Introduction—
● Multidimensional, multifaceted & Complex web of phen
● It stands for De-Territorialization & is described through
many prepositions
o Kenichi Ohame— “Borderless world”
o Marshall Machluhan—“Global village”
o Thomas Freidman (“The world is flat” )
● Thomas Freidman (“The Lexus & olive”)—"Inexorable
integration of markets, N-S & tech to a degree never
witnessed before”-- Today individuals, corp, Nations r
reaching the world farther, faster, deeper & cheaper
● Anthony Giddens— Intensification of worldwide
social relations & Compression in time & space
Beginning of Globalization
● Formally after demise of C.W--1990s—End of history
(Fukuyama) & N.W.O (Ascendency of Neo liberalism)-- Est
of WTO marked its highest point.
● Marxists—It begin with beginning of capitalism in 17th cen—
o Marx— “Search for profits will take bourgeoise to
settle everywhere & nestle everywhere”
o Hirst & Thompson—Present Glbl is a Rhetoric or a
"New buzz word" for old capitalist exploitation-- It is
just a global expansion of capitalism.
Models of Globalisation
● Present model—based on Neo-liberalism led by USA—Free
market capitalism & Liberal democracy (“End of History”)
● Chinese model— At WEF-- Xi expressed that China is willing
to lead the Glbl & China led model will be more inclusive &
Sustainable unlike USA.
● Indian model— Cosmopolitan vision of w.o— “V.K”, “S.B.S”--Aims
at welfare of all rather than dividing the humanity into
winners & loosers. '
o Bhikhu Parekh-- Norms governing the cosmopolitan
w.o shd not be based on value system of one
civilization, but shd be the result of "Dialogue b/w
civilization"
Theoretical perspectives on Glb—
● Liberals—Glbl promotes Free trade, Interdependences-- ↑
Peace, prosperity & Dev
● Realists—Sceptical—Reinhold Niebuhr—Heightened E.I is likely to
breed mutual vulnerability + It may have altered S, P & C
domains but has not transcended the political domain.
● Marxist—WST—↑ Gap b/w Core & periphery
● Feminists—Feminisation of poverty & migration, sex tourism.
● Post-Colonial Perspective—It results
in Neo-colonialism—Subverting indigenous cultures
+ Spreading soulless consumerism
Globalisation: Myth vs Reality
● Hyperglobalists—
● Sceptics / Myth—Marxists—H & T—Globalisation is a fantasy—
New buzz word
● Transformationalists—Rosenau / Giddens / David
Held— Profound changes have taken place but est features
have not been swept altogether
● Although it has become universal, however there are lot
of regional & inter-sectral variations in terms of its
depth—so “Real but not perfect”
Impact of Glb on Nation-state
● Glbl stimulated a major debate about power & sig of state
in a globalized world—Glbl in its E&P forms, has led to a
process of state retreat, even fashioning what some
called the "Post-sovereign state"
● Glbl defined as borderless world & De-Territorialization but
N-S rep Territorialized enitiy—These r anti-thetical ideas
● State lost authority—
o Marshall McLuhan—Global village
o Kenichi Ohmae—Borderless world
o Susan Strange-- ‘where states were once masters
of markets, now it is the markets which, on many
issues, are the masters over Govts of states’.
o Traditional conception of sovereignty--States had
supreme control within their borders, but forces of
Glbl have made the hard shell of state perforated
(Borders became increasingly ‘permeable’)
o Rise of ‘supra-territoriality’,with increasing range of
economic activities take place within a ‘borderless
world’.
o Financial markets that have become genuinely
globalized-- that financial crises in one part has impact
in other parts of the world.
o Changing BoP b/w Territorial states &‘De-
territorialized’ TNCs
● State is still a central actor— Realists--Robert Gilpin
o Glbl has not rendered state redundant as an economic
actor, States retain a vital role in bringing about
economic modernization(Robert Gilpin).
o Market based economies can only operate
effectively within a context of legal & social order
that only the state can provide.
o Although states, when acting separately, may have a
diminished capacity to control transnational economic
activity, they retain facility to do so through macro
frameworks of economic regulation, as provided by
G-20, WTO, IMF
● Transformationalists— David Held & Bob Jessop-- Glbl is not
a "zero-sum game"
o Although profound changes have taken places, but
w/o traditional features being swept away altogether.
