CHAPTER- I- INTRODUCTION TO GENDER SENSITISATION

1.1. INTRODUCTION

According to the Indian constitution, all Indian citizens, regardless of caste, creed, or
gender, must have access to equality, justice, liberty, and fraternity. Every girl and
woman in India is given equal freedom in all areas of life by the constitution. The terms
used in the constitution's preamble are relevant to all citizens and are not gender
specific. Equal compensation for equal work is guaranteed to both men and women
under Article 39(a). According to Article 51(e), all actions that diminish women's respect
and dignity must be stopped. Despite the equal rights and freedoms guaranteed by our
constitution, women and girls continue to face discrimination. Although women play a
crucial role in every culture, they do not have an equal proportion of males in terms of
education, work, health, and political engagement across the nation. In many regions of
our nation, giving birth to a girl is still frowned upon. A girl's parents deny her the
opportunity to get a lot of love and care.

Despite the fact that biological processes do not distinguish between men and women,
women are socially viewed as weak, in need of protection, and therefore as inferior to
males (Barodia, 2015). As a result, gender is a social construct rather than a
physiological one, referring to a collection of characteristics that are traditionally
classified as masculine and feminine. It alludes to roles, attitudes, and emotions that are
socially constructed and considered suitable for both men and women. These traits and
duties can be altered and differ from society to society. The development of these traits
is greatly impacted by a person's daily activities, including their peer group, school,
society, and media outlets. Whether a person is born male or female, they are educated
to conform to gender-specific standards and behaviours. Gender discrimination results
from both sexes adopting particular positions. In actuality, society has viewed girls as
inferior and helpless since the beginning. They are supposed to portray a submissive
and less affluent position than males from an early age. Discrimination against girls
starts before they are born and persists throughout their entire lives.
Discrimination is an immoral, unethical & unfairly behavioural practice of an individual &
group of individuals. The presence of gender discrimination is not only confined to any
particular country or state but also is in line with what is happening on the global scene
regarding this aspect. The major causes of gender discrimination underlying are higher
illiteracy rates among women, societal norms and customs and lack of awareness about
various schemes.

The 2021 Census indicates that the literacy rate for men is 82.14%, while the rate for
women is 65.46%. In India, women's literacy rates are extremely low when compared to
men's. One of the main causes of the gender prejudice that still exists in our nation is
the lack of education for girls. Because they still believe that their daughters must work
from home and assist their mothers with household duties, parents are hesitant to send
them to school. One of the main causes of the pervasive gender discrimination in India
is the socially established norms and conventions.

Women are nonetheless constrained by social norms and traditions in the majority of
the nation. The majority of Indian communities still adhere to the old patriarchal family
structure, which has limited women's roles to the home. Men are tasked with protecting
the family and taking care of the financial demands, while women are expected to take
care of the household chores and family needs. Men have dominated women since the
beginning of time, which has caused women's place in society to decline. The gender of
the featus is tested because people's conventional thinking is still common. People's
gloomy outlook is to blame for women's falling social status, which in turn fuels gender
discrimination. The other fundamental cause of gender discrimination in India is a lack
of knowledge about the several programs and laws designed to address gender
disparity. The Indian government has developed a number of programs, such as Ladli,
"beti bachao beti padhao, sukanya samridhi yojna, One Stop Centre," etc., to reduce
the gender imbalance that currently exists. The purpose of "Beti Bachao Beti Padhao" is
to guarantee the involvement and education of girls and to avoid gender-biased sex-
selective abortion. The purpose of the "One Stop Centre Scheme" is to offer women
who have experienced violence help and aid, as well as psycho-social support.

Increased discrimination is also a result of people's ignorance of the many advantages

and features of these programs. In many areas of our nation, gender-based
discrimination persists despite all of the government's efforts. Due to illiteracy, Hindu
beliefs, and women's economic dependence, discrimination in India, which started with
traditional value systems, has grown into a pervasive evil over the ages (Malavi, 2016).
Due to a significant decline in its sex ratio at birth, India has seen the biggest decline in
its Health and Survival sub-index score. According to the research, India's gender gap is
140th out of 156 countries worldwide. India remains below average in 2020 on three
sub-indices: health and survival, educational attainment, and economic participation and
opportunity. According to the worldwide gender gap indicator, India is among the twenty
nations with the worst performance. India continues to have the largest disparity
between men and women in terms of the average number of minutes spent on unpaid
labour each day, with a difference of 300 minutes. One of the lowest proportions of
businesses owned by women is found in India (Global Gender Report, 2021).

Everyone in the community benefits from gender-sensitive education. It is arguably the

best schooling for fostering an environment that is equitable and long-lasting for
everyone. It looks like a good substitute for creating long-lasting educational
advancements for everyone. Gender-sensitive teaching strategies and materials are
required. The needs and circumstances of students of both sexes must be taken into
consideration by educators and other facilitators. To make sure that policy statements
have been followed during implementation, a monitoring system needs to be put in
place. Additionally, both genders should feel supported in the learning surroundings.
The public, the learner's parents, and their relatives will need to promote gender-
sensitive education more. In a society where equal cooperation between the sexes is
not only feasible but also essential, it is vital to provide the support networks that are
needed to nurture both men and women (UNESCO, 2004).

Raising public knowledge of gender equality is necessary to address issues pertaining

to gender roles. When men and women have equal access to opportunities and
limitations on their ability to fully participate in the domestic and economic spheres, this
is referred to as gender equality. In addition to eradicating gender discrimination that
may be ingrained in educational practices, gender sensitive education aims to integrate
the needs and experiences of both male and female students into all educational
practices so that they can eventually overcome traditional gender relations through
education (Allana, Asad & Sherali, 2010).

The Indian government has launched several schemes to promote gender equality and
empower women:

● Beti Bachao Beti Padhao: Aimed at preventing gender-biased sex-selective

elimination, ensuring survival and protection of the girl child, and ensuring
education and participation of the girl child.
● Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya: Provides residential schools for girls from
economically disadvantaged communities to promote education.
● Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana: Offers cash incentives for pregnant and
lactating women to improve their health and nutrition.
● One Stop Centres (OSC): Provide integrated support and assistance to women
affected by violence, including medical, legal, and psychological services.

These initiatives aim to address the multifaceted issues contributing to gender

discrimination and promote a more equitable society.

Footnotes:

1. Government of India. (2021). Census of India 2021. Retrieved from

https://censusindia.gov.in
2. Government of India. (2021). Literacy Rate in India. Retrieved from
https://www.findeasy.in/indian-states-by-literacy-rate/Find Easy
3. Indian Journal of Applied Research. (n.d.). Gender Discrimination in India.
Retrieved from https://ijalr.in/gender-discrimination-in-india/ijalr
 4. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
(2004). Gender-Sensitive Education. Retrieved from https://www.unesco.org
5. Government of India. (n.d.). Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Scheme. Retrieved from
https://wcd.nic.in
6. Government of India. (n.d.). Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya Scheme.
Retrieved from https://mhrd.gov.inijalr
7. Government of India. (n.d.). Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana. Retrieved
from https://wcd.nic.inijalr
8. Government of India. (n.d.). One Stop Centres. Retrieved from https://wcd.nic.in

1.2 Background of the Study

Overview of Gender Sensitization

Gender sensitization is the process of raising awareness about gender equality and
encouraging behavior modification to eliminate gender-based discrimination. It involves
understanding and challenging existing gender roles, stereotypes, and biases prevalent
in society. The goal is to create a more equitable and just society where individuals are
not discriminated against based on their gender. This can be achieved through various
methods such as workshops, training programs, and educational campaigns .
Wikipedia+1roranchi.kvs.gov.in+1
The significance of gender sensitization lies in its potential to foster an inclusive
environment where individuals are treated equitably, regardless of their gender. By
promoting sensitivity towards the experiences and challenges faced by different
genders, it contributes to the creation of a more just and harmonious society.
Implementing gender sensitization strategies has been shown to reduce gender-based
violence, increase participation of women in the workforce, and advance gender
equality across various sectors . jrtdd.com
Historical Context

The evolution of gender roles and stereotypes has been deeply influenced by social,
cultural, and political factors over time. Historically, many societies have operated under
patriarchal systems where power and authority were predominantly vested in men,
leading to the marginalization and subordination of women. In many pre-colonial African
communities, for instance, women held significant roles in agriculture and economic
activities. However, with the establishment of colonial legal systems, laws were created
that granted men precedence over women in matters of marriage and divorce,
transforming traditional gender roles .
Similarly, in the Indian context, gender inequality has been historically rooted in cultural
practices and norms. The preference for sons over daughters, for reasons related to
kinship, lineage, inheritance, identity, status, and economic security, has been a
significant factor contributing to gender disparities. This preference cuts across class
and caste lines, leading to discrimination against girls and, in extreme cases, honor
killings when they fail to conform to gender expectations about marriage and sexuality .
These historical constructs of gender roles have been perpetuated through various
institutions, including family, education, religion, and media, reinforcing stereotypes and
limiting opportunities for individuals based on their gender.
Current Relevance

Despite significant progress in many areas, gender discrimination, violence, and

inequality remain pressing issues globally. In India, for example, the National Crime
Records Bureau reported over 4 lakh crimes against women in 2019, a number that
likely underrepresents the true extent of the problem due to underreporting. Domestic
violence is one of the most widespread forms of violence against women, with the
National Family Health Survey finding that 30% of women aged 15-49 had experienced
physical violence since the age of 15 .
Similarly, in Australia, a landmark study from the Young Women's Alliance revealed that
young women aged 18 to 28 report significantly worse mental health and lower self-
esteem compared to their male counterparts. The research identifies systemic issues
such as feeling silenced in schools, facing discrimination in workplaces and healthcare,
and being disadvantaged in career advancements due to gender. Alarming findings
include 90% of respondents perceiving sexual assault as inevitable, highlighting the
pervasive nature of gender-based violence and its impact on mental distress among
young women .
These contemporary issues underscore the urgent need for gender sensitization efforts
to challenge and change the societal norms and structures that perpetuate gender
inequalities. Through education, awareness, and policy reforms, gender sensitization
aims to create environments where individuals of all genders can thrive without fear of
discrimination or violence.
In conclusion, understanding the historical context and current relevance of gender
issues is crucial for developing effective gender sensitization strategies. By addressing
the root causes of gender inequalities and promoting inclusive practices, society can
move towards achieving true gender equality and social justice.

1.3 Statement of the Problem

Identification of Gaps

Despite significant advancements in gender equality, substantial gaps persist in

understanding and addressing gender biases across various sectors, including
education, healthcare, and the workplace.

● Educational Institutions: Gender stereotypes often influence educational choices

and career aspirations. For instance, subjects like nursing and teaching are
predominantly associated with women, while engineering and technology fields
 are considered male domains. This segregation limits opportunities for both
genders and reinforces traditional roles.
● Workplaces: Women frequently encounter systemic barriers such as the glass
ceiling, unequal pay, and limited career advancement opportunities. A study by
Claudia Goldin highlighted that despite higher educational attainment, women
earn less than men due to factors like career interruptions for caregiving and
workplace biases . AP News
● Healthcare Settings: Although women constitute a significant portion of the
healthcare workforce, they are underrepresented in leadership roles. The World
Health Organization reported that women make up 70% of the health workforce
but hold only 25% of senior roles . This disparity affects decision-making
processes and the implementation of gender-sensitive healthcare policies. Ideas
for India+3World Health Organization (WHO)+3PubMed Central+3

Impact of Gender Inequality

These gaps contribute to the perpetuation of gender-based discrimination and violence,

adversely affecting individuals and society at large.

● Educational Consequences: Gender biases in education lead to unequal learning

opportunities, affecting academic performance and future career prospects. This
perpetuates a cycle of gender inequality, limiting economic independence and
personal growth .
● Workplace Disparities: In the workplace, women often face harassment, unequal
pay, and limited career progression. A report indicated that 80% of working
women feel their male colleagues lack sensitivity regarding women's health
issues, leading to stigmatization and affecting professional performance .
ETHRWorld.com
● Healthcare Sector Challenges: In healthcare settings, gender-based violence and
harassment are prevalent. A study found that 72.7% of women doctors
experienced sexual harassment from male colleagues, and 51.5% from patients .
Such environments discourage women from pursuing or continuing careers in
healthcare, exacerbating workforce shortages and impacting patient care.
PubMed Central

Need for Intervention

Addressing these issues necessitates targeted gender sensitization programs to bridge

existing gaps and foster equitable environments.

● Educational Reform: Implementing gender-sensitive curricula and promoting

awareness can challenge stereotypes, encouraging students to pursue diverse
fields and fostering an inclusive educational environment.
● Workplace Policies: Establishing and enforcing policies that promote gender
equality, such as equal pay for equal work, anti-harassment measures, and
support for work-life balance, can create more inclusive workplaces.
 ● Healthcare Sector Initiatives: Developing programs that address gender-based
violence and harassment, promote women's leadership, and ensure equal
opportunities can enhance the healthcare workforce and improve patient
outcomes.

In conclusion, the identification of existing gaps, understanding the impacts of gender

inequality, and implementing targeted interventions are crucial steps toward achieving
gender equality and creating inclusive environments across various sectors.

1.4. Scope
Educational Institutions
Schools and universities play a pivotal role in shaping young minds. Integrating gender
sensitization into curricula and extracurricular activities can challenge traditional gender
roles and promote inclusivity. Programs like workshops, role-plays, and discussions can
be effective in this setting.
Workplaces
Organizations benefit from gender-sensitive policies that ensure equal opportunities,
prevent harassment, and foster a respectful environment. Training sessions and
awareness campaigns can help in creating such workplaces.
Healthcare Sector
Healthcare providers must be trained to recognize and address gender biases that
affect patient care. Gender sensitization in this sector ensures that all patients receive
equitable treatment and support.
Media and Public Platforms
Media plays a significant role in shaping perceptions. Gender-sensitive content can
challenge stereotypes and promote diverse representations, influencing public attitudes
towards gender equality.

1.5 Research Objectives

Primary Objective

To assess the effectiveness of gender sensitization initiatives in altering attitudes and

behaviors towards gender equality.
This objective aims to evaluate how well gender sensitization programs influence
individuals' perceptions and actions concerning gender roles and equality. By
measuring changes in attitudes and behaviors, the research seeks to determine the
impact of these initiatives on fostering a more equitable society.
Secondary Objectives

1. To evaluate the impact of sensitization programs on reducing gender-based

violence.
This objective focuses on assessing whether participation in gender sensitization
programs leads to a decrease in incidents of gender-based violence. By
analyzing data before and after program implementation, the research aims to
establish a correlation between sensitization efforts and the reduction of such
violence.
2. To identify the challenges and barriers in implementing effective gender
sensitization strategies.
This objective seeks to uncover the obstacles faced during the design,
execution, and sustainability of gender sensitization programs. Understanding
these challenges is crucial for refining strategies and ensuring their effectiveness
in diverse contexts.
3. To propose recommendations for enhancing the reach and impact of gender
sensitization efforts.
Based on the findings from the previous objectives, this objective aims to
develop actionable recommendations to improve the scope and effectiveness of
gender sensitization initiatives. These suggestions will focus on overcoming
identified challenges and maximizing the positive outcomes of such programs.

Raise Awareness

The primary objective is to increase awareness about gender issues, including

discrimination, stereotypes, and inequalities. This awareness serves as the foundation
for initiating change.
Challenge and Change Attitudes
Gender sensitization aims to confront and alter preconceived notions and biases related
to gender. By encouraging critical thinking, individuals can reassess and modify their
attitudes towards gender roles and expectations.
Promote Equal Opportunities
Ensuring that all individuals, regardless of gender, have equal access to opportunities in
education, employment, and personal development is a key objective.
Prevent Gender-Based Violence
Through education and awareness, gender sensitization seeks to reduce incidents of
gender-based violence by fostering respect and understanding among individuals.
Support Policy Development
Gender sensitization provides the evidence and rationale needed to advocate for
policies that promote gender equality and protect against discrimination.
References:

1. Wikipedia contributors. (n.d.). Gender sensitization. Wikipedia. Retrieved from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_sensitization
2. Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan Regional Office, Varanasi. (n.d.). Gender
Sensitization. Retrieved from https://rovaranasi.kvs.gov.in/en/gender-
sensitization/
3. Youngistaan Foundation. (n.d.). Gender Equality Program. Retrieved from
https://youngistaanfoundation.org/gender-equality-program/
4. Global India Fund. (n.d.). Girl Rising Gender-Sensitization Program. Retrieved
from https://globalindiafund.org/our-work/gender-sensitization/
5. Byju's. (n.d.). Gender Sensitization. Retrieved from https://byjus.com/free-ias-
prep/gender-sensitization/
6. Kudumbashree. (n.d.). Gender Sensitization Program. Retrieved from
https://kudumbashree.org/pages/412
7. Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan Regional Office, Bengaluru. (n.d.). Gender
Sensitization. Retrieved from https://robangalore.kvs.gov.in/en/gender-
sensitization/
8. Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan Regional Office, Silchar. (n.d.). Gender
Sensitization. Retrieved from https://rosilchar.kvs.gov.in/gender-sensitization/
9. Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan Regional Office, Lucknow. (n.d.). Gender
Sensitization. Retrieved from https://rolucknow.kvs.gov.in/gender-sensitization/
10. MAIMS. (n.d.). Gender Sensitization and Equality Initiative Club. Retrieved from
https://maims.ac.in/gendersensitization/
11. Randstad India. (n.d.). Designing Gender Sensitization Training for Employees.
Retrieved from [https://www.randstad.in/hr-news/women-work/designing-gender-
sensitization-training-employees/](https://www.rand

1.6. WHAT IS GENDER SENSITIZATION ?

The practice of educating gender sensitivity and promoting behaviour change by

increasing awareness of issues related to gender equality is known as gender
sensitisation.[1] To put it another way, it is the process of educating individuals about
gender equality or the necessity of ending gender discrimination. It entails
comprehending and combating the prevailing gender norms, prejudices, and
stereotypes in society. The goal of gender sensitisation is to establish a more equitable
and just society in which people are not subjected to gender discrimination.
Addressing gender equality concerns and motivating participants to seek solutions are
the objectives of gender sensitisation.[2] This can be accomplished through a variety of
programs, workshops, training centres, and sensitisation efforts. Sensitisation is defined
in the humanities and social sciences as an awareness-informed tendency or
disposition that seeks to alter behaviour to make it more sensitive to certain situations.
One definition of gender sensitisation is "the awareness informed propensity to behave
in a manner which is sensitive to gender justice and gender equality issues.”
It is interlinked with gender empowerment. Gender sensitization theories claim that
modification of the behavior of teachers and parents (etc.) towards children which can
have a causal effect on gender equality. This is because gender identity and gender
roles begin to develop in children at the age of 2–3 years old.

Gender awareness "is about changing behaviour and instilling empathy into the views
that we hold about our own and the other genders."[7] It assists individuals in "analysing
their own attitudes and beliefs and challenging the'realities' they believed they
understood.”

Campaigns to raise awareness, education, and training are some of the ways that
gender sensitisation can be accomplished. It can be included into community initiatives,
workplace regulations, and school curricula. The goal is to establish a culture in which
people actively strive for gender equality and are conscious of gender issues.

All things considered, raising awareness of gender issues is crucial to building a more
just and equitable society in which people are not subjected to discrimination because
of their gender. Promoting gender equality and combating gender prejudices and
stereotypes are essential if we are to build a society in which everyone has an equal
chance at success.

Sensitisation to gender issues is essential in these difficult times. Both men and women
have significant responsibilities in the community, workplace, and family. Therefore, it's
crucial that they both lead honourable, noteworthy lives and feel valued by society.
Gender insensitivity and disparities in pay and organisational culture will reduce an
organization's productivity, increase absenteeism, and increase staff turnover. The
culture at home, in the workplace, and in society at large benefits from gender-neutral
empathy. Gender sensitisation may lead to gender justice, equality, and inclusion.

1.7. GENDER SENSITIVITY

Gender sensitivity is a concept that simply refers to gender empowerment and the goal
of eliminating gender-based disadvantages and inequalities that are prevalent in
society. The goal of gender sensitivity is to make individuals more aware of the negative
effects of gender inequality and the issues surrounding gender discrimination. Gender
sensitivity is a step up from gender sensitisation, which involves changing everyone's
behaviour to promote gender equality. The process of modifying a person's stereotyped
thinking that firmly holds that men and women are unequal is known as gender
sensitisation. As a result, it is thought that they must operate in distinct socioeconomic
domains.The awareness-informed tendency or inclination to act in a way that is
considerate of gender justice and equality concerns is known as gender sensitisation. It
involves altering one's behaviour and bringing empathy into one's beliefs about oneself
and the other gender. In order to advance and develop gender equality and equal
chances for men and women, it is a weapon that can be utilised to eradicate prejudice
and gender inequities. The goal of this development intervention is to raise awareness,
knowledge, skills, and behaviour regarding the different challenges surrounding the
advancement of gender equality.

Gender sensitivity is an ability to recognize issues and problems in the way society
looks at gender. Gender sensitivity increases the sensitivity of people largely towards
sensitization are equality, human rights and justice as well as a fundamental change in
the power relations between men and women.

Obiunu (2013), Gender sensitivity implies the level of awareness and appreciation of the
need to maintain a reasonable level of gender differentiation between the male and
female.

Malavi (2016), Gender sensitization can be defined as the transformation of behaviour

by raising awareness of gender equality concerns and instilling empathy in the views
and notions about our own and the other gender.women and their problems (Barodia,
2015). It includes interference of stereotypes in gender equality which is probably
hurting people both in the past as well as today. It particularly looks at how women act,
how they are treated and the different ways that women understand their roles. Gender
sensitivity is defined as an act of being aware of the ways people think about gender so
that individuals rely less on assumptions related to traditional and outdated views on the
role of men and women (Gecana et al., 2017). Gender sensitivity is the ability to
recognize gender issues, women's different perceptions and interests arising from their
different social position and gender roles (Khandelwal, 2016).

Jhunjhunwala and Jhunjhunwala (2004), Gender sensitivity means being sensitive,

caring towards gender and opposing injustice between men and women wherever it
exists.

Gokilavani (2004), Gender sensitization is a slow process of changing not only the
attitude of persons but also their behavioural pattern towards gender justice at every
walk of life.

Ozumba (2005), Gender sensitivity means the level of awareness about appreciation of
the need to maintain gender equality at reasonable levels in order to depict the gender
differentiation between the male and female. It is true to some extent that what a man
can do, the woman can equally do. But it is not expedient that women should be
insisted on doing everything the men do even at the expense of nature's assigned
honorific roles of wifehood and motherhood. It stresses that the entire rustic is an
atavistic male chauvinistic character of domination, in which oppression and
marginalization must be done away with. Otherwise, when gender differentiation is
completely obliterated, gender sensitivity will also disappear with it. This will lead to
some unnaturalness. To remain gender sensitive, we have to keep the gender
peculiarities in focus to reasonable limits.
Nagendra (2008), Gender sensitization is an active form of gender awareness and
vigilance to the gender issues which are not overlooked to the prevalence of gender
equality. As per the UNESCO document on gender sensitization “Gender sensitivity is
not about pitting women against men. It helps them to determine which assumptions in
the matters of gender are valid and which are stereotypes generalization. Gender
awareness requires not only intellectual efforts but also empathy and open mindedness.
It opens up the widest possible range of life options for both men and women” through a
social setting that has the greatest impact on the kid (Ahadi, Mohseni & Nikchrhrrh,
1999). Therefore, a child's familial values are ingrained in him or her for life.

Family values are the sum of the various values that a youngster learns from his or her
family. Family values are important and influence practically all of a person's decisions.
In terms of family structure, function, roles, beliefs, attitudes, and ideals, family values
can be classified as either conventional or cultural. The emotional and physical
foundation for raising a family is provided by a history of traditions and social standards
established by the family. It encompasses the moral and ethical values that are
customarily maintained and passed down within a family. Intergenerational transfers
between young individuals and their parents, such as childrearing, educational
investments, bequests to children or grandchildren, and assistance for ageing parents,
are also implied by strong family values. Because of their involvement in the realm of
human life, human interests, needs, and social relations, family values are both positive
and negative indicators of the significance of objects based on a single joint activity, the
community of people connected by ties of marriage, parenthood, and relationship.

Numerous social scientists have noted that parents play a significant impact in the
socialisation of gender roles. A child's behaviour towards gender roles is influenced by a
variety of circumstances as they transition from childhood to adolescence. The family is
the primary source of this behavior's learning. During the early years, parents have the
biggest impact on how gender roles are developed. Through gender socialisation,
gender differentiation, and the varied roles of father and mother, the family is regarded
as the primary unit in the inculcation of gender differences. Children learn that parents
are supposed to behave differently(UNESCO, 2004).

Thus we can say that Gender sensitivity can be defined as a principle that is based on
the notion that men and women share the same opportunities and the same constraints
on participation in all spheres of life.

1.8. The Gender Sensitivity Process

Gender sensitivity programs are typically designed to help a group of individuals

improve human behaviour in ways that are desirable. A shift in perception, recognition,
accommodation, and action are among the four stages of the process, according to the
numerous gender sensitisation programs held in gender-related fields.

1. Shift in perception : It has the tendency to alter the way that men and women
are perceived in relation to their respective roles. It fosters the belief that women
 should play an equal part in society and are not inferior to males. Additionally, it
disavows the idea that women are weak and should only be used in supporting
parts. It raises both men's and women's understanding of the importance of
women in society and their right to participate in decision-making.
2. Recognition: At this point, those who have received gender sensitisation training
begin to see and embrace favourable perspectives on the advancement of
women. The primary goal is to raise awareness of the need of recognising the
contributions made by women in all spheres of life. In terms of acknowledging the
value of the labour performed by men and women, it tends to promote equality.
3. Accommodation: At this point, it is expected of society's members to reduce
the gap between men and women and to create an environment that is
appropriate and conducive to women's employment. It is anticipated that
society's members will promote women's empowerment.
4. Action: At this point, a person who develops gender awareness takes the lead
in enacting social changes and change. They are now proactive and mindful of
creating an environment that supports the development of women's interests and
skills. Additionally, they will be more committed to adopting actions that will
support women's development and empowerment. Sadangi, Srinath, and Dash
(2008).

