Submitted in partial fulfillment of the

Requirement for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

CIVIL ENGINEERING
By
Aaditya Kumar Jha
Under the guidance of

RUDRA CIVIL BUILDERS & CONSULTANTS

(July 1st 2024 to August 5th 2024)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY

QUANTUM UNIVERSITY, ROORKEE

 CANDIDATE’s DECLARATION

I “Aaditya Kumar Jha ” here by declare that I have undertaken 4 weeks industrial

training at RUDRA CIVIL BUILDERS & CONSULTANTS PVT.LTD. during a

period of 01.07.2024 to 05.08.2024 in partial fulfillment of requirements for the award

of degree of B.tech (Civil Engineering) at QUANTUM UNIVERSITY, ROORKEE.

The work which is being presented in the training report titled “BUILDING

CONSTRUTION” submitted to Department of Civil Engineering at QUANTUM

UNIVERSITY, ROORKEE is an authentic record of training work.

Signature of the Student

Internship Coordinator Head of the Department

Mr. Vishal Parmar Mr. Karan Babbar

Assistant Professor Assistant Professor & Coordinator

Dept. of Civil Engineering Dept. of Civil Engineering

Quantum University, Roorkee Quantum University, Roorkee

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First, I would like to thanks Mr. SUNIL the director of RUDRA CIVIL
BUILDERS & CONSULTANTS PVT.LTD.

I also would like all the people that worked along with me RUDRA CIVIL
BUILDERS & CONSULTANTS PVT.LTD. With their patience and
openness, they created an enjoyable working environment. It is indeed with
a great sense of pleasure and immense sense of gratitude that I acknowledge
the help of these individuals.

I am highly indebted to Dr. Manish Sharma the director of Quantum

School of Technology for the facilities provided to accomplish the
internship.

I would like to thank my head of the department Mr. Karan Babbar for his
constructive criticism throughout my internship.

I would like to thank Mr. Vishal Parmar department internship

coordinator for their support and advice to get and complete internship in
above said organization.

I am extremely grateful to my department staff members and friends who

helped me in successful completion of this internship.

Puspa Kumari Bohara

2301310016
 WEEKLY OVERVIEW OF INTERNSHIP ACTIVITIES

WEEK NAME OF THE TOPIC/MODULE COMPLETED

Observing and assisting in clearing the site of debris and

vegetation.
1st week
Learning and assisting in marking the layout as per the
blueprint.
Introduction to various excavation and construction
equipment.
Assisting in trenching activities for foundation.
2nd week Understanding the process of concrete curing
Learning about various quality checks for foundation work.

Quality assessment skills.

3rd week Assisting in the leveling process of the site.

Participating in soil sample collection and analysis.

Understanding & implementing safety measures on site.

4th week Assisting in documenting the construction process.

Participating in a comprehensive project review with the

team.
 A REPORTON

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
TRAINING REPORT

CONTENTS

TOPIC Page No

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

CHAPTER 2 ABOUT PROJECT 2

CHAPTER 3 BUILDING MATERIAL 3-6

3.1 Sand 3
3.1.1 Types of Sand 4
3.2 Aggregate 5
3.2.1 Types of aggregate 5
3.3 Reinforcement steel 5
3.3.1 Lap length 6
3.3.2 Anchorage Length 6
3.3.3 Cover Block 6

CHAPTER 4 SHUTTERING 7-8

4.1 Advantage 7
4.2 Dis-advantage 8

CHAPTER 5 CURING 9-10

5.1 Method of curing 9
5.1.1 Wall 9
5.1.2 Slab 9
5.1.3 Beam & Columns 9

CHAPTER 6 FOUNDATION 11-12

6.1 Raft or Mat foundation 11

CHAPTER 7 SLAB 13-15

7.1 Types of slab 13
7.1.1 One way slab 13
7.1.2 Two way slab 14
CHAPTER 8 WALLS AND MISSIONARY 16-20
8.1 Types of retaining wall 16
8.1.1 Gravity Retaining wall 17
8.1.2 Sheet pile retaining wall 18
8.1.3 Cantilevered retaining wall 19
8.1.4 Anchored retaining wall 20

CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION 21
 CHAPTER-1

1 . INTRODUCTION

The building is defined as any structure what so ever purpose and of

whatsoever materials constructed and ever part there of whether used as human
habitation or not for this practical training.
I reported at Haripurwa Municipality-9, Sarlahi at Construction by crescent
construction company in response to Mr. Sunil (General Manager) dated 06.12.2023.
In connection with same, I have reported to Mr. Prateek (General Manager) at
Samahi housing board Sarlahi furthers ordered me to join project site. The site
incharge Mr. Nisar Ahmed meet me at the site and gives me brief introduction of
this project as under.