We are witnessing the both. In some aspect,
globalization is winning & in other aspects, states are
holding the power.
● G. Sorenson’s view—Diff states have been impacted
differently—
o Advanced Industrial States— Post-modern multilevel
governance
o Weak post-colonial states— Lost sovereignty
o Modernising States like BRICS— Better positioned
o It has effected sovereignty of poorer & smaller
nations in a worse way than the bigger ones
Impacts on Devg countries— Xi--Glbl is a "Double edged
sword”
+ve—In general Asian countries r winners, evident from
prediction of “Asian century” & shift in C.O.G of IP from T-A to
A-P.
o Share of India, China & S-E Asia in global GDP ↑ from
12.5% to 31.8% b/w 1990 & 2016 + Poverty alleviation in
Global south + achivement of MDGs.
o China's share in Global GDP-- from 4% to 17.5% in 2019,
India's share-- 7%
o Vietnam— miracle—In a single Gen moved from poorest
to middle income economy (Bcz it invested in health &
edu)
o Branko Melinoski's Elephent curve
● Jagdish Bhagwati— "Book--In Defence of Glb”— Given
Quantitative & Qualitative analysis w.r.t Benefits of Glbl
o Most powerful tool to achieve social good— Poverty
↓, Life expectancy ↑, literacy↑ ( China-- Poverty ↓
from 36% in 1990 to 6% in 2011)
o Brought Unprecedented growth in Devg countries &
— Trickle down + Inequalities & Poverty ↓
o Opposing it r psychiatrists & not economists
o Also situation has improved in advanced countries like
USA
-ve
● Inequalities ↑, Inequitable & Exclusive growth, Jobless growth
(Ex-- Service sector perpetuated but Agriculture
stagneted due to WTO policies etc), -ve on food security,
Env degrd
● Benefitted rich sections the most, as PBM says--Rise of
“Plutocracy”
● Inter & Intra state disparities—WST
Critical
● Jagdish Bhagwati—Glbl has to be properly governed to yield
desired result
● Xi--Glbl is a "Double edged sword”— It has its own Challenges
& Opp-- Depends on how we face & how well we r
prepared-- countries which has invested in capacity building
& Skill dev have taken max benefits
● Amaratya Sen (Book-- "Economic Dev & Social opp")--
Countries which joined have been better than those
remained outside-- Can serve as opp only by Capacity
building of people
Impacts on Developed countries—
Initially benefitted but now adversely impacted— so Resentment &
retreat-- Rise of Right, Protectionism, Social mov like Occupy
wall street mov, Middle class worst affected
-ve—Economic C.O.G shifted towards east—Fareed
Zakaria—“Decline of west & Rise of rest”
● Share in global GDP declined B/w 1990 & 2016—
o G-7—from 51% to 31% + EU's share-- from 27.6% to
16.8% + PIGS adversely impacted
● Security issues— Refugee crisis, Terrorism
● Joseph Stiglitz— Backlash in Devd world— as growth has not
been inclusive
Critical
● Xi at WEF— Warned against scapegoating Glb for world’s
ills or erecting protectionist walls
o "No point in blaming Glb for world's problems”— Not
Glbl but Automation & incorrect policies of Govt r
R/S for job losses—Even GFC was bcz of regulatory
failures
o "Pursuing protectionism is like locking oneself in a
dark room. Wind and rain may be kept outside, but so
is light and air”
o Glb is a "double-edged sword” but benefits far
outweighed the -ves
o "Global economy is a big ocean you cannot escape
from”
o Sweden & Germany benefitted bcz of steps in skill
dev, while UK & UK neglected this.
