IELTS Reading Answer Sheet

Candidate
Name
Candidate Centre
No. No.
Test
Academic General Training Test Date
Module Day Month Year

Reading Reading Reading Reading Reading Reading Reading

Marker use only Marker use only

1 1
21 21

2 2
22 22

3 3
23 23

4 4
24 24

t
ee
5 5
25 25

6
7
6

7
26
27
Sh 26

27
er
8 8
28 28
sw

9 9
29 29
An

10 10
30 30
e

11 11
31 31
pl

12 12
32 32
m

13 13
33 33
Sa

14 14
34 34

15 15
35 35

16 16
36 36

17 17
37 37

18 18
38 38

19 19
39 39

20 20
40 40

Marker 2 Marker 1
Reading Total:
Signature: Signature:

61788
 TEST 1
READING PASSAGE 1
The Importance of Business Cards
The exchanging of business cards is as close to a universal ritual as
you can find in the business world

The ritual may be universal, but the details of business cards and how they are swapped vary
across countries. Americans throw their cards casually across a table; the Japanese make the exchange
of cards a formal ceremony. While there are cards that are discreet and understated, others are
crammed full of details and titles. Some business people hand out 24-carat gold cards, and there are
kindergarten children who have cards with not only their own contact details, but also with the job
descriptions of their parents and even grandparents. This practice has become so common in parts of
New York, for example, that the use of such cards is now prohibited by some of these institutions.

Cards have been around a long time in one form or another. The Chinese invented calling
cards in the 15th century to give people notice that they intended to pay them a visit, but these were
for social purposes only. Then, in the 17th century, European business people invented a new type of
card to act as miniature advertisements, signalling the advent of the business card. In today's world,
business cards can cause people to have strong emotional reactions. According to one experienced
company director, very few things can provoke more heated discussion at a board meeting than the
composition of the company's business cards.

Lots of companies try to promote themselves by altering the form of the card. Employees at
one famous toy company give out little plastic figures with their contact details stamped on them.
One fast food company has business cards which are shaped like a portion of French fries. A Canadian
divorce lawyer once gave out cards that could be torn in two - one half for each of the spouses. For
many business commentators, such gimmicky business cards prove that the use of a physical business
card is nearly at an end. After all, why bother exchanging bits of thick paper at all when you can
simply swap electronic versions by smartphone.

However, one can just as well argue the opposite: that business cards are here to stay, and in
a business world full of meetings and correspondence, it is more important than ever that your card
is unique. Attempts to reinvent business cards for the digital age have not been successful. Even at
the latest technology conferences, people still greet each other by handing out little rectangles made
from paper rather than using a digital alternative.

To understand business cards, it is necessary to understand how business works. That business
cards are thriving in a digital age is a forceful reminder that there is much about business that is
timeless. According to Kate Jones, a business lecturer, there is one eternal and inescapable issue. Her
2006 study of more than 200 business executives in North America found that trust was the key
element for running a successful business. It is vital to be able to look someone in the eye and decide
what sort of person they are. In this way, you can transform acquaintanceships into relationships. A
good proportion of business life will always be about building social connections - having dinner or
playing sport with clients and colleagues- and while computers can deal with administrative tasks, it
is still human beings that have to focus on the emotional.

The rapid advance of globalisation means that this relationship building process is becoming
ever more demanding. Managers have to put more effort in when dealing with international
counterparts. especially when there is not a common language, which is so often the case these days.
A recent UK survey showed that chief executives of global organisations now routinely spend three
out of every four weeks on international travel. It is in these situations that business cards are doubly
useful, as they are a quick way of establishing connections. Cards can also remind you that you have
actually met someone in a face to face meeting rather than just searched for them on the internet.
Looking through piles of different cards can enhance your memory in ways that simply looking
through uniform electronic lists would never do.

Janet McIntyre is a leading expert on business cards in today's world. She maintains that as
companies become more complex, cards are essential in determining the exact status of every contact
you meet in multinational corporations. Janet also explains how exchanging business cards can be an
effective way of initiating a conversation, because it gives people a ritual to follow when they first
meet a new business contact.

The business world is obsessed with the idea of creating and inventing new things that will
change the way we do everything, and this does lead to progress. But there are lots of things that do
not need to be changed and in Janet McIntyre's view, tradition also has an equally valuable role to
play. Therefore the practice of exchanging business cards is likely to continue in the business world.
Questions 1-5
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
1. Children's business cards have been banned in some kindergartens.
2. It was the Chinese who first began the practice of using business cards.
3. Designing business cards can be a controversial process for some companies.
4. A famous toy company has boosted their sales by using one type of unusual business card.
5. Some business commentators predict a decline in the use of paper business cards.