1
 CHAPTER-2

2. ABOUT PROJECT
I did this project in a construction company.

This project has the following features:

Location : Haripurwa 9,Sarlahi
Construction Company : Crescent construction co
Cost of the Project : 100 crore rupees

The building is fully naturally air-conditioned. It have fire detection system and fire
fighting system and escape way in the carious condition. This building is earth quack
resistance. It has both staircase and man lift.

2
 CHAPTER-3

3. BUILDING MATERIAL:-

A building structure is composed of different types of the material these materials

are either called as building material. The material use in the building on basis of
the avaibility and cost. For construct a building the essential building material are
as follow:
Cement
The cement often called the magic power is a fine ground material consisting of
compound of lime ,silica alumina and iron. When mixed with water it forms a
paste which hardened and bind the aggregates (sand, gravel, crushed rock, etc)
together to form a durable mass called the Concrete. Cement is the binder that
holds concrete and mortars together. Which is why it play the most critical role in
giving strength and durability to your building. Cement uses for domestic building
such as home are basically of Two types.

1)Portland Pozzolana Cement

2)Ordinary Portland Cement

3.1 Sand

These are cohesion less aggregates of either, rounded sub rounded, angular, sub
angular or flat fragments of more or less unaltered rock of minerals consisting of
90% of particles of size greater than 0.06 mm and less than 2 mm. Alternatively,
these are coarse grained cohesion less particles of silica derived from the
disintegration of rock. These are of three types:

Coarse sand: It is one which contains 90% of particles of size greater than 0.6 mm
and less than 2 mm.
Medium sand: It is one, which contains 90% of particles of particles size greater
than 0.2 mm and less than 0.6 mm.
Fine sand: It is one, which contains 90% of particles of size greater than 0.06 mm
and less than 0.2 mm.

3
COMPUTRIZED CONCRETE MIX PLANT

4
3.2 AGGREGATE
‘Aggregates’ is a general term applied to those inert (that chemically inactive)
material, which when bounded together by cement, form concrete. Most
aggregates used in this country are naturally occurring aggregates such assand,
crushed rock and gravel.

Aggregates for concrete are divided into three categories:

Fine Aggregates: Most of which passes through 4.75 mm I.S. sieve

and retained on 150 micron.
• Coarse Aggregates: Most of which passes through 63 mm I.S. sieve
and retained on 4.75 micron
• All in Aggregate: Mixed aggregate, as it comes from the pit or
riverbed. It is some times used for unimportant work without
separating into different sizes.

3.3 REINFORCEMENT STEEL:-

RCC stands for reinforced cement concrete. To enhance the load carrying
capacity of the concrete it is reinforced with steel bars of different diameters provided
in an appropriate manner. Such concrete is called reinforced concrete and the bars are
called the reinforcement. These bare are provided at various locations to resist the
internal forces which are developed due to the loads acting on the structure.

Reinforcing steel contributes to the tensile strength of the concrete. Concrete has
low tensile, but high compressive strength. The tensile deficiency is compensated by
reinforcing the concrete mass through insertion of plain or twisted mild steel bars.
Both branded and unbranded bars are available. It is wise to buy good brands the
names of which are marked on the steel. During construction make sure that steel
reinforcement is provided exactly as the engineering design specification.

3.3.1 LAP LENGTH

Lap length is the length overlap of bars tied to extend the reinforcement length.. Lap
length about 50 times the diameter of the bar is considered safe. Laps of neighboring
bar lengths should be staggered and should not be provided at one level/line. At one
cross section, a maximum of 50% bars should be lapped. In case,required lap length
is not available at junction because of space and other

5
constraints, bars can be joined with couplers or welded (with correct choice of method
of welding).