1.9. FAMILY PRINCIPLES

The family is regarded as a child's primary training ground for general development. A
child learns and develops several ideals, such as moral and social values, in this first
institution. A child's primary identity is thought to be the institution of the family. The
child's family is the first social group they are associated with. Compared to other social
groups, the child spends the most time with their family. The most important people in a
child's life are their family.Families have a greater influence on personality during the
years when the foundations are being formed than any other factor, including education
(Naik & Saimons, 2014). Given that a family is a social unit, children inherit its social
norms and values. Accordingly, it serves as a mediator while they are living with the
family. They observe that whereas men spend more time engaging in leisure activities
with their children, moms devote more time to caring for them and doing home tasks.
The parents' gender-specific duties have an impact on how their children develop
gender-based conduct. In contrast to what their parents may say about gender equality,
a youngster will pay more attention to what they observe their parents doing.

Boys are often indoctrinated to be tough and in charge from a young age. They are
instructed to work for the family outside. According to traditional gender role theories,
men should be the main providers of income, while women are ideally suited for
domestic duties like childcare and housework (Halpern & Jenkins, 2015). Girls are still
expected to conform to traditional gender norms that have been established by society
or family members in the majority of homes. They are nevertheless expected to spend
more time taking care of family members' needs and doing housework.Additionally, girls
have been taught to accept men's domination in their lives. The social learning theory
also makes it clear that women learn social behaviours that allow them to accept and
embrace male control in their life. They see such behaviours being approved by their
moms and other older women at home when they are young (Laisser, Nystrom, Lugina,
& Emmelin, 2011). Due to the prevalence of big joint families and parental control over
their children's life, gender attitudes are transmitted differently between generations in
developing nations, indicating a considerable effect from older generations (Dhar, Jain,
& Jayachandran, 2018). f young children, which frequently result in skewed views of
gender roles. However, socialisation patterns are no longer the only way that gender
bias in schooling exists. Bias is ingrained in texts, lessons, and teacher-student
relationships.

1.10. The sociocultural environment

The terms "social" and "culture" combine to form the term "socio-cultural climate."
A society is a collection of people who regularly contact with one another or a sizable
social group that has a same geographic or social area and is usually bound by the
same prevailing cultural norms. Individuals' interactions with one another create the
group that eventually becomes civilisation. On the other hand, culture refers to social
activity, and norms are the collection of traditions, beliefs, and conventions that
characterise human cultures and communities. A group of people's culture is the
culmination of all of their learnt behaviours, which are typically passed down from one
generation to the next and are regarded as their traditions.
Anything that incorporates social and cultural elements is referred to as socio-cultural.
The broader range of factors inside cultures and societies that influence an individual's
beliefs, feelings, and behaviours is known as the socio-cultural environment. According
to socio-cultural theorists, people are inextricably linked to their social and cultural
surroundings. As a result, it is essential to consider the society and the advancements
taking place at a particular moment. Cletus & Edinyang (2014) quote Regeluth, 1995.
The socio-cultural climate refers to the conditions that prevail among members of a
society.In contrast to a female child, a male child is expected to care for parents
and family enterprises as they age and have the opportunity to earn more money in the
field (Devi, 2016).
Education serves as a powerful tool in promoting gender sensitivity by shaping attitudes, challenging stereotypes,
and fostering an inclusive environment. Here's an in-depth exploration of its role.

1.11. THE SCHOOL SETTLEMENT/COLLEGE ENVIRONMENT

A child's school environment has a significant impact on their life. School is the most
significant experience in a child's growth, second only to family. A youngster is given
new possibilities for socialisation and cognitive growth when they enter the school
setting. Different schools offer these possibilities in different ways, and they may directly
affect how the kids behave. The institutional setting that determines the parameters of a
student's educational experience is the school they attend (Korir & Kipkemboi,
2014).The thread that links together all of the school's activities is known as the school
environment. The term "school environment" refers to the circumstances that exist
within the school and have a significant impact on a student's life and activities.
Students' personalities, ideas, values, and performance are all significantly impacted by
their educational environment. Students will always be able to communicate their ideas
and opinions in a supportive and transparent educational setting, which will positively
affect their performance and attitude.Students are more likely to adopt pro-social
attitudes and behaviours towards others as well as good attitudes towards themselves
when they perceive their educational environment to be encouraging and
compassionate.

Numerous issues pertaining to the students are significantly impacted by the

educational environment. Students' feelings of pleasure and belonging are greatly
influenced by the favourable school climate. Consequently, it is anticipated that students
who have a sense of belonging to the school will be more driven to succeed
academically and less inclined to act in an antisocial manner than those who do not
(Verma, 2016).Since schools are places where gender equity is guaranteed, it is
necessary to transform the conventional school climate and professional organisational
behaviour into one that is more open and gender equitable. Therefore, in order to
abolish this gender-biased culture, it is necessary to raise awareness throughout the
entire system (Chakraborty, Nalgundwar, & Rani, 2011). School is a social learning
environment that gives both boys and girls equal room to grow and develop. By using a
variety of teaching and learning strategies to reinforce societal norms, values, and
attitudes, it also plays a significant part in gender socialisation (Kuruvilla & Thasniya,
2015).

Because classrooms are miniature versions of society that reflect its strengths and
faults regarding gender issues, gender socialisation is perpetuated in schools.
Classrooms reflect the typical socialisation patterns o

set of values, traditions, behaviours, and practices that people in a society have (Ram,
2018).
A society's social customs, values, and beliefs are all part of the socio-cultural climate,
which is a collection of social and cultural elements that influence a person's life. To put
it another way, it refers to the social and cultural customs, values, and traditions of a
given community as well as the culmination of all ingrained attitudes and behaviours
that shape an individual's thoughts and actions. Through its socialisation function,
society plays a significant role in passing along cultural ideas, beliefs, and conventions,
particularly in shaping the personalities and character traits of its members and
guaranteeing adherence to gender role standards. In fact, the value placed on boys by
society has resulted in long-standing discrimination against women and girls. As a
result, women face tremendous pressure to produce a son, which has a disastrous
impact on their growth, health, and general well-being.
At the communal level, prevalent gender ideas consistently favour boys over girls and
encourage unequal educational opportunities and results. The decision to enrol girls in
schools is influenced by sociocultural norms and assumptions regarding their academic
achievement. As a result, both their grade level attainment and academic performance
are impacted (Igbolo & Ejue, 2016). Additionally, girls' formal education is severely
harmed by the sociocultural expectations placed on them and the importance placed on
their future duties as brides and mothers. While boys are socialised into roles that
enhance their privileged status, most girls are socialised into roles that reflect and
perpetuate their subservient and typically helpless status. For instance, Indians are
more likely than those in other developing nations to believe that a university education
is more crucial for boys than for girls, which could be explained by a preference-based
explanation (Jayachandran, 2015). As they get older and are exposed to more societal
attitudes outside of their family and school, children may start to establish their own
opinions. As teenagers outgrow a time of rebellion and revert to the conventional ideas
maintained in their families, it may either diminish the association across generations or
have the opposite effect on the correlation with parent attitudes, which may become
stronger with age (Dhar, Jain & Jayachandran, 2018).

Education serves as a powerful tool in promoting gender sensitivity by shaping

attitudes, challenging stereotypes, and fostering an inclusive environment. Here's an in-
depth exploration of its role:

1.12. 📚 Role of Education in Promoting Gender Sensitivity

1. Challenging Gender Stereotypes
Educational settings provide an opportunity to confront and deconstruct traditional
gender roles. By integrating diverse perspectives and representations into curricula,
students can develop a more nuanced understanding of gender beyond societal norms.
For instance, highlighting achievements of women in various fields can inspire both girls
and boys to aspire beyond conventional gender expectations. Girls First Foundation
2. Creating Inclusive Learning Environments
Schools can establish environments that respect and celebrate gender diversity.
Implementing policies that support gender-neutral facilities, inclusive dress codes, and
anti-discrimination measures ensures that all students feel safe and valued. Such
environments encourage open dialogue and mutual respect among students of all
genders.
3. Empowering Students through Awareness
Gender-sensitive education empowers students by providing them with the knowledge
and tools to recognize and challenge gender-based discrimination. Through
discussions, workshops, and exposure to diverse role models, students can develop
critical thinking skills that enable them to advocate for equality and respect in their
communities. Child Help Foundation
4. Training Educators to Recognize Bias
Professional development programs for educators can equip them with the skills to
identify and address unconscious biases in teaching practices. Teachers trained in
gender sensitivity are better prepared to create equitable learning experiences and
serve as positive role models for students.
5. Promoting Gender-Responsive Policies
Educational institutions can implement policies that promote gender equality, such as
ensuring equal access to resources, encouraging participation in all subjects regardless
of gender, and addressing incidents of harassment promptly. These policies create a
foundation for a culture of respect and equality within schools.
By integrating these strategies, education becomes a transformative force in promoting
gender sensitivity, leading to a more equitable and inclusive society.

Footnotes:

1. Girls First Foundation. (2025, January 17). Advocacy for inclusive curriculum:
The need for gender-sensitive education in India. Girls First Foundation.
Retrieved from https://girlsfirstfoundation.com/2025/01/17/gender-sensitive-
education-in-india/girlsfirstfoundation.com
2. Child Help Foundation. (n.d.). Gender equality. Child Help Foundation. Retrieved
from
https://in.childhelpfoundation.in/index.php/Gender_equalitygirlsfirstfoundation.co
m+2in.childhelpfoundation.in+2in.childhelpfoundation.in+2

1.13. Significance of the Study

1.13.1. Contribution to Knowledge

This study aims to bridge existing gaps in the literature by providing empirical data on
the outcomes of gender sensitization programs. While numerous initiatives have been
implemented globally, there remains a need for comprehensive evaluations that assess
their effectiveness in diverse contexts.
Key Aspects:

● Empirical Evidence: Through rigorous data collection and analysis, this study will
offer concrete evidence on how gender sensitization programs influence
attitudes, behaviors, and perceptions regarding gender equality.
● Contextual Understanding: By focusing on specific regions or communities, the
research will provide insights into how cultural, social, and economic factors
impact the success of these programs.
 ● Longitudinal Analysis: Investigating both short-term and long-term effects will
contribute to understanding the sustainability of attitudinal and behavioral
changes induced by sensitization efforts.

Example: The Girl Rising program in India demonstrated significant improvements in

adolescents' gender attitudes, with increased support for girls' education and autonomy.
Taylor & Francis Online
1.13.2. Policy Implications

The findings from this study have the potential to inform policymakers in designing and
implementing more effective gender equality initiatives. Understanding the factors that
contribute to the success or failure of gender sensitization programs can guide the
development of policies that are both contextually relevant and impactful.
Key Aspects:

● Evidence-Based Policy Making: Providing policymakers with data-driven insights

to formulate strategies that address gender disparities effectively.
● Resource Allocation: Identifying which aspects of gender sensitization programs
yield the most significant results, enabling optimal allocation of resources.
● Monitoring and Evaluation: Establishing frameworks for assessing the impact of
gender equality initiatives, ensuring accountability and continuous improvement.

Example: The Breakthrough program in Haryana led to more gender-equitable

behaviors among students, suggesting the effectiveness of school-based interventions
in promoting gender equality. J-PAL
1.13.3. Social Impact

By highlighting successful strategies, this study can guide organizations and institutions
in fostering inclusive and equitable environments. The social implications extend
beyond individual attitudes and behaviors, influencing broader societal norms and
structures.
Key Aspects:

● Community Empowerment: Empowering individuals with the knowledge and

skills to challenge and change discriminatory practices within their communities.
● Institutional Change: Encouraging institutions to adopt gender-sensitive policies
and practices that promote equality and inclusivity.
● Cultural Transformation: Contributing to the gradual transformation of societal
norms towards greater acceptance of gender diversity and equality.

Example: In Nepal, gender equality programming led to improved quality of life for
community members and greater access to services, demonstrating the broader social
benefits of such initiatives. UN Women
In conclusion, this study seeks to provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of
gender sensitization programs, offering evidence that can inform policy decisions and
contribute to social change. By addressing existing gaps in knowledge and highlighting
successful strategies, the research aims to support the development of more effective
and sustainable gender equality initiatives.

Footnotes:

1. Vyas, A. N., Malhotra, G., Nagaraj, N. C., & Landry, M. (2019). Gender attitudes
in adolescence: Evaluating the Girl Rising gender-sensitization program in India.
Sex Education, 19(4), 391–406.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2019.1598450Taylor & Francis Online
2. J-PAL (Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab). (n.d.). Breakthrough Haryana:
Evaluating a school-based intervention to promote gender equity. J-PAL South
Asia. Retrieved from https://www.povertyactionlab.org/evaluation/breakthrough-
haryana-evaluating-school-based-intervention-promote-gender-equity
3. UN Women. (2020, December 10). Nepal: Gender equality programming leads to
improved quality of life for community members. UN Women. Retrieved from
https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2020/12/feature-nepal-gender-
equality-programming

1.14 Scope and Delimitations

Scope of the Study
The scope defines the parameters of your research, outlining what will and will not be
included. In this study, the scope encompasses: ServiceScape

● Focus Area: Evaluating gender sensitization programs within educational

institutions.
● Geographical Context: Both urban and rural settings, providing a comparative
analysis.
● Timeframe: Programs conducted within the past five years, ensuring relevance to
current educational practices.
● Outcome Measures: Programs with measurable outcomes, allowing for empirical
assessment of effectiveness.

By defining these parameters, the study aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of

gender sensitization initiatives in diverse educational contexts.

Delimitations of the Study

Delimitations are the boundaries set by the researcher to narrow the focus of the study.
These are intentional choices made to make the research more manageable and
relevant to the research objectives. These delimitations are set to ensure the study
remains focused, manageable, and aligned with its objectives. They help in defining
what is included and excluded, providing clarity and feasibility to the research process.
It's important to note that delimitations are within the researcher's control and are made
to narrow the study's focus, while limitations are factors beyond the researcher's control
that may affect the study's outcomes.

The delimitations of this study include:

● Timeframe Limitation: The research will focus on programs conducted within the
past five years to ensure the study examines recent initiatives that reflect current
educational trends and challenges.
● Outcome-Based Selection: Only programs with measurable outcomes will be
considered, ensuring that the study can empirically assess the effectiveness of
the programs in altering attitudes and behaviors towards gender equality.
● Exclusion of Long-Term Sustainability: The study will not delve into the long-term
sustainability of these programs post-implementation, maintaining a focused
analysis on the immediate and short-term impacts of the programs.

Footnote
Autade, S., & Patki, S. (2016). Reducing sexism among teenagers through a gender-
sensitization module. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 4(1), 94–103.
https://doi.org/10.25215/0401.094IJIP
 CHAPTER - II- LAWS RELATED WITH GENDER
SENSITIZATION

The research process makes use of the knowledge that has already been gathered. It is
impossible to do the research alone or without the assistance of earlier studies
conducted in the same area. A thorough examination of the numerous research
journals, books, dissertations, and other information sources is required. Examining
relevant literature is a crucial first step in solving any research issue. It covers what has
already been done, what has to be investigated, and what should be studied in the
chosen field of study. It is a crucial precondition for organising any research problem
and carrying it out in a scientific manner. A review of related literature gives the
researcher a framework for conducting the research, supports the research, guarantees
that the chosen research hasn't been done before, demonstrates how the research fits
into the body of existing knowledge, allows the researcher to learn from earlier theories,
comprehends how the topic has been studied previously, and draws attention to its
shortcomings. It highlights the gaps in earlier studies, demonstrating that the work is
added in accordance with the field's expertise and knowledge. It also aids in refining,
refocusing, and even changing the chosen study subject (Boote & Beile, 2005). It
enables the researcher to define and explain the concept of the chosen research topic
as well as to restrict his research queries.

2.1 REVIEWING RELATED LITERATURE IS ESSENTIAL

The investigator might better identify the parameters of his study problem by reviewing
related literature. It gives the investigator information about previous research and helps
them to develop goals and theories.

It aids the researcher in defining and limiting his study problem.

The investigator can prevent research duplication with the use of the literature review. It
allows the researcher to avoid reproducing the established results of earlier studies.

The investigator can choose the right tools and procedures for the chosen study
problem with the aid of the review of related literature.

The literature review gives the researcher a better understanding of the research
methods that may be applied to the study and allows them to review the suggestions
made by earlier research. It aids the researcher in choosing the different aspects of his
investigation.
 The results of earlier studies conducted in the same subject are also provided by the
review of related literature, allowing the researcher to compare and validate his own
findings. In addition to offering helpful recommendations for conducting important and
scientific enquiries, the literature review assists the researcher in developing practical
hypotheses.

A thorough and comprehensive background of the research topic is provided by the

study of related literature, which also informs the investigator about the problem's
current state and helps them create an appropriate research design for the chosen
research subject. Through reviews, the researcher can examine the methodology used
in earlier studies (Singh, 2011).

2.2 Following are the laws related to gender sensitisation :-

1. Constitutional Provision
2. Offence against women under Bhartiya Nyay Sanhita
3. The protection of women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005
4. The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961
5. The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and
Redressal) Act, 2013
6. The Medical Termination Of Pregnancy Act, 1961
7. Maternity Benefit Act, 1961
8. The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976
9. The Prohobition Of Child Marriage Act, 2006
10. The Hindu Succession Act, 1956
11. The Indecent Representation Of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986
12. The National Commission For Women Act, 1990 .

2.2.1 CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS

India’s Constitution is a comprehensive document that embodies the hopes and

aspirations of its citizens, outlining the framework for governance and the fundamental
rights and duties of its people. Among its many provisions, the Constitution of India has
laid down a robust framework aimed at ensuring gender equality and empowering
women. This article discusses the constitutional provisions for women in India, exploring
the avenues through which the Constitution seeks to uplift women and guarantee their
rights across various spheres of life.

Meaning of Constitutional Provisions for Women in India-

Constitutional provisions for women in India are a series of safeguards embedded within
the Indian Constitution aimed at ensuring gender equality and empowering women
across various facets of life. These provisions are designed to protect women against
discrimination, promote their well-being and ensure their equal participation in the
political, economic and social spheres.
Fundamental Rights like Articles 14, 15 and 16 establish the right to equality and
prohibit discrimination based on gender, enabling women to live with dignity and have
equal opportunities. Directive Principles, including Articles 39, 42 and 43, advocate for
economic justice, equal pay and support during maternity. Moreover, Articles 51A(e)
emphasises the moral duty to renounce practices derogatory to women’s dignity.

Additionally, constitutional amendments have facilitated women’s participation in local

governance through reservation of seats in Panchayats and Municipalities, underlining
the commitment to enhancing women’s representation and involvement in decision-
making processes. These provisions collectively constitute a robust framework for
advancing women’s rights and status in India.

Why We Need Constitutional Provisions for Women in India

The constitutional provisions for women in India are established to address and rectify
historical inequalities and discrimination women have faced. These measures
acknowledge the essential role of women in the foundation of a just, equitable society
and aim to ensure their full participation in all areas of life.

By embedding rights and protections for women within the Constitution, India commits
to creating a legal and social environment that promotes gender equality. This
commitment is not only about fairness but also about recognising the diverse
contributions women make to society’s development.

The provisions seek to empower women, guarantee their rights and enable them to live
with dignity and equality, thereby enhancing the nation’s progress and upholding
democratic values.

Key Constitutional Provisions for Women in India

Fundamental Rights and the Empowerment of Women

The cornerstone of women’s rights in India can be found in the Fundamental Rights
enshrined in the Constitution. These rights serve as the bedrock for promoting gender
equality and safeguarding women against discrimination and injustice.

Article 14: Right to Equality

Article 14 of the Indian Constitution guarantees the “right to equality” to every citizen,
asserting that the State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal
protection of the laws within the territory of India.
This provision is instrumental in ensuring that women have equal rights and
opportunities as men, laying the groundwork for gender equality in the political,
economic and social spheres.

Article 15(1) and Article 15(3): Prohibition of Discrimination and Special Provisions

While Article 15(1) prohibits discrimination by the state on grounds of religion, race,
caste, sex or place of birth, Article 15(3) empowers the state to make special provisions
for women and children.

Article 16: Equality of Opportunity in Matters of Public Employment

Article 16 extends the right to equality to the realm of employment, guaranteeing equal
employment opportunities for all citizens in matters relating to employment or
appointment to any office under the State.

This provision is crucial for ensuring women have access to public sector jobs on an
equal footing with men.

Directive Principles of State Policy and Women’s Rights

The Directive Principles of State Policy serve as guidelines to the central and state
governments in India, aimed at establishing a just society. These principles, though not
enforceable by courts, are fundamental in the governance of the country and direct the
State to apply these principles in making laws.

Article 39(a), Article 39(d) and Article 39A: Ensuring Economic Justice and Legal Aid

Article 39(a) demands that the State provide men and women equally the right to an
adequate means of livelihood. Article 39(d) goes a step further to ensure equal pay for
equal work for both men and women, aiming to eliminate wage disparities based on
gender.

Article 39A emphasises the promotion of justice on the basis of equal opportunity,
ensuring that no citizen is denied access to justice due to economic or other disabilities.
These articles collectively work towards establishing economic justice and equal
opportunities for women.

Article 42 and The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961

Enacted in accordance with Article 42, The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961, underscores the
State’s commitment to ensuring just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief
for women. This provision is a testament to the Constitution’s concern for the health and
well-being of women in the workforce.
Fundamental Duties and Respect for Women

Article 51A(e) of the Constitution underscores the moral obligations of every citizen to
renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women. This provision plays a critical
role in fostering a culture of respect and dignity towards women, urging citizens to
eliminate practices that demean or discriminate against women.

Constitutional Protections for Women’s Participation in Local Governance

Recognising the importance of women’s participation in the democratic process and

local governance, the Constitution includes specific provisions for the reservation of
seats for women in Panchayats and Municipalities.

Articles 243-D(3), 243-D(4), 243-T(3) and 243-T(4): Reservation in Local Bodies

These articles mandate the reservation of one-third of the total number of seats to be
filled by direct election in every Panchayat and Municipality for women. Additionally,
one-third of the total number of offices of chairpersons in the Panchayats and
Municipalities at each level shall be reserved for women.

These provisions ensure women’s representation in local governance, empowering

them to contribute to the decision-making process and address issues affecting their
communities.

Hence, the Constitutional provisions for women in India are a reflection of the nation’s
commitment to gender equality and women’s empowerment. By guaranteeing
fundamental rights, promoting economic justice and ensuring participation in local
governance, the Constitution lays down a comprehensive framework for advancing the
rights and interests of women.

While significant progress has been made, the journey towards full gender equality
continues. It is imperative for the State, civil society and individuals to work
collaboratively to realise the constitutional vision of a society where women can live with
dignity, equality and freedom.

Footnote:

1. Article 14 – Right to Equality: Guarantees equality before the law and equal
protection of the laws to all individuals within the territory of India. Wikipedia
2. Article 15 – Prohibition of Discrimination: Prohibits discrimination by the State on
grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. It also allows for special
provisions to be made for women and children.
 3. Article 16 – Equality of Opportunity in Public Employment: Ensures equal
opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment to
any office under the State. LawCafeIndia - Laws simply
4. Article 39(a) – Adequate Means of Livelihood: Directs the State to secure for men
and women equally the right to an adequate means of livelihood. Indian
Kanoon+3LandingPage+3LawCafeIndia - Laws simply+3
5. Article 39(d) – Equal Pay for Equal Work: Mandates that there shall be equal pay
for equal work for both men and women. LandingPage
6. Article 39A – Equal Justice and Free Legal Aid: Directs the State to promote
justice on the basis of equal opportunity and to provide free legal aid to ensure
that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of
economic or other disabilities. LawCafeIndia - Laws simply+1LandingPage+1
7. Article 42 – Provision for Just and Humane Conditions of Work and Maternity
Relief: Directs the State to make provisions for securing just and humane
conditions of work and for maternity
relief.Wikipedia+2LandingPage+2LawCafeIndia - Laws simply+2
8. Article 51A(e) – Fundamental Duty to Renounce Practices Derogatory to the
Dignity of Women: Enjoins upon every citizen the duty to renounce practices
derogatory to the dignity of women. LandingPage
9. Articles 243D and 243T – Reservation of Seats for Women in Panchayats and
Municipalities: Mandate the reservation of not less than one-third of the total
number of seats in Panchayats and Municipalities for women, to be allotted by
rotation to different constituencies. Also, not less than one-third of the total
number of offices of chairpersons in Panchayats and Municipalities at each level
shall be reserved for women. Tnrd+2LawCafeIndia - Laws simply+2LandingPage

2.2.2. OFFENCES AGAINST WOMEN UNDER BHARTIYA NYAY

SANHITA. S.63-99.