Questions 6-13
Complete the notes below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 6-13 on your answer sheet.
How business works
Kate Jones's research
• The most important aspect of business is having 6.............. in others.
• 7.............. do not have the ability to establish the good relationships essential to
business.

Business and globalisation

• Managers must work harder when they don't share the same 8.............. with their contacts.
• A UK survey indicates that 9.............. takes up the largest part of business leaders'
time.
• A business person's 10.............. of a meeting can be improved by looking at business cards.

Janet McIntyre
• Business cards clearly show the 11.............. of each person in a large company.
• The ritual of swapping business cards is a good way of starting a 12............. at the beginning of a
business relationship.
• Janet feels that in the business world, 13............. is just as important as innovation.
READING PASSAGE 2
The importance of law
A
The law influences all of us virtually all the time. It governs almost all aspects of our behavior, and
even what happens to us when we are no longer alive. It affects us from the embryo onwards. It
governs the air we breathe, the food and drink we consume, our travel, family relationships, and our
property. It applies at the bottom of the ocean and in space. Each time we examine a label on a food
product, engage in work as an employee or employer, travel on the roads, go to school to learn or to
teach, stay in a hotel, borrow a library book, create or dissolve a commercial company, play sports,
or engage the services of someone for anything from plumbing a sink to planning a city, we are in the
world of law.
B
Law has also become much more widely recognised as the standard by which behaviour needs to be
judged. A very telling development in recent history is the way in which the idea of law has permeated
all parts of social life. The universal standard of whether something is socially tolerated is
progressively becoming whether it is legal, rather than something that has always been considered
acceptable. In earlier times, most people were illiterate. Today, by contrast, a vast number of people
can read, and it is becoming easier for people to take an interest in law, and for the general population
to help actually shape the law in many countries. However, law is a versatile instrument that can be
used equally well for the improvement or the degradation of humanity.
C
This, of course, puts law in a very significant position. In our rapidly developing world, all sorts of
skills and knowledge are valuable. Those people, for example, with knowledge of computers, the
internet, and communications technology are relied upon by the rest of us. There is now someone
with IT skills or an IT help desk in every UK school, every company, every hospital, every local and
central government office. Without their knowledge, many parts of commercial and social life today
would seize up in minutes. But legal understanding is just as vital and as universally needed. The
American comedian Jerry Seinfeld put it like this, 'We are all throwing the dice, playing the game,
moving our pieces around the board, but if there is a problem, the lawyer is the only person who has
read the inside of the top of the box.' In other words, the lawyer is the only person who has read and
made sense of the rules.
D
The number of laws has never been greater. In the UK alone, about 35 new Acts of Parliament are
produced every year, thereby delivering thousands of new rules. The legislative output of the British
Parliament has more than doubled in recent times from 1,100 pages a year in the early 1970s, to over
2,500 pages a year today. Between 1997 and 2006, the legislature passed 365 Acts of Parliament and
more than 32,000 legally binding statutory instruments. In a system with so much law, lawyers do a
great deal not just to vindicate the rights of citizens and organizations but also to help develop the
law through legal arguments, some of which are adapted by judges to become laws. Law courts can
and do produce new law and revise old law, but they do so having heard the arguments of lawyers.
E
However, despite their important role in developing the rules, lawyers are not universally admired.
Anti-lawyer jokes have a long history going back to the ancient Greeks. More recently the son of a
famous Hollywood actor was asked at his junior school what his father did for a living, to which he
replied, 'My daddy is a movie actor, and sometimes he plays the good guy, and sometimes he plays
the lawyer.' For balance, though, it is worth remembering that there are, and have been, many heroic
and revered lawyers such as the Roman philosopher and politician Cicero, and Mahatma Gandhi, the
Indian campaigner for Independence.
F
People sometimes make comments that characterise lawyers as professionals whose concerns put
personal reward above truth, or who gain financially from misfortune. There are undoubtedly lawyers
that would fit that bill, just as there are some scientists, journalists and others in that category. But, in
general, it is no more just to say that lawyers are bad because they make a living from people's
problems than it is to make the same accusation in respect of nurses or IT consultants. A great many
lawyers are involved in public law work, such as that involving civil liberties, housing and other
issues. Such work is not lavishly remunerated and the quality of the service provided by these lawyers
relies on considerable professional dedication. Moreover, much legal work has nothing to do with
conflict or misfortune, but is primarily concerned with drafting documents. Another source of social
disaffection for lawyers, and disaffection for the law, is a limited public understanding of how law
works and how it could be changed. Greater clarity about these issues, maybe as a result of better
public relations, would reduce many aspects of public dissatisfaction with the law.
Questions 14-19
Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F.
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.