3.3.2 ANCHORAGE LENGTH

This is the additional length of steel of one structure required to be inserted in other
at the junction. For example, main bars of beam in column at beam columnjunction,
column bars in footing etc. The length requirement is similar to the lap length
mentioned in previous question or as per the design instructions

3.3.3 COVER BLOCK

Cover blocks are placed to prevent the steel rods from touching the shuttering plates
and there by providing a minimum cover and fix the reinforcements as per the design
drawings. Sometimes it is commonly seen that the cover gets misplaced during the
concreting activity. To prevent this, tying of cover with steel bars using thin steel
wires called binding wires (projected from cover surface and placed during making
or casting of cover blocks) is recommended. Covers should bemade of cement
sand mortar (1:3). Ideally, cover should have strength similar tothe surrounding
concrete, with the least perimeter so that chances of water to penetrate through
periphery will be minimized. Provision of minimum covers as per the Indian
standards for durability of the whole structure should be ensured.

6
 CHAPTER-4

4 SHUTTERING

A fresh concrete is in a plastic state,when it is placed for construction purpose ,so it

become necessary to provide some temprorary structure to confine and support the
concrete ,till it gains sufficient strength for self supporting this temprory structure
known as shuttering.

The shuttering which is used on the construction site is mi van shuttering which is
import from malasiya
1) Mi van shuttering is an engineering shuttering other engg. shutterings are
mescon ,tie wall.
2) It is an aluminium alloy a shuttering
3) Its specific gravity is 2.6.
4)Its cost is 10,000rup./sq. meter

ADVANTAGE AND DIS ADVANTAGE OF MI VAN SHUTTERING

4.1 ADVANTAGE
1) This shuttering is used for fast construction .
2) It is easily handleable because its specific gravity is low 2.6 so it is light
weight .
3) It is easily adjustable .
4) This shuttering provides good finishing for wall and roofs .

4.2 DISADVANTAGE
1) This shuttering is costly than other convential shuttering .
2) This shuttering is unique for particular type of building it can not be used for
multipurpose .

3) It is used for completely reinforced concrete structure there is no use of bricks .

4)Concrete structure not provide better heat insulation.

7
.

MI VAN SHUTTERING

8
 CHAPTER-5

5 CURING:-
The term ‘curing’ is used to include maintenance of a favorable environment for the
continuation of chemical reactions, i.e. retention of moisture within, or supplying
moisture to the concrete from an external source and protection against extremes of
temperature

Following are the methods for curing different building parts:-

5.1 Walls - Water should be sprinkled from the top such that it covers the whole
areaof the wall and it should be remain wet.

5.2 Slab - Pounding should be done on the slab by constructing bunds of mortar

5.3 Beams and columns - The beams and columns can be maintained wet by tying
gunny bags around the periphery and by maintaining it wet always.

Pounding, continuous sprinkling, covering with wet cloth, cotton mats or similar
materials, Curing should be started just after the surfaces begin to dry. Normally 7
to 14 days curing is considered adequate.For fast curing we can also used steam
curing.

9
CURING OF ROOF

10
 CHAPTER-6

6. FOUNDATION

❖ The foundation of the building should be so planned and the lay out of
the foundation should be on the ground should be correct in the
measurement.
❖ Should not place the concrete in the foundation before checked by the
Engineer-in charge.
❖ If building has the basement more than two raft foundations should be
In the P.C.C. it should be in the ratio of 1:4:8 and 75 mm thick 75 mm
projected beyond raft foundation.
❖ The concrete provided in the raft foundation should be M-25
Grade confirming to IS 456.
❖ The design and thickness of the raft foundation provided by the Soil
testing

6.1 The foundation used on construction site is raft foundation:-

❖ Raft is a combined footing that covers the entire area beneath the
structure and support all the walls and coloums .
❖ Raft foundation is provided where allowable soil pressure is low or the
building loads are heavy (mainly for multistorey buildings).
❖ Raft foundation is provided where diffrential settlement is difficult to
control.
❖ Raft is design on the basis of if centre of gravity of load is coincide
with the centroid of the raft than no deffrential settlement would occur.

11
TOP VIEW OF RAFT FOUNDATION

12
 CHAPTER-7

7 Slab:
Slabs are of two types
1)one way slab and
2)two way slab
If the length by width ratio of the slab is equal or more than 2 than the slab
provided is one way slab
If the length by width ratio of the slab is less than 2 than the slab provided is two
way slab.

7.1 ONE WAY SLAB

There are two types of reinforcement provided in the one way slab the main
reinforcement (longitudinal reinforcement )other is transverse reinforcement also
called distribution reinforcement is provided in direction to the right angle to the
span of slab.
The transverse reinforcement is provided to serve the following purpose:-
1)It distribute the effect of point load on the slab more evenly and uniformly.
2)it distribute the shrinkage and temperature cracks more evenly.
3) it keeps the main reinforcement in position.

