TASK 1

Family Counseling

About

“History of Family”
Lectures

Prof. Dr. Neviyarni S, M.S., Kons

By:

GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING

FACULTY OF SCIENCE EDUCATION

UNIVERSITAS NEGERI PADANG

2021

Table of Content

Table of Content................................................................................................................ 2

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Mind Mappig..................................................................................................................... 3

Content............................................................................................................................... 4

A. History of Family Abroad....................................................................................... 4

B. History of Family In Indonesia............................................................................... 5
C. Family counseling approach.................................................................................... 8

Question and Answer........................................................................................................ 17

Yel-yel................................................................................................................................. 19

Bibliography...................................................................................................................... 20

Mind Mapping

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 History of Family Abroad

The history of the development of family counseling in the world comes from mainland
Europe and the United States. The early twentieth century originated in Europe, but a more
vibrant development took place in the 60's and beyond in the United States. A striking difference
is that the United States has been oriented theoretically (academic setting), for example by
adhering to well-known psychology schools, while Europe originated from practitioners
(doctors, especially obstetricians) without thinking about the theoretical aspects.

In 1919, namely after World War I, Magnus Hirschfeld founded the first clinic to provide
information and advice on sexual matters at the Berlin Institute for sexual science. A similar
information and advice center was established in Vienna in 1922 by Karl Kautsky and then
another center was established again in Berlin in 1924. Other businesses were immediately
organized, namely in the countries of Northern Europe especially in Denmark and Sweden.

Around 1932 there were several hundred centers for marriage and family counseling in Germany
and Austria. These centers provide information on family planning, marriage, and family
counseling. At that time the community accepted the assumption that marriage and family
matters should be assisted by professionals who have been trained to handle these problems. This
period came and ended with the rise of Hitler's rule in Germany.

In the US, there are two determinants, each of which is related to the development of its
movement: (1) the development of family education which is pursued in "academic settings" and
then into adult education as another setting; (2) the emergence of marriage and family
counseling, especially in relation to relationship problems between family members (husband,
wife, and children in the social context).

A New History of Family Counseling

The term family counseling is the same as family therapy, the latter being more popular
in the US. This is because during its later development, family counseling was mostly worked on
by therapists in the field of psychiatry. Earlier in the US, the term family counseling was better
known, because of the pioneering sociologist Groves.

In 1957 the annual session of the American Orthopsychiatric Association (AOA) by Bowen was
noted as the emergence of national level family therapy, where in May 1957 there was a section
meeting on the family in the field of AOA. In the trial it can be noted: (1) there was an awareness
among the pioneers of the movement: (2) there was an emerging family practice career in less
experienced therapists.

The decade of the 60s was the decade of children and adolescents in the family therapy
movement (Olso et.a 1980 in Willis, 2011; 27). It is clear that this decade has emerged testing
ideas in the literature and the development of family therapy nationally in the US. The

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emergence of the psychiatrist Donald Jackson, and then the Bateson Project until 1962. Jackson
founded the Mental Research Institute (MRI) in Palo Alto. Then with Ackerman in 1981 he
published the journal "Family Process" which is the first journal containing the theory of family
therapy, as well as about therapy and its research. Jackson is concerned about the communication
between clinical research and family issues. MRI is concerned with family therapy.

History of Family In Indonesia

Development of Family Counseling in Indonesia

The development of family counseling in Indonesia is buried by the lively development of

guidance and counseling in schools. Guidance and counseling (BK) in schools in the 60s is even
now felt as a necessity, because there are so many student problems, such as learning difficulties,
social adjustment, and student behavior problems that cannot be solved by ordinary teachers. So
BK teachers are needed to help students.

However, from the start, there were very few BK graduates, so the school took the policy of
making regular teachers concurrently with BK. This has tarnished the BK's name because many
of the counseling teachers' treatment was not in accordance with the BK principles, such as
scolding students, and some even hitting them.

Regarding family cases, many are also found in school, such as students who are aloof and
pensive. Investigators have investigated, it turns out that his family is in disarray, for example,
father and mother fight and divorce.

Several indicators of development of BK. 1 The authors will describe one by one:

1) The supervising teacher does not specifically handle family problems, but is taken care of in
dealing with problems of learning difficulties, social adjustment, and student personalities.
School guidance teachers find learning difficulties and other problems such as social and
personal problems of students, related to the socio-psychological condition of the family. For
example, student learning difficulties are thought to stem from disharmonious communication
between family members or an imbalance in the family system.

