First Generation (1940-1956)

Overview of the First Generation of Computers (1940-1956)

The first generation of computers, spanning from 1940 to 1956, marked a significant era in
computing history characterized by the use of vacuum tubes as the primary technology for
circuitry and memory. This period laid the groundwork for modern computing systems and
introduced several foundational concepts.

This era marked a significant leap in computational capabilities, as these machines could
perform calculations much faster than their mechanical predecessors.

William Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert were pivotal figures in the development of the first
generation of computers, particularly through their work on the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical
Integrator and Computer), which was completed in 1945.

ENIAC was groundbreaking as it became the first general-purpose electronic digital computer,
utilizing approximately 18,000 vacuum tubes and capable of performing thousands of calculations
per second—much faster than any existing machine at that time.

Major Computers of the First Generation

The most recognized computers from this generation include the ENIAC, completed in 1945,
which was one of the first general purpose electronic computers, and the UNIVAC, released in
1951 as the first commercially available computer.

Completed in 1945, ENIAC was the first programmable general-purpose electronic digital
computer. Designed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, it was initially intended for
calculating artillery firing tables for the U.S. Army. ENIAC was a monumental machine,
occupying a space of about 1,800 square feet and utilizing over 17,000 vacuum tubes. It could
perform up to 5,000 additions per second, making it significantly faster than any existing
mechanical calculators at that time.
 The UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer) emerged as the first commercially
available general-purpose electronic digital computer, officially delivered to the U.S. Census
Bureau in 1951. Also designed by Eckert and Mauchly, UNIVAC was specifically built for
business applications, aiming to replace punched-card systems used in accounting. It incorporated
around 5,200 vacuum tubes and utilized mercury delay lines for memory storage, UNIVAC's
design included features like an operator keyboard and magnetic tape for data input and output,
making it more user-friendly and efficient for commercial use.

These machines operated using machine language and relied on punched cards and
magnetic tape for input and output. However, they were enormous, costly to operate, and generated
significant heat, leading to frequent malfunctions. Despite these limitations, first-generation
computers laid the groundwork for future advancements in computing technology, introducing
concepts such as stored programs and paving the way for the development of subsequent
generations of computers.

The Hardware of the First-Generation Computers

Vacuum Tube
These computers utilized vacuum tubes for logic circuitry. Which allowed them to perform calculations at
speeds much faster than mechanical devices.

Magnetic Tape
first-generation computers employed magnetic drums for main memory storage, enabling them to store
thousands of bits of data and access it rapidly. Input was typically managed through punched cards

Punched Card
These cards, often referred to as IBM cards, were standardized to an 80-column format, allowing for
efficient data storage and retrieval.
The Problems of First-Generation Computers
Heat Generation

The reliance on vacuum tubes led to substantial heat production, which was a major issue. This
heat not only increased operational costs but also caused frequent malfunctions and required
extensive cooling systems to maintain functionality.

Reliability Issues

The vacuum tubes were prone to failure; the ENIAC experienced an average tube failure every
two days, which could take considerable time to locate and replace. This unreliability hindered
continuous operation and efficiency.

Limited Programming Capability

First-generation computers operated using machine language, which was complex and difficult to
manage. They could only solve one problem at a time, requiring lengthy setups for new tasks that
could take days or weeks. This limitation severely restricted their versatility and speed in
processing information.

Input and output Constraints

Input was primarily managed through punched cards and paper tape, which were cumbersome and
prone to errors. The output was typically printed on paper, further complicating data handling and
storage.

CONCLUSION:
The first generation of computers, spanning from 1940 to 1956, marked a foundational
period in the evolution of computing technology characterized by significant innovations despite
notable limitations. The introduction of vacuum tube technology allowed these early machines,
such as the ENIAC and UNIVAC, to perform calculations at unprecedented speeds, paving the
way for future advancements in electronic computing.

These challenges highlighted the need for advancements in computer technology, leading
to the development of second-generation computers that utilized transistors, which addressed
many of these issues by being smaller, more reliable, and more energy efficient. These computers
utilized machine language for programming, which, while complex and tedious, established the
groundwork for software development. The concept of stored programs emerged during this era,
leading to more efficient processing and the eventual development of computers that could handle
multiple tasks.
 Second
Generation
OF

COMPUTERS
 Second Generation of
Computers
(1956-1963)

The transition from vacuum tubes to

transistors, making computers smaller,
faster, and more reliable.
 Introduction
The Second Generation of Computers emerged between 1956 and 1963 as an
improvement over first-generation computers.
Key innovation: The replacement of vacuum tubes with transistors, making
computers smaller, faster, more efficient, and more reliable.
Used in business, government, military, and scientific research for data
processing and complex calculations.
 Invention of Transistors

Transistors are tiny electronic devices that act as switches or

amplifiers in electronic circuits.
 Inventors

John Bardeen Walter Houser Brattain

William Shockley
1956 Noble Prize in Physiscs
 Features of Second-Generation
Computers
1. Transistors 2. Magnetic Core Memory

- Made computers more compact, - Allowed faster and more reliable

energy-efficient, and less prone to storage compared to first-generation
overheating. computers.
Features of Second-Generation
Computers
3. Assembly Language 4. Batch Processing
Programming
- Allowed for more efficient - Enabled multiple tasks to run
programming with low-level simultaneously, increasing efficiency.
instructions.
 Features of Second-Generation
Computers
5. Improved Speed and Reliability 6.Reduction in Size

- Enhanced processing performance - Computers became more compact

and system stability. due to the use of transistors.
 Advantages of Second-Generation
Computers
✅ Smaller Size – More compact than first-generation computers.
✅ More Reliable – Improved functionality and stability.
✅ Lower Power Consumption – Used less power and generated less heat.
✅ Faster Processing – Significant speed improvements over the first generation.
✅ Better Accuracy & Portability – Enhanced precision and easier to move.
 Disadvantages of Second-Generation
Computers
❌ Frequent Maintenance – Required regular servicing.
❌ Cooling System Needed – Despite generating less heat, they still needed cooling.
❌ Difficult Commercial Production – Expensive and complex to manufacture.
❌ Limited Use Cases – Designed for specific applications.
❌ Punch Card Input – Relied on punch cards for programming and data entry.
Examples of Second-Generation
Computers
IBM 1401 UNIVAC II
 Examples of Second-Generation
Computers
The International Business Machines
(IBM) 1401
Introduced in 1959, was a game-changer
with its use of transistors instead of
vacuum tubes, making it more reliable,,
compact, and efficient. It could process
data at an impressive speed for its time,
and its magnetic core memory allowed for
quick access to information.
 Examples of Second-Generation
Computers
Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) II