List of Headings
i Different areas of professional expertise
ii Reasons why it is unfair to criticise lawyers
iii The disadvantages of the legal system
iv The law applies throughout our lives
v The law has affected historical events
vi A negative regard for lawyers
vii Public's increasing ability to influence the law
viii Growth in laws

14 Paragraph A
15 Paragraph B
16 Paragraph C
17 Paragraph D
18 Paragraph E
19 Paragraph F

Questions 20 and 21
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Write the correct letters in boxes 20 and 21 on your answer sheet.
Which TWO of the following statements does the writer make about legal skills in today's world?
A There should be a person with legal training in every hospital.
B Lawyers with experience in commercial law are the most in demand.
C Knowledge of the law is as important as having computer skills.
D Society could not function effectively without legal experts.
E Schools should teach students about the law.
Questions 22-26
Complete the summary below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet.

Lawyers as professionals
People sometimes say that 22................ is of little interest to lawyers, who are more concerned
with making money. This may well be the case with some individuals, in the same way that some
23................. or scientific experts may also be driven purely by financial greed. However, criticising
lawyers because their work is concerned with people's problems would be similar to attacking IT staff
or 24................ for the same reason. In fact, many lawyers focus on questions relating, for example,
to housing or civil liberties, which requires them to have 25................ to their work. What's more, a
lot of lawyers' time is spent writing 26............... rather than dealing with people's misfortunes.
READING PASSAGE 3
The Voynich Manuscript
The starkly modern Beinecke Library at Yale University is home to some of the most valuable
books in the world: first folios of Shakespeare, Gutenberg Bibles and manuscripts from the early
Middle Ages, Yet the library's most controversial possession is an unprepossessing vellum
manuscript about the size of a hardback book, containing 240-odd pages of drawings and text of
unknown age and authorship. Catalogued as MS408, the manuscript would attract little attention were
it not for the fact that the drawings hint at esoteric knowledge, while the text seems to be some sort
of code - one that no-one has been able to break. It's known to scholars as the Voynich manuscript,
after the American book dealer Wilfrid Voynich, who bought the manuscript from a Jesuit college in
Italy in 1912.

Over the years, the manuscript has attracted the attention of everyone from amateur dabblers
to top codebreakers, all determined to succeed where countless others have failed. Academic research
papers, books and websites are devoted to making sense of the contents of the manuscript, which are
freely available to all "Most other mysteries involve secondhand reports,' says Dr Gordon Rugg of
Keele University, a leading Voynich expert. But this is one that you can see for yourself.

It is certainly strange: page after page of drawings of weird plants, astrological symbolism
and human figures, accompanied by a script that looks like some form of shorthand. What does it say
and what are the drawings about? Voynich himself believed that the manuscript was the work of the
13th- century English monk Roger Bacon, famed for his knowledge of alchemy, philosophy and
science. In 1921 Voynich's view that Bacon was the writer appeared to win support from the work of
William Newbold, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Pennsylvania, who claimed to have
found the key to the cipher system used by Bacon. According to Newbold, the manuscript proved
that Bacon had access to a microscope centuries before they were supposedly first invented. The
claim that this medieval monk had observed living ceils created a sensation. It soon became clear,
however, that Newbold had fallen victim to wishful thinking. Other scholars showed that his
'decoding' methods produced a host of possible interpretations. The Voynich manuscript has
continued to defy the efforts of world-class experts. In 1944, a team was assembled to tackle the
mystery, led by William Friedman, the renowned American codebreaker. They began with the most
basic codebreaking task: analysing the relative frequencies of the characters making up the text,
looking for signs of an underlying structure. Yet Friedman's team soon found themselves in deep
water. The precise size of the 'alphabet' of the Voynich manuscript was unclear: it's possible to make
out more than 70 distinct symbols among the 170,000- character text. Furthermore, Friedman
discovered that some words and phrases appeared more often than expected in a standard language,
casting doubt on claims that the manuscript concealed a real language, as encryption typically reduces
word frequencies.

Friedman concluded that the most plausible resolution of this paradox was that "Voynichese'
is some sort of specially created artificial language, whose words are devised from concepts, rather
than linguistics. So, could the Voynich manuscript be the earliest known example of an artificial
language? Friedman's hypothesis commands respect because of the lifetime of cryptanalytical
expertise he brought to bear,' says Rob Churchill, co-author of TheVoynich Manuscript, that still
leaves a host of questions unanswered, however, such as the identity of the author and the meaning
of the bizarre drawings. 'It does little to advance our understanding of the manuscript as a whole,"
says Churchill. Even though Friedman was working more than 60 years ago, he suspected that major
insights would come from using the device that had already transformed codebreaking: the computer.
In this he was right - it is now the key tool for uncovering clues about the manuscript's language.