2) There is an erroneous assumption that family counseling is guidance for prospective mothers
and fathers who are about to enter married life. They need family guidance. This assumption still
happened until 1983.

3) In 1983, in the BK Department of IKIP Bandung, made family counseling as it is in their

home country, namely the United States. Family counseling orientation is the development of
individual family members through a solid family system and harmonious communication
between family members.

1 Sofyan S. Willis, Family Counseling, (Bandung: Alfabeta, 2015), p. 24-27

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b. Some Family Counseling Figures

1) Virginia Satir

Is a social worker psychiatrist affiliated with the Chicago Psychiatric Institute (CPI). He was
interested in Bowen's work with the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Bowen was
one of the pioneers of the renowned Menninger Clinic, located in Topeka, Kansas. Furthermore,
Satir and Jackson at MRI developed communication patterns in the family. One of Satir's great
gifts is his ability to interpret and practice the complex formulations revealed in his various
methods. His well-known publication book, Cojoint Family Therapy, proposes the desimilation
of family therapy as a method.

After leaving MRI, Satir was the first to become director of the Esalen Institute in Big Sur,
California. At that time he was the first person to become famous in teaching and training in
humanistic psychology. The center of attention in Esalen is about growth, awareness, and
feelings in the same way as developmental interest in sensory processes. In his work in the field
he develops therapeutic work targets as follows: Individual family members' self-esteem, quality
of channeling, and patterns of family communication, rules governing family behavior and
affective statements, ties between family members and communities and institutions.

2) Jay Haley

When Bateson Projeck ended in 1962, Jay Haley joined Satir and Jakson on MRI. Meanwhile he
teaches his students about the process of communication between humans and the application of
these ideas in family interactions. He is also involved in various researches in this field which
have contributed a lot to the development of the field of family therapy. Her area of interest
appears in her book The Strategies of Psychotherapy 1963. According to Haley, therapeutic
encounters are the direction of effective therapy. Haley suggests that when the therapist builds a
benevolent framework where change is taking place, the therapist also allows the client to
continue the unchanging behavior and leave the paradox for as long as the unchanged behavior
persists.

The goal of therapy according to Haley is to define and change the family hierarchy that is
achieved through the struggle for therapeutic power which is characterized by the selection of
goals from the therapist and the implementation of intensive strategies. How the change occurs
and how the symptoms develop is not important

Haley. How insight and awareness occur, and knowledge of the family system, is irrelevant to
Jay Haley's therapy.

3) Salvadore Minuchin

Dropping out of the Mental Research Institute (MRI), Haley joined Minuchin at the Philadelphia
Children's Guidance Clinic (in the 60s). According to Minuchin, the important factors that

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determine the pattern of interaction in the family are the family structure, the boundaries of the
authority of family members, the process of the family system, and the division of tasks within
the family.

2. The Growth of Family Counseling

Following the discovery of family therapy in the 50s and its operation in the 60s, the family
counseling movement has grown in an unprecedented fashion.

This growth can be seen in the following aspects: a range of problems, experts or practitioners,
scientific publications, and training of members.3 The following will be described by the authors
one by one:

a. Range of Problems

Initially, family therapy / family counseling moved to study and handle cases of schizophrenia
and juvenile delinquency. Then develop theories about family interactions with various
problems. Meanwhile, he also deals with political issues.

In subsequent developments leading to enrichment and restoration of family problems, namely

the problem of alcohol,

drugs, delinquency, body ailments, emotional disorders, marital adjustment problems, and the
relationship between children and parents.

b. Experts / Practitioners

They mostly come from psychiatrists and mental health professionals, numbering around 4,000.
There are three large professional organizations that house these professionals: the American
Association for Marital and Family Therapy (AAMFT), The Marital and Family Therapy Setion
of the National Council on Family Relations (MFTNCF), and the American Family Therapy
Association (AFTA).

AMMFT was distributed with 25% of therapists joined and had 10,300 members in 1983
(compared to only 973 members in 1967).

MFTNCF is the oldest who prioritizes family life and quality. Reorganize interest-based matters
regarding marriage counseling. Number of members 900 (1984).