Critics of Globalization
Marxist criticism
● I. Wallerstein— WST
o ↑ gap b/w Core & peripheries
o Time to sing Swang Song for it-- Glbl has reached its
"Dead end"
o Humanity has 2 options—Barbarianism / Socialism
● Samir Amin ("Capitalism in age of Glb”)-- Applied
Dependency theory to show continuing Drain of wealth
● Hirst & Thompson—Just a “New Buzz word” for Old
Capitalist exploitation
Other criticism
● Thomas Piketty (Capital in the 21st century)
● Arundhati Roy (Capitalism: A Ghost Story )—Mutant variety
of colonialism - remote controlled & digitally operated
● Prof Ramesh Thakur & George Heine (Dark side of
Glb)—Though engine of prosperity & progress, it is also a
soft underbelly of corporate imperialism.
o Dark side—Rise of uncivil society—TN terrorism, H-
trafficking
o Not “end of history,” but “end of geo”.
o Aversely impacted S-E rights &
strenghtend property rights
o Aversely impacted economic sovereinity, cultural
integrity & Social stability.
● Vandana Shiva—Glbl is brutal for nature
● Noam Chomsky-- ( Book--"Profit over people")
o It has also -vely impacted Developed countries as well
o Capitalist wars, -ve impact on health, education
Current phase
● Initially protests in Devg but now in Devd world
● Prof Deepak Nayyar—Glb is under stress with its present
disrupted & future uncertain
● PBM—“Pincer moment”—attack from all sides—World doesn’t
seems so flat now—Optimism of “end of history” is under
challenge
● Signs of de-globalization—Stagnation in WTO, Rise of right,
BREXIT, America first, Treaty withdrawals
o ↑ support for Rightist parties
o Anti-Glb mov—Occupy Wall Street mov, Protests
against WEF, WTO ( In Seattle )& G-20 ( In Humberg )
meetings
o In Europe-- Tends of " Border control" instead of
"Borderless world" + Growth of Nationalistic &
Xenophobic sentiments.
o Trade barriers— “Border control rather than
borderless world"
o Multilateral inst are crumbling
o PBM—Rising “Me First” sentiment
Future Prospects
● Although Glbl is passing through uncertain phase, but It is
irreversible—as there r global challenges— Climate change,
Terrorism
Hence there r imperatives for co-op— Aurobindo—“Aggregation is
the law of Universe, Nature will destroy if we go against it”
● Jospeh Stiglitz (Making Glb work)—Address Democratic
Deficit in inst of G.G
Can China lead Future Globn ?
● Xi Jinping at WEF— China ready to lead globn
● Steps Taken
o Enhanced RBEO— AIIB, NDB, BRI
o Reforming its currency policy
● Challenges
o Chinese economy slowing down
o China-US great Thucydides trap.
o PBM (The second coming)—Even if China manages its
domestic transition to slower growth, it is doubtful
whether it has global political legitimacy to act as
leader-- China always see itself as "Middle kingdom".
Globalisation & Covid-19
It was already in decline
o Richard Fontaine & C. Raja Mohan—It was in decline
well before COVID-19
o The Economists—Already a process of Slowbalisation
was going on—GFC, trade war, Halt of WTO
talks—Covid has not led to decline but it has hastened
its decline
o While heat against globalisation was simmering,
pandemic added fuel to fire.
-ves— Covid has prompted a new wave of Glb obituaries
o Highlighted risks inherent in overdependence on global
supply chains— Prompted Re-nationalization of
production
o Idea of a “Borderless world” is under serious
questioning—Travel ban, US banned export of
medicines
o Harsh V. Pant— Covid-19 will strengthen the ongoing
anti-globalisation voices
o Stephen M Walt—Realist Guide to Coronavirus
Outbreak--Crisis is vivid reminder of centrality of
state in IP + proves that— Intl co-op is fragile &
Underlying anarchy of G.G is being exposed.
o The recent Covid Crisis is seen as the beginning of
deglobalization and the comeback of the state .