The insights so far have been perplexing. For example, in 2001 another leading Voynich
scholar, Dr Gabriel Landin of Birmingham University in the UK, published the results of his study
of the manuscript using a pattern-detecting method called spectral analysis. This revealed evidence
that the manuscript contains genuine words, rather than random nonsense, consistent with the
existence of some underlying natural language. Yet the following year, Voynich expert Ren
Zandbergen of the European Space Agency in Darmstadt, Germany showed that the entropy of the
text (a measure of the rate of transfer of information) was consistent with Friedman's suspicions that
an artificial language had been used.

Many are convinced that the Voynich manuscript isn't a hoax. For how could a medieval
hoaxer create so many telltale signs of a message from random nonsense? Yet even this has been
challenged in new research by Rugg. Using a system, first published by the Italian mathematician
Girolamo Cardano in 1150 in which a specially constructed grille issued to pick out symbols from a
table, Rugg found he could rapidly generate text with many of the basic traits of the Voynich
manuscript. Publishing his results in 2004 Rugg stresses that he hadn't set out to prove the manuscript
a hoax. 'I simply demonstrated that it's feasible to hoax something this complex in a few months’, he
says. Inevitably, others beg to differ. Some scholars, such as Zandbergen, still suspect the text has
genuine meaning, though believe it may never be decipherable. Others, such as Churchill, have
suggested that the sheer weirdness of the illustrations and text hint at an author who had lost touch
with reality. What is clear is that the book-sized manuscript kept under lock and key at Yale
University has lost none of its fascination. "Many derive great intellectual pleasure from solving
puzzles,' says Rugg. The Voynich manuscript is as challenging a puzzle as anyone could ask for.
Questions 27-30
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
27 It is uncertain when the Voynich manuscript was written.
28 Wilfrid Voynich donated the manuscript to the Beinecke Library.
29 Interest in the Voynich manuscript extends beyond that of academics and professional
codebreakers.
30 The text of the Voynich manuscript contains just under 70 symbols

Questions 31-34
Look at the following statements (Questions 31-34) and the list of people below.
Match each statement with the correct person, A-H.
Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 31-34 on your answer sheet.
31 The number of times that some words occur make it unlikely that the manuscript is based
on an authentic language.
32 Unlike some other similar objects of fascination, people can gain direct access to the
Voynich manuscript.
33 The person who wrote the manuscript may not have been entirely sane.
34 It is likely that the author of the manuscript is the same person as suggested by Wilfrid
Voynich

List of People
A Gordon Rugg
B Roger Bacon
C William Newbold
D William Friedman
E Rob Churchill
F Gabriel Landini
G Ren Zandbergen
H Girolamo Cardano
READING PASSAGE 1
A survivor's story
One native bird in New Zealand that has managed to survive the introduction of non-native species

As an island country with a fauna dominated by birds, New Zealand was once home to an owl species
which is now extinct, the laughing owl'. named for its distinctive cry. This bird was widespread throughout
the islands when European settlers arrived in the middle of the 19th century and it remained in good
numbers for some years thereafter. Where other native birds suffered from predation by the Polynesian rat,
the laughing owl turned the tables and adapted its diet to include the rodent. It was also capable of catching
and killing the other New Zealand owl, the morepork, and even larger birds, such as the weka. However,
the laughing owl was wiped out around the beginning of the 20th century. Its demise caused by specimen
collectors, habitat changes, and non-native predators including cats and stoats. Surprisingly, it is the smaller
owl, the morepork, that has managed to survive until this day.

Speckled dark brown, with yellow eyes and long tails, they are around 29 centimeters long from head to
tail and 175 grams in weight. Moreporks have fringes on the edge of their feathers, so they can fly almost
silently and not alert potential prey. They have acute hearing and their large eyes are very sensitive to light.

Moreporks nest in tree hollows, in clumps of plants, or in cavities among rocks and roots, in the wild,
moreporks usually start nesting in October, although zoo specimens have been recorded nesting in
midwinter, possibly stimulated by an ample food supply. The female lays up to three white eggs, which she
incubates for 20 to 30 days. During this time, she rarely hunts, and the male brings food to her. Once the
chicks hatch, she stays mainly on the nest until the young owls are fully feathered. When hatched, chicks
are covered in light grey down, and have their eyes closed. The eyes do not open until the eighth day after
hatching. They can fly at around 35 days.

By day, moreporks sleep in roosts. By night, they hunt a variety of animals, mainly large invertebrates
including scarab and huhu beetles, moths, caterpillars and spiders. They also take mall birds and mice. They
can find suitable food in pine forests as well as native forest. A morepork uses its sharp talons to catch or
stun its prey, which it then carries away in its bill. Moreporks are clever hunters, and birds such as robins,
grey warblers and fantails can end up as their prey. In the day, these small birds sometimes mob drowsy
moreporks and chase them away from their roosts. They force the sleepy predators to search for a more
peaceful spot.