AFTA is the youngest and smallest. Founded in 1997 by the Family Process group with only 150
members, then it has grown to 700 professionals.

c. Publication

In 1958 Nathan Ackerman published his first book entitled The Psychodynamics of Family Life.
This book contains the diagnosis and treatment of family relationships. 1961 Don

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 Jack joined Ackerman and found Family Proces which is a journal about family theories and
therapy. Since then, books and journals on family therapy have mushroomed. In 1980 there were
400 titles, while in 1970 there were only 200 titles.

d. Training

In 1955 new family training exercises at five locations across the US. In 1980 there were 175
training centers in the US and Europe, Canada, Mexico, Australia. Likewise training centers in
psychology, psychiatry, and social work. Between 1970-1980 there were 4,000 students who
were trained plus seminars and workshops. The total involved is approximately 10,000.

Family counseling approach

A. Adler's family counseling approach Adler's

approach is unique in paying special attention to the relationships between siblings and one's
position in the family. Adler considers that a person's problem is inherently social in nature,
because it is given great importance to the relationships between humans, which occur as the
psychic dynamics of individuals which are usually cases in families. The basic purpose of this
approach is to facilitate the improvement of children's relationships and improve relationships
within the family, among other things by teaching how to better adjust to family members and
how to live together in the family. Dinkmeyer et. Al (1979) states that this goal is to improve
family life by sharing or sharing with fellow family members on the basis of democratic
principles in resolving conflicts, improving constructive orientation between family members
into two-way communication and more importantly teaching family members to able to provide
enthusiasm and encouragement to develop for other members. According to Adler, there are
three stages of family counseling, namely: initial interview, role playing and interpretation or
interpretation.

Initial interviews, at this stage, are to assist the counselor in diagnosing children's goals,
evaluating parents in educating children, understanding the family climate, and making specific
recommendations for changes in the family situation. This interview process is focused on efforts
to provide courage and strengthen all members family. Family members are asked how they
spend their days in family life, a certain view of how family life begins to develop based on the
patterns of interaction between siblings and the position of the children in the family. Parents
were also asked about their views on the family situation, for example, their concern for their

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children. The counselor makes a design and hypothesis with respect to children's goals, family
atmosphere, methods of educating children, and assessing the strength of family members. The
interview ended with a set of recommendations and included homework for the parents and other
people in the family.
a. Role playing Role playing and other visible action-oriented methods are often part
of family counseling sessions. Actions that appear are interactive results of
members in the family.
b. Interpretation or interpretation Interpretation is an important part of counseling,
its purpose is to generate insight (understanding for family members about what
has been done) and encourage them to translate what they have learned and apply
to their daily behavior. A family member provides interpretations of behavior
towards other members, at the suggestion of the counselor.
B. Rational Emotional Approaches to Family Counseling The
aims of rational emotive therapy in family counseling are basically the same as those in
individual or group counseling. Family members are helped to see that they are responsible for
causing trouble for themselves by taking other members' serious behavior. They are encouraged
to consider how the consequences of their behavior, thoughts, emotions have made other people
in the family imitate them. Rational emotive therapy teaches family members to be responsible
for their actions and tries to change their reactions to family situations. Albert Ellis (1982)
suggests that cognitive, emotive and behavioral techniques are appropriate for family counseling.

Cognitive techniques (The Cognitive Techniques) Cognitive techniques that are adapted to the
life of family members are by exploring broadly emotional and behavioral disorders. Disturbance
is not caused by the presence of the individual in a family situation, but by his perceptions and
interpretations of the family situation, causing him to be emotionally disturbed. There are
individuals who think that their parents should not be poor, because their parents do not want to
work hard, causing their family to fall apart. The idea of a child like this causes him to be
emotionally disturbed so that he behaves that harm himself and his family, for example lazy to
go to school, smoking, and so on. Another example on the part of the parents. They saw their
daughters often go out at night, rarely at home. Parents become annoyed, angry and frustrated,
because according to her mind, girls should obey and not behave like that. Emotional therapy