Launched in 1960, was notable for its

versatility and ability to handle both scientific
and business applications. It featured a unique
design with a combination of magnetic tape
and disk storage, which was revolutionary. The
UNIVAC II was also one of the first computers
to use a floating-point arithmetic system,
enhancing its computational capabilities.
 Summary
In essence, the second generation of computers represents a monumental leap forward in
technological history. It was a period of rapid innovation, that took us from the era of room-sized,
temperamental machines powered by vacuum tubes to a new world where computers were becoming
smaller, faster, and more reliable. The work done during this era laid the foundation for all subsequent
advancements in computing, ultimately leading to the digital revolution and the personal computing
devices that are now an integral part of our everyday lives.
Thank
Y ou
 Our Team
Cesario, Christine Jhay
Dayag, Trisha Izzavelle
Juranes, Erwin "EJ"
Lagasca, Realeen Mae
Leuenberger, Louis Joshua
Salvador, Noreen
Santiago, Genny May
 3rd
Generation
Third-Generation Computers

11:11PM
INTRODUCTION
The third generation computers
were introduced in 1965 and they
stopped in 1971. This generation is
upgraded compared to the other
two previous generations.
The IBM System/370, introduced in
1964, is often cited as one of the
most influential computers of this
era

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DEVELOPED BY:
Who?

Integrated circuits

Jack St. Clair Kilby (November 8, 1923 – June 20, 2005) was an American electrical
Jack Kilby engineer who took part (along with Robert Noyce) in the realization of the first
integrated circuit while working at Texas Instruments (TI) in 1958.
 INTEGRATED
CIRCUIT
IC
Integrated circuit is a microscopic
array of electronic circuits and
components.
ANALOG IC DIGITAL IC MIX SIGNAL IC

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 Development and
Item 5
20%
Item 1
20% Innovations

Item 4 Item 2
20% 20%

Item 3
20%

Impact on Society
LIMITATIONS -While third-generation
computers were a vast
improvement over their
predecessors, they still had some
limitations

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MAIN FEATURES:

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IC Used
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MAIN FEATURES:

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you want to discuss.

comparison to previous
two generations

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MAIN FEATURES:

Briefly elaborate
IC Used on what
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you wantelaborate on what
to discuss.
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you want to discuss.
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you want to discuss.

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MAIN FEATURES:

Briefly elaborate
IC Used on what
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you wantelaborate on what
to discuss.
you want to discuss.
Generated less heat
you want to discuss.

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MAIN FEATURES:

Briefly elaborate
IC Used on what
Briefly elaborate on what
Faster
you want to discuss.
you want to discuss.

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MAIN FEATURES:

Briefly elaborate
IC Used on what
Lesser Maintenance
you want to discuss.

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MAIN FEATURES:

IC Used
Costly

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MAIN FEATURES:

AC required

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MAIN FEATURES:

Consumed lesser
electricity

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MAIN FEATURES:

Supported high-level
language

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CHARACTERISTICS:

As compared to
previous generations,
Briefly elaborate
IC Used on what
theyouthird
want togeneration
discuss.

computers were more

reliable, fast, efficient,
less expensive, and
smaller in size.

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CHARACTERISTICS:

In third generation
computers, high-level
IC Used
programming languages
were used such as BASIC,
PASCAL, ALGOL-68, COBOL,
FORTRAN – II, PASCAL PL/1.

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CHARACTERISTICS:

The punch cards

were replaced with
mouse and
keyboards.

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CHARACTERISTICS:
The integrated circuit
technology replaces
the use of individual
transistors.

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CHARACTERISTICS:

The computers
have high
storage
capacity.

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1. Computer required less space
due to the use of integrated
circuits (IC). A single integrated
circuit (IC) contains transistors,
resistors, condensers,
condensers, etc. on a piece of Advantages of Third
the silicon semiconductor
substrate.
2. It produces less heat and
Generation
required less energy during
operations. Due to this third
generation computers have
Computers
less hardware failure as
compare to previous
generations.
3. In third generation computers,
the punch cards were removed
and the input was taken with
the help of a mouse and
keyboards.
4. They have high storage
capacity and give more
accurate results, which helps
to store and compute and
calculate more precise
operations.
5. The computers were portable
and offer better speed
Disadvantages of
Third Generation
Computers
1. These computers still
required air conditioning.
2. To manufacture IC, highly
sophisticated technology
was required.
3. Maintaining IC chips were
difficult.
n Header • Section Header • Section Header • Section Header • Section Header • Section Header • Section Header • Section H

Examples of
Third
Generation
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Computer

n Header • Section Header • Section Header • Section Header • Section Header • Section Header • Section Header • Section H
IBM System/360 (1964)
Known as “IBM’s $5 billion gamble” and a “bet-
the-business” move.
Launched on April 7, 1964, the System/360 was so named because it was
meant to address all possible types of users with one unified software-
compatible architecture. This marked a sharp departure from concepts of the
past in designing and building computers.

The IBM System/360 was a line of mainframe computers announced in 1964.

It was the first family of computers to be designed for a wide range of
applications, including scientific and commercial uses. The System/360 was
a revolutionary development that changed the computer industry.

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 T. Vincent Learson
John W. Fairclough

Gerrit Blaauw
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John W. Fairclough

Frederick P. Brooks
Gene Amdahl

Key Figures in Creating

IBM System/360
Honeywell 200 (1965)
Honeywell was founded by Mark C. Honeywell in 1906 as the Honeywell
Heating Specialty Company in Wabash, Indiana. Initially, the company
focused on manufacturing hot water heating systems.

The Honeywell 200 was introduced in 1965 as part of the company’s effort to
challenge IBM’s dominance in the mainframe computing market. It was a
member of the Honeywell 200 Series, designed primarily for business data
processing. The system was notable for its ability to emulate the IBM 1401,
which was one of the most widely used business computers at the time. This
emulation allowed companies to switch from IBM to Honeywell without
having to rewrite their software, making the transition easier and more cost-
effective.