The Law Commission of India in its various Reports had recommended section-specific
amendments in the criminal laws. Also, Committees like Bezbaruah Committee,
Vishwanathan Committee, Malimath Committee, Madhawa Menon Committee, etc. made
recommendations for section- specific amendments in the criminal laws and general
reforms in criminal justice system.
The Department–related Parliamentary Standing Committee on Home Affairs, in its
111th(2005), 128th (2006) and 146th (2010) Reports, recommended for a comprehensive
review of the Criminal Justice System of the country by introducing a comprehensive
legislation in Parliament rather than bringing about piece-meal amendments in respective
Acts.
 Accordingly, the Ministry of Home Affairs had undertaken the comprehensive review of
criminal laws i.e. the Indian Penal Code, 1860, the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 and
the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 with a view to provide accessible and affordable justice to
all and create a legal structure which is citizen centric. The above three Acts have been
repealed and replaced by three new laws namely, the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS),
2023, the Bharatiya Nagarika Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023 and the Bharatiya Sakshya
Adhiniyam (BSA), 2023 respectively.
In the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023, for the first time, the provisions relating to
crime against woman and child have been given precedence and placed under one Chapter.
Strict punishments up to death sentence have been provided for the offences against
women. Punishment for gang rape of a woman below the age of 18 years is life
imprisonment till remainder of the convict’s natural life or death. A new offence for having
sexual intercourse on false promise of marriage, employment, promotion or by concealing
identity, etc. has also been incorporated in BNS. Main provisions related to protection of
woman in the new Criminal Laws are given in Annexure.

References:

● The Malimath Committee’s recommendations on reforms in the criminal justice system

in 20 points. (2021, November 28). The Hindu. Retrieved from
https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-malimath-committees-recommendations-
on-reforms-in-the-criminal-justice-system-in-20-points/article61493071.ece
● Reforms in Criminal Justice System UPSC - Malimath Committee, Madhav Menon
Committee Reports, SC Directives in Prakash Singh Case, and Recent Developments.
(n.d.). BYJU'S. Retrieved from https://byjus.com/current-affairs/criminal-justice-system-
reforms-of-india/

Provisions for protection of Women and Children

● Offences against woman and child have been given precedence over all other
offences in a new Chapter-V of BNS.
● Various offences against women and children have been made gender-neutral in
BNS, covering all victims and perpetrators regardless of gender.
● In BNS, the age differential for minor victims of gang rape has been done away
with. Earlier different punishments were prescribed for gang rape on a girl below
the age of 16 years and 12 years. This provision has been modified and now gang
rape on a woman below the age of eighteen years is punishable with
imprisonment of life or death.
● Women have been recognized as an adult member of family who can receive
summons on behalf of the person summoned. The earlier reference to ‘some adult
male member’ has been replaced with ‘some adult member’.
 ● In order to provide more protection to the victim and enforce transparency in
investigation related to an offence of rape, the statement of the victim shall be
recorded through audio video means by police.
● For certain offences against woman, statement of the victim is to be recorded, as
far as practicable, by a woman Magistrate and in her absence a male Magistrate in
the presence of a woman to ensure sensitivity and fairness, creating a supportive
environment for victims.
● Medical practitioners are mandated to send the medical report of a victim of rape
to the investigating officer within 7 days.
● It is provided that no male person under the age of fifteen years or above the age
of 60 years (65 years earlier) or a woman or a mentally or physically disabled
person or a person with acute illness shall be required to attend at any place other
than the place in which such male person or woman resides. In cases where such a
person is willing to attend the police station, they may be allowed to do so.
● The new laws provide for free first-aid or medical treatment to victims of crimes
against women and children at all hospitals. This provision ensures immediate
access to essential medical care, prioritizing the well-being and recovery of
victims during challenging times.

This was stated by the Minister of State in the Ministry of Home Affairs Shri Bandi Sanjay
Kumar in a written reply to a question in the Rajya Sabha.

References

Abhijna Law Series. (2024, December 27). 5 major changes brought out in the Bharatiya Nyaya
Sanhita, 2023 regarding sexual offences against women and children. Abhijna Law Series.
Retrieved from https://abhijnalawseries.in/2024/12/27/5-major-changes-brought-out-in-the-
bharatiya-nyaya-sanhita-203-regarding-sexual-offences-against-women-and-children/

LegalKart. (n.d.). Comprehensive guide to rape punishments under the Bharatiya Nyaya
Sanhita, 2023. LegalKart. Retrieved from https://www.legalkart.com/legal-blog/comprehensive-
guide-to-rape-punishments-under-the-bharatiya-nyaya-sanhita-2023

Legal Service India. (n.d.). Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023: Transformative revisions and
noteworthy additions. Legal Service India. Retrieved from
https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/legal/legal/article-14910-bharatiya-nyaya-sanhita-2023-
transformative-revisions-and-noteworthy-additions.html

Telegraph India. (2023, July 1). Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita makes sexual offences gender neutral;
new clauses for crime against children, women. The Telegraph India. Retrieved from
https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/bharatiya-nyaya-sanhita-makes-sexual-offences-gender-
neutral-new-clauses-for-crime-against-children-women/cid/2031249
BHARATIYA NYAYA SANHITA

RE-ORGANIZATION OF OFFENCE

Offences against woman and child which were scattered throughout in Indian Penal
Code, 1860.

They have been consolidated under Chapter–V of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023.

Offences against woman and child have been given precedence over other offences.
1.BNS, 2023 consists of only 358 sections as opposed to 511 sections in IPC, 1860.

CHAPTER V - OF OFFENCES AGAINST WOMAN AND CHILD

CHAPTER -V Section 63 – 99 (BNS)

Of sexual offences

Sections 63 -73

Of criminal force and assault against woman

Sections 74 – 79

Of offences relating to marriage

Sections 80 – 87

Of causing miscarriage, etc

Sections 88 – 92

Of offences against child

Sections 93 – 99

Sections

354 – 354D and 509 (IPC)

Sections

304B,366and 493– 498A (IPC)

Sections 312 – 316 (IPC)

Sections
317, 318, 366A, 369, 372, 373 (IPC)

Sections

375 – 376E (IPC)

Footnote -

The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023, consolidates various offences against
women and children, which were previously scattered across the Indian Penal Code,
1860, into a dedicated Chapter V. This chapter is structured as follows:

● Sections 63–73: Sexual offences

● Sections 74–79: Criminal force and assault against women
● Sections 80–87: Offences relating to marriage
● Sections 88–92: Causing miscarriage, etc.
● Sections 93–99: Offences against children

NEW OFFENCES INTRODUCED

Section 69. Sexual intercourse by employing deceitful means, etc. - Whoever, by

deceitful means or by making promise to marry to a woman without any intention of
fulfilling the same, has sexual intercourse with her, such sexual intercourse not
amounting to the offence of rape, shall be punished with imprisonment of either
description for a term which may extend to ten years and shall also be liable to fine.

Explanation.—“deceitful means” shall include inducement for, or false promise of

employment or promotion, or marrying by suppressing identity

Section 95. Hiring, employing or engaging a child to commit an offence. - Whoever

hires, employs or engages any child to commit an offence shall be punished with
imprisonment of either description which shall not be less than three years but which
may extend to ten years, and with fine; and if the offence be committed shall also be
punished with the punishment provided for that offence as if the offence has been
committed by such person himself.
Explanation.—Hiring, employing, engaging or using a child for sexual exploitation or
pornography is covered within the meaning of this section

AGE ENHANCED

IPC Offence- S. 375 Rape

Exception 2.—Sexual intercourse or sexual acts by a man with his own wife, the wife
not being under fifteen years of age, is not rape.

BNS Offence - S. 63 Rape

Exception 2.––Sexual intercourse or sexual acts by a man with his own wife, the wife
not being under eighteen years of age, is not rape.

SECTIONS MERGED

IPC Offence- S. 376 Punishment for Rape , 376(3)

BNS Offence- S. 65 Punishment for rape in certain cases.

65(1) — Whoever, commits rape on a woman under sixteen years of age shall be
punished with rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than twenty
years, but which may extend to imprisonment for life, which shall mean imprisonment
for the remainder of that person’s natural life, and shall also be liable to fine:

Provided that such fine shall be just and reasonable to meet the medical expenses and
rehabilitation of the victim:

Provided further that any fine imposed under this sub-section shall be paid to the victim

S. 376AB. Punishment for rape on woman under twelve years of age

65(2) — Whoever, commits rape on a woman under twelve years of age shall be
punished with rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than twenty
years, but which may extend to imprisonment for life, which shall mean imprisonment
for the remainder of that person’s natural life, and with fine or with death:

Provided that such fine shall be just and reasonable to meet the medical expenses and
rehabilitation of the victim:

Provided further that any fine imposed under this sub-section shall be paid to the victim.

SECTIONS MERGED AND PUNISHMENT ENHANCED

IPC Offence - S. 376D Gang Rape

BNS - S. 70 Gang Rape

S. 70(1) Where a woman is raped by one or more persons constituting a group or acting
in furtherance of a common intention, each of those persons shall be deemed to have
committed the offence of rape and shall be punished with rigorous imprisonment for a
term which shall not be less than twenty years, but which may extend to imprisonment
for life which shall mean imprisonment for the remainder of that person’s natural life,
and with fine: Provided that such fine shall be just and reasonable to meet the medical
expenses and rehabilitation of the victim: Provided further that any fine imposed under
this sub-section shall be paid to the victim.

IPC- S. 376DA Punishment for gang rape on woman under sixteen years of age.

punished with imprisonment for life, which shall mean imprisonment for the remainder of
that person's natural life, and with fine.

S. 70(2) - Where a woman under eighteen years of age is raped by one or more
persons constituting a group or acting in furtherance of a common intention, each of
those persons shall be deemed to have committed the offence of rape and shall be
punished with imprisonment for life, which shall mean imprisonment for the remainder of
that person’s natural life, and with fine, or with death:

Provided that such fine shall be just and reasonable to meet the medical expenses and
rehabilitation of the victim:

Provided further that any fine imposed under this sub-section shall be paid to the victim.

BNS- S. 70(2) - Where a woman under eighteen years of age is raped by one or more
persons constituting a group or acting in furtherance of a common intention, each of
those persons shall be deemed to have committed the offence of rape and shall be
punished with imprisonment for life, which shall mean imprisonment for the remainder of
that person’s natural life, and with fine, or with death:

Provided that such fine shall be just and reasonable to meet the medical expenses and
rehabilitation of the victim:

Provided further that any fine imposed under this sub-section shall be paid to the victim.

Footnote ;

1. sections of BHARTIYA NYAYA SANHITA AND INDIAN PENAL CODE

2. Section 69 – Sexual Intercourse by Employing Deceitful Means

3. Section 95 – Hiring, Employing, or Engaging a Child to Commit an Offence

4. Age of Consent in Rape Cases - The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 amends the age
of consent in rape cases. Section 63 specifies that sexual intercourse or acts by a man
with his own wife, where the wife is under eighteen years of age, constitutes rape. This
aligns with the legal age of consent for marriage and sexual acts, aiming to protect
minors from sexual exploitation.thebharatiyanyayasanhita.in

5. Section 70 of BNS – Gang Rape

SECTIONS MERGED

IPC Offence- S. 494. Marrying again during lifetime of husband or wife.

BNS - S. 82 Marrying again during lifetime of husband or wife.

82(1) Whoever, having a husband or wife living, marries in any case in which such
marriage is void by reason of its taking place during the life of such husband or wife,
shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend
to seven years, and shall also be liable to fine.

Exception.—This sub-section does not extend to any person whose marriage with such
husband or wife has been declared void by a Court of competent jurisdiction, nor to any
person who contracts a marriage during the life of a former husband or wife, if such
husband or wife, at the time of the subsequent marriage, shall have been continually
absent from such person for the space of seven years, and shall not have been heard of
by such person as being alive within that time provided the person contracting such
subsequent marriage shall, before such marriage takes place, inform the person with
whom such marriage is contracted of the real state of facts so far as the same are within
his or her knowledge.

IPC - S. 495. Same offence with concealment of former marriage from person with
whom subsequent marriage is contracted.

BNS- S. 82(2) Whoever commits the offence under sub-section (1) having concealed
from the person with whom the subsequent marriage is contracted, the fact of the
former marriage, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term
which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine.

GENDER NEUTRALITY FOR PERPETRATOR

OLD DEFINITIONS (IPC)

S. 354B Assault or use of criminal force to woman with intent to disrobe.—Any man who
assaults or uses criminal force to any woman or abets such act with the intention of
disrobing or compelling her to be naked, shall be punished with imprisonment of either
description for a term which shall not be less than three years but which may extend to
seven years, and shall also be liable to fine.

S. 354C Voyeurism.—Any man who watches, or captures the image of a woman

engaging in a private act in circumstances where she would usually have the
expectation of not being observed either by the perpetrator or by any other person at
the behest of the perpetrator or disseminates such image shall be punished on first
conviction with imprisonment of either description for a term which shall not be less than
one year, but which may extend to three years, and shall also be liable to fine, and be
punished on a second or subsequent conviction, with imprisonment of either description
for a term which shall not be less than three years, but which may extend to seven
years, and shall also be liable to fine.

NEW DEFINITION- BNS

S. 76 Assault or use of criminal force to woman with intent to disrobe. —Whoever

assaults or uses criminal force to any woman or abets such act with the intention of
disrobing or compelling her to be naked, shall be punished with imprisonment of either
description for a term which shall not be less than three years but which may extend to
seven years, and shall also be liable to fine.

S. 77 Voyeurism. —Whoever watches, or captures the image of a woman engaging in a

private act in circumstances where she would usually have the expectation of not being
observed either by the perpetrator or by any other person at the behest of the
perpetrator or disseminates such image shall be punished on first conviction with
imprisonment of either description for a term which shall not be less than one year, but
which may extend to three years, and shall also be liable to fine, and be punished on a
second or subsequent conviction, with imprisonment of either description for a term
which shall not be less than three years, but which may extend to seven years, and
shall also be liable to fine.

GENDER NEUTRALITY INTRODUCED FOR VICTIM

OLD DEFINITION (IPC)

S. 366B. Importation of girl from foreign country.

Whoever imports into India from any country outside India or from the State of Jammu
and Kashmir any girl under the age of twenty-one years with intent that she may be, or
knowing it to be likely that she will be, forced or seduced to illicit intercourse with
another person, shall be punishable with imprisonment which may extend to ten years
and shall also be liable to fine

NEW DEFINITION (BNS)

S. 141 Importation of girl or boy from foreign country.

Whoever imports into India from any country outside India any girl under the age of
twenty-one years or any boy under the age of eighteen years with intent that girl or boy
may be, or knowing it to be likely that girl or boy will be, forced or seduced to illicit
intercourse with another person, shall be punishable with imprisonment which may
extend to ten years and shall also be liable to fine.

MINOR GIRL REPLACED WITH CHILD

Old Definitions (IPC)

S. 366A. Procuration of minor girl. —Whoever, by any means whatsoever, induces any
minor girl under the age of eighteen years to go from any place or to do any act with
intent that such girl may be, or knowing that it is likely that she will be, forced or
seduced to illicit intercourse with another person shall be punishable with imprisonment
which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine.

NEW DEFINITION -

S. 96. Procuration of child. —Whoever, by any means whatsoever, induces any child to
go from any place or to do any act with intent that such child may be, or knowing that it
is likely that such child will be, forced or seduced to illicit intercourse with another
person shall be punishable with imprisonment which may extend to ten years, and shall
also be liable to fine.

PUNISHMENT ENHANCED

Old Punishment (IPC)

S. 373. Buying minor for purposes of prostitution, etc.—Whoever buys, hires or

otherwise obtains possession of any person under the age of eighteen years with intent
that such person shall at any age be employed or used for the purpose of prostitution or
illicit intercourse with any person or for any unlawful and immoral purpose, or knowing it
to be likely that such person will at any age be employed or used for any such purpose,
shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend
to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine.

New Punishment (BNS)

S. 99. Buying child for purposes of prostitution, etc. — Whoever buys, hires or otherwise
obtains possession of any child with intent that such child shall at any age be employed
or used for the purpose of prostitution or illicit intercourse with any person or for any
unlawful and immoral purpose, or knowing it to be likely that such child will at any age
be employed or used for any such purpose, shall be punished with imprisonment of
either description for a term which shall not be less than seven years but which may
extend to fourteen years, and shall also be liable to fine.

AGE DIFFERENTIAL REMOVED

Old Definitions (IPC)

S. 361. Kidnapping from lawful guardianship.—

Whoever takes or entices any minor under sixteen years of age if a male, or under
eighteen years of age if a female, or any person of unsound mind, out of the keeping of
the lawful guardian of such minor or person of unsound mind, without the consent of
such guardian, is said to kidnap such minor or person from lawful guardianship.
New Definitions (BNS)

S. 137. Kidnapping.—

(1)(b) whoever takes or entices any child or any person of unsound mind, out of the
keeping of the lawful guardian of such child or person of unsound mind, without the
consent of such guardian, is said to kidnap such child or person from lawful
guardianship.

SECTION 118 BNS :ACID ATTACK

● SECTION 118 BNS. (1) Whoever, except in the case provided for by sub-section
(1) of section 122 [provocation], voluntarily causes hurt by means of any
instrument for shooting, stabbing or cutting, or any instrument which, used as a
weapon of offence, is likely to cause death, or by means of fire or any heated
substance, or by means of any poison or any corrosive substance, or by means
of any explosive substance, or by means of any substance which it is deleterious
to the human body to inhale, to swallow, or to receive into the blood, or by means
of any animal, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a
term which may extend to three years, or with fine which may extend to twenty
thousand rupees, or with both.
● Section 124 BNS: Voluntarily causing grievous Hurt by use of Acid etc.
● • Whoever causes permanent or partial damage or deformity to, or burns or
maims or disfigures or disables, any part or parts of the body of a person or
causes grievous hurt by throwing acid on or by administering acid to that person,
or by using any other means with the intention of causing or with the knowledge
that he is likely to cause such injury or hurt or causes a person to be in a
permanent vegetative state shall be punished with imprisonment of either
description for a term which shall not be less than ten years but which may
extend to imprisonment for life, and with fine:
● • Provided that such fine shall be just and reasonable to meet the medical
expenses of the treatment of the victim.

FOOTNOTES ;

1.SECTIONS 494, 495, 354B, 354C, 366B, 354C, 366B, 366A, 373, 361 OF IPC.

2. SECTIONS 82, 82(2), 76, 77, 141, 96, 99, 137, 118, 124 OF BNS, 2023.
OTHER LAWS IN INDIA FOR PROTECTION OF WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN INDIA-

2.2.3. THE PROTECTION OF WOMEN FROM DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ACT 2005

The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, is a comprehensive piece
of legislation in India designed to protect women from domestic violence and ensure
their rights and safety. Here’s a summary of its key features:
### Objectives:
1. **Protection Against Domestic Violence**: To provide protection to women from
domestic violence, which includes physical, emotional, verbal, and economic abuse.
2. **Empowerment of Women**: To empower women by acknowledging their right to
live free from violence within the home.
### Key Features:
1. **Definition of Domestic Violence**: The Act defines domestic violence broadly,
covering not only physical violence but also emotional, verbal, sexual, and economic
abuse. It extends protection to women living in a shared household, regardless of
marital status.
2. **Aggrieved Person**: The Act identifies an "aggrieved person" as any woman who
is, or has been, in a domestic relationship with a respondent and who alleges to have
faced domestic violence.
3. **Respondent**: The term "respondent" refers to any adult male who is, or has been,
in a domestic relationship with the aggrieved person.
4. **Rights of Women**: The Act guarantees various rights to women, including the right
to:
- Live in a shared household.
- Seek protection orders.
- Claim maintenance.
- Access medical facilities and other services.
5. **Protection Officers**: The Act mandates the appointment of Protection Officers who
assist women in filing complaints, provide them with information about their rights, and
help them access remedies.
6. **Legal Remedies**: The Act allows aggrieved women to seek protection orders,
residence orders, and monetary relief from the courts. It emphasizes the importance of
timely relief and the procedure for filing complaints.
. **Enforcement**: The Act stipulates the creation of a framework for the enforcement of
these protections through the courts and the police. It requires immediate intervention to
ensure a woman’s safety.
8. **Judicial Relief**: Women can approach the Magistrate for various orders under the
Act, which includes restraining the respondent from committing further acts of violence.
### Significance:
- The Act represents a significant step in addressing domestic violence in India, laying
down a legal framework for the protection and empowerment of women.
- It seeks to change societal attitudes towards domestic violence and provides a legal
recourse for women facing abuse.
### Conclusion:
The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, is a landmark legislation
aimed at combating domestic violence and ensuring that women have a safe
environment in their homes. It underscores the state's commitment to protect women's
rights and welfare.

Footnote:
Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005
Legal Service India. (n.d.). Salient Features of the Protection of Women from Domestic
Violence Act, 2005. Retrieved from https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-
17907-salient-features-of-the-protection-of-women-from-domestic-violence-act-
2005.html

2.2.4. DOWRY PROHIBITION ACT, 1961

The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961, is a significant piece of legislation in India aimed at
preventing the practice of dowry and protecting women from its associated harms.
Here’s a summary of its key features:
### Objectives:
1. **Prohibition of Dowry**: To eliminate the practice of dowry in marriages, recognizing
it as a social evil that leads to discrimination and violence against women.
2. **Protection of Women**: To protect women from the coercion and exploitation
associated with dowry demands.
### Key Features:
1. **Definition of Dowry**: The Act defines dowry as any property or valuable security
given or agreed to be given in connection with the marriage of a person. This includes
gifts, property, or money exchanged at the time of marriage.
2. **Prohibition of Dowry Transactions**: The Act prohibits the giving or taking of dowry.
Both the bride's family (who may be compelled to give dowry) and the groom's family
(who may demand dowry) are covered under this prohibition.
3. **Punishment for Dowry Demand**: The Act prescribes penalties for both giving and
taking dowry, making it a punishable offense. Offenders may face imprisonment and/or
fines.
4. **Registration and Maintenance of Dowry**: The Act requires the maintenance of a
list of presents given at the time of marriage, which should be documented in the
marriage registration process.
5. **Cognizable Offense**: Dowry-related offenses are classified as cognizable, allowing
the police to arrest the accused without a warrant, thus facilitating prompt action against
offenders.
6. **Application of the Act**: The Act applies to all Indian citizens, and it is applicable
both to Hindus and non-Hindus. However, the regulation of marriage practices among
different communities may vary.
### Significance:
- The Act represents a crucial step toward gender equality and women’s rights in India
by addressing the societal issue of dowry.
- It aims to decrease dowry-related violence and deaths, such as dowry deaths and
suicides among women.
### Amendments:
- The Act has undergone amendments to strengthen its provisions and enhance the
punishment for dowry-related offenses, including the introduction of stricter penalties.

Thus the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961, is an important legal framework that seeks to
eradicate the practice of dowry and protect the rights of women in India. It reflects a
commitment to social change and the promotion of dignity and equality for women in
marriage. Through this Act, the government aims to combat the socio-economic
pressures that perpetuate dowry practices.

Footnote:

1.The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961, is a civil law in India aimed at eliminating the
practice of dowry by prohibiting the giving, taking, or demanding of dowry, and
prescribes penalties for such offenses, including imprisonment and fines, while allowing
for customary gifts under specified conditions (indiacode.nic.in).

2.Legal Service India. (n.d.). Salient Features of The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961: A
Comprehensive Analysis. Retrieved from
https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-17903-salient-features-of-the-dowry-
prohibition-act-1961-a-comprehensive-analysis.html

2.2.5 The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and

Redressal) Act, 2013
The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and
Redressal) Act, 2013 is a significant legislation in India aimed at providing a safe and
secure work environment for women. Here’s a summary of its key features and
provisions:
### Objectives:
1. **Prevention of Sexual Harassment**: To create a work environment free from sexual
harassment for women employees.
2. **Protection and Redressal**: To ensure that women have access to effective remedy
mechanisms if they face harassment at the workplace.
### Key Features:
1. **Definition of Sexual Harassment**:
- The Act defines sexual harassment in a broad sense, including:
- Physical contact and advances.
- A demand or request for sexual favors.
- Making sexually colored remarks.
- Showing pornography.
- Any other unwelcome physical, verbal, or non-verbal conduct of a sexual nature.
2. **Applicability**:
- The Act applies to all workplaces, whether they are organized or unorganized, and
includes government institutions, private companies, NGOs, and educational
institutions.
3. **Internal Complaints Committee (ICC)**:
- Every workplace with 10 or more employees is required to set up an Internal
Complaints Committee.
- The committee should consist of a presiding officer, who is a woman employee, and
other members including employees from different levels and an external member
familiar with issues related to women.
4. **Complaint Process**:
- Women workers can file a complaint with the ICC if they face sexual harassment.
- The complaint needs to be filed within three months of the incident, although
extensions can be granted in certain situations.
5. **Investigation Procedure**:
- The ICC is mandated to conduct a timely investigation (within 90 days) and is
required to maintain confidentiality about the complaint.
- Both the complainant and the accused have the right to present their case.
6. **Consequences of Harassment**:
- If the allegations are proven, the Act prescribes disciplinary action against the
harasser, which could range from warnings to termination of employment.
7. **Protection Against Retaliation**:
- Women who file complaints or provide evidence against an accused are to be
protected from retaliation and victimization.
8. **Awareness and Training**:
 - Employers must organize awareness programs and training regarding the provisions
of the Act for all employees.
### Significance:
- This Act is a crucial step toward ensuring gender equality and protecting women's
rights in the workplace.
- It empowers women to voice their concerns and provides a structured mechanism for
addressing grievances.

Thus, The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and

Redressal) Act, 2013 aims to create a safe environment for women at work by
preventing and addressing sexual harassment effectively. The establishment of the
Internal Complaints Committee provides a formal avenue for redressal and ensures that
women can work with dignity and respect. This legislation marks a significant
advancement in protecting women's rights in India.