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rational counselors approach this parent with the challenge that they will not be able to change
their daughter's mind directly, but that they can change their emotional reaction to their child so
that their behavior is disturbed. Correct the negative reactions of parents, with sweet positive and
constructive reactions by discussing with children. Parents can change feelings, can fight their
thoughts and beliefs by holding that they are "bad" and cheating parents, who only blame the
child's deviant behavior, get rid of the belief that parents are always in the right position. Or in
other words, parents have the power to do something about trying to get rid of emotional turmoil
and constant conflict, even though the daughter does not want to change.
1. Emotive techniques This technique is designed to show family members that their
feelings are the result of their thoughts. Evocative and dramatic techniques are
common ways to change someone's philosophy and beliefs. One of the techniques
used in parables is, for example, imagery in rational emotive which is used to
extinguish or stop unwanted habits and replace them with new ones that are
desired (Maultsby, 1981). In this technique the client is asked to imagine bad
feelings (for example: horror, anger, hopelessness). These are replaced by feelings
of calm, patience and optimism.
2. Behavioral techniques (behavioral techniques) This technique is a basic part of
rational-emotive therapy in family counseling. Family members are given
homework assignments that must be done in real situations in the family and are
not just imagined. In order to avoid unpleasant family circumstances, parents try
to make family members face the situation and try to change ways that are not
suitable. The use of a contract with a counselor is necessary to ensure that
homework is done by the family. C. The Transactional Analysis (TA) approach in
family counseling Erskine (1982) states that the transactional analysis procedure
can be adapted to various problems in the family. TA provides therapeutic
elements for dealing with cognitive, affective and behavioral problems.
Meanwhile, it is better for clients to have cognitive information before trying to
change real behavior. Other clients need to express their feelings that have been
stored before opening themselves up to changes in cognition and behavior. Others
see specific changes in their behavior before their feelings and cognition take
effect. Transactional analysis counselors have methods in family therapy to reveal

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the three dimensions of human experience when they are children, adolescents
and after becoming parents (parent, adult and child). The basic purpose of
transactional analysis of family counseling is to work with the contract structure
carried out by each family member to the counselor. In general, these contracts
have the objective of an independent and functional family structure. The
contractual model places the client's responsibility for determining one's goals and
working toward those goals. Family counseling with a transactional analysis
approach in its sessions, family members should respond to one another directly
to express their thoughts and feelings openly and get feedback from other
members. They as family members are expected to:
(1) be responsible for their behavior and think about how it affects the family as
a whole;
(2) is responsible for determining when they complete the contract and then
developing a new contract or ending counseling. Counseling stages
according to McClendon in Sufyan Wilis (2009) states that there are three
stages with a transactional analysis approach to family counseling, namely:
a. Initial stages.The focus of counseling is on family dynamics as a system,
the counselor encourages family members to talk about what is the
background of coming to them. a counselor and what do you want?
Techniques used by counselors are those that develop awareness of how
the family system functions, about the problems facing the family and
about the possibility of change. In the early stages, family members
make contracts with counselors. The counselor's job is to identify clients,
identify problems and focus on clarifying these problems and how the
family interacts. The counselor explains to family members how an
individual's behavior appears and affects other members in a family unit.
Beginning is taught to ask questions directly about the problem, and also
talk to other members directly as well.
b. The second stage. The occurrence of a therapeutic process with each
family member. Here we can see the individual dynamics in the
counseling process. The counselor starts the initiative to select family

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 members who have enormous power in the family. For example,
focusing on mother, child, or father, the counselor should observe
intrapsychic dynamics. This includes how parental orders occur in the
family environment that the mother hears, how the parents' decisions are
and what the family history is. If this session runs openly (namely the
talk of mother and father) then this will provide valuable value to their
children who attend the counseling, as well as for mothers, because they
are aware that parents' orders are passed down. Hereditary is the
situation, the mother is aware of how she should form her family by
learning the real situation from family members, this experience provides
a high level of understanding for fathers in dealing with mothers, and
how to make the relationship between them and their children especially
good. how do they respond. If each family member understands the
dynamics of the relationship between them, then our focus now is on the
family as a unit.
c. The third stage The aim here is to reintegration the whole family. After
working with the family as a system to enlighten the nature of
transactions between family members, the counselor now addresses
aspects such as disturbances, orders, decisions and life scripts of
individual family members. The goal we will achieve is to develop a
family structure where each family member will understand and meet the
needs of other family members and achieve family harmony. This means
that the family has achieved interdependence or feelings of mutual need
and mutual dependence. It is hoped that each family member will be
aware of their behavior which can influence or affect others, and they
will learn how to negotiate and cooperate in the family. The goal to be
achieved is the functioning of family members both independently and
interdependently so that each member is able to stand on his own and can
live a healthy life in the family.