Moreporks have proved to be ungracious hosts. Scientists trying to establish a population of plovers on
Motuora island in New Zealand's Hauraki Gulf were mystified as to why only two birds survived out of 75
placed there. The culprits turned out to be five pairs of Moreporks that ate or chased away the new arrivals.

Although moreporks are still considered to be relatively common, it is likely that numbers are in gradual
decline due to predation and loss of habitat. As the female is a hole-nester, she is vulnerable to predators
such as stoats and possums during the breeding season, and eggs and chicks will also be at risk from rats.
The use of pesticides is another possible threat to the owls though not a direct one. As moreporks are at the
top of the food chain, they could be affected by an accumulative poison by consuming prey that has ingested
poison.

The New Zealand Department of Conservation is taking steps to ensure the preservation of New Zealand's
only native owl. The department is involved in measuring the population of moreporks and has put
transmitters on a number of birds to determine survival and mortality. As well as being New Zealand's only
native owl, the morepork has symbolic and spiritual importance, so in monitoring the birds it is hoped that
the morepork will continue to survive and thrive.

At dusk, the melancholy sound of the morepork can be heard in forests and parks as it calls toother
moreporks and claims territory. Its Maori name (ruru) echoes its two-part cry. In the tradition of the Maori
people of New Zealand, the morepork, or ruru, was often seen as a careful guardian. A number of sayings
referred to the bird's alertness. As a bird of the night, it was associated with the spirit world. Moreporks
were believed to act as messengers to the gods in the heavens, flying along spiritual paths in the sky. They
were the mediums used to communicate with the gods. The occasional high, piercing call of the morepork
signified bad news, but the lower-pitched and more common 'ruru' call heralded good news.
Questions 1-7
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1 Early European settlers made detailed studies of the morepork.

2 The Polynesian rat had a negative effect on the number of laughing owls.
3 The laughing owl was larger than the morepork
4 Rats pose a risk to young moreporks.
5 The New Zealand Department of Conservation is hoping to limit the population of moreporks.
6 Other bird species are frightened away when they hear the morepork's cry.
7 In Maori tradition, the low call of the morepork had negative associations.

Questions 8-13
Complete the notes below.
Choose ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet.

The Morepork
● Appearance
- approximately 8…………..….. in length
- large yellow eyes
- feathers with fringes to enable quiet flight

● Nesting
- nests in trees, plants or spaces in roots and 9……..………..
- after about 35 days, baby moreporks are capable of leaving the nest

● Hunting
- transports its prey using its 10………..……..
- can be chased away by other birds during the 11…………..
- attacked 12…………..….. that had been introduced to Motuora island

● Threats
- may be exposed to 13…………..….. in their prey
 IELTS Reading Answer Sheet
Candidate
Name
Candidate Centre
No. No.
Test
Academic General Training Test Date
Module Day Month Year

Reading Reading Reading Reading Reading Reading Reading

Marker use only Marker use only

1 1
21 21

2 2
22 22

3 3
23 23

4 4
24 24

t
ee
5 5
25 25

6
7
6

7
26
27
Sh 26

27
er
8 8
28 28
sw

9 9
29 29
An

10 10
30 30
e

11 11
31 31
pl

12 12
32 32
m

13 13
33 33
Sa

14 14
34 34

15 15
35 35

16 16
36 36

17 17
37 37

18 18
38 38

19 19
39 39

20 20
40 40

Marker 2 Marker 1
Reading Total:
Signature: Signature:

61788
READING PASSAGE 2

Ideal Homes
New ideas and some old ones

A
The traditional kampung houses of Malaysia do not need air-conditioning. Built on stilts and with steep
roofs, they have year-round ventilation. The raised structure ensures a cooling breeze comes up through the
floorboards, while the high roof acts as a chimney to release hot air. The airtight, concrete boxes of modern
city construction, in contrast, are heat traps, says Muhammad Peter Davis of University Putra Malaysia. He
has calculated that typical modern Malaysian houses are 5'C hotter than the air outside. The builders of
kampung houses "had no knowledge of modern science or engineering but they came up with the perfect
design,' says Davis.

B
This story of ancient architectural sophistication and modern insanity is repeated around the world. In the
name of modernism, people have thrown away architecture designed to cope with the environment in which
they live, and adopted house designs originating from cold, northern environments, where the idea is to
keep heat in.

C
Once, the aim of architectural modernists was to build structures that kept nature out and to replace it with
air-conditioning. Now they are learning that they cannot do that effectively. Slowly, they are seeing the
benefit of working with nature, rather than against it. In California, they probably use more power for air-
conditioning than anywhere else on Earth. According to Arthur Rosenfeld from the University of California,
what California needs is white paint. If Los Angeles painted its roofs white, planted trees to shade buildings,
and chose lighter-colored paving, it could reduce city temperatures by 3'C and cut the annual air-
conditioning bill by SUS 170 million a year.