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Key Figure and Other Features

Honeywell 120
The Honeywell 120 was an early transistorized computer introduced in the late 1950s by
Honeywell. It was one of Honeywell’s first serious attempts to compete in the business computing
market, particularly against IBM’s early systems.

The Honeywell 120 was a small-scale business computer, designed primarily for data processing
Mark C. Honeywell tasks such as payroll, inventory management, and accounting.
Founder of Honeywell Heating
Specialty Company It was a successor to Honeywell’s earlier Model 800 (introduced in the 1950s), which was a
vacuum-tube computer.

The Honeywell 120 used transistors, making it more reliable and efficient compared to vacuum-
tube machines.

It was positioned as a competitor to IBM’s 650 and 305 RAMAC, both of which were widely used
for business applications.
PDP-8 (1965)
introduced by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) in 1965, is widely
recognized as the first commercially successful minicomputer. It
revolutionized computing by providing a compact, affordable, and easy-to-
use alternative to the large and expensive mainframes of the time.

Developed by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), founded by Ken Olsen

and Harlan Anderson in 1957.

The PDP-8 was part of DEC’s "Programmed Data Processor" (PDP) series,
which aimed to create interactive computers that didn’t require massive air-
conditioned rooms like IBM’s mainframes.

The PDP-8 was inspired by DEC’s earlier PDP-5, a 12-bit system that proved
the demand for smaller computers.

The lead designer of the PDP-8 was Edson de Castro, who later founded Data
General, another influential minicomputer company.

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Evolution of the PDP-8 Series

VT78 (1977)
PDP-8/S (1966)

DEC continued
PDP-8/I (1968)
improving the PDP-8,
PDP-8/E (1970)
leading to several
models:

EDSON DE CASTRO
PDP-8/L (1968)
chief engineer who
designed the first version of
the PDP-8 minicomputer in
1965.
UNIVAC 1108 (1964)
The UNIVAC 1108 was introduced as an upgrade to the UNIVAC 1107, which
was launched in 1962. While the 1107 used thin-film memory, the 1108 was
equipped with core memory, which was faster, more reliable, and more cost-
effective. The UNIVAC 1108 was designed to be a multi-user and multi-
tasking system capable of running several programs at once—a significant
leap forward in computing technology.

By the 1970s, the UNIVAC 1108 was gradually replaced by more powerful and
advanced systems like the UNIVAC 1110 and the IBM mainframes. However,
many of the technological advancements introduced with the 1108—such as
core memory, multi-programming, and time-sharing—became standard
features in later computing systems.

Despite being phased out, the UNIVAC 1108 remains an important milestone
in computing history, representing a bridge between the early era of
mainframes and the later innovations that would lead to the development of
the modern computing systems we use today.

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Early History of Univac /& Other
Feature

J. Presper
Eckert
UNIVAC 1100
John Mauchly
The UNIVAC 1100 series was an evolution of previous UNIVAC
the inventors of the ENIAC, led the systems and was developed starting in the early 1960s. The
team of engineers who developed the
UNIVAC 1108. 1100 series machines used transistorized logic and could
handle larger workloads with improved reliability compared to
earlier vacuum tube-based systems.
ICL 1900 Series (1967)
The ICL 1900 series was a family of mainframe computers introduced by International
Computers Limited (ICL) in 1967. It became one of the most important computer families
in Europe during the 1960s and 1970s. The series was designed to offer significant
improvements over previous systems, with a focus on reliable, high-performance
computing for both scientific and business applications.

Background of ICL:
International Computers Limited (ICL) was a British company formed in 1968 through the
merger of English Electric's computer division and Computer Research Corporation
(CRC). ICL sought to compete in the global mainframe market, especially in the UK and
Europe. It became a significant force in computer manufacturing, aiming to challenge the
dominance of American companies like IBM.

The ICL 1900 Series was the successor to the ICL 1600 series, introduced in 1965. The
1600 series was relatively successful, but it faced limitations in terms of performance
and memory. The 1900 series was developed to overcome these challenges and offer
improved computing capabilities for commercial and scientific users.

Back to Agenda Page

actical Applications of Third-Generation Computers • Practical Applications of Third-Generation Computers • Practical Applic

Topics Covered

Practical
Applications of
Third-
Generation
Computers
Practical Applications of Third-Generation Computers • Practical Applications of Third-Generation Computers • Practical App

Honeywell IBM System

200 /360
🛠 Use 🛠 Use
Business and industrial Versatile and is used across
applications. multiple industries.

💰 Banking & Insurance 💼 Business & Finance

🏦 Inventory Management 🔬 Scientific Research
🏥 Hospital Administration 🏛️ Government Data
Processing
✈️ Air Traffic Control

Applications of Third-Generation Computers • Practical Applications of Third-Generation Computers • Practical Applications

Practical Applications of Third-Generation Computers • Practical Applications of Third-Generation Computers • Practical App

ICL 1900 UNIVAC 1100 PDP-8

Series Series Series
🛠 Use 🛠 Use 🛠 Use
Business, government, and Large-scale data processing Small business computing,
scientific computing. and real-time computing. industrial control, and
education.
💼 Banking & Financial 🛡️ Military & Defense
Services ✈️ Airline Reservations 📊 Laboratory Data
🏛️ Government ⛈️ Weather Forecasting Processing
Administration 🏭 Industrial Automation
🔬 Scientific Research 📚 Early Personal Computing

Applications of Third-Generation Computers • Practical Applications of Third-Generation Computers • Practical Applications

Error

That’s all. Thank you

for listening.

11:11PM
 THE FOURTH GENERATION OF COMPUTERS
Fourth Generation of Computers (1971 - Present)

The evolution of computers took only 55 years to progress through four

generations, with rapid technological advancements shaping the industry. The fourth
generation of computers introduced microprocessors, revolutionizing computing by
making devices smaller, faster, and more efficient. The year 1971 was the birth of the 4th
generation of computers and one of the standouts features of this generation is the use
of microprocessors.