Footnote; Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition

and Redressal) Act, 2013
Legal Service India. (n.d.). Salient Features of the Sexual Harassment of Women
at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013. Retrieved from
https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-17910-salient-features-of-the-
sexual-harassment-of-women-at-workplace-prevention-prohibition-and-redressal-
act-2013.htm

2.2.6. THE MEDICAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY ACT, 1971

The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971 (MTP Act) is a significant piece of
legislation in India that governs the conditions under which a woman can legally
terminate her pregnancy. Here’s a summary of its key features and provisions:
### Objectives:
1. **Legal Framework**: To provide legal sanctity for the termination of pregnancies
under certain conditions.
2. **Public Health**: To ensure safe and medically sound practices for abortion to
protect women's health and well-being.
### Key Features:
1. **Conditions for Termination**:
- The Act allows for the termination of pregnancy under specific circumstances,
including:
- When the continuation of the pregnancy poses a risk to the life or physical or
mental health of the woman.
- In cases of fetal abnormalities that may cause severe physical or mental disabilities.
- Social or economic factors indicating that the termination is justified.
- The Act originally permitted abortion up to 20 weeks; however, recent amendments
(notably in the Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act, 2021) have
extended this limit to 24 weeks for certain categories of women.
2. **Pregnancy Duration**:
- A pregnancy can be terminated up to 12 weeks with the opinion of one registered
medical practitioner (RMP).
- For pregnancies between 12 and 24 weeks, the termination must be approved by
two RMPs.
- Beyond 24 weeks, termination is permitted only in special cases as determined by the
applicable medical and legal guidelines.
3. **Medical Facilities**:
- The procedure must be conducted in a prescribed medical facility, operated by
qualified medical personnel, to ensure women's safety.
4. **Informed Consent**:
- Consent is a crucial aspect of the procedure. Women must provide informed consent
to undergo the termination.
5. **Confidentiality**:
- The Act mandates that all proceedings and medical records related to the
termination of pregnancy be kept confidential to protect the privacy of the woman.
6. **Penalties**:
- The law prescribes penalties for unauthorized or illegal abortions, including fines and
imprisonment, aimed at deterring unsafe practices.
### Amendments:
- The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act, 2021 introduced several
changes:
- Extended the time limit for abortion from 20 weeks to 24 weeks for certain vulnerable
women, such as minors, survivors of rape, and incest, as well as other vulnerable
women.
 - It emphasized the importance of mental health in considerations for termination.

### Significance:
- The MTP Act aims to reduce the incidence of unsafe abortions, thereby protecting
women's health and rights.
- By providing a legal and medical framework for abortion, the Act addresses the
broader societal issues surrounding women's reproductive rights.
The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971 provides a critical legal framework for
abortion in India, promoting women's health and autonomy while ensuring safe medical
practices. The amendments and ongoing discussions around this legislation reflect
evolving societal norms concerning reproductive rights and the health of women. By
allowing abortions under specified circumstances, the Act plays an essential role in
safeguarding women's health and rights in the country.

References:

Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act, 2021 – Official Gazette

Notification.
Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act, 2021 Receives President's Assent
– SCC Online.
Overview: The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act, 2021 – Legal
Wires.
Key Changes in Abortion Law in India: The Medical Termination of Pregnancy
(Amendment) Act, 2021 – LawX.
Law of Abortion in India: Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971 [2001 & 2002] –
Lawctopus.
Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act, 2021 – IndianEmployees.com.
Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act, 2021 – Medical Dialogues.
The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act, 2021 – Community Medicine
4 All.
Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act, 2021 – Rural India Online.
Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act, 2021 – Maansarovar Law Ce

2.2.7.The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961

The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961, is a pivotal legislation in India that safeguards the
rights of women employees during maternity. It ensures financial security and job
protection for women during and after pregnancy.

📌 Objectives
 ● Protection of Employment: To prevent dismissal or discrimination of women
employees due to maternity.
● Provision of Maternity Benefits: To ensure women receive financial support
during maternity leave.

⚖️Key Features

● Eligibility: Women employed in establishments with 10 or more employees,

having worked at least 80 days in the 12 months preceding the expected delivery
date, are entitled to maternity benefits.Indian Kanoon+3Legal Service
India+3Wikipedia+3
● Maternity Leave:
○ 26 weeks for the first two children.
○ 12 weeks for the third and subsequent children.
○ 8 weeks can be availed before delivery; the remaining after
childbirth.Talent Pro India+4LawBhoomi+4TATA AIG Insurance+4Indian
Kanoon+4Wikipedia+4TATA AIG Insurance+4
● Adoptive and Commissioning Mothers: Entitled to 12 weeks of leave from the
date the child is handed over.Indian Kanoon+2Legal Service
India+2LawBhoomi+2
● Work-from-Home Option: Employers may allow this post-maternity leave, subject
to mutual agreement.ijalr
● Crèche Facility: Mandatory for establishments with 50 or more employees;
women employees can visit up to four times a day.Pazcare+4Talent Pro
India+4ijalr+4
● Nursing Breaks: Two breaks per day until the child reaches 15 months of
age.People's Archive of Rural India+2Legal Service India+2Talent Pro India+2
● Dismissal Protection: Prohibits dismissal during maternity leave, except in cases
of gross misconduct.Legal Service India
● Penalties for Non-Compliance: Employers may face imprisonment up to one year
or a fine up to ₹50,000 for violations.Advocate Tanwar

This Act has undergone significant amendments, notably in 2017, to enhance the
welfare of women employees. It aligns with global standards, promoting gender
equality and supporting women in balancing work and family responsibilities.

References

1. The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 – Indian Kanoon

https://indiankanoon.org/doc/600217/Indian Kanoon+1Indian Kanoon+1
2. Maternity Benefit Act 1961: Key Features, Amendments & Rights – Tata AIG
https://www.tataaig.com/knowledge-center/group-health-insurance/maternity-
benefit-act-1961TATA AIG Insurance
 3. Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act, 2017 – Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternity_Benefit_(Amendment)_Act,_2017Wikipedi
a+1TATA AIG Insurance+1
4. Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 – LawBhoomi
https://lawbhoomi.com/maternity-benefit-act-1961/LawBhoomi
5. Maternity Benefit Act 1961 and 2017 Amendment – Pazcare
https://www.pazcare.com/blog/maternity-benefit-actTalent Pro
India+2Pazcare+2LawBhoomi+2

2.2.8. THE EQUAL REMUNERATION ACT, 1976

In 1976, the Indian Government passed the Equal Remuneration Act 1976 to bridge the
wage gap between men and women workers. The objectives of this Act was to provide
equal wages for men and women based on the nature of employment; to provide
equality of opportunity in employment; to protect persons against discrimination
concerning employment or occupation, and to ensure that no person shall be unfairly
dismissed from work on grounds only of sex. No woman shall be dismissed on grounds
only of her sex. This Act facilitates and ensures equality among all the sexes, whether it
is male or female.

Age discrimination and gender discrimination are covered by this Act. For purposes of
this Act, the following expressions shall have the meanings assigned to them
hereunder:-

● Age means a person’s age as of the relevant date

 ● Child means a person under Eighteen years of age, either wholly or partially
dependent on others for support and maintenance
● Women means a female human being of any age
● Remuneration means the salary, wages, bonus, commission, and other types of
monetary consideration payable to a person in return for their services, whether
payable in cash or otherwise, including provident fund, pension

Objectives of Equal Remuneration act, 1976

● To provide equal wages to men and women based on the nature of employment
● To provide equality of treatment in employment
● To protect persons against discrimination concerning employment or occupation
● To ensure that no person shall be unfairly dismissed from work on grounds only
of sex

The “Equal Remuneration Act, 1976” extends to India except for the State Of Jammu
And Kashmir. It was enacted to make it illegal for employers to discriminate between
men and women employees on their pay scale.

The Salient Features of Equal Remuneration Act, 1976

1. Remuneration to be paid in cash or in-kind at the same rate: Under section 2(e)
of the remuneration act, a woman shall not be paid a rate less than what is being
paid to male workers of a corresponding grade employed in the same
establishment if the nature of employment is not essentially different. If
employment is essentially different, then pay should be made differently but
based on skills, capacity, and performance.
2. No discrimination in favour of men: Under section 3(1) of the remuneration act,
no employer shall discriminate between men and women in favour of men by
paying them fewer wages for the same work or employment. The definition
provided under section 2(h) says that any differential pay shall be justified and
has to be on any one or more of the following grounds:-
3. Any other factor which is not prohibited under the provisions of this Act: Under
section 3(2) of the remuneration act, The employer shall not discriminate
between men and women in favour of men by paying women fewer wages for the
same work or employment. The definition provided under section 2(h) says that
any differential pay shall be justified and has to be on any one or more of the
following grounds. This is an addition to the Act made in 1998 by introducing
section 3(2).
4. No discrimination on the ground of sex: Section 4 of the remuneration act, 1976
prohibits discrimination and offers a guarantee against the exploitation of women
workers. It states that no woman shall be dismissed on grounds only of her sex.
5. No discrimination in employment: Section 5 of the remuneration act, 1976
prohibits discrimination and offers a guarantee against the exploitation of women
workers. It states that no employer shall discriminate between men and women
 regarding employment or any term or condition of employment based on their
sex by paying them fewer wages for the same work or employment.

List of Equal Remuneration Act 1976 across India

By State

● Andhra Pradesh

Act No. 20 of 1963

Act No. 24 of 1965

Act No. 17 of 1966

● Arunachal Pradesh (Arunachal Pradesh Equal Remuneration Act, 2002)

Act No. 2 of 1961

● Assam. (The Assam Equal Remuneration Act, 1993)

Act No. 25 of 1962

● Bihar (The Bihar Equal Remuneration Act, 1962)

● Chhattisgarh (The Chhattisgarh Equal Remuneration Act, 2003)

Act No. 4 of 1963

● Delhi (Delhi Equal Remuneration Act, 1956)

● Goa (The Goa Equal Remuneration Act, 1999)
● Gujarat (The Gujarat Equal Remuneration Act, 1991)

Act No. 15 of 1967

● Haryana (The Haryana Equal Remuneration Act, 1975)

● Himachal Pradesh (The Himachal Pradesh Equal Remuneration Act, 1994)

Act No. 10 of 1961

● Jammu & Kashmir (The Jammu & Kashmir Equal Remuneration Act, 2001)
● Jharkhand (The Jharkhand Equal Remuneration Act, 2003)

Act No. 10 of 1961

The Indian Government passed the first-ever law, ‘The Equal Remuneration Act,’ in
1976. It is a complete law that deals with women’s rights and makes equal pay for equal
work. It states that men and women should get equal wages for their work. It also
prohibits discrimination between men and women. It does not allow any gender
discrimination in the workplace.

It was only applicable for more than ten years old companies. Also, it was too difficult to
prove discrimination with the numbers of staff in a company and so many different
factors involved in proving whether someone is being discriminated against.

References

1. India Code: Equal Remuneration Act, 1976. Ministry of Labour and Employment.
Available at: https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/1494
2. Section 4 - Duty of employer to pay equal remuneration to men and women
workers for same work or work of a similar nature. Indian Kanoon. Available at:
https://indiankanoon.org/doc/830768/
3. Equal Remuneration Acts and Rules, 1976. Ministry of Labour & Employment,
Government of India. Available at: https://labour.gov.in/womenlabour/equal-
remuneration-acts-and-rules-1976India Code+5India Code+5India Code+5Indian
Kanoon+5Indian Kanoon+5incometaxindia.gov.in+5
2.2.9. HINDU SUCCESSION ACT, 1956

Women’s Right to Property under Hindu Law

Introduction

■ The right of Hindu women to inherit property has been restricted from the
beginning.
○ In ancient times, women were not considered equal to men, their rights
were also not equal to the male members of the society.
■ The denial of property rights to women can be traced back to religious practices,
as they were considered incompetent to take part in sacrificial rituals and were
prohibited from offering funeral cakes for the spiritual salvation of the common
ancestor.

Woman’s Property Right under Mitakshara and Dayabhaga Schools

■ The Mitakshara School was followed throughout India except for the Eastern part
of India whereas Dayabhaga School was followed throughout the Eastern India
especially in the parts of Bengal and Assam.
■ In Mitakshara School property rights of the women were restricted to a great
extent; women were believed to never be able to become a coparcener.
■ The widow of a deceased coparcener could not get his share and was not
allowed to enforce a partition of his husband's share against his brothers.
■ Dayabhaga school on the other hand was somewhat lenient, it differs in the
matters of inheritance by women and women as heirs from Mitakshara school.
○ Widows had more property rights in Dayabhaga School than in Mitakshara
school, a widow has the right to inherit her deceased husband's share and
could enforce a partition against his brothers.
○ Although the Dayabhaga school of thought offers a certain degree of
freedom, it still imposed limitations. For example, in cases where a
widowed woman without sons passes away, her husband's share does not
transfer to her daughters but is inherited by the nearest male heir instead.
Hindu Woman’s Right After the Hindu Succession Act, 1956

■ In the contemporary age of evolving norms, it is acknowledged that in order to

foster the nation's development, women should be granted equal status and
rights alongside men.
■ Hence, the first major legislation named Hindu Succession Act, 1956 (HSA)
recognizing women's rights to inheritance of property came into existence, since
then with the passage of time women's right of property inheritance is getting
evolved

📚 References

1. Drishti Judiciary – Women’s Right to Property under Hindu Law

https://www.drishtijudiciary.com/to-the-point/ttp-hindu-law/women%E2%80%99s-
right-to-property-under-hindu-lawDrishti Judiciary
2. Legal Service India – Hindu Women's Right to Property: The Fight for Equal
Rights from Past to Present
https://www.legalserviceindia.com/legal/article-6120-hindu-women-s-right-to-
property-the-fight-for-equal-rights-from-past-to-present.htmlLegal Service
India+1Legal Service India+1
3. Panjab University Law Review – Evolution of Property Rights of Hindu Women
https://pulr.puchd.ac.in/index.php/pulr/article/view/197pulr.puchd.ac.in+1Lexlife
India+1
4. Wikipedia – Hindu Succession Act, 1956
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_Succession_Act%2C_1956Legal Service
India+3Wikipedia+3Wikipedia+3
5. Wikipedia – Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_Succession_%28Amendment%29_Act
%2C_2005Legal Service India+4Wikipedia+4Wikipedia+4

Section14 of the Hindu Succession Act, 1956

■ Section 14 - Property of a female Hindu to be her absolute property -

(1) Any property possessed by a female Hindu, whether acquired before or after the
commencement of this Act, shall be held by her as full owner thereof and not as a
limited owner.
Explanation.― In this sub-section, “property” includes both movable and immovable
property acquired by a female Hindu by inheritance or devise, or at a partition, or in lieu
of maintenance or arrears of maintenance, or by gift from any person, whether a relative
or not, before, at or after her marriage, or by her own skill or exertion, or by purchase or
by prescription, or in any other manner whatsoever, and also any such property held by
her as stridhana immediately before the commencement of this Act.
(2) Nothing contained in sub-section (1) shall apply to any property acquired by way of
gift or under a will or any other instrument or under a decree or order of a civil court or
under an award where the terms of the gift, will or other instrument or the decree, order
or award prescribe a restricted estate in such property.

■ According to the provisions of Section 14 of HSA, absolute rights are conferred to

women in any property possessed by her.
■ The Act gives unfettered rights to women, including the right to dispose the
property off. The property can be both movable as well as immovable.
■ Section 14 of HSA grants any Hindu woman the ability to use her property
without the husband’s, father’s, etc. approval or consent. She is free to transfer
her property at any time, and she is free to spend the proceeds in any way she
chooses.

📚 References on Section 14 of the Hindu Succession Act, 1956

1. Indian Kanoon – Section 14 of the Hindu Succession Act, 1956

Provides the full text of Section 14, outlining the property rights of female Hindus.
indiankanoon.org/doc/1871141/
2. LiveLaw – Supreme Court Clarifies Property Rights Under Section 14
Discusses the Supreme Court's interpretation that a Hindu woman can claim
absolute ownership of property possessed under her antecedent maintenance
right.
livelaw.in/supreme-court/s-14-hsa-hindu-woman-can-claim-absolute-ownership-
of-property-possessed-under-her-antecedent-maintenance-right-supreme-court-
276035
3. SCC Online – Hindu Widow’s Pre-Existing Right to Maintenance Ripens
into Full Ownership
Explores how a Hindu widow's pre-existing right to maintenance automatically
ripens into full ownership when she is in settled legal possession of the property.
scconline.com/blog/post/2022/05/25/hindu-widows-pre-existing-right-to-
maintenance-automatically-ripens-into-full-ownership-when-she-is-in-settled-
legal-possession-of-the-property-sc
Case Laws
■ Punithavalli Ammal v. Ramalingam and Anr. (1964)
○ The Supreme Court held that Section 14(1) gives absolute right to women,
and it cannot be curtailed in any manner by making any presumption or
interpretation of the law.
○ It was further held that the date of possession of such property is
irrelevant as women in possession of the property before the enactment of
the provision would now be given absolute rights which were previously
limited.
■ Agasti Karuna v. Cherukuri Krishnaiah (2000)
○ The Andhra Pradesh High Court held in this case that women had
absolute right over the property of the deceased husband under Section
14 of HSA.
○ Any transfer or alienation of such property by the wife after the
commencement of HSA cannot be challenged by any of the heirs.

Section 15 of HSA

■ The general guidelines for the transfer of property intestate of a Hindu are
covered in Section 15 of the 1956 Act. It specifies how the devolution will occur:
○ Firstly, upon the sons and daughters (including the children of any pre-
deceased son or daughter) and the husband.
○ Secondly, upon the heirs of the husband.
○ Thirdly, upon the mother and father.
○ Fourthly, upon the heirs of the father.
○ Lastly, upon the heirs of the mother.

Section 30 of HSA

■ According to Section 30 of HSA, any Hindu female has the entire legal authority
to sell her belongings either through intestate or testamentary succession as per
the right to full ownership.
■ Previously only Hindu men were permitted to make a will to dispose of their
possessions. Hindu women now have the same right.

Hindu Woman’s Right after Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005

The Amendment of 2005
 ■ Prior to the Hindu Succession Amendment Act 2005, sons enjoyed rights over
the deceased father’s property, whereas daughters could do so only till she was
unmarried.
■ Following the 174th Law Commission Report’s recommendations, the Hindu
Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005 was passed and made significant changes
to the 1956 Act.
○ Now married women could inherit their father’s property which was
previously only enjoyed by the male members of the family.
■ In other words, women could now become coparceners in a succession of the
property of the patriarch and hold equal depositionary rights to the property.
■ The Amendment to Section 6 of the Hindu Succession Act that deals with the
Devolution of Coparcenary property has made this possible, and women can also
inherit property as coparceners.

Section 6 of HSA

■ The 2005 Amendment repealed the long-standing discriminatory practice of

excluding women from the coparcenary system. It was done by amending
Section 6 of HSA.
○ As per Section 6(1) of amended HSA, like sons, the daughter of a
coparcener will by birth become a coparcener in her own right.
○ This way Section 6(1) gives equal rights and liabilities to both sons and
daughters of the coparcener.

Share in coparcenary property

■ According to Section 6(3) of HSA, a deceased coparcener’s stake in the assets

of a Hindu Undivided Family will pass through testamentary or intestate
succession. The devolution must occur in a manner that:
○ The daughter has the same share as that of a son.
○ Pre-deceased woman coparcener’s share goes to her surviving children
similarly in the same way it was given to her.

Hindu Adoption and Maintenace Act, 1956

■ Section 19 of the Hindu Adoption and Maintenace Act, 1956 (HAMA) also
provides for daughter in law’s claim to maintenance from her father-in-law, if she
is unable to maintain herself from her own earnings or property, and where she
does not have any property, she is unable to obtain maintenance from her
husband, parents or children.
■ Any obligation under sub-section (1) of Section 19 as mentioned above shall not
be enforceable if the father-in-law has not the means to do so from any
coparcenary property in his possession out of which the daughter-in- law has not
obtained any share, and any such obligation shall cease on the remarriage of the
daughter-in-law.
■ In modern times, a country's progress is contingent on ensuring that its women
are not left behind. Women should enjoy equal rights and opportunities as men,
 not only in theory but also in reality. Only when a nation truly upholds gender
equality in both principle and practice can it truly embark on a path of
development.
■ Now that the daughters have been recognized as coparceners, their interest in
the ancestral property is now protected, since the daughters now also have right
by birth in the ancestral property as the sons, she cannot be denied her share in
the property by testamentary disposition by the father.

2.2.10 Indecent Representation of Women Prohibition Act 1986 Overiew

The Indecent Representation of Women Prohibition Act 1986 was introduced with an
aim to prevent sexual objectification and indecent representation of women in media
and advertisements. The Act extends to all parts of India including the State of Jammu
and Kashmir. The Act came into force on 2nd October, 1987. The Act empowers the
government to prohibit publications, advertisements and other visual representations
which degrades the dignity of the women. The Indecent Representation of Women
Prohibition Act 1986 has impacted the representation of women by creating legal
accountability for offenders and fostering awareness about responsible representation
of women.

Indecent Representation of Women Prohibition Act 1986 Key Features

The Indecent Representation of Women Prohibition Act 1986 aims at safeguarding the
dignity and respect of women by curbing their indecent portrayal. The following are the
important features of the Act -

Section 2 of Indecent Representation of Women Prohibition Act 1986: Indecent

Representation Defined

The Act provides a precise definition of what constitutes the indecent representation of
women. According to Section 2(c) of Indecent Representation of Women Prohibition Act
1986, ‘Indecent representation’ refers to the depiction of a woman’s figure, form, body,
or any part thereof in such a manner that description done in such a way as to have
effect of it being:

○ indecent
○ derogatory
○ denigrating women
○ or such description is likely to
○ deprave
○ corrupt
○ injure the public morality
 ○ morals

Section 3 of Indecent Representation of Women Prohibition Act 1986 strictly prohibits

advertisements containing indecent representation of women. This includes:

○ Any form of commercial communication be it print, broadcast, or electronic where

the image or message is derogatory to women.
○ Advertisements in newspapers, magazines, billboards, or digital platforms that
portray women in a degrading manner.

Section 4 of Indecent Representation of Women Prohibition Act 1986: Prohibition on

Indecent Representation through Publications or Post

According to Section 4 of the Indecent Representation of Women Prohibition Act 1986

no one is allowed to produce, sell, rent, distribute, circulate or send by post any material
(like books, films, drawings, photos, etc.) that contains indecent representation of
women.

Section 4 of the Act provides exceptions which include:

○ Content justified as serving public interest in science, art, literature, or education.

○ Material used in good faith for religious purposes.
○ Representations found in ancient monuments or temples, or used in religious
rituals.
○ Films covered under the Cinematograph Act, 1952.

Section 5 of Indecent Representation of Women Prohibition Act 1986: Search and

Seizure

Under Section 5 of Indecent Representation of Women Prohibition Act 1986 provides

that any Gazetted Officer authorised by the State Government, within the local limits of
the area. The authorised officer may enter and search at a reasonable time with
assistance at any place in which the officer has a reason to believe that an offence
punishable under this act has been committed.

The following are the powers of the authorised officer-

He can seize any of the following, if the officer has a reason to believe that the following
contravenes with the provision of this act-

○ advertisement
○ book
○ pamphlet
○ paper
○ slide film
○ writing
○ drawing
 ○ painting
○ photographs
○ representation
○ figure

This provision provides enforcement officers with necessary powers to take swift and
decisive action against offending parties while also ensuring procedural fairness.

Section 6 of Indecent Representation of Women Prohibition Act 1986: Strict Penalties

Section 6 of the Indecent Representation of Women Prohibition Act 1986 imposes

stringent penalties on violators to serve as a deterrent. Any person in contravention with
Section 3 or Section 4 of this act shall be punishable on :

First Conviction:

○ With imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years
and
○ With fine which may extend Rs. 2000.

Second or Subsequent:

○ With imprisonment for a term of not less than 6 months but which may extend to
5 years and
○ With a fine not less than Rs. 10000 but which may extend to Rs. 100000.

Section 7 of Indecent Representation of Women Prohibition Act 1986: Offences by

Companies

Section 7 of Indecent Representation of Women Prohibition Act 1986 holds companies

and their responsible officials accountable if an offence occurs within their business
operations.

When an offence under this act has been committed by a company, the person liable
shall be -

○ every person in charge of the company

○ at the time when such an offence was committed

When it is proved that the offence committed by the company with the consent or
connivance of, or is attributable to any neglect on the part of-

○ Director
○ Manager
○ Secretary
○ Other officer
○ then such a person would be liable and punished under this act.
Section 7 proviso provides that when such an offence is committed with knowledge of
the concerned person, then only such a person would be liable. The concerned person
will not be held liable if he is able to prove that he had exercised due diligence to
prevent commission of such offence.

Section 8 of Indecent Representation of Women Prohibition Act 1986: Nature of the

offence

Section 8 of Indecent Representation of Women Prohibition Act 1986 provides that the
nature of the offence punishable under this act shall be-

○ Cognizable
○ Bailable

Section 9 of Indecent Representation of Women Prohibition Act 1986: Protection of

action taken in good faith

Section 9 of Indecent Representation of Women Prohibition Act 1986 provides that no

suit or legal proceedings shall lie against -

○ Central Government
○ State Government
○ Any Government official

Who does any act, under this act in good faith.

Section 10 of Indecent Representation of Women Prohibition Act 1986: Power to make

rules

Section 10 of Indecent Representation of Women Prohibition Act 1986 provides that the
Central Government may by notification in the Official Gazette, make rules to carry out
the provisions of this Act regarding -

○ the manner in which the seizure of advertisements or other articles shall be

made.
○ the manner in which the seizure list shall be prepared and delivered to the
person from whose custody any advertisement or other article has been seized.
○ any other matter which is required to be, or may be, prescribed.

Indecent Representation of Women Prohibition Act 1986 Landmark Cases

The following landmark judgements though not all directly invoking the Indecent
Representation of Women Prohibition Act 1986 but plays an important role in shaping
its interpretation by the judiciary. The decisions provide essential insight into how courts
in India have balanced concerns of women’s dignity, public morality and freedom of
expression under Article 19 of Indian Constitution:

Bobby Art International v. Om Pal Singh (1996)

The case of Bobby Art International v. Om Pal Singh dealt with the controversial film
Bandit Queen, which depicted graphic scenes of sexual violence. The Petitioners
argued that the film was obscene and insulted women. However, the Supreme Court
upheld its release and held that it portrayed the harsh realities of a woman's life and
was protected under the right to freedom of expression. The decision explained that not
all graphic depictions of women amount to indecent representation especially when
intended to highlight social evils.