D
Modern buildings are greedy in their use of energy. Much is made of the contribution of transportation to
global warming, through its emissions of greenhouse gases. But, globally, transportation is responsible for
just 22 percent of carbon dioxide emissions. The building sector is responsible for 31 per cent, mostly the
result of heating and air- conditioning systems. In developing countries, where demand for electricity for
buildings is rising by 5 per cent a year, the biggest demand is for air-conditioning in modern buildings
which are often designed to cope with every different climatic condition.

E
Before air-conditioning, much of the Arab world kept cool through thoughtful building design. Many
buildings were built according to the principles of the wind tower, a tall structure with vertical vents at the
top that open in all directions to catch any passing breeze. Typically, these wind-tower buildings were made
of local materials sucha8 stone, mud brick, wood and palm-tree fronds, The buildings were inward-looking,
which served the dual function of focusing attention on the courtyard, where family members spend time
together, and protecting living areas from the rays of the sun.

F
Throughout the Middle East today, wind towers are often little more than museum piece. But there are
exceptions, Jordan has won awards for the architecture of a village on the shores of the Red Sea, which is
designed to conserve energy. Made of rough, local stone in a traditional style, it combines the ventilation
system of the wind towers for summer coolness with up-to-date heating and floor insulation to protect
against the desert cold in winter

G
Traditional building materials, like traditional building designs, are being rediscovered by those looking
for low-energy solutions to the current construction needs. Clay is one such material: As the Dutch housing
contractor R van der Ley has argued in promoting a series of clay housing projects in developing countries,
clay has many benefits over its industrialized version, brick, Clay blocks cost only half as much as ordinary
bricks. Clay also generates work because people can find it, mould it, bake it and work it themselves. Two
hundred clay bricks can be made with the fuel oil that makes just one ordinary brick. Moreover, clay is an
excellent insulator against both cold and heat outside, and can easily be recycled.

H
But although traditional methods and materials can be revived in appropriate settings, new green, low-
energy technologies are needed, especially in urban environments. The thermal insulation of homes in cold
countries is an example, In 1983, Sweden adopted a national standard, requiring the country's homes to
loge no more than 60 kilowatt-hours per square more over the year To meet that standard, windows were
double-glazed, and walls and roofs insulated. Every home became a fortress against the cold air outside.
Unfortunately, the rest of Europe has not followed the lead

I
In the United States, Amory Lovins has promoted a range of low-energy technologies: 'superwindows', for
example, which let in invisible light but can be 'tuned' to either allow in, or reflect away, infrared solar
radiation - the stuff that heats. Buildings with large expanses of window (and big energy bills) can be
designed to achieve optimum temperatures.

J
As well as more efficient use of energy, the world also needs new sources of renewable power. Solar energy
is being tried out in the developing world, in villages often far from electricity grids. The world's biggest
solar power installation got underway in the Philippines, in 2001, where a project commenced to install
solar panels for 400,000people in 150 villages. Such projects are demonstrating that countries, whether
developing or developed, no longer need huge national grids to supply electricity. Every home can do its
own thing with the help of a solar panel and a storage battery.

K
Houses, of course, are more than machines for living in. They are social and psychological spaces, too.
Future houses may not look exactly like kampungs or wind towers or any other traditional models. But to
work for us and for our environment, they will have to suit us as well as these traditional forms did.

Questions 14-18

Reading Passage 2 has eleven paragraphs, A-K.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-K, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.

14 reasons why a particular construction material is advantageous

15 an example of a construction design which benefits domestic interaction

16 a description of a house that is ventilated from below

17 an example of self-sufficient energy supply.

18 suggested methods of reducing temperatures in a city

Questions 19 - 22
Look at the following people (Questions 19-22) and the list of ideas below.
Match each person with the correct idea, A-G
Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet.

List of ideas
A The choice of a certain construction material can have a socio-economic impact Throughout the
world, people are rejecting traditional housing design in order to appear modern.
B Houses should not only meet people's physical needs but also their social and psychological needs.
C Traditional knowledge can be superior to modern knowledge.
D There is an innovation that can save costs on both air-conditioning and heating. Solar energy can
meet the energy needs of people living in villages in developing countries.
E There is a very simple solution that can save on the cost of air-conditioning

19 Muhammad Peter Davis

20 Arthur Rosenfeld
21 R van der Ley
22 Amory Lovins

Questions 23-26
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

23 The air temperature in modern Malaysian houses is lower than the air temperature outside.

24 The construction industry is more to blame than transport for global warming

25 The use of wind towers for cooling is widespread in the Middle East today.

26 The 'super-windows' promoted by Amory Lovins can be installed at low cost.

READING PASSAGE 3
Conformity
A review of conformity and some of the studies that have been done on it

During your childhood, there will have been some kind of craze which affected all the people in your
school. It may have been to do with a particular toy or possibly a must-have item of clothing. Imay have
been something as simple as a type of pen or as expensive as an electronic games console. Fashion
designers, toy manufacturers and anyone else involved in the retail trade love conformity. Set up a craze,
especially in the young and everyone will go for it. In fact, it's an ideal way to sell huge quantities of
merchandise. The levels of conformity in consumerism are phenomenal. When you actually stand back and
consider how easily we are persuaded that having certain items is the only way we can ensure peace of
mind, you see what an important concept conformity is.