Microprocessors
- This tiny yet powerful chips also known as Microchips" contain the entire
processing unit of a computer on a single integrated circuit.
- At the heart of this advancements was "VLSI" Technology or Very Large-Scale
Integration.

VLSI Technology (Very Large-Scale Integration)

- This technology allowed thousands or even millions of transistors to be packed
onto a single microchip, vastly increasing computing power while reducing size
and cost.
- This computer also offered vast improvements in storage capacity with the
introduction of hard drives and floppy disks users could store more data than
ever before.

Identifying a MICROCHIP
- This tiny rectangular piece of silicon is the brain of the computer.
- It contains millions of transistors which work together to process information.
- Microchips are essential for executing instructions and performing calculations
at incredible speeds making them the backbone of all modern computing
devices.

TIMELINE

The Intel 4004 was the world's first microprocessor. It was created by
Intel with Ted Hoff and Federico Faggin as the lead designers and
Stan Mazor and Masatoshi Shima as co-contributors.

The 4004 provided a new tool to the world. Up to that time

1971
semiconductors and integrated circuits were built for specific
purposes. The 4004 was the first semiconductor device that
provided, at the chip level, the functions of a general-purpose
computer. Federico Faggin signed the 4004 with his initials, FF, which
can be seen at the lower right side of the 4004-chip die.
 Apple Inc. originally known as Apple Computers, began in 1976.
Founders Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak worked out of Jobs'
garage at his home in Los Altos, California.
1976
On April 1, 1976, they debuted the first Apple computer, the Apple
1, a desktop computer that came as a single motherboard, pre-
assembled, unlike other personal computers of that era.

The IBM PC is the first microcomputer released in the IBM PC model

line and the basis for the IBM PC compatible de facto standard.

Released on August 12, 1981, it was created by a team of engineers

and designers directed by Don Estridge in Boca Raton, Florida.

- IBM enters the personal computer market as a response to

the success of Apple
1981 - Departure from standard IBM practices
o Use off-the-shelf components from various OEMs
o Design an open architecture so other companies
could produce and sell compatible machines

- Hoped to get royalties from licensing of BIOS

- Led by William C. Lowe & later Don Estridge
- The first IBM PC was released on August 12. 1981, at a base
price of $1,565.

Windows started when the original Windows 1 was released in

November of 1985 and was Microsoft's first true attempt at a
graphical user interface in 16-bit.

Development was spearheaded by Microsoft founder Bill Gates and

ran on top of MS-DOS, which relied on command-line input.
1985
It was notable because it relied heavily on use of a mouse before
the mouse was a common computer input device. To help users
become familiar with this odd input system, Microsoft included a
game, Reversi (visible in the screenshot) that relied on mouse
control, not the keyboard, to get people used to moving the mouse
around and clicking onscreen elements.
TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS IN FOURTH GENERATION OF COMPUTERS

Microprocessors
- Microprocessors are small but powerful chips that serve as the brain of a
computer. They allow computers to process information quickly, making them
more efficient and capable of performing complex tasks. Before microprocessors,
computers were large, expensive, and mostly used by governments and big
businesses. However, with this technology, computers became smaller, more
affordable, and accessible to individuals, schools, and workplaces.
Microprocessors have continuously improved, allowing the development of
smartphones, tablets, and Al-powered systems.

Silicon Chips (Integrated Circuits - |Cs)

- Boosting Processing Power Silicon chips, also known as integrated circuits (ICs),
contain millions (and now even billions) of tiny transistors that work together to
process data, increasing a computer's processing power. They enabled the
development of modern, high-speed computers and devices.

Storage Devices
- Early computers relied on punch cards and magnetic tape, but as technology
progressed, hard drives, floppy disks, and later, solid-state drives (SDs) significantly
improved data storage capacity and accessibility. SSDs, in particular offer faster
read/write speeds, lower power consumption, and greater reliability compared to
traditional hard drives.

Networking & the Internet

- Connecting the World! The introduction of networking technologies and the
creation of the World Wide Web (wWW) in 1991 completely transformed how
people communicate, work, and share information.

• Local Area Networks (LANs) allowed multiple computers within an office

or home to connect and share data easily. The internet revolutionized
global communication, making it possible to send emails, browse
information, and conduct business transactions online.
• Social media, video streaming, and cloud computing all depend on the
internet, making it one of the most influential technological advancements.
KEY FIGURES OF THE FOURTH GENERATION OF COMPUTERS

1. Steve Jobs
- He was an American entrepreneur and visionary who played a crucial role in
transforming personal computing and consumer electronics. In 1976, he co-
founded Apple Inc., a global technology company known for pioneering
advancements in computer hardware and software.

Contributions during the 4th Generation:

a. Apple I (1975)
• This was an early personal computer designed primarily for research and
gaming. It was sold as a build-it-yourself kit, meaning users had to assemble
their own system, as it did not include a monitor, keyboard, or mouse.
b. Apple II (1977)
• This model was a significant upgrade, incorporating a built-in keyboard, display
support, and an improved operating system. The Apple II became one of the
first widely available and commercially successful personal computers.
c. Apple III (1980)
• This model was designed for business users and was Apple's first computer to
feature a built-in 5.25-inch disk drive and integrated high-resolution graphics.
Despite these advancements, it struggled commercially and failed to gain
traction in the market.
d. Apple Lisa (1983)
• This microcomputer introduced the graphical user interface (GUI) to Apple's
product lineup. Instead of relying on text-based commands, users could
interact with pictorial icons on the screen to perform tasks, making computing
more intuitive.
e. Apple Macintosh 128K (1984)
• This was the first widely successful GUI-based computer, it let users interact with
icons instead of typing commands. It also introduced the mouse for easy
navigation and file management.

2. Bill Gates
- He is an American computer programmer and entrepreneur and was instrumental
in shaping the personal computer industry. In 1975, he co-founded Microsoft,
which would go on to become the world’s leading software company for personal
computers.

Contributions during the 4th Generation:

a. Altair BASIC (1975)
• Developed for the Altair 8800 microcomputer, this programming language
enabled users to write and execute code in BASIC (Beginner’s All-purpose
Symbolic Instruction Code), making computing more accessible.
 b. MS-DOS (1981)
• It was created as an operating system for IBM’s first personal computer, the IBM
PC. It served as the primary operating system for personal computers
throughout the 1980s and early 1990s. It was a command-line-based system
specifically developed for PC-compatible machines.
c. Windows 1.0 (1985)
• It was the first major version of Microsoft Windows, a series of graphical
operating systems designed for personal computers.