Maqbool Fida Hussain v. Raj Kumar Pandey (2008)

Renowned painter M.F. Hussain faced criminal complaints over his nude painting of
Bharat Mata. The Supreme Court highlighted that nudity in art does not automatically
equate to indecency or obscenity. The Court recognized the artistic freedom of
expression and held that the painting, being a work of art and was not in violation of
public decency standards or the dignity of women.

Ranjeet Udeshi v. State of Maharashtra (1965)

The case of Ranjeet Udeshi v. State of Maharashtra laid the groundwork for
understanding obscenity laws in India. It involved the sale of Lady Chatterley’s Lover,
deemed obscene under Section 292 of Indian Penal Code. The Supreme Court applied
the Hicklin test and concluded that art involving nudity could still be obscene if it tends
to corrupt susceptible minds. The ruling contributed to the legal foundation on which the
Indecent Representation of Women Prohibition Act 1986 Act was later built.

Aveek Sarkar v. State of West Bengal (2014)

The case of Aveek Sarkar v. State of West Bengal marked a shift from the Hicklin test to
the more progressive Community Standards Test. A semi-nude photo published in a
magazine led to charges under Section 292 of Indian Penal Code. The Supreme Court
held that material must be evaluated in context and in accordance with contemporary
community standards. This modern approach aligns with the intent of the Indecent
Representation of Women Prohibition Act 1986 Act to prevent harmful and degrading
representations of women without stifling legitimate artistic or expressive content.
Conclusion

The Indecent Representation of Women Prohibition Act 1986 aimed at protecting the
dignity of women in India. It has a positive impact on traditional forms of media, its
relevance is being tested in the face of modern technological developments. Future
reforms should focus on extending its provisions to cover online media and refining the
definition of indecent representation.
2.2.11. NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR WOMEN ACT, 1990

The National Commission for Women was set up as statutory body in January 1992
under the National Commission for Women Act, 1990 ( Act No. 20 of 1990 of Govt. of
India) to :

● Review the Constitutional and Legal safeguards for women ;

● Recommend remedial legislative measures ;
● Facilitate redressal of grievances and advise the Government on all policy
matters affecting women.

In keeping with its mandate, the Commission initiated various steps to improve the
status of women and worked for their economic empowerment during the year under
report. The Commission receive a large number of complaints and acted suo-moto in
several cases to provide speedy justice. It took up the issue of child marriage,
sponsored legal awareness programmes, Parivarik Mahila Lok Adalats and reviewed
laws related to Women such as Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961, PNDT Act 1994, Bharatiya
Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) and the National Commission for Women Act, 1990 to make them
more stringent and effective. It organized consultations, constituted expert committees
on economic empowerment of women, conducted workshops/seminars for gender
awareness and took up publicity campaign against Sexual Harassment of Women at
Workplace, Violence against women etc. in order to generate awareness in the society
against these social evils.

The National Commission for Women was set up as statutory body in January 1992
under the National Commission for Women Act, 1990 (Act No.20 of 1990 of Govt. of
India) to review the Constitutional and legal safeguards for women; recommend
remedial legislative measures, facilitate redressal of grievances and advise the
Government on all policy matters affecting women.

A Brief History

The Committee on the Status of Women in India (CSWI) recommended the

establishment of the National Commission for Women to fulfill the surveillance functions
to facilitate redressal of grievances and to accelerate the socio-economic development
of women.

1. Successive Committees/Commissions/Plans including the National Perspective

Plan for Women (1988-2000) recommended the constitution of an apex body for
women.
2. During 1990, the central government held consultations with NGOs, social
workers and experts, regarding the structure, functions, powers etc. of the
Commission proposed to be set up.
3. In May 1990, the Bill was introduced in the Lok Sabha.
 4. In July 1990, the HRD Ministry organized a National Level Conference to elicit
suggestions regarding the Bill.
5. In August 1990 the government moved several amendments and introduced new
provisions to vest the commission with the power of a civil court.
6. The Bill was passed and received accent of the President on 30th August 1990.
7. The First Commission was constituted on 31st January 1992.

Constitution of The Commission

Section – 3 of National Commission for Women Act, 1990 Act No. 20 of 1990 of Govt. of
India – Constitution of the National Commission for Women

● The Central Government shall constitute a body to be known as the

National Commission for Women to exercise the powers conferred on and
to perform the functions assigned to, it under this Act.
● The Commission shall consist of :
● A Chairperson, committed to the cause of women, to be nominated
by the Central Government;
● Five Members to be nominated by the Central Government from
amongst persons of ability, integrity and standing who have had
experience in law or legislation, trade unionism, management of an
industry potential of women, women’s voluntary organisations
(including women activist ), administration, economic development,
health, education or social welfare:

Provided that at least one Member each shall be from amongst

persons belonging to the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
respectively:

● A Member-Secretary to be nominated by the Central Government

who shall be :-
● an expert in the field of management, organisational
structure or sociological movement,
or
● an officer who is a member of a civil service of the Union or
of an all-India service or holds a civil post under the Union
with appropriate experience.

The Mandate of The National Commission for Women

Section -10 of the National Commission for Women Act, 1990 (Act No. 20 of 1990 of
Govt. of India)

1. The commission shall perform all or any of the following functions, namely :-
● Investigate and examine all matters relating to the safeguards provided for
women under the Constitution and other laws,
 ● present to the Central Government, annually and at such other times as
the Commission may deem fit, reports upon the working of those
safeguard,
● make in such reports recommendations for the effective implementation of
those safeguards for the improving the conditions of women by the Union
or any state,
● review, from time to time, the exiting provisions of the Constitution and
other laws affecting women and recommend amendments thereto so as to
suggest remedial legislative measures to meet any lacunae, inadequacies
or shortcomings in such legislations,
● take up cases of violation of the provisions of the Constitution and of other
laws relating to women with the appropriate authorities,
● look into complaints and take suo moto notice of matters relating to:-
● deprivation of women’s rights,
● non-implementation of laws enacted to provide protection to women
and also to achieve the objective of equality and development,
● non-compliance of policy decisions, guidelines or instructions
aimed at mitigating hardships and ensuring welfare and providing
relief to women, and take up the issues arising out of such matters
with appropriate authorities,
● call for special studies or investigations into specific problems or situations
arising out of discrimination and atrocities against women and identify the
constraints so as to recommend strategies for their removal,
● undertake promotional and educational research so as to suggest ways of
ensuring due representation of women in all spheres and identify factors
responsible for impeding their advancement, such as, lack of access to
housing and basic services, inadequate support services and technologies
for reducing drudgery and occupational health hazards and for increasing
their productivity,
● participate and advice on the planning process of socio-economic
development of women,
● evaluate the progress of the development of women under the Union and
any State,
● inspect or cause to inspected a jail, remand home, women’s institution or
other place of custody where women are kept as prisoners or otherwise
and take up with the concerned authorities for remedial action, if found
necessary,
● fund litigation involving issues affecting a large body of women,
● make periodical reports to the Government on any matter pertaining to
women and in particular various difficulties under which women toil,
● any other matter which may be referred to it by Central Government.
2. The Central Government shall cause all the reports referred to in clause (b) of
sub-section (1) to be laid before each House of Parliament along with
memorandum explaining the action taken or proposed to be taken on the
recommendations relating to the Union and the reasons for the non-acceptance,
if any, of any such recommendations.
3. Where any such report or any part thereof relates to any matter with which any
State Government is concerned, the Commission shall forward an copy of such
report or part to such State Government who shall cause it to be laid before the
Legislature of the State along with a memorandum explaining the action taken or
proposed to be taken on the recommendations relating to the State and the
reasons for the non-acceptance, if any, of any such recommendations.
4. The Commission shall, while investigating any matter referred to in clause (a) or
sub-clause (i) of clause (f) of sub-section (1), have all the powers of a civil court
trying a suit and, in particular in respect of the following matters, namely :-
● summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person from any part of
India and examining him on oath,
● requiring the discovery and production of any document,
● receiving evidence on affidavits,
● requisitioning any public record or copy thereof from any court or office,
● issuing commissions for the examination of witnesses and documents,
and
● any other matter which may be prescribed.
CHAPTER - III

NEWSPAPER ARTICLES AND SOCIAL MEDIA’S INFLUENCE

ON GENDER SENSITIVITY AWARENESS.

3.1 Introduction
SOCIAL MEDIA’S INFLUENCE ON GENDER SENSITIVITY

Gender sensitisation refers to the process of making people aware of gender equality
issues and encouraging respect and empathy towards all genders. It aims to challenge
traditional gender norms, fight discrimination, and promote inclusivity. In the digital age,
social media has emerged as a powerful tool in spreading awareness about gender
sensitisation. With billions of users globally, platforms like Facebook, Instagram, Twitter,
TikTok, and YouTube play a pivotal role in shaping public opinion and encouraging
social change.
3.1. 1. Widespread Awareness and Education
One of the most profound impacts of social media is its ability to reach a vast and
diverse audience. Educational content related to gender sensitisation is more
accessible than ever:

● Informative Posts and Videos: Activists, NGOs, and educators regularly share
content explaining gender identity, gender roles, stereotypes, and issues like
gender-based violence, pay inequality, and reproductive rights.
● Hashtag Campaigns: Movements such as #MeToo, #HeForShe, #TimesUp, and
#BreakTheBias have gone viral, drawing global attention to gender issues and
encouraging people to share their personal stories.
● User-Generated Content: Everyday users share personal experiences and
perspectives that help demystify complex gender issues and create empathy.

This form of digital education helps especially in places where formal education on
gender issues is lacking.
3.1.2. Challenging Gender Norms and Stereotypes
Social media allows people to question and reject traditional gender expectations:

● Representation and Visibility: Individuals from all walks of life—including

LGBTQIA+ communities—use social media to express their identities and
 experiences. This visibility challenges the binary concept of gender and promotes
acceptance.
● Breaking Stereotypes: Memes, reels, and short videos often use humor or
personal narratives to critique outdated gender roles (e.g., "boys don’t cry" or
"women should stay at home").
● Cultural Shifts: Influencers, artists, and celebrities on social media set trends that
normalize gender-neutral fashion, non-traditional roles, and inclusive language.

These shifts contribute to a more open and tolerant mindset, particularly among the
youth.
3.1.3. Community Building and Support Networks
Social media fosters online communities that provide emotional support and solidarity:

● Safe Spaces: Gender-diverse individuals can find like-minded people, share

experiences, and receive advice without fear of immediate judgment or violence.
● Discussion Forums and Groups: Platforms like Reddit, Facebook groups, and
Discord channels create forums for meaningful conversation on gender issues.
● Support for Survivors: Many survivors of domestic violence, sexual harassment,
or gender discrimination find strength in speaking out and connecting with others
who have had similar experiences.

This virtual camaraderie empowers individuals and strengthens social movements.

3.1.4. Advocacy and Activism
Social media is a catalyst for activism:

● Mobilization: Protests, awareness drives, and petitions often gain momentum

through viral social media posts (e.g., marches for gender rights, legal reforms).
● Holding Institutions Accountable: Public outrage on social media can push
governments, corporations, and schools to address gender-insensitive policies or
behavior.
● Influencer Advocacy: Influencers and celebrities often use their platforms to
promote gender-sensitive messages, increasing their reach and influence.

Such advocacy contributes to tangible changes in policy, workplace culture, and

societal attitudes.
3.1.5. Limitations and Challenges
Despite its power, social media also has drawbacks when it comes to gender
sensitisation:

● Online Harassment: Activists, especially women and gender minorities, often

face trolling, hate speech, doxxing, and threats.
 ● Misinformation and Stereotypes: False or oversimplified narratives can spread
quickly, leading to confusion or backlash.
● Polarization: Algorithm-driven content can create echo chambers, reinforcing
existing biases instead of challenging them.
● Performative Activism: Some individuals or brands engage in “woke-washing”
(pretending to care about gender issues just for attention), which undermines
genuine efforts.

Hence, while social media can educate and empower, it must be used critically and
responsibly.
Social media has become an indispensable tool in promoting gender sensitisation
awareness. It educates the masses, amplifies marginalised voices, fosters dialogue,
and mobilizes action. However, its effectiveness depends on how consciously and
ethically it is used. To truly leverage social media for gender sensitisation, users must
combine digital activism with critical thinking, empathy, and real-world engagement.
In the digital age, social media has emerged as a powerful force in shaping public
opinion and encouraging social transformation. One of the most significant ways it
contributes to societal progress is by promoting gender sensitisation awareness.
Gender sensitisation involves educating people to view all genders with equal respect,
challenging traditional gender roles, and fostering inclusivity. Social media platforms like
Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, TikTok, and YouTube have become key tools in
spreading awareness, inspiring activism, and building communities that support gender
equity.

3.2 Promoting Awareness and Education

Social media plays a vital role in disseminating information about gender issues to a
wide and diverse audience. Unlike traditional media, which is often limited by
geographic or editorial boundaries, social media allows for the free flow of ideas across
borders.
Informative posts, videos, and infographics created by activists, educators, and
organizations explain concepts such as gender equality, gender-based violence, toxic
masculinity, and LGBTQ+ rights. Hashtag campaigns such as #MeToo, #HeForShe,
and #BreakTheBias have gained global traction, encouraging people to speak out,
share their stories, and stand against injustice.
These platforms also offer interactive and engaging content that appeals especially to
younger generations, making education on gender issues more accessible and
relatable.

3.3 Challenging Gender Stereotypes

One of the key contributions of social media is its ability to question and deconstruct
harmful gender norms. For centuries, societies have reinforced ideas like "men are
strong and unemotional" or "women belong in the kitchen." Social media is now helping
reverse these narratives.
Users from different backgrounds, including members of the LGBTQIA+ community, use
social media to express their identities and experiences. This visibility promotes
acceptance and normalizes diverse gender expressions. Influencers, content creators,
and celebrities often challenge stereotypes through their platforms by showcasing non-
traditional roles, gender-fluid fashion, or inclusive language.
Memes, short videos, and storytelling formats further help people understand and reflect
on how gender roles are socially constructed and how they can be changed.

3.4. Community Building and Safe Spaces

Social media enables the formation of online communities where individuals can find
support, validation, and guidance. For those who face discrimination in their offline lives,
these platforms often serve as lifelines.
Facebook groups, Reddit forums, and hashtags like #TransIsBeautiful or
#FeminismIsForEveryone help build networks where users feel safe to share their
experiences, struggles, and victories. These communities empower individuals to resist
gender-based discrimination and offer emotional solidarity.
Survivors of abuse and discrimination often find strength and courage by sharing their
stories online and connecting with others who have endured similar experiences.

3.5. Driving Advocacy and Social Change

Social media is not just about awareness—it is a powerful engine for activism.
Movements that once took years to gather support can now go viral within hours.
Activists use social platforms to organize protests, fundraisers, educational webinars,
and signature campaigns. Public outrage on social media has led to corporations,
schools, and even governments taking accountability for discriminatory practices.
Influencers and public figures lend their voices to social justice causes, thereby
amplifying important messages to wider audiences.
In many cases, social media activism has led to real-world changes in legislation,
workplace policies, and cultural attitudes toward gender.

3.6. Challenges and Limitations

While social media offers tremendous opportunities, it is not without its challenges.
Online harassment is a common threat, especially for women, LGBTQ+ individuals, and
gender activists. Trolling, hate speech, doxxing, and cyberbullying are serious problems
that can discourage open discussion.
Moreover, misinformation spreads quickly on social media. Oversimplified or inaccurate
portrayals of gender issues can mislead users and fuel backlash. Algorithms often
create echo chambers, where users are only exposed to content that aligns with their
existing beliefs, thus limiting critical thinking.
Another concern is performative activism—when individuals or brands claim to support
gender equality online without taking any real action. This can dilute the impact of
genuine advocacy efforts.
In conclusion, social media has become an essential tool in advancing gender
sensitisation awareness. It educates the public, challenges harmful stereotypes,
supports community building, and mobilizes collective action. However, its effectiveness
depends on responsible usage, digital literacy, and ethical engagement. To create a
truly gender-sensitive society, we must use social media not only as a platform for
awareness but also as a catalyst for lasting, meaningful change in the real world.

3.7. The Role of Indian Cinema in Changing People's Perspective Towards

Gender Bias
Cinema has always been a powerful medium of mass communication, and in a country
like India—where films influence fashion, language, behavior, and societal norms—its
role in shaping public opinion cannot be overstated. Historically, Indian cinema has
mirrored the gender biases prevalent in society, often reinforcing stereotypes. However,
over the years, Indian films have also become a catalyst for change, challenging
traditional gender roles, and promoting gender equality.
3.7.1. From Stereotypes to Strong Female Characters
In earlier decades, women in Indian films were often portrayed in stereotypical roles—
either as self-sacrificing mothers, submissive wives, or objects of male desire. Men
dominated storylines as heroes and saviors, while women were passive participants.
However, contemporary Indian cinema has evolved significantly, giving space to strong,
complex, and independent female characters who defy patriarchal norms:

● Films like Queen (2014) showed a woman rediscovering herself after being
abandoned before her wedding.
● In Pink (2016), the powerful message “No means no” was delivered through a
gripping courtroom drama that tackled consent, victim-blaming, and societal
judgment.
● Dangal (2016) broke traditional notions of gender by portraying girls excelling in
wrestling—a sport traditionally associated with men.

These narratives helped shift public opinion by portraying women not as dependent but
as equal, empowered individuals.
3.7.2. Addressing Gender-Based Violence and Patriarchy
Indian films have started engaging with serious gender-based issues like domestic
violence, marital rape, dowry, and female infanticide—topics once considered taboo in
mainstream cinema:

● Thappad (2020) tackled domestic violence within a marriage, questioning the

normalization of abuse in Indian households.
● NH10 (2015) exposed honor killings and the brutal reality of rural patriarchy.
● Article 15 (2019), although more focused on caste discrimination, also shed light
on the intersection of gender and social inequality.

By bringing such topics to the forefront, films create awareness, foster empathy, and
encourage discussion among viewers who may have never critically examined these
issues before.
3.7.3. Breaking the Mold for Male Characters
Progressive Indian cinema has not only empowered women but also begun to redefine
masculinity. Traditional portrayals of men as emotionally stoic, aggressive, and
dominant are now being challenged:

● In Chhichhore (2019) and Dear Zindagi (2016), male characters are shown
dealing with emotions, mental health, and vulnerability.
● Kapoor & Sons (2016) included a sensitive portrayal of a gay male character
without stereotyping, marking a shift in the depiction of male identity.

Such portrayals are crucial in dismantling toxic masculinity and promoting healthier,
more sensitive versions of manhood.
3.7.4. LGBTQ+ Representation
While earlier portrayals of LGBTQ+ characters were often caricatured or comic relief,
recent Indian cinema has taken significant strides toward authentic and respectful
representation:

● Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan (2020) featured a same-sex love story in a

mainstream, family-centric format.
● Aligarh (2016) told the real-life story of a professor suspended for being gay,
highlighting the issues of privacy, dignity, and discrimination.
● Badhaai Do (2022) explored lavender marriages and the hidden struggles of
LGBTQ+ people in conservative families.

These films help normalize diverse sexual and gender identities, challenging the rigid
binaries of male/female and heterosexual/homosexual.
3.7.5. Influence on Rural and Urban Audiences
Indian cinema has a wider reach than any other medium—cutting across rural, semi-
urban, and urban populations. When mainstream films portray gender sensitivity,
equality, and women’s empowerment, the message can penetrate deeply into even the
most traditional communities.
With the rise of OTT platforms like Netflix, Amazon Prime, and Hotstar, content has
become even more accessible, offering independent films and documentaries that
challenge patriarchal structures and give voice to marginalized genders.
3.7.6. Celebrity Influence and Social Impact
Bollywood celebrities wield immense influence. When actors or directors take a stand
on gender issues—whether through the characters they play or the causes they support
—it adds credibility and reaches a wider audience.

● Actors like Taapsee Pannu, Vidya Balan, and Ayushmann Khurrana have
consistently chosen scripts that challenge gender norms.
● Filmmakers like Meghna Gulzar, Zoya Akhtar, and Anubhav Sinha have made it
their mission to bring gender-sensitive narratives to the screen.

Their collective effort is not just entertainment but social education.

3.7.9. Challenges and the Way Forward
Despite the progress, Indian cinema is not free from flaws:

● Item songs, hyper-sexualization, and misogynistic dialogues are still prevalent in

many mainstream films.
● In some cases, women are used as plot devices rather than being central to the
story.
● Transgender characters and intersex identities are still largely ignored or
misrepresented.

The way forward is to support inclusive storytelling, train screenwriters and filmmakers
in gender sensitivity, and promote cinema that reflects equality, dignity, and respect for
all genders.
Indian cinema has immense potential to influence public thought and reshape societal
attitudes. Over the years, it has gradually moved from reinforcing gender bias to actively
challenging it. By portraying empowered women, redefining masculinity, and giving
voice to marginalized genders, Indian films are helping shift mindsets toward equality,
respect, and inclusion. While there is still progress to be made, cinema remains one of
India’s strongest tools in the fight against gender bias.

3.8. Awareness and Changes Through Social Media and Other Platforms in
Gender Sensitisation
In recent years, digital platforms—including social media, OTT platforms, online
education, and web-based campaigns—have significantly influenced gender
sensitisation. These platforms play a critical role in educating people about gender
equity, challenging patriarchal mindsets, and promoting respectful behavior toward all
genders.

Unlike traditional systems (like schools or homes) that may not always encourage open
discussions on gender identity, stereotypes, or discrimination, online platforms offer
both reach and freedom. They have helped build public consciousness, spark social
movements, and influence policies.
3.8.1. Social Media: A Catalyst for Awareness
a) Viral Campaigns & Hashtags

● Hashtags like #MeToo, #HeForShe, #TimesUp, #WhyIStayed, and

#GenderEquality have gone viral.
● They allow individuals—especially women and gender minorities—to share
experiences, demand justice, and create collective solidarity.
● These movements exposed issues like workplace harassment, domestic abuse,
and gender-based violence at a global scale.

b) Influencer & Celebrity Advocacy

● Social media influencers use platforms like Instagram, YouTube, and TikTok to
educate and raise awareness on gender-related issues.
● Celebrities, when they speak out on feminism or LGBTQ+ rights, influence
millions of followers.
● Influencers from marginalized communities (e.g., Dalit feminists, trans activists)
now have a voice and platform.

c) Short-form Educational Content

● Reels, YouTube videos, infographics, and Twitter threads break down complex
topics like gender identity, sexual consent, or period poverty in relatable ways.
● This especially resonates with young audiences, increasing youth engagement in
gender discourse

3.8.2. Online Campaigns by NGOs and International Organizations

● NGOs and global bodies like UN Women, UNICEF, Breakthrough India, and
Sayfty run gender sensitisation campaigns online.
● These include:
○ Digital storytelling.
○ Gender-sensitivity toolkits.
 ○ Interactive videos.
○ Online seminars and training.
● Example: UN Women’s “HeForShe” campaign encourages men to participate in
promoting gender equality.

Such campaigns offer resources for educators, parents, students, and corporate leaders
to learn and implement gender-sensitive practices.
3.8.3. OTT Platforms and Web Series

OTT platforms like Netflix, Amazon Prime, SonyLIV, and Hotstar have revolutionized
content consumption by offering diverse gender narratives:
a) Inclusive Content

● Shows and films explore themes like:

○ Same-sex relationships (Made in Heaven).
○ Gender transition (Taali, Paatal Lok).
○ Women in leadership (Delhi Crime, Bombay Begums).

b) Breaking Stereotypes

● Female leads are shown as ambitious, flawed, and independent—not just

mothers or love interests.
● Men are allowed emotional expression, vulnerability, and compassion, reshaping
ideas of masculinity.

OTT platforms reach urban and semi-urban audiences, making progressive gender
messages more mainstream.
3.8.4. Online Education & Gender Sensitisation Workshops

● E-learning platforms like Coursera, Udemy, and Khan Academy offer gender
studies modules and sensitisation courses.
● Schools and universities host webinars and online discussions on gender
awareness, especially after the COVID-19 shift to digital learning.
● Corporate sectors now use gender sensitisation training programs (often virtual)
to create inclusive workplaces.

3.8.5. News Portals and Blogs

● Websites like Feminism in India, The Swaddle, Youth Ki Awaaz, and

SheThePeople offer detailed, research-based, and personal narratives about
gender discrimination, rights, and equality.
 ● Blogs, podcasts, and independent journalism provide a platform for
underrepresented voices, including Dalit women, queer individuals, and rural
activists.

3.8.6. Real-World Impact and Changes

a) Policy and Institutional Reforms

● Online outrage has led to action in cases of sexual harassment and workplace
discrimination (e.g., #MeToo cases in Bollywood and Indian media).
● Institutions are now more conscious of gender-inclusive policies, safe spaces,
and anti-harassment frameworks.

b) Cultural Mindset Shifts

● Youth today are more likely to support gender fluidity, consent culture, and
equality due to digital exposure.
● Topics once considered taboo (like menstruation, homosexuality, and marital
rape) are now openly discussed.

c) Grassroots Mobilization

● Local gender sensitisation workshops are now supported by online funding and
visibility (e.g., through Ketto or Milaap crowdfunding).
● Activism is no longer limited to cities—it reaches rural India through smartphones
and regional-language content.

3.8.7. Challenges That Remain

● Digital divide limits reach in low-income and rural communities.

● Online harassment and trolling often silence women and queer voices.
● Performative activism or “slacktivism” (likes/shares without real action) can dilute
genuine efforts.