Conformity has been described as "yielding to group pressure' (Crutchfield 1962). However, this implies
that other people put pressure on us to make us conform and this is not always the case. A better definition
is given by Aronson (1976) who said it was a "change in a person's behaviour or opinions as a result of real
or imagined pressure from a person or group of people. 'This would make more sense, as often the pressure
we feels imagined. The person or group he refers to would have to be important to us at the time, regardless
of their status.

There has been considerable research on conformity. One of the first studies looked at the answers people
gave when asked to estimate the number of beans in a bottle (Jennes, 1932). If you have ever entered a
'guess the number' competition, you probably looked at the previous estimates made and based your
judgment on what other people had guessed. This is more or less what happened in the Jennes study. First
of all, he asked the respondents to give their own estimates, and then he asked them to decide a group
estimate. Finally, he asked them alone again and discovered that they had stayed with the group answer.

Probably the most famous study on conformity was undertaken by Asch (1951) when he created a situation
where many of his subjects gave answers which were blatantly untrue, rather than contradict the people
they were with. He did this by getting his subject to sit round a table with six stooges (colleagues of the
experimenter) so that the subject was second to last. He showed them all a large card which had three lines
of different lengths drawn on it, labelled A B and C. He then gave them a card with a single line and asked
them to match this in terms of length to one of the lines A, B or C.

The stooges gave untrue responses in a number of the trials and the subjects were left in the situation where
they either reported what they saw with their own eyes or conformed to the norm of the group. When the
results were assessed, Asch found that in one out of every three trials where the wrong answer was given,
the subject gave the same wrong answer as the stooges. This led to an average level of conformity of 32
per cent. Asch interviewed his subjects after the trials to try to find out why they conformed to an answer
which was so obviously wrong. Most of them said that they did not want to cause problems within the
group. although they falsehearted that when they did give wrong answers it made them anxious. (Asch
found that when there was just one other person present who did not go along with the majority, no matter
how many others there were, it was sufficient to make the subject give the right answer.)

Kelman (1953) outlined three processes which can explain social conformity. The first is compliance where
subjects go along with the crowd to prevent any in-group hostility or bad feeling and to maintain group
harmony. However, they do not change their own private belief. If we look back to the Asch study, we can
see that the subjects were simply complying with the demands of the experimental situation but hadn't
actually internalized the group's norms. They agreed in public, but dissented in private. In a process known
as internalization, however, subjects do actually see the view of the group as the more valid one. They may
be able to do this, for example, by convincing themselves that their eyesight is poor. Sometimes, however,
subjects actually seem to change their beliefs because they want to become more like their heroes. If they
really want to become part of an in-group, they will start to identify with that group and take on the group's
values and beliefs, even if they are different to their own. Kelman calls this identification. It frequently
happens with teenagers who want to become more like a peer group in order to be accepted, and suddenly
seem to go against all the values and beliefs of their parents.

So why is it that we have to conform? Some people feel confident most of the time, have high self-esteem
and do not have to go along with the majority. For most of us, though, how confident we feel varies from
day to day, depending on the situation we are in, and this can influence behaviour.
Questions 27 - 30
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?

YES if the statement agrees with the information

NO if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
27 Childhood crazes can center on items of any value.
28 Children are more vulnerable to crazes now than they used to be.
29 Consumers make too many quick decisions in shops.
30 Crutchfield's definition of conformity is the most reliable.

Questions 31 - 35
Complete the summary below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer
Studies on conformity
In the Jennes study, people had to guess how many 31......................... were in a container. Jennes found
that, in most cases, people opted for an estimate given by a 32........................Asch asked his subjects to
33.......................line lengths. To test the extent to which people would conform, he placed his subjects
with colleagues who gave 34........................responses. He found that his subjects agreed with his
colleagues 32% of the time, although they admitted to feeling 35..................about giving their answer.

Questions 36-40
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Kelman's processes of social conformity

- people support the majority view despite their own ideas

Compliance - social harmony is maintained
- illustrated by the results of the research conducted by 36......................

