Iot Fundamentals
Unit 1
Characteristics of IoT
• Interconnectivity: IoT enables seamless communication between
diverse devices, sensors, and systems through various networking
technologies
• Intelligence: Devices can process data, make decisions, and
adapt behavior based on collected information
• Heterogeneity: Supports different hardware platforms, networks,
and protocols working together
• Large Scale Operation: Can handle millions of connected devices
and massive data volumes
• Security: Requires robust security measures to protect sensitive
data and prevent unauthorized access
• Energy Optimization: Many IoT devices operate on limited power
sources, requiring efficient energy management
• Dynamic Nature: IoT systems can change state, configuration, and
capabilities in response to changing conditions
Physical Design of IoT
• The physical design encompasses several key components:
• Hardware Layer:
• Processors/Microcontrollers: Brain of IoT devices (e.g., Arduino,
Raspberry Pi)
• Memory Units: For storing program code and data
• Power Supply: Batteries, solar cells, or direct power
• Communication Modules: WiFi, Bluetooth, cellular, or other radio
modules
• Sensors and Actuators: Interface with the physical world
• Form Factor Considerations:
• Size and Weight: Often needs to be compact and portable
• Environmental Protection: Weatherproofing, temperature
resistance
• Mounting Options: Installation requirements
• Maintenance Access: Easy servicing and battery replacement
Functional Blocks of IoT
• The architecture typically consists of:
• a) Device Layer:
• Physical hardware
• Operating system
• Device drivers
• b) Network Layer:
• Communication protocols
• Data routing
• Network security
• c) Service Layer:
• Data processing
• Storage management
• API services
D) Application Layer:
User interface
Business logic
Application security
Sensing
Sensing in IoT involves:
Types of Sensors:
Temperature sensors
Humidity sensors
Pressure sensors
Motion sensors
Light sensors
Chemical sensors
Biometric sensors
• Key Aspects:
• Accuracy and precision
• Sampling rate
• Power consumption
• Calibration requirements
• Signal conditioning
• Data preprocessing
• Types of Actuators:
• Electric motors
• Hydraulic systems
• Pneumatic systems
• Solenoids
• Relays
• Servo motors
• Linear actuators
Functions:
• Motion control
• Switch control
• Flow control
• Temperature control
• Pressure regulation
Network Types:
1. Personal Area Networks (PAN)
2. Local Area Networks (LAN)
3. Wide Area Networks (WAN)
4. Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN)
Key Concepts:
1. IP addressing
2. Routing
3. Network topology
4. Quality of Service (QoS)
5. Network security
6. Bandwidth management
Communication Protocols
Various protocols used in IoT:
• Short-Range:
• Bluetooth
• ZigBee
• NFC
• RFID
• WiFi
• Long-Range:
• LoRaWAN
• Cellular (4G/5G)
• SigFox
• NB-IoT
Application Layer Protocols:
• MQTT
• CoAP
• HTTP/HTTPS
• WebSocket
• AMQP
Sensor Networks
• Key aspects of sensor n
• Architecture:
• Distributed sensor nodes
• Gateway nodes
• Base stations
• Backend systems
• Network Characteristics:
• Self-organization
• Multi-hop communication
• Energy efficiency
• Fault tolerance
• Scalabilityetworks:
Data Management:
Data collection
Data aggregation
Data fusion
Local processing
Network lifetime optimization