3. Michael Dell
- He is an American entrepreneur, businessman, and author, best known as the
founder and CEO of Dell Inc. He established his first company in 1984 at just 19
years old. Originally named "Limited’s PC," it later became Dell Inc., a leading
provider of personal computers.

Contributions during the 4th Generation:

a. Direct-to-Consumer (DTC)
• Michael Dell revolutionized the computer industry by introducing a direct-to-
consumer business approach. Instead of selling through wholesalers and large
retailers, Dell Inc. sold computers directly to customers, allowing for lower prices
and customized systems tailored to individual needs.

b. Turbo PC (1985)
• This was Dell’s first self-designed computer, which was equipped with an Intel
8088 processor, 640K RAM, and a 360K 5.25-inch floppy drive.

EXAMPLES OF FOURTH GENERATION OF COMPUTERS

- The DEC 10 or PDP-10, manufactured starting in 1966 by Digital Equipment

Corporation (DEC), was an early mainframe computer that allowed multiple users
to work on it simultaneously. It played a significant role in the development of early
networking systems like ARPANET, which later paved the way for the internet.
- In 1970, DEC also introduced the PDP-11, which became one of the most popular
minicomputers. As a smaller and more affordable alternative, it was widely used
in industries, hospitals, and schools, influencing the development of personal
computers.
- By 1975, computing power advanced significantly with the CRAY-1, the first
commercially successful supercomputer. Designed by Seymour Cray and
developed by Cray Research, it was built for complex calculations and used in
weather forecasting, cryptography, and nuclear research.
 - Around the same time, the STAR 1000 was developed to handle large-scale
mathematical computations. It was created to accelerate climate modeling and
physics simulations, making it valuable for scientific research and influencing
modern operating systems like macOS and Windows.

REASONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOURTH GENERATION OF COMPUTERS

1. Miniaturization and Efficiency
- In 1971, the intel developed the first microprocessor (Intel 4004), which made
computers smaller, portable, and energy-efficient.

2. Faster Processing and Better Performance

- Businesses and scientists needed higher computing power. Microprocessors
integrated thousands (later millions) of transistors, boosting speed and
multitasking.
- Enabled the development of complex software and applications.

3.Personal Computers (PCs) Revolution

- Before the 1970s, computers were mainly for governments and large
organizations.
- The rise of Apple, IBM, and Dell made computing accessible to individuals and
small businesses which increased demand for affordable and easy-to-use
computers.

4. Software Industry and Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs)

- Early computers required complex coding for operation. But later, companies like
Microsoft and Apple introduced GUIs with icons, windows, and a mouse.
- Software like word processors, spreadsheets, and games made computers more
useful.

5. Business and Economic Growth

- Companies saw huge financial opportunities in producing faster, smaller, and
cheaper computers. The PC industry boomed, leading to the rise of tech giants.
Improved computing power transformed industries like banking, healthcare, and
education.

6. Advancements in Semiconductor Technology

- Shift from vacuum tubes and transistors to integrated circuits (ICs). Silicon chips
enabled mass production, cost reduction, and increased reliability.
- Led to the creation of high-speed, affordable microprocessors.

7. Networking and the Internet Revolution

- Computers needed to communicate and share data efficiently. Development of
LANs (Local Area Networks) and networking technologies.
 - The launch of the World Wide Web (1993) revolutionized information sharing and
connectivity.

ADVANTAGES OF THE FOURTH GENERATION OF COMPUTERS

1. Way Smaller Than Before
- VLSI technology made computers more compact and portable.
2. Faster Speed & Better Performance
- 32-bit microprocessors improved processing speed and multitasking.
3. Cheaper & Rise of Personal Computers (PCs)
- Mass production lowered costs, making PCs affordable
4. VLSI Technology Used
- Integrated CPU, memory, and other components into a single chip.
5. Energy Efficient
- Consumed less power and produced minimal heat.
6. Networking & Early Internet
- Supported Ethernet and helped develop early internet connectivity.

IMPACT AND LEGACY OF THE FOURTH GENERATION OF COMPUTERS

The impact of the Fourth Generation of Computers comes from the immediate
changes and advancements it brought to technology and society, while its legacy refers
to how these advancements shaped the future of computing and continue to influence
modern technology today.

How They Became an Impact:

1. Personal Computers Became Mainstream – The development of microprocessors

allowed the creation of affordable and portable personal computers, making
technology more accessible to individuals and businesses.

2. Faster and More Efficient Computing – With millions of transistors on a single chip,
computers became significantly faster, more reliable, and capable of handling
more complex tasks.

3. Lower Power Consumption and Cost – Microprocessor-based computers required

less electricity, reducing operational costs and making them more efficient.

4. Growth of Software and Applications – The enhanced capabilities of fourth-

generation computers led to the rise of more advanced software, including early
operating systems like MS-DOS and GUI-based interfaces.
How They Became Legacy:

1. Foundation for Modern Computing – The microprocessor architecture developed

in this generation is still the standard for today’s computers, laptops, and mobile
devices.

2. Rise of the Internet and Digital Age – The increased computing power enabled the
development of networking, which later led to the creation of the internet.

3. Innovation in Various Industries – Computers became essential tools in fields like

healthcare, education, business, and entertainment, driving automation and
digital transformation.

4. Shaping the Future of Technology – The advancements of this era paved the way
for artificial intelligence, cloud computing, and the continuous miniaturization of
electronic devices.

Overall, the Fourth Generation of Computers made an impact by changing how we

use technology and left a lasting legacy, building the foundation for the digital world we
rely on today.
 FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS
The 5th generation of computers refers to the latest era in computer technology, It is started in the early 1980s,
primarily driven by Japan's initiative to advance computer technology through artificial intelligence (AI). This era
marked a significant shift from previous generations, focusing on creating machines that could think and learn like
humans. Fifth-generation systems are still evolving and are utilized in various applications including voice
recognition software like Siri, autonomous robotics, and advanced data analysis.

