teaches that as men who live under the freedom of Christ, they should
not use their freedom as a pretext/cover - up for evil.

v. As servants of God, they should honour all men.

vi. They should love the Christian brotherhood.

vii. They should fear God.

viii. They should honour the emperor.

2. Examples of Christian daily life/duties of a Christian

i. Service to God and obedience of His commandments

ii. Respect for school authorities/elders in the community/laws of the country.

iii. Acknowledgement of God in everything and giving him all the glory for
achievements and success.

iv. Obedience to laws of the land, thus payment of taxes, dues and others..

v. Assisting security agents whenever possible/maintenance of order in the society.

vi. Visiting the sick and the needy/ praying for one another.

vii. Helping the needy, orphans and the marginalized.

viii. Living a chaste life.

ix. Embarking on evangelism.

x. Contributing generously to church's programmes.

xi. Helping to distribute relief items to victims of flood, famine, fire,

xii. Comforting the sorrowful and the oppressed.

3. Ways to promote good relationship with non-Christians

i. Participating in community development projects with non-Christians.

ii. Contributing towards the needs of non-Christians.

iii. Participating in social activities with non-Christians.

iv. Accommodation of programmes and activities of non-Christians.

v. Acceptance of non-Christians into Christian institutions e.g. schools.

vi. Attending programmes organized by non-Christians.

vii. Educate interaction about other religions.

viii. Showing religious tolerance.

ix. Being well informed about the other religions.

x. Showing good examples/being role models.

4. Good qualities expected from Christian leaders

i. Faithfulness

ii. Hard work

iii. Commitment/ non compromise

iv. Obedience

v. Humility

vi. Selflessness

vii. Patriotism

viii. Exemplary life

ix. Moral uprightness/honesty

x. Religious tolerance

xi. Impartiality

xii. Eloquence

xiii. Being Bold/courageous

xiv. Spiritually minded/ not materialistic

xv. Foresight

5. Problems facing church leaders

i. Problem of handling the youth.

ii. Rivalry between the youth and the elders.

iii. External opposition from the government.

iv. Church finance.

v. Tribalism/nepotism.

vi. Status of women/gender issue/gay marriage.

vii. Doctrinal issues.

viii. Declining faith among followers/backsliding. Greed/materialism.

ix. Disregard for authority.

x. Position seeking.

AREAS FOR CONCENTRATION

OLD TESTAMENT
1. Differences and similarities in the two accounts of creation.

2. Creation of Eve or woman in the Priestly and Yahwist account of creation

3. The dreams of Joseph

4. How Joseph came to live in Egypt

5. Joseph as a ruler in Egypt

6. Moses' encounter with Pharaoh

7. Qualities Moses of Moses or the role Moses played in the history of Israel

8. Qualities of Joshua

9. The behaviour of the children of Eli and Samuel

10. Call of Samuel

11. The discovery of the Book of the Law during the reign of Josiah

12. 1st and 2nd deportations

13. Destruction of Jerusalem (Events or factors)

14. Nehemiah builds despite opposition

15. Factors that led to the fall of Judah / Nebuchadnezzar's attack on Judah

16. Social justice

SYNOPTIC GOSPELS
1. Lukan temptation

2. Call of Levi

3. Peter's denials

4. Crucifixion of Jesus (Matthew, Mark, Luke)

5. Roles played by women in the burial of Jesus

6. Jesus' appearance to the women (Matthew, Mark, Luke)

WASSCE FOR SCHOOL CANDIDATES 2023

SECTION A
 THEMES FROM THE OLD TESTAMENT
Answer at least one question from this section
1. (a) Give an account of the report by the twelve spies sent by Moses.

(b) Outline two lessons that leaders can learn from the mission of the spies.

2. (a) Trace the events that led to the demand for a king in Israel.

(b) Outline three causes of social unrest in the society.

3. (a) Narrate the story of how Ahab displayed greed in his dealings with Naboth.

(b) Highlight three effects of the abuse of power on the development of a nation.

4. (a) Go show yourself to Ahab; and I will send rain upon the earth. Recount Elijah's
encounter with Ahab before the Mount Carmel contest.

(b) Identify two ways in which religious unrest affects the society.

SECTION B
THEMES FROM THE SYNOPTIC GOSPELS AND THE
ACTS OF THE APOSTLES
Answer at least one question from this section.
5. (a) This is my beloved son; with whom I am well pleased. Highlight the events
which led to the statement.

(b) State four traits that Christians can exhibit for God to be pleased with them.

6. (a) Narrate Jesus' encounter with the fishermen at the sea of Galilee.

(b) Outline three lessons that Christians can learn from Jesus' encounter with them.

7. (a) Describe how Mathias was enrolled with the apostles.

(b) Highlight three ways of ensuring that the right people are elected into office.

SECTION C
THEMES FROM SELECTED EPISTLES
Answer one question only one from this section.
8.(a) My brethren show no partiality as you hold the faith of Jesus Christ, the Lord of
glory.

Highlight the grounds on which James made the above statement.

(b) Highlight two reasons for which leaders should not be bias in their dealings with
people.
9.(a) Outline Peter's prescription for Christians living among non-Christians.

(b) Identify four benefits society drives from peaceful co-existence of its members.

WASSCE FOR PRIVATE CANDIDATES 2023

SECTION A
THEMES FROM THE OLD TESTAMENT
Answer at least one question from this section
1. (a) Outline how Pharaoh's dreams led to Joseph attaining the height of second in
command in Egypt.

(b) What two traits of Joseph are worthy of emulation for your life?

2. (a) Recount how Rehoboam was unable to preserve his royal lineage.

(b) Identify two problems facing modern day governance with reference to
challenges Rehoboam's kingship faced.

3. (a) Give an account of the fall of Solomon in relation to his moral choices.

(b) Highlight three lessons that people placed in authority can learn from Solomon's
moral choices.

4. (a) Proclaim a fast and set Naboth on high among the people; Outline the events
that surrounded this statement.

(b) Identify four acts of injustice in our society today.

SECTION B
THEMES FROM THE SYNOPTIC GOSPELS AND THE
ACTS OF THE APOSTLES
Answer at least one question from this section.
5. (a) Narrate the story of how the first three disciples were called as recorded in
the Gospel of Luke.

(b) Outline three ways by which people are called by God to do His work.

6. (a) Are you the only visitor in Jerusalem who does not know the things that have
happened there in these days? Recount the events that followed the above
statement.

(b) Identify two lessons that Christians can learn from Jesus’ encounter with the
men going to Emmaus.

7. (a) Describe the events that made the people of Tyre and Sidon refer to the
speech of Herod Agrippa 1 as the voice of a god and not of man.
(b) Outline three likely consequences of arrogance on the individual.

SECTION C
THEMES FROM SELECTED EPISTLES
Answer one question only one from this section.
8. (a) Highlight James' reasons for his advice to Christians to be doers of the word
and not hearers only.

(b) Explain three factors that prevent believers from putting their faith into practice.

9. (a) Outline Peter's teaching on submission to people in authority.

(b) Highlight three reasons for which individuals are entreated to submit to
authority set over them.