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C. Applications of psychoanalytic concepts
The current tendency for pathological patterns to occur in families is due to past family
experiences. The psychoanalytic flow in family counseling is to provide an explanation of the
background of family life as an understanding of the intrapsychic patterns that are open in family
counseling sessions. For example, a father who always remembers his father who "feels he is still
alive with him", where he treats his children the same way he was treated by his father before.
The father becomes like his father in the past in his treatment and dynamics like his response to
the world around him. Many strange things arise in the perceptions of mothers and fathers in the
family.
Suppose he feels that he is married to his mother? Or, on the other hand, does the woman feel
that she is married to someone similar to her father? Does a husband expect his wife to meet the
needs that disappointed his mother when he was a child? In this case, do the father and mother
educate the children in the same style? This section discusses the dynamics of projection and
transference in the family. A mother who is abusive to her daughter and constantly berates her if
the child "sells looks" this may be a projection of the mother's unconsciousness towards her
daughter.
If this is the case, the counselor should ask himself, "Is the mother connecting to her daughter
about her secret desires and fantasies?" Whether the mother is sexually discouraged and suffers
from cruelty stemming from childhood experiences in the family. That is the psychoanalytic
counselor's way of thinking.
Another example is how a mother has a beautiful and sexy girl, where a lot of attention from the
father is paid to the child. Can you imagine the jealousy of mothers towards daughters in fighting
over love with their children? The psychoanalytic concept teaches the counselor to understand
the dysfunctional family patterns that have led to unresolved personal issues between the father,
mother and daughter.
In family counseling, this uncertain situation is a past pattern that is revealed in the present in the
family. The greatest challenge for the counselor is to help family members become aware of their
situation and take responsibility for coping with projections and transfers and understand that
family problems persist if they continue to be oriented unconsciously to their past lives. This
approach shows that a force is taken to solve family problems as a system in order to achieve
changes in the personality structure of both parents. If they are aware of their unconscious needs

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and motivations, as they experienced in the past in a psychic "wound," and if they are aware of
the dynamic relationship between their experiences as children and their current role as parents,
then new possibilities open to the old man to achieve changes for his person and family situation.
D. Behavioral Approach in family counseling Behavioral
counselors have extended the principles of social learning theory to family counseling. They
argue that learning procedures that have been used to change behavior can be applied to change
problematic behavior in a family. Clinical experts are learning-oriented, seeing an opportunity
for meaningful behavior changes to occur in family members by reorganizing the interpersonal
environment. Liberman (1981) describes specific behavioral strategies in the family. The first
time, as family members interact with each other, it can be translated into behavioral and
learning, by focusing on behavioral consequences, or possible reinforcement. This means that
family members can learn as well as giving other members recognition and approval of desired
behaviors and not deviant behavior. Therefore the process of changing the behavioral
possibilities is a basic principle of behavioral counseling in the family. In this description there
are tasks and techniques that characterize the main features of behavioral application to family
counseling. Liberman (1981) suggests three areas of technical concern for counselors: the
(1) creation of positive therapeutic combinations;
(2) make a functional analysis of problems in the family
(3) implementation of behavioral principles, namely: reinforcement and modeling in
the context of family interactions.
1. Role of Therapeutic Alliance
Liberman'semphasizes the role of a therapeutic alliance so that the counselor can
function as a catalyst for accelerating change in the family system. As a bahvioral
counselor who has a humanistic outlook, Liberman sees the counselor as a teacher,
that is, a person who can provide a model for behavior change, seek change by
providing structure and guidance, and demonstrate genuine (natural, genuine) care
and understanding. Therefore, an effective counselor must have special knowledge
and skills, because the family cannot be assisted by a counselor who does not respect
human dignity.
This is stated by Liberman (1981) that counselors using the bevavioral model do not
behave like teaching machines that do not have the power of emotional expression.

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 The role should be as an educator who is able to express his pleasant feelings and
develop a human style, both in his clinic and in everyday life.
2. Family assessment.
During the initial phase of counseling, creating a warm and encouraging climate, the
counselor assesses the problems at hand, and makes what is known as a “functional or
behavioral analysis of problems.” The behavioral counselor engages in systemic
analysis of appropriate and observable behavior. that will be handled. In making this
assessment, the counselor and the family work together to ask the following
questions:
1. What behavior is the problem? Is the behavior increasing or obedient?
2. Which combination of environmental and interpersonal causes the development
of maladaptive behavior?
Then the family members ask:
1) What changes do you want to make for other members of your family?
2) How do you like it that you are different from the others now? The counselor
leads family members to formulate specific behavioral goals.