Will Globalisation will die?— No
o Steven Altman—Covid-19 is a “bend but won’t break
crisis” for globalization.
o Shyam Saran—Covid may have stalled Glbl but it is here
to stay. Also Pandemic has triggered Galloping Glb in
digital economy
Covid-19 Will unleash a new phase of Glb—
o Richard Fontaine—Covid-19 will accelerate not its
demise rather the likely result will be a new, different
& more limited form of globl
o C. Raja Mohan—Sovereignty is certainly back. Solidarity
is under stress, but not dead—Drift is towards a
middle path b/w extreme globalism & hyper-nationalism,
Also Corona added awareness of “global problems” &
the need for “global solutions”
o Suhasini Haider—While it will be impossible for
countries to cut themselves off from Global market
entirely, But regional initiatives will become the
“Goldilocks option”—Middle path b/w Globalisation &
Hyper-nationalism
o Further politicise migration, entrench biasness
towards self-reliance & Inward looking
economy— Modi—New era of economic self-reliance
has begun
o “Import substitution” may again gain currency as perils
& pitfalls of overdependence on foreign supplies
become clear.
Conclusion
o Harsh V. Pant—Obituaries of globl have been written
many times in past as well. It will surely survive this
latest assault. But the form in which it might endure
will requires us to think more creatively
Which type of Glb needed in Post Covid world--
A "New Templete" of Glbl is needed--
o Modi—“In post covid world, we need a new template of
Glb based on fairness, equality & humanity”-- Thus
needed a "More inclusive Glbl with Humane face"
o Joseph Stiglitz-- Reform Inst of G.G & global financial
inst like WB, IMF + address Democratic Deficit
Features of Globalization
● Complex process-- Creates conditions for a more co-op
world but also a major source of Instability, inequalities &
Conflict
● Emergence of Globalism-- collective awareness or
conciousness of the world, Globalised way of life
● Relative De-Territorialization of S, E & P activities
● Relative De-nationalisation of power.
● Economic Power shift in World politics-- BRICS, G-20.
● Menifests in all domains of social life, albeit with varying
intensity-- But Economic Glbl > Cultural, Pol etc
● Uneven / Assymetric in nature-- has diff degree of
enmeshment -- Rich countries more globalised than poor.
Globalization's impact on world order
● Instead of "End of state, Glbl has produced a "More
activist state"-- To achieve Domestic objectives, State
engages in co-op & collaboration
● A shift from a world of discrete but interdependent N-S
to the world as a shared social spaces that transcend
National bounderies.
● Westphalian conception of Monolithic, Territorially bounded,
unitary state is displaced by image of the "Disaggregated
state"--
o Power & Political authority now is not the sole
preserve of State but is diffused among diverse
Actors, Pvt agencies, NGOs, Supra state bodies
o Sovereignity is now shared among national, regional &
Global authorities.
● Baylis & Smith-- A shift from state centric Geopolitics to
Geo-centric Global politics
● Emergence of "Post westphalian world order"-- Sovereign
power & Authority of State is transformed but Not
eroded
o Territoriality-- still relevent, but now emergence of
new Political org that transcends Territories &
Borders
o State Sovereinty-- Transformed not eroded- Now
Sov rep shared exercise of power & Authority by
National, Regional & global authorities + States now
uses Sov as a bargaining chip in Intl Negotiations
o State Autonomy-- To achive Domestic objectives in
interdependent world, States r forced to engage in
co-op & collaboration (But this also compromises
their autonomy of self governance)
Globalization & Return of Geo-politics
● Matter of Debate whether Glbl & Geopolitics r compatible
or not
● NO-- Bcz they r Anti-thetical concepts
o Brian Blouet--While Geopolitics restricts movements,
est imperial controls but Glbl stands for
De-territorialization
o Ellen Frost--We r moving towards a much more
'interconnected world system' + External threats
have assumed transnational forms that traditional
geopolitics of BoP is now largely irrelevent
● YES--
o Realists-- Imperitives of Geopolitics outweighs the
principle of Glbl
o Realpolitik is again taking centre stage-- Present
Realist ex
● Critical--Richard Falk--
o "New Geopolitics" is emerging in era of Glbl--It rests
less on military power & more on soft power
o "winless withdrawal" of US from Iraq & Afghan r
evidence that superiority in military power 'is no
longer able to reach desired political outcomes in
violent conflict'-- US shd learn that depending on "Old
Geopolitics" will bring only 'Frustration & defeat'