The most outstanding computer of the fifth generation of computers was the PC or laptop, following the approach
of not only producing machinery at an industrial level but also, a tool for daily use. It was generated and produced
by the International Business Machines Corporation (IBM), presenting a first proposal that revolutionizes everything
known until now in the technology sector.

SILICON CHIPS PROCESSORS

A silicon chip, or integrated circuit (IC), is a small Processors, also known as central processing units
piece of silicon containing electronic components (CPUs), are the brains of a computer. They use silicon
like transistors, capacitors, and resistors, which work chips to perform calculations, execute instructions,
together to process electrical signals. Silicon chips and control the system's operations. A processor is a
have been a game-changer in the development of type of silicon chip, but not all silicon chips are
computers because they allow for the processors. The key difference is that processors are
miniaturization of electronic circuits, these chips designed to handle computing tasks, while silicon chips
serve as the building blocks for advanced can serve various other purposes in electronics.
processors that drive the smartest systems ever Processors are primarily used in computers,
made by humans. Robert Noyce was an American smartphones, and other devices that require
engineer and co-inventor of the integrated circuit, a substantial computational power. The original use of
system of interconnected transistors on a single the word “microprocessor” described a computer that
silicon microchip employed a microprogrammed architecture a
technique first described by Maurice Wilkes in 1951
EXAMPLES:
NAND Flash memory chips (RAM, Flash), Wi-Fi
modules, power management ICs, microcontrollers, EXAMPLES:
AND sensor chips. CPUs, GPUs, Intel Core i9, AMD Ryzen 7, Apple M-series
chips.
INTELLIGENT SYSTEM

These processors work together to solve complex problems in mere seconds. Even climate change data, or
identifying disease patterns, intelligent systems powered by 5th-gen processors lead the way. These processors
work together to solve complex problems in mere seconds. Even climate change data, or identifying disease patterns,
intelligent systems powered by 5th-gen processors lead the way. Alan Turing, a British mathematician, is often
regarded as one of the earliest pioneers of AI. Turing’s concept of a “universal machine” was a precursor to the
modern computer, and his Turing Test remains a fundamental benchmark in AI development.

USE OF INTELLIGENT SYSTEM:

Data Analysis - They process large amounts of data to extract insights, such as diagnosing diseases in healthcare or
analyzing trends in business.
Automation - They handle repetitive tasks, like robots in manufacturing or chatbots in customer service, improving
efficiency and accuracy.
Predictions - Intelligent systems forecast trends, such as stock market movements or customer behavior, helping
businesses make informed decisions.
Personalization - They tailor experiences, like recommending movies on Netflix or products in e-commerce, based
on user preferences.
Learning and Adapting - These systems improve over time by learning from new data, such as autonomous vehicles
becoming safer with more driving experience.

Apple's Siri is a virtual assistant that uses natural

language processing and machine learning to
understand voice commands, making technology
more accessible for users.

Google Assistant performs tasks like answering

questions and controlling smart devices, learning
from interactions to improve its responses.

TRANSLATOR PROGRAM (COMPILER/INTERPRETER)

In fifth‑generation computer systems, the program that translates language is essentially the compiler or interpreter
for a logic or constraint‑based language (such as Prolog). Its primary role is to take high‑level, declarative
descriptions of problems stating constraints, relationships, and goals and automatically generate the executable
code (or directly execute the logic) to solve these problems. This approach was intended to shift the burden of
algorithm design from the programmer to the machine, ideally making it easier to develop advanced applications in
areas like artificial intelligence.
Uses of the Translator Program :

1. Prolog Interpreters/Compilers
by Alain Colmerauer and Philippe Roussel

Prolog is the archetypal fifth‑generation language.

Its interpreter (or compiler) takes declarative logic
statements (expressing facts and rules) and
dynamically searches for solutions using
unification and backtracking. Well‑known
implementations include SWI‑Prolog, GNU Prolog,
and SICStus Prolog.
These systems effectively “translate” high‑level
logical constraints into actions or conclusions that
the computer can work with.

2. Concurrent Prolog and KL1

by Ehud Shapiro

Concurrent Prolog was developed as part of the

Fifth‑Generation Computer Systems (FGCS)
project to handle parallel logic operations.
KL1 is another language that emerged from the
FGCS initiative, designed specifically for
concurrent logic programming.
Its translator integrated logic and concurrency,
automatically constructing solution strategies
from high‑level problem specifications.

3. OPS5 "Official Production System”

by Charles L. Forgy

is a rule‑based language that falls under the

umbrella of fifth‑generation languages. Although
its main focus is on production systems (used for
tasks like expert systems).
Its translator takes declarative “if‑then” rules and
converts them into a form that can drive an
inference engine.
USES OF THE TRANSLATOR PROGRAM :

1. Automating Problem Solving

The translator lets programmer express problems in a very natural, high‑level way. The underlying system then
automatically constructs the solution algorithm—something the designers of fifth‑generation systems hoped would
dramatically simplify programming for complex tasks such as artificial intelligence.

2. Error Checking and Optimization

Just as traditional compilers check for syntax and semantic errors and often optimize code for performance, a
translator for a logic language can validate the logical consistency of the constraints and, where possible, optimize
the search for solutions.

3. Portability and Abstraction

By converting high‑level language into machine‑specific code, the translator hides the details of the hardware. This
abstraction was a key goal even in earlier generations, and in 5GL it allowed the focus to remain on “knowledge
representation” and reasoning rather than on low‑level implementation details.

ROBOTICS AND AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS

Robotics and autonomous systems are diverse scientific and technical disciplines that focus on developing
complex cognitive systems. Industrial manufacturing, warehousing, servicing, precision agriculture, autonomous
driving, space exploration, and surveillance are just a few applications for which robots can be utilized. A robot is a
self-contained mechanism created and built to mimic human emotions pioneered by William Grey Walter. Fifth-
generation technologies are driving advancements in robotics and autonomous systems, enabling machines to
perform tasks with greater precision and autonomy in environments ranging from factories to outer space. Robotics
and autonomous systems (RAS) on the other hand, focus on developing cognitive systems for tasks.