3. Implementing behavioral strategies

Once a behavioral analysis is made and specific goals are formulated, a third aspect
of behavioral family counseling is chosen, namely adequate therapeutic techniques.
According to Liberman, it is valuable to think about these strategies "as behavioral change
experiments" in which the family, under the guidance of a counselor, reprograms the
reinforcement contingencies that exist in the family. The counselor helps families to find
conditions in which social reinforcement, such as giving attention and approval, is made
contingents of desired and adaptive behavior. This strategy is designed to break unwanted
behavior patterns that are always maintained. For example: contingency contracting is a
behavioral strategy designed to produce positive behavior changes in the family. This method is
used by Liberman to unclog natural reinforcers in the family environment. Through this process,
two or more family members exchange desirable behaviors and positive emotional gifts, all
through prior contracting and negotiation. The contract or negotiation contains the behavior of
giving each other, namely the desired behavior, to whom, for whom, when, and in what
conditions. Certain contracts are clearly laid out to achieve the satisfaction of all, and all

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members are involved in the process. Through modeling, shaping, behavioral learning, and
coaching the contracted behavior contingency is directed to help family members open the flow
of communication by making their desires known to one another in concrete terms (in concrete
terms). Thus, this approach in improving communication and interaction behavior of family
members as a system.
D. Logotherapy in family counseling
The basic concepts of logotherapy were written by Frankl in 1946 in German, and in
1959 in English. Publication and popular logotherapy concepts after Frank's writing published in
his book "Man's Search for Meaning" in 1962. Logotherapy aims to make clients who face
problems can find the meaning of their suffering and also the meaning of life and love. Family
life determines the starting point of child development. If the family life is messy, it often causes
frustration for the children. There are deviations in children's behavior such as drinking,
smoking, even smoking marijuana and so on. In this situation, parents are the main ones to be a
guide for children. If parents do not have life values that are meaningful to them, it is as if the
family is just a struggle for material things. Children who are trained by their parents with wealth
and luxury will see material as the most important meaning in life.
In family counseling, the counselor should make sure that family members find meaning that is
good for him in interpersonal relationships. What is the understanding of children according to
divine principles? Children are God's mandate. So it must be maintained as well as possible. The
counselor reveals the meaning of a family problem that is happening. Does this family
relationship problem have any meaning for the emergence of an awareness that family members
have many weaknesses? Therefore, naturally they try to find other meanings that really guarantee
family happiness. For example, the meaning of religion. By practicing religious syareat, people
will be at ease so that the craving for lust can be avoided, including anger, hate, arrogance and so
on. The counselor provides the opportunity for family members to discuss with each other about
their problems, then help them find the meaning contained therein. This meaning gives the
client's enthusiasm for life in a positive, constructive directio

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 Question and Answer
1. Where does the history of family counseling comes from?
a. Europe and America d. Portugal
b. Japan e. Indonesia
c. Korea
2. When did Bowen's annual American Orthopsychiatric Association (AOA) session record the
emergence of nationwide family therapy?
a. 1977 d. 1976
b. 1945 e. 1956
c. 1957
3. Who is founder of Mental Research Institute (MRI)?
a. Donald Trump d. Donald Blevins
b. Donald Jackson e. Donald Franch
c. Donald Kyle
4. When did the family grow rapidly?
a. in the 40s d. in the 60s
b. in the 90s e. in the 50s
c. in the 80s
5. The basic concepts of logotherapy were written by Frankl in?
a. 1944 in German d. 1945 in German
b. 1943 in German e. 1947 in German
c. 1946 in German
6. Publication and popular logotherapy concepts after Frank's writing published in his book
"Man's Search for Meaning" in?
a. 1964 d. 1963
b. 1961 e. 1962
c. 1965
7. Liberman (1981) suggests three areas of technical concern for counselor, are:
1, Creation of positive therapeutic combinations;
2. make a functional analysis of problems in the family

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 3. implementation of behavioral principles, namely: reinforcement and modeling in
the context of family interactions.
8. This is stated by …….. (1981) that counselors using the bevavioral model do not behave like
teaching machines that do not have the power of emotional expression.
Liberman

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 Yel- yel
Roses are red

Violets are blue

About Communication that we learnt

On the Thursday morning

So be ready.

With Ma’am Neviyarni.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Sumadi Suryabrata, Personality Psychology, (Jakarta: Rajawali Pers, 1983) p.222-

223
Frank G. Gobel, Abraham Maslow's Third School of Humanistic Psychology (
Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 2006), pp. 194.
Sumadi Suryabrata, Personality Psychology, (Jakarta: Rajawali Pers, 1983) p.
https://aderahmatillahconseling.wordpress.com/bimbingan-konseling-keluarga/

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