Still, the progress is undeniable—social media and digital platforms have democratized
the gender sensitisation movement in India and globally.
Social media and other online platforms have revolutionized the landscape of gender
sensitisation by making information accessible, voices louder, and activism more
widespread. They have educated, inspired, and mobilized people to think critically about
gender roles, challenge inequality, and act for justice. While challenges persist, the
digital space continues to be a powerful force for gender awareness and transformation.
Chapter IV : Public Perceptions and Attitudes Towards
Gender Sensitisation
Gender sensitisation is a pivotal strategy in addressing entrenched gender biases and
promoting equality. In India, where traditional gender norms often dictate societal roles,
understanding public perceptions and attitudes towards gender sensitisation is essential
for effective policy-making and educational reforms. This chapter delves into various
studies and initiatives that have explored how different segments of the population
perceive and respond to gender sensitisation efforts.

4. School-Based Interventions and Their Impact

4.1 The Girl Rising Program

A notable example of a school-based intervention is the Girl Rising Gender-

Sensitisation Program, implemented across 254 schools in rural Punjab and Rajasthan.
This program aimed to support adolescents in identifying and articulating their gender-
related experiences. A study evaluating the program found significant improvements in
gender attitudes among participants. For instance, adolescents were more likely to
disagree with traditional gender roles and support gender equality. These changes were
statistically significant and suggest that such programs can play a pivotal role in altering
gender perceptions during adolescence.

4.2 Breakthrough's "Taaron ki Toli" Initiative

Another impactful intervention is Breakthrough's "Taaron ki Toli" program, which

conducted interactive classroom discussions about gender roles and discrimination in
secondary schools across Haryana. The program led to a measurable shift in students'
gender attitudes, with participants expressing more progressive views on gender
equality. Notably, the program also influenced students' behaviors, particularly among
boys, who reported engaging more in household chores. These changes persisted even
two years after the program concluded, highlighting the long-term effectiveness of such
educational initiatives.

4.3. Community-Level Programs and Their Reach

4.3.1. Schools of Equality
Schools of Equality, a non-profit organization based in Chennai, focuses on shifting
social attitudes surrounding gender-based violence and other injustices. Their programs
encourage students to question notions of power related to gender and its
intersectionalities, including caste, class, religion, and sexuality. By helping students
understand their rights and responsibilities, the organization aims to foster a more
equitable society.

4.3.2. Yari-Dosti Program in Mumbai

In Mumbai, the Yari-Dosti program targeted young men from low-income communities
to promote gender equity. The program involved educational activities that encouraged
participants to reflect on gender, sexuality, and masculinity. Post-intervention surveys
indicated a significant decrease in support for inequitable gender norms and sexual
harassment. This suggests that engaging men in discussions about gender can lead to
positive changes in attitudes and behaviors.

4.4. Media Campaigns and Public Awareness

4.4.1. Tata Tea's "Jaago Re" Campaign

Tata Tea's "Jaago Re" campaign, which includes a gender sensitisation component,
has been instrumental in raising awareness about gender inequalities in Indian
households. The campaign's message, "Inequality gets learnt. Equality needs teaching,"
underscores the importance of education in challenging traditional gender norms. While
the campaign has been impactful in initiating conversations about gender equality, it
also highlights the need for comprehensive policies that address gender biases at
institutional levels.

4.4.2. "Selfie With Daughter" Campaign

The "Selfie With Daughter" campaign, initiated by Sunil Jaglan, encourages parents to
take selfies with their daughters and share them on social media to celebrate the value
of girls and challenge societal norms that may devalue female children. This campaign
has gained widespread support and has been adopted in over 70 countries,
demonstrating the power of social media in promoting gender equality.

4.5. Public Perceptions and Attitudes

Research indicates that public perceptions of gender sensitisation are influenced by
various factors, including education, exposure to gender equality programs, and media
representation. For instance, individuals who have participated in gender sensitisation
programs often exhibit more progressive attitudes towards gender roles and are more
likely to challenge traditional norms. However, societal resistance remains, particularly
in rural areas, where entrenched beliefs about gender roles persist. Therefore, while
interventions have shown promise, sustained efforts are necessary to bring about
lasting change in public attitudes towards gender equality.
Despite the positive outcomes associated with gender sensitisation programs, several
challenges hinder their effectiveness. These include limited resources, resistance from
conservative segments of society, and the need for trained facilitators. Moreover, the
impact of such programs can be diluted if not integrated into broader societal and
institutional reforms. Therefore, a multi-faceted approach involving education, media,
policy, and community engagement is essential for achieving sustainable gender
equality.

Public perceptions and attitudes towards gender sensitisation are evolving, with
increasing recognition of the importance of challenging traditional gender norms.
Educational interventions, community programs, and media campaigns have played
significant roles in shifting attitudes and behaviors. However, sustained efforts and
comprehensive strategies are required to overcome existing challenges and achieve
lasting change in societal perceptions of gender equality.

Footnotes:

1. The Girl Rising Gender-Sensitisation Program was implemented in 254 schools

across rural Punjab and Rajasthan, reaching over 45,000 adolescents. Taylor &
Francis Online
2. Breakthrough's "Taaron ki Toli" program conducted interactive classroom
discussions about gender roles and discrimination in secondary schools across
Haryana, leading to measurable shifts in students' gender attitudes.
3. Schools of Equality is a non-profit organization based in Chennai that focuses on
shifting social attitudes surrounding gender-based violence and other injustices.
4. The Yari-Dosti program in Mumbai targeted young men from low-income
communities to promote gender equity, leading to a significant decrease in
support for inequitable gender norms and sexual harassment. Taylor & Francis
Online
5. Tata Tea's "Jaago Re" campaign, which includes a gender sensitisation
component, has been instrumental in raising awareness about gender
inequalities in Indian households.
6. The "Selfie With Daughter" campaign, initiated by Sunil Jaglan, encourages
parents to take selfies with their daughters and share them on social media to
celebrate the value of girls and challenge societal norms that may devalue
female children.
7. Research indicates that public perceptions of gender sensitisation are influenced
by various factors, including education, exposure to gender equality programs,
and media representation. NBER

4.6 Gender Sensitisation Questionnaire

* Indicates required question

Section A: Personal Information (Optional)

1. Age: _________
2. Gender: ☐ Male ☐ Female ☐ Non-binary ☐ Prefer not to say ☐ Other:
_______
3. Occupation: _________________________
4. Educational Qualification: _________________________

Section B: Awareness and Understanding

5. Have you heard the term “gender sensitisation” before?

☐ Yes ☐ No
6. How would you rate your understanding of gender sensitisation?

☐ Very Good ☐ Good ☐ Fair ☐ Poor ☐ Not at all

7. Which of the following do you associate with gender sensitisation? (Select

all that apply) ☐ Equality between men and women
☐ Respect for all gender identities
☐ Opposing gender-based violence

☐ Promoting only women’s rights ☐ Awareness about LGBTQ+ issues ☐ Not

sure

8. Do you believe gender roles (e.g., men as breadwinners, women as

homemakers) are natural or socially constructed?
☐ Natural
☐ Socially Constructed

☐ Not sure

Section C: Attitudes and Beliefs (Likert Scale: Strongly Agree to Strongly

Disagree)
Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statements:

Statement Strongly Agr Neut Disag Strongly

Agree ee ral ree Disagree

9. Men and women should have equal ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐

rights in all aspects of life.

10. Boys should not cry because it shows weakness. ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐

11. Transgender individuals deserve equal respect and ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐

rights. ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
12. Domestic chores should be equally shared

regardless of gender.

13. Gender sensitisation should be taught in schools and ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐

workplaces.

14. Only women should be responsible for raising children. ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐

Section D: Behavior and Observation

15. Have you ever taken part in a gender sensitisation workshop, webinar, or training?

☐ Yes ☐ No

16. Have you witnessed or experienced gender discrimination in your home, school,
college, or workplace?
☐ Yes ☐ No
If yes, please describe briefly: ___________________________________________

17. How often do you speak up when you hear sexist or discriminatory remarks?

☐ Always ☐ Sometimes ☐ Rarely ☐ Never

18. Do you think your environment (home/workplace/school) is gender-sensitive?

☐ Yes
☐ No
☐ Needs Improvement

Section E: Media and Social Influence

19. Do you follow any social media pages/accounts that promote gender equality or
feminist content?
☐ Yes
☐ No

☐ Not sure

20. Which of the following has helped improve your awareness of gender issues the
most?

☐ School/College education
☐ Social media (Instagram, Twitter, etc.) ☐ News/TV shows/Movies
☐ Family and friends
☐ Workplace training
☐ Other: __________________________

Legal Awareness Related to Gender

21. Are you aware of any Indian laws that promote gender equality and protect against
discrimination?
☐ Yes ☐ No

22. Which of the following laws are you familiar with? (Tick all that apply) ☐ The
Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act (2005)
☐ The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act (POSH, 2013)
☐ The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act (2019)

☐ Section 377 (Decriminalization of homosexuality) ☐ Maternity Benefit Act (Amended

2017)
☐ None of the above

23. Do you know that workplace sexual harassment is a punishable offense under
Indian law? ☐ Yes ☐ No ☐ Not Sure

24. Do you believe gender sensitisation should include education on legal rights and
protections?
☐ Yes ☐ No ☐ Maybe

25. In case of gender-based harassment or discrimination, would you know how or

where to report it legally?
☐ Yes ☐ No
If yes, where? ___________________________
Section F: Open-Ended Questions
26. In your opinion, what is the biggest challenge to achieving gender equality in society
today?

27. What steps can be taken to make your school, workplace, or community more
gender sensitive?

28. Share any experience where you stood up against gender bias or discrimination.
(Optional)

4.6.1 FOLLOWING IS THE REPRESENTATION OF DATA COLLECTED AND IT’S

INTERPRETATION;
22. In your opinion, what is the biggest challenge to achieving gender equality in
society today?45 responses
1. Treat them same
2. Women abuse
3. Private sector
4. The old , conservative and orthodox mentally of are older generation and toxic, biased and non
understanding groumed mentality of new generation they all have there own biased and motivates
5. Upbringing of male child at home
6. To promote women for work
7. According to me social acceptance regarding the 3rd gender is a big challenge.
8. Awareness and accepting the changes
9. Sexual violence and exploitation, the unequal division of unpaid care and domestic work, and
discrimination in public office, all remain huge barriers.
10. Culture
11. Education
12. Upbringing of male child at home...
13. Mindset of people of india still has not changed . Still they think that lgbtq people gives bad
impact in the society and treat them wrongly .
14. Change in constitution laws as well as change in thinking can help in gender equality
15. New emerging genders and demanding to be recognised

16. In my view, the most significant hurdle is the persistence of deeply ingrained social norms and
harmful cultural practices. These norms dictate unequal roles and expectations, limiting
opportunities for women and girls from a young age. They fuel discriminatory behaviors and
practices, including gender-based violence, and hinder the effective implementation of progressive
laws. Overcoming these pervasive societal beliefs requires a fundamental shift in attitudes and
behaviors globally. This deeply rooted issue often underlies and exacerbates other forms of
inequality, making it a core challenge to address.
17. There should be no women’s quota in any of the examinations then only we will achieve gender
equality
18. Deep rooted stereotypes and biases
19 .By addressing issues like unequal access to education, healthcare, economic opportunities, and
political participation, as well as tackling gender-based violence and discrimination.
20. The gender pay gap. ... #3. Employment segregation. ... #4. Restrictive laws. ... #5. Gender-based
violence. ... #6. Threats to reproductive rights. ... #7. Worse healthcare. ...
21 .Changing the orthodox mindset
22. Social taboo created by society

23. पुरुष प्रधान देश होने के कारण समानता हासिल करना आसान नही है भले ही हर क्षेत्र में महिला आगे है

24. Conservative mentality as per current societal structure

25. to break the deep-rooted societal and cultural norms favouring gender discrimination and
stereotypes, passed down through generations
26. - economic inequality, gender based violence,overcoming societal norms,etc
27. हम जितना भी चाहे पर समाज से महिलाओं ओर पुरुषों के मध्य की भेदभाव को नहीं खत्म कर सकते है क्योंकि

पुराने समय से ही यह एक मानव प्रवृति और मानसिकता रही है, जिसे खत्म करना तो कु छ हद तक हो सकता है पर

पूरी तरह से बदलाव नामुमकिन है।

28. Mentality
29. The stigma that Men only need to earn the bread and go out and work and women need to stay
at home and do house shores and The thinking of many men themselves that men play a bigger role
in the society.
30. Poor literacy rate which causes unwise cognitive behaviour in human nature.
31. The biggest challenge to achieving gender equality today is the persistence of societal norms
and gender stereotypes that influence behavior, limit opportunities, and reinforce discrimination.
These deep-rooted beliefs affect education, employment, and leadership roles, making it difficult to
implement effective policies and achieve lasting, meaningful change.
32. Workplace discrimination, Lack of women in leadership.
33. Social norms and traditions,lack of education and awareness
34. Create more awarness and teach the male child since childhood to respect women and do all the
chores .
35. mindset of peoples
36. Misogynist behaviour and patriarchal society
37. Mindset of a person
38. The biggest challenge to achieving gender equality in society is to change the mindset of elders
and also misinformation spread on social media regarding gender which influence new generation.
39. Education and Mentality of women
40. People’s mental state and educating them about the same
41. Gender Stereotypes
42. Mindset
43. understanding that gender equality is not equality between men, women and others, instead it is
equality of opportunities and rights for men, women and all the genders
44. Deeply rooted gender stereotypes and biases

4.6.2 Research Design and Methodology

4.6.1 Research Design

This study employed a cross-sectional survey design to assess public perceptions and
attitudes toward gender sensitization. The survey was administered to a diverse sample
to capture a wide range of perspectives.

Research Design: An Overview

Research design is the blueprint for conducting a study, detailing the procedures for
collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data. It ensures that the research question is
addressed effectively and that the findings are valid and reliable.
socialworkmethods.com+4Doc McKee+4Amberstudent+4

Key Components of Research Design

1. Research Questions and Hypotheses

○ Clearly defined questions guide the study's focus.
○ Hypotheses predict outcomes based on theoretical frameworks.
2. Variables
○ Identification of independent (manipulated) and dependent (measured)
variables.Doc McKee
3. Sampling
○ Selection of participants or data points using methods like random
sampling to ensure representativeness.Verywell Mind
4. Data Collection Methods
○ Techniques such as surveys, interviews, experiments, and observations
are employed to gather data.Doc McKee
5. Data Analysis Plan
○ Outlines statistical or thematic methods to interpret the collected data.
6. Study Setting
○ Determines the environment (e.g., laboratory, field) where data is
collected, impacting the study's external validity.
7. Time Dimension
○ Defines whether the study is cross-sectional (data at one point in time) or
longitudinal (data over extended periods).

4.6.3 Characteristics of a Good Research Design

● Focused: Addresses specific research questions.

● Logical: Follows a coherent sequence of steps.
● Reflective: Considers researcher biases and perspectives.
● Accountable: Ensures transparency and rigor.
● Objective: Minimizes subjectivity in methods and analysis.
 ● Feasible: Achievable within available resources and time.
● Limited: Scope is manageable and realistic.
● Acknowledges Limitations: Recognizes potential weaknesses in the design.
● Uses Triangulation: Employs multiple methods to validate findings.
ResearchGateDoc McKeeWikipediaWikipedia+3Testbook+3Amberstudent+3

4.6.4 Types of Research Designs

● Descriptive: Observes and describes phenomena without manipulation.

● Correlational: Examines relationships between variables without inferring
causality.
● Experimental: Manipulates variables to establish cause-and-effect relationships.
● Exploratory: Investigates new or under-researched areas.
● Diagnostic: Identifies causes of problems or issues. Verywell Mind+1Verywell
Mind+1Verywell MindAmberstudent

4.6.5 Advantages of a Well-Structured Research Design

● Clear Direction: Guides the research process with defined objectives.

● Control: Allows management of variables to reduce bias.
● Replication: Facilitates repeating the study to verify results.
● Validity: Ensures the study measures what it intends to.
● Reliability: Produces consistent results across different contexts.
● Efficiency: Optimizes resource use and time management.
socialworkmethods.com+1Doc McKee+1

4.6.6 Sample

Understanding Research Sampling

Research sampling refers to the process of selecting a subset (sample) from a larger population
to draw conclusions about the entire group. This approach is essential when studying the whole
population is impractical due to constraints like time, cost, or accessibility.

Importance of Sampling
● Feasibility: Studying an entire population may be logistically challenging. Sampling
allows researchers to gather insights without the need for exhaustive data collection.
● Cost-Effectiveness: Sampling reduces expenses associated with data collection,
analysis, and resources.
 ● Time Efficiency: It accelerates the research process, enabling quicker results and
decision-making.
● Manageability: Handling a sample is more practical, especially when dealing with large
or dispersed populations.Investopedia+1Verywell
Mind+1Investopedia+3Wikipedia+3GeeksforGeeks+3

4.6.7 Types of Sampling Methods

Sampling methods are broadly categorized into:

1. Probability Sampling (Random Sampling)

In probability sampling, every member of the population has a known and equal chance of being
selected. This method enhances the representativeness of the sample.Verywell Mind

● Simple Random Sampling: Each individual is randomly selected, ensuring every

member has an equal chance.
● Systematic Sampling: Every nth member is selected from a list, starting at a random
point.
● Stratified Sampling: The population is divided into subgroups (strata) based on a
characteristic, and random samples are drawn from each stratum.
● Cluster Sampling: The population is divided into clusters, some of which are randomly
selected, and all members of chosen clusters are included in the sample.Wikipedia

2. Non-Probability Sampling (Non-Random Sampling)

In non-probability sampling, not all members have a chance of being selected, which may
introduce bias.Wikipedia+2Verywell Mind+2GeeksforGeeks+2

● Convenience Sampling: Selecting individuals who are easiest to access.

● Judgmental (Purposive) Sampling: Selecting individuals based on specific purposes or
characteristics.
● Quota Sampling: Ensuring certain characteristics are represented in the sample by
selecting individuals non-randomly to meet specific quotas.
● Snowball Sampling: Existing study subjects recruit future subjects from among their
acquaintances, useful for hard-to-reach populations.
GeeksforGeeks+1Wikipedia+1Verywell MindWikipedia

4.6.8 Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages
● Enhanced Representativeness: Probability sampling methods, like stratified sampling,
ensure all subgroups are adequately represented, leading to more accurate and
generalizable results.
● Reduced Bias: Random selection minimizes selection bias, providing a more objective
sample.
 ● Statistical Validity: Probability sampling allows for the application of statistical techniques
to estimate sampling error and confidence intervals.

Disadvantages
● Resource Intensive: Probability sampling can be time-consuming and costly due to the
need for comprehensive sampling frames and complex procedures.
● Potential for Non-Response: Even with random selection, some individuals may not
respond, potentially affecting representativeness.
● Practical Constraints: In some cases, obtaining a complete list of the population may be
challenging, limiting the feasibility of probability sampling.
Wikipedia+2Investopedia+2GeeksforGeeks+2

4.6.9 Practical Considerations

● Define the Population Clearly: Ensure that the population from which the sample is
drawn is well-defined to avoid ambiguity.
● Choose an Appropriate Sampling Method: Select a method that aligns with the research
objectives, available resources, and the nature of the population.
● Determine Sample Size: Calculate an adequate sample size to achieve reliable and valid
results, considering factors like population size, desired confidence level, and margin of
error.
● Address Ethical Concerns: Ensure that the sampling process respects participants' rights
and confidentiality.

4.6.10. - DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERS OF COLLECTED SAMPLES

The sample comprised 58 respondents, with the following demographic characteristics:

● Age Distribution:
○ 10–15 years: 0%
○ 15–21 years: 8.6%
○ 21–28 years: 81%
○ 28 years and above: 10.3%
● Gender:
○ Male: 53.4%
○ Female: 46.6%
○ Transgender: 0%
● Occupation/Education Qualification:
○ Advocates: 4 (7.4%)
○ Businesspersons: 4 (7.4%)
○ Employees: 2 (3.7%)
○ Graduates: 3 (5.6%)
○ Postgraduates: 4 (7.4%)
○ Students: 3 (5.6%)
○ Unemployed: 1 (1.9%)
 ○ Others: Various professions and educational backgrounds

The diversity in the sample ensures a comprehensive understanding of public

perceptions across different demographics.

- Data Collection

Data were collected through a structured questionnaire comprising multiple-choice and

Likert-scale questions. The questionnaire covered various aspects of gender
sensitization, including awareness, attitudes, behaviors, and legal knowledge.

- Data Analysis

Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics to summarize the

responses. The analysis aimed to identify trends and patterns in public perceptions and
attitudes toward gender sensitization.

4.6.11. Results and Discussion

Awareness and Understanding

● Familiarity with Gender Sensitization: A significant majority (77.6%) had heard of
the term "gender sensitization," indicating a high level of awareness.
● Understanding of Gender Sensitization: Respondents rated their understanding
as follows:
○ Very Good: 21.1%
○ Good: 19.3%
○ Fair: 28.1%
○ Poor: 28.1%
○ Not at All: 2%

This distribution suggests that while awareness is high, the depth of understanding
varies among individuals.

Attitudes and Beliefs

Respondents were asked to indicate their level of agreement with various statements
related to gender equality:

● Equal Rights: 84.7% agreed that men and women should have equal rights in all
aspects of life.
● Emotional Expression: 82.8% disagreed with the statement that "Boys should not
cry because it shows weakness."
● Transgender Rights: 86.2% agreed that transgender individuals deserve equal
respect and rights.
 ● Domestic Chores: 39.7% agreed that domestic chores should be equally shared
regardless of gender.
● Parental Responsibility: 44.9% disagreed with the statement that only women
should be responsible for raising children.

These responses reflect progressive attitudes toward gender equality and the
dismantling of traditional gender roles.

Behavior and Observation

● Participation in Gender Sensitization Programs: 15.5% had attended a gender
sensitization workshop, webinar, or training.
● Witnessing or Experiencing Gender Discrimination: 84.5% reported having
witnessed or experienced gender discrimination in their home, school, college, or
workplace.
● Speaking Up Against Discrimination: 65.5% sometimes or always speak up when
they hear sexist or discriminatory remarks.
● Gender-Sensitive Environment: 55.2% felt their environment

4.6.12. Data Analysis of Public Perceptions and Attitudes Toward Gender

Sensitization
This chapter presents a comprehensive analysis of survey data collected to assess
public perceptions and attitudes toward gender sensitization. The survey aimed to
understand awareness levels, attitudes, behaviors, and legal knowledge concerning
gender equality among a diverse sample of 58 respondents.

Demographic Profile of Respondents

Age Distribution:

● 15–21 years: 8.6%

● 21–28 years: 81%
● 28 years and above: 10.3%

Gender Distribution:

● Male: 53.4%
● Female: 46.6%
● Transgender: 0%

Occupation/Education Qualification:

● Advocate: 4 (7.4%)
● Business: 4 (7.4%)
 ● Employee: 2 (3.7%)
● Graduation: 3 (5.6%)
● Post Graduate: 4 (7.4%)
● Student: 3 (5.6%)
● Unemployed: 1 (1.9%)
● Others: Various professions and educational backgrounds

. Awareness and Understanding of Gender Sensitization

Familiarity with the Term "Gender Sensitization":

● Yes: 77.6%
● No: 22.4%

Self-Rated Understanding:

● Very Good: 21.1%

● Good: 19.3%
● Fair: 28.1%
● Poor: 28.1%
● Not at All: 2%

These findings indicate a high level of awareness, though a significant portion of

respondents report a limited depth of understanding.

Attitudes and Beliefs Toward Gender Equality

Respondents were asked to rate their agreement with various statements:

● Equal Rights for Men and Women: 84.7% agreed.

● Boys Should Not Cry: 82.8% disagreed.
● Transgender Individuals Deserve Equal Rights: 86.2% agreed.
● Domestic Chores Should Be Equally Shared: 39.7% agreed.
● Only Women Should Raise Children: 44.9% disagreed.

These responses reflect progressive attitudes toward gender equality and the
dismantling of traditional gender roles.

. Behavior and Observations

 ● Participation in Gender Sensitization Programs: 15.5% had attended a workshop
or training.
● Witnessing or Experiencing Gender Discrimination: 84.5% reported having
witnessed or experienced gender discrimination.
● Speaking Up Against Discrimination: 65.5% sometimes or always speak up when
they hear sexist or discriminatory remarks.
● Perception of Gender-Sensitive Environment: 55.2% felt their environment is not
gender-sensitive.

These findings highlight the prevalence of gender discrimination and the need for more
effective sensitization efforts.

Media and Social Influence

● Following Gender Equality Content on Social Media: 24.1% followed relevant
pages/accounts.
● Primary Sources of Awareness:
○ Social Media: 19%
○ School/College Education: 19%
○ News/TV Shows/Movies: 12.1%
○ Family and Friends: 41.4%
○ Workplace Training: 1%
○ All of the Above: 2%
○ Geeta: 1%
○ Personal Learning: 1%

These results suggest that personal networks and social media play significant roles in
shaping awareness.

Legal Awareness and Knowledge

● Awareness of Indian Laws Promoting Gender Equality: 27.6% were aware.
● Familiarity with Specific Laws:
○ Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act (2005): 82.1%
○ Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act (2013): 76.8%
○ Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act (2019): 50%
○ Section 377 (Decriminalization of Homosexuality): 62.5%
○ Maternity Benefit Act (Amended 2017): 60.7%
○ None of the Above: 5.4%

These findings indicate a moderate level of legal awareness among respondents.

Challenges to Achieving Gender Equality
Respondents identified several challenges:

● Traditional Mindsets: The conservative and orthodox mentality of older

generations.
● Upbringing of Male Children: Gender-biased upbringing practices.
● Social Acceptance of the Third Gender: Lack of awareness and acceptance.
● Sexual Violence and Exploitation: Persistent issues of gender-based violence.
● Unequal Division of Unpaid Care Work: Disproportionate domestic
responsibilities.
● Discrimination in Public Office: Gender bias in professional settings.