The amount of transverse reinforcement may vary from a minimum of 0.15% of

gross concrete area for ordinary slab to 0.3% for bridges slabs or for slab where
temperature variations are high.

The maximum diameter of the reinforcement shall not exceed one eigth of total
thickness of the slab.
❖ As per IS456 at least one third of the maximum positive reinforcement should
extend along the same face of the slab into the support to a length equal to
Ld/3.
❖ The bars should be bent up at the distance of L/7 from the centre of support.
❖ The other popular scheme to bent up the bars is l/7 from the face of the
support.

13
 ONE WAY SLAB

7.2 TWO WAY SLAB

When the slab supported on all the four edges and when the ratio of long span to
short span is less than 2 bending of the reinforcement take place along both the
spans such a slab is known as two way slab or a slab spanning in two directions.

The maximum bending moment and deflection for such a slab is much smaller than
that of one way slab and hence a thinner slab is required.

However reinforced has to be provided in both the directions when such a slab is
loaded the corners get lifted up if the corners are held down by the fixidity at the
wall support the bending moment and deflections are further reduced thus
requiring still thinner slab.
In that case special torsional reinforcement at the corners should be provided to
check the cracking of the corners.

14
TWO WAY SLAB

15
 CHAPTER - 8

8 Walls and missionary

8.1 Types of retaining wall

1. Gravity retaining walls

2. Sheet pile retaining walls
3. Cantilevered retaining walls
4. Anchored retaining wall

8.1.1 Gravity retaining walls-: Gravity walls depend on their mass (stone, concrete
or other heavy material) to resist pressure from behind and may have a 'batter' setback
to improve stability by leaning back toward the retained soil. For short landscaping
walls, they are

Fig.1.1 Gravity retaining walls

16
Often made from mortarless stone or segmental concrete units (masonry
units).Dry-stacked gravity walls are somewhat flexible and do not require a rigid
footing in frost areas.Earlier in the 20th century, taller retaining walls were often
gravity walls made from large masses of concrete or stone. Today, taller retaining
walls are increasingly built as composite gravity walls such as: geosynthetics such
as geocell cellular confinement earth retention or with precast facing; gabions
(stacked steel wire baskets filled with rocks); crib walls (cells built up log cabin
style from precast concrete or timber and filled with granular material); or soil-
nailed walls (soil reinforced in place with steel and concrete rods).

3.4.1.1 Sheet pile retaining walls-:Sheet pile retaining walls Sheet pile retaining
walls are usually used in soft soils and tight spaces. Sheet pile walls are made out of steel,
vinyl or wood planks which are driven into the ground. For a quick estimate the material is
usually driven 1/3 above ground, 2/3 below ground, but this may be altered depending on
the environment. Taller sheet pile walls will need a tie-back anchor, or "dead-man" placed
in the soil a distance behind the face of the wall, that is tied to the wall, usually by a cable
or a rod. Anchors are then placed behind the potential failure plane in the soil.

17
 Fig.2. Sheet pile retaining walls

3.4.1.2 Cantilevered retaining walls-: are made from an internal stem of steel-
reinforced, cast-in- place concrete or mortared masonry (often in the shape of an inverted
T). These walls cantilever loads (like a beam) to a large, structural footing, converting
horizontal pressures from behind the wall to vertical pressures on the ground below.
Sometimes cantilevered walls are buttressed on the front, or include a counterfort on the
back, to improve their strength resisting high loads.

18
 Fig.3. Cantilevered retaining walls

3.4.1.3 Anchored retaining wall-:An anchored retaining wall can be constructed in

any of the aforementioned styles but also includes additional strength using cables or other
stays anchored in the rock or soil behind it. Usually driven into the material with boring,
anchors are then expanded at the end of the cable, either by mechanical means or often by
injecting pressurized concrete, which expands to form a bulb in the soil. Technically
complex, this method is very useful where high loads are expected, or where the wall itself
has to be slender and would otherwise be too weak.

19
Fig.4.Types of retaining wall

20
 CHAPTER-9

9 CONCLUSION

The training undergone was highly lucrative. Because of the training I took
cognizance of lot of things like high rise buildings, low rise buildings, foundations,
quality control, etc.

It proved to be a very good link between bookish knowledge and practical

application. Thus, in a nutshell it was a very rich learning experience for me. I
would again like to thank sunil and prateek sir. For providing a euphoric training,
all the other officers who were involved in this training for making it par
excellence.

21