CAPABILITIES AND USE OF A RAS

a. Remote Control Systems: A device controlled remotely by a user. The device’s capacity to run independently is
limited without the remote-control element.

b. Automatic System: A system that has been pre-programmed to reply to inputs in a rules-based, deterministic
manner and can perform its purpose without requiring additional human input.

c. Autonomic Systems: A system that performs human-defined tasks by following a set of pre-defined criteria and
responding to stimuli probabilistically.
d. Autonomous Systems are self-contained systems. A system specifies how to carry out the tasks required to
meet a set of objectives. An independent system can change how it performs duties and responds to inputs in a
probabilistic fashion. Autonomous systems may require human input to accomplish their functions or operate
independently.

Robotics and Autonomous Systems are revolutionizing industries by combining advanced technologies with
human-like capabilities, becoming more intelligent and transforming how we live and work.

VIRTUAL REALITY

Virtual reality, or VR, invented by Morton L. Heilig, is a simulated three-dimensional environment that lets users
explore and interact with a virtual surrounding in a way that approximates reality, as it's perceived through the users'
senses. The environment is created with computer hardware and software, although users might also need to wear
devices such as goggles, headsets or bodysuits to interact with the environment. The integration of virtual reality
(VR) and augmented reality (AR) into fifth-generation computers is creating new possibilities for immersive
experiences in gaming, education, and training.

It is linked to gaming, with popular titles like Beat Saber, Minecraft VR, and Skyrim VR leading the way.

THREE MAIN TYPES OF VR

1. Immersive VR - Offers the highest level of immersion, using advanced and expensive tools to make users feel
fully part of the virtual world.

2. Semi-immersive VR - Provides a high level of immersion but with less advanced and more affordable tools, often
using physical models.

3. Non-immersive VR - The least immersive and most affordable, typically using basic equipment like glasses and
monitors, also known as desktop VR.
ANGEL ALONZO ARCHI 4 - E He then took the supercomputer market with his new designs, holding the top spot in
DEARWIN ATIENZA supercomputing for five years (1985-1990).
THERESE DELOS SANTOS
JEROME GUIAM MEASUREMENT OF SPEED
JIMMY HULIPAS Supercomputers speed are measured in floating point operations per seconds (FLOPS)
NICOLE MANGUNE in units of:
CARLO SERRANO 1.) Megaflops (MFLOPS)
2.) Gigaflops (GFLOPS)
3.) Teraflops (TFLOPS)
GENERATION OF COMPUTERS