These challenges underscore the need for comprehensive interventions to address

deep-rooted gender inequalities.

The survey results indicate a high level of awareness regarding gender sensitization,
with a majority supporting gender equality and opposing traditional gender roles.
However, the limited participation in sensitization programs and the prevalence of
gender discrimination highlight the need for more effective and widespread
interventions. Addressing the identified challenges is crucial for achieving gender
equality and fostering a more inclusive society.

CHAPTER- V - GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND LEGAL

FRAMEWORKS

5.1. Introduction
India has established a multifaceted legal and institutional framework to promote gender
equality and protect women from violence and discrimination. This chapter provides an
in-depth analysis of the government's policies, initiatives, and institutions dedicated to
gender sensitisation, focusing on legal provisions, support mechanisms, and
enforcement structures.
5.2. Legal Framework for Gender Equality
5.2.1 Constitution of India

The Indian Constitution enshrines fundamental rights that promote gender equality:

● Article 14 guarantees equality before the law.

● Article 15 prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or
place of birth.
● Article 39(a) directs the State to ensure that men and women have equal rights to
an adequate means of livelihood.
● Article 42 mandates the State to make provisions for securing just and humane
conditions of work and for maternity relief.

These provisions form the bedrock of India's commitment to gender equality.

5.2.2 Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005

Enacted to address domestic violence, this Act provides:

● A broad definition of "domestic violence," encompassing physical, sexual, verbal,

emotional, and economic abuse.
● Legal recourse for women in domestic relationships, including live-in
partnerships.
● Provisions for protection orders, residence orders, and monetary relief.
● Establishment of Protection Officers to assist aggrieved women.

This legislation marked a significant shift in recognizing and addressing domestic

violence within the legal framework.

5.2.3 Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition, and

Redressal) Act, 2013

This Act mandates:

● Establishment of Internal Complaints Committees (ICCs) in workplaces.

● Provision of a safe working environment free from sexual harassment.
● Mechanisms for redressal and prevention of sexual harassment incidents.
● Employer's responsibility to create awareness and sensitise employees.

The Act aims to provide a safe and secure environment for women in their workplaces.

5.3. Government Initiatives and Schemes

5.3.1 Mission Shakti
Launched to enhance women's safety and empowerment, Mission Shakti comprises two
sub-schemes:

● Sambal: Focuses on safety and security, including:

○ One Stop Centres (OSCs): Provide integrated services like legal aid,
psycho-social support, medical assistance, and temporary shelter.
○ Women Helpline (181): A 24/7 toll-free helpline offering emergency and
non-emergency services.
○ Nari Adalat: Women collectives addressing issues at the grassroots level.
● Samarthya: Aims at empowerment through skill development, financial literacy,
and leadership training.

Mission Shakti is a flagship initiative launched by the Government of India under the
Ministry of Women and Child Development (MWCD). It aims to provide a
comprehensive framework for the safety, security, and empowerment of women and
girls across the country. The scheme encompasses a wide range of interventions, from
immediate support for women in distress to long-term empowerment strategies,
ensuring holistic development and protection.

Objectives of Mission Shakti

The primary objectives of Mission Shakti are:

● Immediate and Comprehensive Support: To provide a continuum of care and

assistance to women affected by violence and those in
distress.BYJU'S+2missionshakti.wcd.gov.in+2Drishti IAS+2
● Protection and Rehabilitation: To establish quality mechanisms for the rescue,
protection, and rehabilitation of women in need.
● Accessibility to Services: To improve accessibility to various government services
available for women at different levels.missionshakti.wcd.gov.in
● Capacity Building: To enhance the capacity of functionaries and duty bearers
under various schemes and legislations.missionshakti.wcd.gov.in

These objectives are realized through two sub-schemes: Sambal and

Samarthya.missionshakti.wcd.gov.in+3ClearIAS+3BYJU'S+3

Sub-Schemes of Mission Shakti

Sambal – Safety and Security of Women

The Sambal sub-scheme focuses on ensuring the safety and security of women through
various components:missionshakti.wcd.gov.in+3G20 Empower+3BYJU'S+3
 ● One Stop Centres (OSCs): Provide integrated support to women affected by
violence, offering services like medical aid, police assistance, legal aid, and
psychosocial counseling under one roof. Testbook
● Women Helpline (181): A 24/7 toll-free helpline that offers emergency and non-
emergency response services, connecting women to appropriate authorities such
as police, hospitals, and legal services. missionshakti.wcd.gov.in
● Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP): Aims to prevent gender-biased sex selection,
ensure the survival and protection of the girl child, and promote her education.
missionshakti.wcd.gov.in+1Testbook+1
● Nari Adalats: Women collectives at the Gram Panchayat level that provide an
alternative grievance redressal mechanism for resolving cases of petty nature
through negotiation, mediation, and
reconciliation.ClearIAS+1missionshakti.wcd.gov.in+1

Samarthya – Empowerment of Women

The Samarthya sub-scheme focuses on the empowerment of women through various

components:G20 Empower+2BYJU'S+2ClearIAS+2

● Shakti Sadan: Integrated relief and rehabilitation homes for women in distress,
including trafficked women, providing a safe and enabling environment to
overcome adverse circumstances.missionshakti.wcd.gov.in+1BYJU'S+1
● Sakhi Niwas: Safe, secure, and affordable accommodation for working women,
facilitating their participation in the workforce. missionshakti.wcd.gov.in
● Palna: Day-care crèche facilities through Anganwadi centers, ensuring quality
childcare for children of working mothers. missionshakti.wcd.gov.in
● National Creche Scheme: Provides day-care services to children of working
mothers, ensuring their well-being in a safe and secure environment.
missionshakti.wcd.gov.in
● Pradhan Mantri Matritva Vandana Yojana (PMMVY): A maternity benefit program
that provides financial assistance to pregnant and lactating women for their
medical expenses.
● Gap Funding for Economic Development: Provides financial support to women
for entrepreneurship and skill development, promoting economic independence.

Implementation and Reach

Mission Shakti has been implemented across all districts in India, with various
components operational in different states and union territories. For instance, as of
January 2025, the Women Helpline (181) has received over 210 million calls and
assisted more than 8.4 million women. missionshakti.wcd.gov.in

Challenges and Areas for Improvement

Despite the extensive reach and impact of Mission Shakti, several challenges persist:

● Awareness and Accessibility: Limited awareness about the available services

and schemes among women, especially in rural areas, hinders their effective
utilization.
● Infrastructure and Resources: Inadequate infrastructure and resources in some
regions affect the quality and availability of services.
● Coordination and Convergence: Ensuring effective coordination and
convergence among various stakeholders and departments is crucial for the
holistic implementation of the scheme.BYJU'S

Mission Shakti represents a comprehensive and integrated approach towards ensuring

the safety, security, and empowerment of women in India. Through its multifaceted
interventions under the Sambal and Samarthya sub-schemes, it addresses the
immediate needs of women in distress while promoting their long-term empowerment.
However, to realize its full potential, continuous efforts are needed to overcome existing
challenges and ensure that the benefits reach every woman and girl across the
country.missionshakti.wcd.gov.in+3ClearIAS+3BYJU'S+3

Footnotes:

1. Ministry of Women and Child Development, Government of India. Mission Shakti

– Home. Retrieved from
https://missionshakti.wcd.gov.in/missionshakti.odisha.gov.in+2missionshakti.wcd.
gov.in+2missionshakti.wcd.gov.in+2
2. Department of Mission Shakti, Government of Odisha. Overview. Retrieved from
https://missionshakti.odisha.gov.in/about-us/overview/missionshakti.odisha.gov.i
n
3. Drishti IAS. Mission Shakti: An Integrated Women Empowerment Programme.
Retrieved from [https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-up

5.3.2 One Stop Centres (OSCs)

OSCs serve as comprehensive support units for women in distress, offering:

● Medical aid and police assistance.

● Legal counselling and psycho-social support.
● Temporary shelter and referral services.
These centres are operational across various states, including Chhattisgarh, providing
essential services to women affected by violence.

One Stop Centres (OSCs), also known as Sakhi Centres, were launched by the
Government of India in 2015 under the Nirbhaya Fund to provide integrated support to
women affected by violence. These centres aim to offer a comprehensive range of
services, including medical, legal, psychological, and shelter support, all under one roof.
The initiative is part of the broader Mission Shakti scheme, which focuses on the safety
and empowerment of women.Scroll.in

Objectives of One Stop Centres

The primary objectives of OSCs are:

● Immediate Assistance: Provide urgent medical care, legal aid, and shelter to
women in distress.
● Integrated Support: Offer a coordinated response involving healthcare, law
enforcement, and social services.
● Empowerment: Equip women with the necessary resources and support to
rebuild their lives.
● Awareness and Outreach: Increase awareness about women's rights and
available support services.

Implementation and Operational Data

● Establishment: As of 2024, 757 OSCs are operational across 733 districts in

India.
● Funding: The scheme is funded through the Nirbhaya Fund, with 100% central
funding.
● Services Provided:
○ Medical Assistance: Emergency medical care and treatment.
○ Legal Aid: Free legal services and guidance.
○ Psychosocial Support: Counseling and emotional support.
○ Shelter: Temporary accommodation for women in need.
○ Police Assistance: Immediate law enforcement support.
● Utilization: Over Rs 735 crore of the Rs 868 crore approved funds have been
released to districts, but only Rs 328 crore has been utilized on the ground.
Scroll.in+1The News Minute+1The News
Minute+1Newslaundry+1Indiaspend+1Scroll.in+1

Importance of One Stop Centres

 ● Comprehensive Support: OSCs provide a holistic approach to addressing the
needs of women affected by violence.
● Accessibility: Located in hospitals and easily accessible areas, OSCs ensure that
help is within reach for women in distress.
● Confidentiality: The centres offer a safe and confidential environment for women
to seek assistance.
● Empowerment: By providing necessary resources and support, OSCs empower
women to take control of their lives and make informed decisions.

Challenges Faced by One Stop Centres

● Underutilization of Funds: Despite the release of funds, a significant portion

remains unutilized due to various administrative challenges.
● Inadequate Infrastructure: Some OSCs operate from temporary or inadequate
facilities due to insufficient funding.
● Lack of Awareness: Limited awareness among women about the existence and
services of OSCs hampers their effectiveness.
● Staff Training: Inadequate training of staff affects the quality of services provided.
● Victim-Blaming Attitudes: Reports indicate that some women experience
insensitive treatment and victim-blaming when seeking help.
Indiaspend+1Scroll.in+1Newslaundry+1The News Minute+1The News
Minute+1Newslaundry+1

Recommendations for Improvement

● Enhanced Funding: Allocate sufficient funds to ensure the establishment and

maintenance of OSCs.
● Staff Training: Regular training programs for staff to handle sensitive cases
effectively.
● Awareness Campaigns: Conduct widespread campaigns to inform women about
the services offered by OSCs.
● Monitoring and Evaluation: Implement robust monitoring and evaluation
mechanisms to assess the performance of OSCs.
● Community Engagement: Involve local communities in the functioning of OSCs to
build trust and ensure better outreach.

One Stop Centres play a crucial role in providing immediate and comprehensive support
to women affected by violence.While the scheme has made significant strides,
addressing the challenges faced by OSCs is essential to enhance their effectiveness
and reach. With adequate resources, training, and awareness, OSCs can significantly
contribute to the safety and empowerment of women in India.
Footnotes:

1. "Government-run domestic violence centres are playing a crucial role but need
better funding, support." Scroll.in. Retrieved from
https://scroll.in/article/1048622/government-run-domestic-violence-centres-are-
playing-a-crucial-role-but-need-better-funding-supportScroll.in+1Scroll.in+1
2. "Poor funding, inadequate training affect Modi govt’s One Stop Centre scheme."
The News Minute. Retrieved from
https://www.thenewsminute.com/long-form/poor-funding-inadequate-training-
affect-modi-govts-one-stop-centre-schemeThe News Minute+1Newslaundry+1
3. "One Stop Centres: A well intentioned Scheme gone awry?" LexQuest
Foundation. Retrieved from https://www.lexquest.in/one-stop-centres-a-well-
intentioned-scheme-gone-awry/LexQuest Foundation
4. "Far from being the solution, Haryana One Stop Centres seem to be adding to
women’s problems." ThePrint. Retrieved from https://theprint.in/india/far-from-
being-the-solution-haryana-one-stop-centres-seem-to-be-adding-to-womens-
problems/286167/ThePrint+1ThePrint+1
5. "One Stop

5.3.3 Women Helpline (181)

The 181 Women Helpline is a national toll-free number providing:

 ● Immediate assistance in emergencies.
● Counselling and referral services.
● Information on legal rights and available support.

This helpline operates 24/7, ensuring accessibility for women in distress.

The Women Helpline (WHL) 181 is a pivotal initiative launched by the Government of
India under the Ministry of Women and Child Development. Operational since April 1,
2015, the helpline aims to provide immediate and emergency response to women
affected by violence, both in public and private spaces. It serves as a critical component
of the Mission Shakti scheme, specifically under the Sambal vertical, to ensure the
safety and empowerment of women across the nation.

5.3.3.1. Objectives of the Women Helpline (181)

The primary objectives of the WHL 181 are:

● 24/7 Toll-Free Assistance: To offer round-the-clock support to women in distress.

● Emergency and Non-Emergency Response: To provide immediate assistance in
emergencies and non-emergency situations.
● Referral Services: To connect women with appropriate authorities such as police,
One Stop Centres (OSCs), hospitals, and legal services.
● Information Dissemination: To provide information about women's welfare
schemes and programs across the country.
● Integration with Emergency Services: To integrate with the National Emergency
Response Support System (ERSS) 112, facilitating a unified emergency
response system.

5.3.3.2. Implementation and Coverage

The WHL 181 is operational in 35 States and Union Territories, with over 81.64 lakh
women assisted since its inception up to October 31, 2024. However, the state of West
Bengal has not implemented the WHL scheme.

In states like Arunachal Pradesh, the WHL 181 has been integrated with the ERSS 112,
allowing calls to 181 to be automatically routed to 112, ensuring a seamless emergency
response.

5.3.3.3. Services Provided

The WHL 181 offers a range of services to women in distress:

● Crisis Intervention: Immediate response to emergencies, including police

assistance, medical aid, and shelter.
 ● Legal Assistance: Referral to legal services for women seeking legal aid and
guidance.
● Counseling Services: Provision of psychological support and counseling for
women affected by violence.
● Information on Government Schemes: Dissemination of information about
various government schemes and programs aimed at women's
welfare.IndiaFilings+4Arunachal Times+4LandingPage+4
● Follow-Up Services: Monitoring and follow-up of cases to ensure resolution and
support.

5.3.3.4. Importance of Women Helpline (181)

The WHL 181 plays a crucial role in:

● Providing Immediate Assistance: Ensuring timely support to women in distress,

preventing escalation of situations.
● Empowering Women: Offering information and resources that enable women to
make informed decisions and seek appropriate help.
● Enhancing Accessibility: Making support services accessible to women across
the country, irrespective of their location.
● Strengthening Legal Framework: Facilitating the implementation of laws and
policies aimed at protecting women's rights.
● Promoting Awareness: Raising awareness about women's rights and available
support systems.

5.3.3.5. Challenges and Recommendations

Despite its significance, the WHL 181 faces certain challenges:

● Underreporting: Many women hesitate to report incidents due to societal stigma

and fear of retribution.
● Resource Constraints: Limited resources and manpower can affect the efficiency
of response and follow-up services.
● Awareness Gaps: Lack of awareness about the helpline and its services among
women, especially in rural areas.

Recommendations:

● Awareness Campaigns: Conducting widespread awareness campaigns to inform

women about the helpline and its services.
● Capacity Building: Training personnel to handle sensitive cases with empathy
and professionalism.
● Resource Allocation: Ensuring adequate resources and infrastructure to support
the helpline's operations.
 ● Monitoring and Evaluation: Implementing robust monitoring and evaluation
mechanisms to assess the effectiveness of the helpline.

5.3.3.7. Conclusion

The Women Helpline (181) is a vital tool in India's efforts to combat violence against
women and promote gender equality. By providing immediate assistance, legal support,
and information dissemination, it empowers women to seek help and exercise their
rights. Continued efforts are needed to address the challenges and enhance the
effectiveness of the helpline, ensuring that it reaches and serves all women in need.

Footnotes:

1. Ministry of Women and Child Development, Government of India. (2024). "Over

81.64 Lakh Women Supported via 181 Women Helpline Since 2015: Govt
Report." The Hawk. Retrieved from https://www.thehawk.in/news/india/over-
8164-lakh-women-supported-via-181-women-helpline-since-2015-govt-report
2. Vikaspedia. (n.d.). "Women Helpline Scheme." Retrieved from
https://vikaspedia.in/schemesall/schemes-for-women-schemesall/schemes-for-
pregnancy-womens/women-helpline-scheme/
3. The Arunachal Times. (2023). "WCD dept launches Women Helpline-181."
Retrieved from https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2023/08/29/wcd-dept-
launches-women-helpline-181/
4. IndiaFilings. (n.d.). "Women Helpline (WHL) Scheme." Retrieved from
https://www.indiafilings.com/learn/women-helpline/
5. The Economic Times. (2016). "Centre's women helpline scheme receives
lukewarm response." Retrieved

5.4 Mahila Thana (Women's Police Stations)

Specialised police stations, known as Mahila Thanas, are established to:

● Handle cases related to women and children.

● Provide a sensitive environment for reporting crimes.
● Ensure prompt investigation and redressal of grievances.

These stations are staffed with trained personnel to address gender-specific issues
effectively.
Mahila Thanas, or Women Police Stations (WPS), are specialized police stations in
India designed to address crimes against women in a sensitive and supportive
environment. Established to encourage women to report crimes and to handle such
cases with empathy and professionalism, these stations play a crucial role in the
country's efforts to combat gender-based violence.

Objectives of Mahila Thanas

● Encourage Reporting: Create a safe space for women to report crimes without
fear of judgment or retaliation.
● Specialized Handling: Ensure that cases involving women are handled by trained
female officers, promoting a more empathetic approach.
● Comprehensive Support: Provide immediate assistance, including medical aid,
legal counseling, and psychological support.

Key Features

● All-Women Staff: These stations are staffed entirely by female police personnel,
from constables to the Station House Officer (SHO).
● Victim-Friendly Infrastructure: Facilities are designed to be welcoming, with
separate rooms for investigations, child care areas, and private spaces for
counseling
● ISO Certification: The Misrod Mahila Thana in Bhopal became the first women-
centric police station in India to receive ISO 9001:2015 certification, recognizing
its commitment to quality and efficiency.

Impact and Effectiveness

● Increased Reporting: Studies indicate a 22% rise in the filing of women-related

cases since the establishment of Mahila Thanas .
● Enhanced Sensitivity: Female officers are often perceived as more
approachable, leading to increased trust and cooperation from victims.
● Comprehensive Case Management: These stations provide a one-stop solution,
reducing the need for victims to navigate multiple departments.

Challenges

● Limited Coverage: Despite their benefits, Mahila Thanas are not available in all
districts.
 ● Resource Constraints: Many stations face challenges related to infrastructure,
staffing, and training.
● Overburdened Staff: The increasing number of cases can overwhelm the
personnel, affecting the quality of service.

Recommendations

● Expansion: Establish Mahila Thanas in every district to ensure accessibility for all
women.
● Capacity Building: Regular training programs for staff to handle sensitive cases
effectively.
● Resource Allocation: Adequate funding for infrastructure development and
maintenance.

Mahila Thanas represent a significant step towards creating a more inclusive and
supportive law enforcement environment for women in India. While challenges remain,
the positive impact of these stations underscores the importance of continuing efforts to
strengthen and expand them across the country.

Footnotes:

1. "Mahila Thanas: A Big Relief, but There’s Too Few of Them." Times of India.
LinkThe Times of India+1The Times of India+1
2. "Bhopal's Mahila Thana Becomes the Country's First Women Police Station to
Get ISO Certification." The News Mill. LinkFree Press Journal+4The News
Mill+4Organiser+4
3. "Set Up All-Women Police Station In Each District, Advises Parliament Panel."
NDTV. Linkwww.ndtv.com
4. "A Police Station of Women, by Women, for Women." Times of India. LinkThe
Times of India
5. "Women Help Desk Scheme." Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India.
LinkMinistry of Home Affairs

5.5. Institutional Mechanisms

5.5.1. National Commission for Women (NCW)

Established in 1992, the NCW serves as a statutory body to:

● Advise the government on policy matters affecting women.

● Investigate and examine matters related to the safeguards provided for women
under the Constitution.
● Monitor and evaluate the implementation of laws and policies concerning
women's rights.

5.5.2. State Commissions for Women

Each state in India has a State Commission for Women, such as:

● Chhattisgarh State Commission for Women: Formed in 1993, it addresses issues

related to women's rights and welfare in the state.
● Odisha State Commission for Women: Constituted in 1993, it deals with crimes
against women and recommends measures for their protection and welfare.

These commissions play a pivotal role in advocating for women's rights and ensuring
the implementation of policies at the state level.

5.6. Technology-Driven Initiatives

5.6.1 Shakti App (Jharkhand)

The Jharkhand government launched the 'Shakti' app to:

● Allow women to send distress signals to the police and their contacts.
● Provide real-time location tracking for emergency response.
● Facilitate reporting of incidents and seeking assistance.

5.6.2 Online Complaint Portals

Various states and institutions have developed online platforms to:

● Enable women to file complaints related to harassment and violence.

● Track the status of complaints.
● Ensure timely intervention and resolution.

These digital platforms enhance accessibility and efficiency in addressing women's

grievances.

In recent years, India has witnessed a significant transformation in its approach to

women's safety, with technology playing a pivotal role. Leveraging digital platforms,
mobile applications, and integrated emergency systems, the government and various
organizations aim to provide women with accessible, immediate, and effective means of
seeking help and ensuring their safety. This chapter delves into the key technology-
driven initiatives implemented across the country, highlighting their usage, importance,
and practical implementation.

India has established several online platforms and helplines to support women's safety
and facilitate the reporting of violence, harassment, and abuse. These services are
accessible nationwide and offer confidential assistance, legal guidance, and emergency
support.spowac.org

National Online Complaint Portals

1. National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal

● Website: cybercrime.gov.in
● Purpose: Allows individuals to report cybercrimes, with a focus on crimes against
women and children.
● Helpline: Dial 1930 for assistance.
● Note: Reports are forwarded to the nearest law enforcement agency for action.
endnowfoundation.org+2Cyber Crime+2Forbes
India+2spowac.org+2endnowfoundation.org+2Cyber Crime+2

2. SHe-Box (Sexual Harassment Electronic Box)

● Website: services.india.gov.in/service/detail/she-box-online-complaint-
management-system-1
● Purpose: Facilitates the filing of complaints related to workplace sexual
harassment in central government offices.
● Note: Ensures confidentiality and is fully online. National Government Services
Portal+1National Government Services Portal+1

3. National Commission for Women (NCW)

● Website: ncwapps.nic.in
● Purpose: Handles complaints related to domestic violence, harassment, dowry,
and more.
● Helpline: 7827-170-170 (24x7)
● Note: Offers online complaint registration and status
tracking.ncwapps.nic.in+2ncwapps.nic.in+2ncwapps.nic.in+2ncwapps.nic.in+1nc
wapps.nic.in+1

State-Specific Helplines and Platforms

1. Women Helpline (181)

 ● Purpose: Provides 24/7 emergency assistance to women facing violence or
distress.
● Note: Operates across all states and union territories in India. IndiaFilings

2. CitizenCOP App

● Website: citizencop.org
● Purpose: Enables anonymous reporting of crimes and safety concerns.
● Availability: Active in cities like Raipur, Bhopal, Indore, Noida, Bengaluru, and
Navi Mumbai.
● Note: Facilitates direct communication with local
police.endnowfoundation.org+2Wikipedia+2Wikipedia+2Wikipedia

Additional Resources

1. Safecity

● Website: safecity.in
● Purpose: Allows individuals to anonymously report incidents of gender-based
harassment and violence.
● Note: Data collected is used to advocate for improved public safety measures.
Wikipedia

2. SheSays India

● Website: shesays.in
● Purpose: Provides information on women's rights, legal processes, and support
services.
● Note: Offers resources in multiple languages and assists in connecting with legal
and psychological support.Wikipedia

Emergency Helplines
● Police Emergency: 112
● Women Helpline: 181
● Cyber Crime Helpline: 1930
● NCW Helpline: 7827-170-170National Government Services Portal+9Cyber
Crime+9endnowfoundation.org+9

5.6.3.. Key Technology-Driven Initiatives

Emergency Response Support System (ERSS) – 112
Launched under the Nirbhaya Fund, the ERSS-112 is a nationwide emergency
response system designed to provide immediate assistance to individuals in distress.
The system ensures computer-aided dispatch of police and field resources, facilitating a
swift response to emergencies. Since its inception, ERSS-112 has handled over 4.3
billion calls, demonstrating its extensive reach and effectiveness in addressing
emergency situations. esgtimes.inDD India+1DD News+1

Women Helpline (181)

The Women Helpline (181) is a dedicated toll-free number available across India,
except in West Bengal. Integrated with ERSS-112, it provides 24/7 assistance to
women in distress, offering services such as legal aid, medical support, and counseling.
To date, the helpline has fielded over 210 million calls and supported more than 8.4
million women. DD India+1DD News+1esgtimes.in

National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal (cybercrime.gov.in)

To combat cybercrimes, especially those targeting women and children, the government
launched the National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal. This platform allows individuals to
report various cybercrimes, including online harassment and financial fraud, while
maintaining their anonymity. Additionally, a toll-free helpline number, 1930, has been
introduced to provide guidance and support to victims of cybercrimes.
ETGovernment.com

Mobile Applications for Women's Safety

Several state-specific and pan-India mobile applications have been developed to

enhance women's safety:

● Shakti App (Jharkhand): Enables women to send distress signals to the police
and their contacts during emergencies. Forbes India+1Wikipedia+1
● CitizenCOP: Allows users to report crimes anonymously, fostering a safer
environment through community participation. Wikipedia
● UR Safe (Thiruvananthapuram): Developed by UST, this app offers features like
panic buttons and location tracking to assist women in distress.
Wikipedia+2Wikipedia+2Forbes India+2

Panic Button and GPS Integration in Mobile Phones

In 2017, the Indian government mandated that all mobile phones sold in the country be
equipped with a panic button and GPS functionality. By pressing a designated key or
the volume button, users can send emergency alerts to the nearest police station,
ensuring timely intervention during distress situations. WIRED

5.6.4 Importance of Technology-Driven Initiatives

 ● Accessibility: Digital platforms and mobile applications provide women with easy
access to safety resources, irrespective of their location.
● Immediate Assistance: Integrated systems like ERSS-112 ensure that help is just
a call away, facilitating swift responses to emergencies.esgtimes.in
● Anonymity and Confidentiality: Platforms like the National Cyber Crime Reporting
Portal allow victims to report incidents without revealing their identities,
encouraging more women to come forward.ETGovernment.com+1Nyaaya+1
● Empowerment: Technology empowers women by providing them with tools to
protect themselves and seek help when needed.