NEW ERA COMPUTER FIRST SUPERCOMPUTER: CD-6600

New Era Computers refer to the modern evolution of computing, characterized by
advanced processing power, artificial intelligence, cloud computing, and mobility. ADVANTAGES
These computers have transitioned from bulky, slow machines to compact, fast, and Used for solving high calculation and intensive tasks like:
highly efficient devices. • Weather forecasting
After the fifth-generation computer, the technology of computer has become more • Analysis of data and information
advanced, modern and sophisticated. • Astronomical Observation
• Integrate design of engineering products
KEY FEATURES • For solving large input scientific problems
High Processing Power – Multi-core processors and quantum computing. DISADVANTAGES
Artificial Intelligence (AI) – Machine learning, automation, and deep learning • Generates large amount of heat
applications. • The speed of data transfer will limit the supercomputer’s performance.
Cloud Computing – Remote storage and computing power accessible from anywhere. • Supercomputers consume and produce massive amount of data in a very short
Internet of Things (IoT) – Seamless device connectivity and real-time data sharing. period of time
Mobility & Portability – Laptops, tablets, and smartphones replacing bulky computers.
TOP 3 RANKED SUPERCOMPUTERS:
SUPER COMPUTERS Rank 1 - Jaguar Supercomputer
Rank 2 - Road Runner
HISTORY Rank 3 - Tennessee’s Kraken
Supercomputers were introduced in the 1960s and were designed by Seymour Cray at
Control Data Corporation (CDC), which led the market into the 1970s until Cray left to LATEST SUPERCOMPUTER: 2024 - EL CAPITAN SUPERCOMPUTER
form his own company, Cray Research.
MAINFRAME COMPUTERS Supercomputers are used by Scientists and Engineers in order to solve very complex
also known as "big iron," is a high-performance computer designed for large-scale and large mathematical and scientific calculations.
computing tasks that require high availability, security, and the ability to handle vast MAINFRAME COMPUTERS ARE USED FOR
amounts of data and high-volume transactions. • Airlines
• Banks
HISTORY OF MAINFRAME COMPUTERS • Retailers
The first mainframe computer was designed in 1937, the Harvard Mark I. • E-commerce
Designed by Howard Aikens and built by IBM (International Business Machines • Government
Corporation) in 1994. It was used to perform complex mathematical calculations for the • Healthcare
military during World War II.
Early mainframes occupied entire rooms, today, the size of a mainframe computer is MINI COMPUTERS
much smaller are now about the size of a refrigerator. A mini computer is a mid-sized computing device that falls between a microcomputer
and a mainframe in terms of size, processing power, and capacity. Originally designed
MODERN MAINFRAME COMPUTER for multi-user environments and complex computing tasks, modern mini computers
ZENTERPRISE BC12 - Made by IBM, ZENTERPRISE BC12 is a high-performance, are often compact, inexpensive desktop machines optimized for basic tasks such as
scalable, and reliable mainframe designed for enterprise computing. web browsing, media streaming, and office applications. They are also referred to as
mini PCs, nettops, or Smart Micro PCs and are commonly used in home, office, and
COMPONENTS & USES industrial settings where space efficiency and energy savings are priorities.
COMPONENTS
• Main processor - also known as CPU, it acts as the brain of the mainframe
• System Assistance Processor - move the data from one place to another as DEC PDP – 1 - The PDP-1 (Programmed Data Processor-1) was the first computer
fast as possible. produced by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) in 1960. It was the first commercial
CHARACTERISTICS computer to focus on user interaction and time-sharing computing.
• Reliability
• Redundancy TIMELINE OF MINI COMPUTER
• Availability 1960s - BIRTH OF MINI COMPUTER
1970s - THE RISE OF MINI COMPUTER
HOW ARE MAINFRAMES DIFFERENT FROM SUPERCOMPUTERS? 1980s - PEAK OF MINI COMPUTER
Mainframe computers are powerful machines that store data and are designed to 1990s - DECLINE OF MINI COMPUTER
handle a lot of work all at once. 2000s - TRANSITION TO SERVERS
2010s - THE CLOUD AND EMBEDDED MINICOMPUTERS
ADVANTAGES • 1995 – Windows 95 Revolution
1. Cost-Effective • Late 1990s – Rise of Gaming PCs
2. Compact Size 2000s – The Age of Laptops & Mobile Computing
3. Multi-User Capability 2010s – High-Performance & AI PCs
4. High Processing Power 2020s – The Future of Personal Computing
5. Energy Efficient
6. Reliable for Specific Applications CHARACTERISTICS:
7. Network and Server Functions Designed for Individual Use
DISADVANTAGES Unlike mainframes or supercomputers that serve multiple users, a PC is meant for
1. Limited Performance Compared to Mainframes personal tasks.
2. Higher Cost Than Personal Computers Runs General-Purpose Software
3. Maintenance and Upgrades PCs support operating systems like Windows, macOS, and Linux, running software for
4. Limited Scalability word processing, internet browsing, gaming, and multimedia editing.
5. Less Portability Customizable & Upgradable
6. Obsolescence Many desktops allow users to upgrade components like RAM, storage, and graphics
cards.
PERSONAL COMPUTERS Relatively Affordable
A personal computer (PC) is a general-purpose computing device designed for Compared to large-scale computing systems, personal computers are cost-effective
individual use. PCs are widely used for work, education, gaming, entertainment, and and accessible to consumers.
communication. They come in different forms, including desktops, laptops, and all-in- Varied Performance Levels
one computers. PCs range from basic models for everyday tasks to high-performance gaming and
1970s – The Birth of the Personal Computer workstation computers.
1975 – MITS Altair 8800
• First commercially successful PC programmed using switches and LEDs. EXAMPLES:
• Inspired Bill Gates and Paul Allen to develop Microsoft. Desktop PCs - Stationary computers with separate monitor, keyboard, and CPU
1980s – The Rise of IBM and Microsoft Laptops - Portable computers with an integrated screen and keyboard
• 1983 – Apple Lisa All-in-One PCs - A desktop with built-in monitor and components in a single unit
• 1984 – Apple Macintosh Gaming PCs - High-performance desktops/laptops optimized for gaming
• 1985 – Microsoft Windows 1.0 Workstations - Powerful PCs for professionals (e.g., video editing, 3D modeling)
• 1989 – First Laptops Mini PCs - Small, compact desktop computers for basic tasks
1990s – The Internet & Multimedia Era
• 1991 – Linux OS Released MOBILE COMPUTER
MOBILE COMPUTING Additionally, mobile computing enables the Internet of Things (IoT), where non-
The term "mobile computing" describes the collection of IT tools, services, traditional devices, sensors, and computers connect and communicate without direct
products, and operational plans and practices that let end users access data, human involvement.
computation, and associated resources and capabilities while they're on the go. The
term "mobile" most frequently describes access while moving, in which the user is not ADVANTAGE
limited to a certain place. • Portability – Easy to carry and use anywhere.
Mobile can also refer to access in a fixed area through equipment that is • Convenience – Access to apps, emails, and files on the go.
stationary when in use but that users can move as needed. This way of working is • Connectivity – Stay connected to the internet and work remotely.
frequently referred to as nomadic computing. • Multifunctional – Serve for work, entertainment, and more.
Mobile computing technology is widely used today. It can be used in a variety of • Battery-Powered – Use without needing a power outlet.
specialized vertical markets, as well as in the commercial and consumer, industrial, • Ease of Use – User-friendly and accessible for all.
and entertainment sectors. DISADVANTAGE
More processing power and hardware configuration options are available with desktop • Limited Power – Not as powerful as desktops for heavy tasks.
computers. • Small Screens – Can be tough for detailed work or multitasking.
• Battery Life – May need charging after long use.
MOBILE COMPUTING USED? • Limited Storage – Less space for files compared to desktops.
Mobile computing is used in most facets of life both in business and by • Durability – Easier to damage from drops or spills.
consumers. It enables users to be untethered from a power source for periods of time. • Security Risks – Prone to theft or hacking if not protected.
This is advantageous for traveling workers who want to stay connected to their work
while on the move. It's also useful for remote workers who may not have all the EVOLUTION
connectivity and power options they have in an office setting. In the 1970s, mainframe computers allowed remote access using slow modem
Consumers use mobile computing in several ways, including the following: connections (300-1,200 bps), and users worked with teletype or CRT terminals. Early
• Internet Access mobile terminals were large, heavy, and expensive compared to today’s devices.
• Mobile Communications In the late 1970s, mobile computers like the Osborne 1 and Compaq Portable
• Web Browsing emerged. These were large PCs with early operating systems (CP/M and MS-DOS),
• Mobile Applications floppy disks, and slow modems. They needed AC power but allowed portable
• Entertainment Streaming Media computing.
Early laptops, like the GRiD Systems Compass, were also large, heavy, and
Mobile devices and apps can gather user data across different environments and expensive. Laptops became more popular in the 1990s as technology improved, making
situations. Wearable technologies like Fitbits and smartwatches are examples that them smaller, lighter, and more affordable, with better battery life and Wi-Fi
collect data in unique contexts, such as fitness and health. connections.
 Personal digital assistants (PDAs), which appeared in the early 1990s, evolved
from personal organizers and stored information like calendars and contact lists.

IMPORTANCE OF NEW ERA COMPUTER

New era computers are indispensable in driving modern society forward. Their
superior speed, precision, and connectivity have revolutionized industries and
improved the quality of life worldwide.

ADVANTAGES OF NEW ERA

Modern computers bring several benefits:
• SPEED
• QUALITY
• RELIABILITY
• STORAGE CAPABILITY
• VERSALITY
DISADVANTAGES OF NEW ERA
Despite their transformation benefits, modern computers also pose certain challenges:
• CYBERSECURITY RISKS
• HEALTH CONCERNS
• SOCIAL ISOLATION & REDUCED INTERPERSONAL SKILLS
• ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

New era computers modern, high-performance computing devices have transformed

every aspect of our society. They are not only faster and more powerful than their
predecessors but also more connected, versatile, and integrated into everyday life.