5.6.5. Challenges and Areas for Improvement

● Underutilization of Resources: Despite the availability of various safety initiatives,

reports indicate that many women remain unaware or hesitant to use these
resources.
● Digital Divide: Limited access to smartphones and the internet in rural areas can
hinder the effectiveness of technology-driven safety measures.
● Awareness and Training: There is a need for widespread awareness campaigns
and training programs to educate women about the available safety tools and
how to use them effectively.

5.6.6. Recommendations for Enhancing Effectiveness

● Awareness Campaigns: Conduct nationwide campaigns to educate women about

the available safety resources and how to utilize them.
● Infrastructure Development: Improve internet and smartphone accessibility in
rural areas to bridge the digital divide.
● Regular Training: Organize workshops and training sessions for women to
familiarize them with safety applications and emergency protocols.
● Feedback Mechanisms: Establish channels for users to provide feedback on the
effectiveness of safety initiatives, enabling continuous improvement.

Technology has emerged as a powerful ally in enhancing women's safety in India.

Through the implementation of integrated emergency systems, mobile applications, and
online platforms, the country has made significant strides in providing women with the
tools to protect themselves. However, to maximize the impact of these initiatives, it is
essential to address challenges related to awareness, accessibility, and utilization. By
fostering a collaborative approach involving the government, civil society, and the
private sector, India can create a safer environment for women, both online and offline.

Challenges and Way Forward

Despite the comprehensive legal and institutional framework, challenges persist,
including:

● Underreporting of crimes due to societal stigma.

● Inadequate implementation of laws and policies.
● Limited awareness among women about their rights and available resources.

To address these challenges, the following measures are recommended:

● Strengthening awareness campaigns and community outreach programs.

● Enhancing training for law enforcement and judicial personnel on gender
sensitivity.
● Ensuring effective monitoring and evaluation of existing schemes and policies.

Footnotes:

1. "Govt utilises 76% of Nirbhaya Fund to ensure women's safety: minister." DD

India. Retrieved from https://ddindia.co.in/2025/03/govt-utilises-76-of-nirbhaya-
fund-to-ensure-womens-safety-minister/DD India+1DD News+1
2. "Centre provided ₹131.60 cr for cybercrime prevention against women & children
under Nirbhaya fund:

CHAPTER VI- CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This dissertation has explored the multifaceted dimensions of gender sensitization,

examining its significance in promoting gender equality across various societal sectors.
Drawing upon empirical research, theoretical frameworks, and case studies, the study
underscores the imperative of fostering a gender-sensitive environment to dismantle
entrenched patriarchal norms and promote inclusivity. This concluding chapter
synthesizes the key findings, offers actionable recommendations, and outlines
strategies for advancing gender sensitization in India.

6.1 Summary of Key Findings

 1. Awareness and Education: Gender sensitization initiatives have proven effective
in raising awareness about gender disparities and challenging traditional
stereotypes. Educational programs that integrate gender studies have been
instrumental in reshaping perceptions and fostering a culture of equality.
2. Role of Families and Societies: Families serve as the primary agents of
socialization, influencing gender roles from an early age. Societal norms
perpetuate gender biases, necessitating a collective effort to redefine and
promote equitable gender roles within communities.
3. NGO Contributions: Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play a pivotal role
in advocating for gender equality through grassroots campaigns, legal aid, and
policy advocacy. Their efforts have been crucial in amplifying marginalized voices
and influencing policy reforms. Wikipedia
4. Workplace Dynamics: Gender sensitization in workplaces has led to the
implementation of policies aimed at preventing discrimination and promoting
equal opportunities. However, challenges persist in achieving full gender parity in
leadership roles and pay equity.
5. Feminist Theories and Gender Equality: Feminist theoretical frameworks provide
critical insights into understanding the structural inequalities that underpin gender
discrimination. These theories advocate for systemic changes to achieve genuine
gender equality.

6.2 Recommendations
6.2.1 Policy and Legal Reforms

● Enforce Gender-Responsive Legislation: Strengthen the implementation of laws

such as the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention,
Prohibition, and Redressal) Act, 2013, and the Protection of Women from
Domestic Violence Act, 2005, ensuring that they are effectively enforced at all
levels.
● Gender Budgeting: Integrate gender perspectives into fiscal policies by adopting
gender-sensitive budgeting practices that allocate resources equitably and
monitor their impact on different genders. Wikipedia

6.2.2 Educational Initiatives

● Curriculum Integration: Incorporate gender studies into school and university

curricula to educate students about gender equality and challenge stereotypes
from an early age.
● Teacher Training: Provide educators with training on gender sensitivity to foster
inclusive classrooms and promote respect for diversity. ResearchGate

6.2.3 Community Engagement

 ● Awareness Campaigns: Organize community-based programs addressing issues
such as menstrual health, domestic violence, and economic literacy to empower
individuals and challenge societal norms.
● Support Systems: Establish support groups and safe spaces for individuals to
share experiences and seek guidance on gender-related issues. Funds for NGOs

6.2.4 Workplace Interventions

● Inclusive Policies: Develop and implement workplace policies that promote gender
equality, including equal pay for equal work, maternity and paternity leave, and
anti-discrimination measures.
● Leadership Development: Encourage the participation of women in leadership
roles through mentorship programs and capacity-building initiatives. Notes
World+8Drishti IAS+8Wikipedia+8

6.2.5 Role of Families and Societies

● Parental Education: Educate parents about the importance of allowing children to

explore their gender identities and interests without constraints. Funds for NGOs
● Community Dialogues: Facilitate discussions within communities to address and
challenge traditional gender norms and promote inclusivity. Funds for NGOs

6.3 Strategies to Promote Gender Sensitization

Media Advocacy: Collaborate with media organizations to advance varied and

positive portrayals of women in the media. Promote the creation of content that
dispels myths and highlights the accomplishments of women in various sectors.

Digital Literacy: Provide training in digital literacy and online safety to enable
individuals, especially women, to efficiently navigate digital environments and
combat online harassment.

Peer Education: Develop peer education initiatives that encourage students to

confront negative gender conventions and teach their classmates about gender
equality.

Creative Expression: Utilize the expressive power of music, theater, painting, and
other creative mediums to spread themes of social justice and gender equality.

Integrate gender education at all levels: Start sensitization at the school level to
foster respectful attitudes early in life.

Encourage male participation: Programs should engage men and boys as allies
in promoting gender equity.
 Use popular media and technology: Harness the power of television, film, and
social media to challenge stereotypes and amplify diverse voices.

Institutionalize gender audits: Regularly evaluate institutions for gender

responsiveness and adjust policies accordingly.

Support local leaders and influencers: Leverage their credibility to initiate

dialogue and change within communities.

Ensure representation: Promote participation of women and LGBTQ+ individuals

in decision-making roles across sectors.

Promoting gender sensitization requires a multi-pronged strategy that target individuals,

institutions, and societal norms. Sensitization is not merely about awareness but about
changing mindsets, behaviors, and systems that perpetuate gender inequality. The
following detailed strategies provide a framework for fostering gender-sensitive
environments in educational institutions, workplaces, communities, and governance
structures.

References

● ResearchGate. (2023). Gender Sensitization: Empowering Women for

Sustainable Development. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/380596875_Gender_Sensitization_Em
powering_Women_for_Sustainable_Development
● FundsforNGOs. (2023). Uncovering Gender Norms with Community-Level
Gender Sensitization. Retrieved from
https://www.fundsforngos.org/proposals/uncovering-gender-norms-with-
community-level-gender-sensitization/
● Drishti IAS. (2023). Gender-Sensitive Policy Making. Retrieved from
https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/gender-sensitive-
policy-making/
● ORF Online. (2023). The Case for a Feminist Approach to Gender-Based
Violence Policymaking in India. Retrieved from
https://www.orfonline.org/research/the-case-for-a-feminist-approach-to-gender-
based-violence-policymaking-in-india
● Wikipedia. (2023). Gender Budgeting. Retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_budgeting
● Wikipedia. (2023). Gender Mainstreaming. Retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_mainstreaming
● Wikipedia. (2023). Gender Inequality in India. Retrieved from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_India
● Wikipedia. (2023). All Women's Action Society.
 6.3.1. Integrating Gender Sensitization into Education Systems

Educational institutions are foundational for shaping attitudes toward gender roles.
Integrating gender sensitization into curricula can instill values of equality, empathy, and
respect from an early age.

● Curriculum Reform: Include content that challenges gender stereotypes,

highlights contributions of all genders in history and science, and teaches the
principles of gender justice¹.
● Teacher Training Programs: Equip teachers with tools to recognize and counter
gender bias in classroom interactions, teaching materials, and disciplinary
practices².
● Gender-Responsive Pedagogy: Promote participatory, inclusive teaching
methods that validate diverse student identities, especially those of girls, trans,
and non-binary students.

Footnote 1: UNESCO. (2017). Gender Equality in Education: A Call for

Action. Paris: UNESCO Publishing.

Footnote 2: Unterhalter, E. (2007). Gender, Schooling and Global Social

Justice. Routledge.

6.3.2. Community Engagement and Grassroots Mobilization

Effective gender sensitization must extend beyond formal institutions to reach

communities, especially in rural and marginalized areas.

● Community Dialogues and Workshops: Organize structured discussions where

community members, including men and elders, can explore and unlearn harmful
gender norms³.
● Peer Education: Use local youth and community leaders to conduct sensitization
sessions. Peer-to-peer models are often more relatable and culturally effective.
● Public Awareness Campaigns: Use posters, radio programs, street plays (nukkad
natak), and local festivals to disseminate gender equality messages⁴.

Footnote 3: Mahila Samakhya Programme (India). Annual Reports, Ministry

of Education, Government of India.

Footnote 4: Breakthrough India. (2020). Bell Bajao Campaign Impact

Report.

6.3.3. Role of Media and Digital Platforms

Media is a powerful tool for shaping public opinion and social norms.

● Gender-Sensitive Content Creation: Encourage film, television, and

advertisement industries to avoid reinforcing stereotypes and instead showcase
empowered, diverse gender representations⁵.
● Social Media Campaigns: Launch digital sensitization campaigns (e.g.,
#HeForShe, #MeToo) to engage young people and build global solidarity.
● Combating Misinformation and Hate: Use fact-checking platforms to counter
sexist, transphobic, and misogynistic content online, and train digital users to
recognize and report online abuse.

Footnote 5: Gill, R. (2007). Gender and the Media. Polity Press.

6.3.4. Sensitization in Workplaces and Institutions

The workplace is a critical site where unconscious biases often manifest in hiring,
leadership, and pay equity.

● Mandatory Sensitization Workshops: Conduct regular gender awareness and

anti-sexual harassment training sessions in line with the POSH Act, 2013⁶.
● Inclusive HR Policies: Implement gender-neutral hiring, equal pay audits,
inclusive parental leave, and gender transition support for transgender
employees.
● Leadership Representation: Promote women and LGBTQ+ individuals to
leadership positions to ensure diverse perspectives at the decision-making table.

Footnote 6: Ministry of Women and Child Development. (2015). Handbook

on the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition
and Redressal) Act, 2013.

6.3.5. Political and Legal Interventions

Policy and law play a significant role in institutionalizing gender equality.

● Gender-Responsive Budgeting: Allocate and track government spending based

on its impact on different genders, especially in education, health, and
employment sectors⁷.
● Gender Impact Assessments: Evaluate laws, policies, and programs for their
effect on gender equality before implementation.
● Strengthening Gender Commissions: Empower national and state women’s
commissions to actively monitor rights violations and recommend reforms.
 Footnote 7: Budlender, D., & Hewitt, G. (2003). Engendering Budgets: A
Practitioner's Guide to Understanding and Implementing Gender-
Responsive Budgets. Commonwealth Secretariat.

6.3.6. Engaging Men and Boys as Allies

Gender sensitization is not solely a "women’s issue." Engaging men and boys is
essential for lasting transformation.

● Mentorship and Dialogue Programs: Facilitate spaces where boys and men can
explore gender expectations, violence, and emotional expression without stigma.
● Fatherhood Campaigns: Promote positive images of men as caregivers,
challenging the stereotype of men as solely providers or protectors.
● Partnership with Religious and Cultural Leaders: Work with community
influencers to reinterpret religious texts and practices in support of gender
equality⁸.

Footnote 8: Peacock, D., & Barker, G. (2014). Working with Men and Boys
to Promote Gender Equality: A Review of the Field and Emerging
Approaches. UN Women Working Paper Series.

6.3.7. Institutionalizing Monitoring and Evaluation

Sensitization must be continuously assessed for effectiveness.

● Gender Audits: Conduct institutional reviews of programs and policies to identify

gaps and biases.
● Feedback Mechanisms: Set up anonymous reporting systems in schools,
workplaces, and public services to track discrimination or harassment.
● Data Collection: Ensure collection of gender-disaggregated data in all sectors to
guide policy decisions.

6.3.8. Encouraging Artistic and Cultural Expression

Cultural forms are a vehicle for consciousness-raising.

● Theatre and Visual Arts: Promote feminist and inclusive art that provokes
dialogue on gender roles and violence.
● Folk Traditions and Oral Histories: Revive and reinterpret local stories and songs
to reflect gender-inclusive narratives.
● Youth Art Competitions: Encourage gender equality themes in school-level
storytelling, debates, and creative writing contests.
Promoting gender sensitization is a multi-level effort that requires the involvement of
educators, governments, civil society, and individuals. No single strategy is sufficient. A
combination of education, legal reform, institutional accountability, and cultural
engagement is necessary for sustainable change. Sensitization is not only about
preventing discrimination but about building a society where all genders can live with
dignity, choice, and opportunity.

References
1. UNESCO. (2017). Gender Equality in Education: A Call for Action.
2. Unterhalter, E. (2007). Gender, Schooling and Global Social Justice. Routledge.
3. Mahila Samakhya Programme. Ministry of Education, Govt. of India.
4. Breakthrough India. (2020). Bell Bajao Campaign Impact Report.
5. Gill, R. (2007). Gender and the Media. Polity Press.
6. Ministry of Women and Child Development. (2015). POSH Act Handbook.
7. Budlender, D., & Hewitt, G. (2003). Engendering Budgets. Commonwealth
Secretariat.
8. Peacock, D., & Barker, G. (2014). Working with Men and Boys to Promote
Gender Equality. UN Women.

Gender sensitization is a critical component of building an equitable and inclusive

society. It encompasses recognizing, understanding, and actively challenging the roles,
norms, and inequalities attributed to gender in both private and public spheres. This
dissertation has sought to provide an in-depth analysis of how gender sensitization can
be cultivated and institutionalized through educational frameworks, societal
transformation, legal mandates, and ideological shifts.

6.4. Relevance of Feminist Theories and Gender Equality

Feminist theories offer a foundational understanding of how gender operates as a

category of social differentiation. Liberal feminism advocates for equal access to
education, employment, and political rights, arguing that reform within existing
institutions is essential for achieving equality¹. Radical feminism goes further,
emphasizing the need to dismantle patriarchal structures that perpetuate systemic
inequality. Postmodern feminist thought challenges the binary conception of gender
altogether and promotes intersectionality — a lens that recognizes how race, class,
sexuality, and other identities intersect with gender².
These theoretical perspectives help explain the structural roots of gender inequality and
reinforce the importance of sensitization. Gender sensitization is not simply a matter of
fairness; it is a transformative process that requires shifting collective consciousness
and institutional behaviors to recognize and rectify historical and ongoing imbalances.
Through education, representation, and policy, societies can move toward substantive,
not just formal, gender equality.

6.5 Role of NGOs in Promoting Gender Sensitization

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have been instrumental in mainstreaming

gender issues into public discourse and policymaking. From grassroots mobilization to
international advocacy, NGOs serve as intermediaries between marginalized
communities and state institutions. Organizations such as SEWA (Self Employed
Women’s Association), Breakthrough, and CARE India have led successful campaigns
on women’s rights, domestic violence, and access to education³.

NGOs play several roles:

● Education and Awareness: Conducting community workshops, media

campaigns, and school programs to break gender stereotypes.
● Legal Advocacy: Supporting victims of gender-based violence through legal aid
and lobbying for policy changes.
● Capacity Building: Training women in leadership, entrepreneurship, and political
participation.
● Research and Monitoring: Collecting gender-disaggregated data and evaluating
the impact of public policies on women and marginalized genders.

Their community-centric approaches ensure that solutions are context-specific and

inclusive, reaching populations often excluded from mainstream initiatives.

6.6 Family, Society, and Workplaces as Change Agents

Families are the first sites where gender roles are introduced. Early education by
parents, both directly and indirectly, shapes attitudes toward gender. Sensitization must
begin at home by promoting equal opportunities for all children regardless of gender. At
the societal level, schools, religious institutions, and media must work collectively to
challenge harmful gender norms.

Workplaces must institutionalize gender-sensitive policies: equal pay for equal work,
zero tolerance for harassment, and active encouragement of female leadership. Gender
sensitization training should be mandatory for all employees, especially in male-
dominated sectors such as law enforcement, STEM, and politics.
References
● Tong, R. (2009). Feminist Thought: A More Comprehensive Introduction.
Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
● Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics,
and Violence against Women of Color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241–1299.
● Singh, J. (2016). Role of NGOs in Promoting Gender Equality in India. Journal of
Development Research, 9(2), 33–40.
● UN Women (2021). Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment. Retrieved
from: https://www.unwomen.org
● Drishti IAS. (2023). Gender-Sensitive Policy Making.
https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-editorials/gender-sensitive-
policy-making

6.7 Gender Issues and Their Solutions

1. Gender-Based Violence (GBV)

Issue: Approximately one in three women worldwide experience physical or sexual

violence by an intimate partner or sexual violence by a non-partner over the course of
their life. World Bank Blogs+1World Economic Forum+1

Impacts:

● Physical and mental health deterioration

● Reduced access to education and employment
● Long-term economic consequences for survivorsWorld Bank Blogs
● Solutions:
● Implement comprehensive legal frameworks to protect victims
● Provide accessible support services, including counseling and legal aid
● Conduct public awareness campaigns to change societal attitudes

2. Gender Pay Gap

Issue: Women globally earn less than men for equivalent work, with women’s labor
force participation remaining below that of men across all regions. World Bank
Blogs+1IMF+1

Impacts:

● Economic dependency and poverty among women

● Limited access to resources and opportunities
 ● Perpetuation of gender inequalitiesAP News

Solutions:

● Enforce equal pay legislation

● Promote transparency in wage structures
● Encourage women's participation in higher-paying sectors

3. Unpaid Care Work

Issue: Women spend significantly more time on unpaid domestic and care work
compared to men, limiting their opportunities for paid employment and personal
development. World Economic Forum+2World Bank Blogs+2Our World in Data+2

Impacts:

● Time poverty leading to stress and health issues

● Reduced economic independence
● Limited career advancement opportunitiesWorld Bank
BlogsShift+2Wikipedia+2PRB+2Reuters

Solutions:

● Promote shared responsibility of care work within households

● Implement policies that recognize and value unpaid care work
● Provide affordable childcare servicesWorld Bank Blogs+1Our World in
Data+1Time+3Our World in Data+3World Bank Blogs+3

4. Gender Stereotypes and Discrimination

Issue: Persistent stereotypes and societal norms dictate specific roles and behaviors for
different genders, leading to discrimination in various sectors. educationsummary.com

Impacts:

● Limited career choices and opportunities

● Psychological stress and identity conflicts
● Perpetuation of gender inequalities

Solutions:

● Implement educational programs to challenge stereotypes

● Promote inclusive policies in workplaces and schools
● Encourage media representations that break traditional gender roles
5. Political Underrepresentation

Issue: Women are underrepresented in political positions globally, limiting their

influence on policy-making and governance.

Impacts:

● Policies may not address women's specific needs and concerns

● Limited role models for aspiring female leaders
● Perpetuation of gender biases in governanceTime+1World Economic Forum+1

Solutions:

● Implement quotas and affirmative action policies

● Provide leadership training and mentorship for women
● Encourage political parties to nominate more women candidates

Addressing gender issues requires a multifaceted approach involving legal reforms,

societal attitude changes, and policy interventions. By implementing the solutions
outlined above, societies can move towards greater gender equality, benefiting
individuals and communities alike.

Footnotes
1. UN Women and UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2021).
Progress on the Sustainable Development Goals: The Gender Snapshot 2021.
United Nations.AP News
2. World Bank. (2024). International Women’s Day 2024: Five Insightful Charts on
Gender (In)equality Around the World.World Bank Blogs
3. Our World in Data. (2024). Achieve Gender Equality and Empower All Women
and Girls.Our World in Data
4. Education Summary. (2024). Major Gender Equality Problems and 10
Solutions.educationsummary.com
5. Wikipedia. (2024). Women's Political Participation in India.Wikipedia
CONCLUDING REFLECTIONS
In a society as diverse and stratified as India, gender sensitization must address the
multiplicity of experiences across caste, religion, region, and class. The ultimate goal is
not simply to create environments where women and marginalized genders are
"included," but to construct systems where all individuals are valued equally and have
equitable access to rights, opportunities, and dignity.

As this dissertation has shown, gender sensitization is both a moral imperative and a
developmental necessity. From boosting economic productivity to improving
governance and social cohesion, the benefits of a gender-equal society extend far
beyond individual empowerment. Achieving this requires an integrated approach
involving families, educators, employers, NGOs, lawmakers, and citizens.

While the challenges are formidable, the evidence is clear: sensitization works. With
sustained political will, community engagement, and a commitment to justice, gender
sensitization can be the foundation for a more empathetic, equitable, and inclusive
world.

The pursuit of gender sensitization and equality is not merely an academic ideal — it is
a societal necessity rooted in justice, human rights, and sustainable development. This
dissertation has explored the multifaceted nature of gender issues, such as gender-
based violence, the wage gap, unpaid care work, stereotyping, and political
underrepresentation. These challenges are not isolated; they are systemic, deeply
embedded in social, cultural, legal, and institutional frameworks that favor one gender
over others, often marginalizing women, transgender, and non-binary individuals.

As shown through feminist theoretical frameworks — including liberal, radical, and

intersectional feminism — gender inequality cannot be addressed by treating symptoms
alone. It requires a structural transformation that questions traditional power relations,
deconstructs patriarchal norms, and makes space for diverse identities and
experiences. Gender sensitization is at the heart of this transformation. It encourages
individuals and institutions to recognize prejudice, unlearn discriminatory behavior, and
act with empathy and equity.

The role of education, as a change agent, cannot be overstated. Integrating gender-

sensitive curricula and training educators to become facilitators of inclusive learning is a
foundational step. Similarly, workplaces must move beyond tokenism and adopt
measurable policies to ensure pay equity, leadership representation, and safe, inclusive
environments. Equally vital is the role of families, which act as the first site of gender
socialization. By fostering equality at home, we shape future generations who value
fairness and mutual respect.

NGOs and civil society organizations have emerged as powerful catalysts in this
domain. Their grassroots mobilization, advocacy for policy reform, and support services
for vulnerable populations bridge critical gaps left by state institutions. However, for their
efforts to yield systemic change, governments must strengthen legal frameworks,
implement gender-responsive budgeting, and institutionalize gender audits in all public
services.

The impact of media and technology is also profound. They can perpetuate harmful
stereotypes or become powerful tools of change — depending on how they are used.
Campaigns like UN Women’s #HeForShe or India’s #BellBajao have demonstrated that
digital platforms can successfully drive awareness and engagement.

Despite progress, much work remains. Women still perform the majority of unpaid care
work. Gender-based violence remains widespread. Pay gaps persist across industries.
Political underrepresentation of women continues to hinder equitable governance.
These realities signal the urgent need for sustained, coordinated action at all levels —
individual, institutional, and societal.

Moving forward, a holistic approach is required. This includes:

● Policy reforms grounded in human rights,

● Public-private collaboration for workplace inclusivity,
● Community engagement that involves men and boys as allies,
● Intersectional interventions that address multiple forms of discrimination,
● And continuous monitoring and evaluation to assess progress and recalibrate
efforts.

True gender sensitization is not about giving preferential treatment to one group over
another. It is about building systems where everyone has the freedom and opportunity
to thrive, regardless of gender. It is about replacing fear, bias, and exclusion with
understanding, respect, and inclusion.

In closing, gender equality is not just a women’s issue or a legal issue — it is a human
issue. It is essential for democracy, development, and peace. Promoting gender
sensitization is not the end goal but the means to creating a more just, empathetic, and
inclusive society. The transformation will not happen overnight, but with consistent
effort, critical reflection, and collective responsibility, it is achievable — and necessary.