- majority view is considered most 38........................ view

37..........................
- people persuade themselves despite their own ideas

- people change their ideas to those of the majority

39..........................
- typical of 40.........................
 IELTS Reading Answer Sheet
Candidate
Name
Candidate Centre
No. No.
Test
Academic General Training Test Date
Module Day Month Year

Reading Reading Reading Reading Reading Reading Reading

Marker use only Marker use only

1 1
21 21

2 2
22 22

3 3
23 23

4 4
24 24

t
ee
5 5
25 25

6
7
6

7
26
27
Sh 26

27
er
8 8
28 28
sw

9 9
29 29
An

10 10
30 30
e

11 11
31 31
pl

12 12
32 32
m

13 13
33 33
Sa

14 14
34 34

15 15
35 35

16 16
36 36

17 17
37 37

18 18
38 38

19 19
39 39

20 20
40 40

Marker 2 Marker 1
Reading Total:
Signature: Signature:

61788
 V5 - TEST 3

READING PASSAGE 1
Listening to the Ocean
The results of some recent research answer some long-standing questions
A The oceans cover more than 70 percent of the planet's surface, yet until quite recently we knew less
about their depths than about the surface of the Moon. The Moon has been far more accessible to study
because astronomers have long been able to look at its surface, first with the naked eye and then with
the telescope, both instruments that focus light. Until the twentieth century, however, no instruments
were available for the study of Earth's oceans: light, which can travel trillions of kilometers through the
vast vacuum of space, cannot penetrate very far in seawater.
B It turns out that for penetrating water the best instrument is sound. Curious investigators have long been
fascinated by sound and the way it travels in water. As early as 1490, the artist and scientist Leonardo
da Vinci observed: If you cause your ship to stop and place the head of a long tube in the water and place
the outer extremity to your ear, you will hear ships at a great distance from you.' It was not until 1826
that two scientists, Colladon and Sturm, accurately measured the speed of sound in water. Using a long
tube to listen under water (as da Vinci had suggested), they recorded how fast the sound of a submerged
bell traveled across Lake Geneva in Switzerland. What these investigators demonstrated was that water
is an excellent medium for sound, transmitting it almost five times faster than its speed in air.
C A number of factors influence how far sound travels under water and how long it lasts, including
particles, salinity, temperature and pressure. Particles in seawater can reflect, scatter and absorb certain
frequencies of sound, just as certain wavelengths of light may be reflected, scattered and absorbed by
specific types of particles in the atmosphere. In 1943, Maurice Ewing and J L Worzel conducted an
experiment to test the theory that low- frequency waves, which are less vulnerable than higher
frequencies to scattering and absorption, should be able to travel great distances, if the sound source is
placed correctly. The researchers set off an underwater explosion and learned that it was detected easily
by receivers 3,200 kilometers away. In analyzing the results of this test, they discovered a kind of sound
pipeline', known as the deep sound channel'. Sound introduced into this channel of water could travel
thousands of kilometers with minimal loss of signal.
D The US Navy was quick to appreciate the usefulness of low-frequency sound and the deep sound
channel. They developed the Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS), which involved underwater
microphones, called hydrophones, that were placed on the ocean bottom and connected by cables to
onshore processing centers. It was Christopher Clark of Cornell University who soon realised that
SOSUS could be used to listen to whales. Using a SOSUS receiver in the West Indies, he could hear
whales that were 1,770 kilometers away.
E Whales are the biggest of Earth's creatures, yet these animals are also remarkably elusive. Scientists
 V5 - TEST 3

wishing to observe blue whales must simply wait in their ships for the whales to surface. A few whales
have been tracked briefly in the wild in this way but not for very great distances, and much about them
remains unknown. But by using SOSUS, scientists can track the whales and position them on a map.
Moreover, they can track not just one whale at a time, but many creatures simultaneously. They can also
learn to distinguish whale calls; researchers have detected changes in the calls of finback whales as the
seasons change, and have found that blue whales in different regions of the Pacific Ocean have different
calls.
F SOSUS has also proved instrumental in obtaining information crucial to our understanding of climate.
The system has enabled researchers to begin making ocean temperature measurements on a global scale,
measurements that are key to understanding the workings of heat transfer between the ocean and the
atmosphere. The ocean plays an enormous role in determining air temperature - the heat capacity in only
the upper few meters of ocean is thought to be equal to all of the heat in the entire atmosphere. For sound
waves traveling horizontally in the ocean, speed is largely a function of temperature. Thus, the travel
time of a wave of sound between two points is a sensitive indicator of the average temperature along its
path. Transmitting sound in numerous directions through the deep sound channel can give scientists
measurements spanning vast areas of the globe. Thousands of sound paths in the ocean can be pieced
together into a map of global ocean temperatures, and by repeating measurements along the same paths
over time, scientists can track changes in temperature over months or years.
G Researchers are also using other acoustic techniques to monitor climate. Oceanographer Jeff Nystuen,
for example, has explored the use of sound to measure rainfall over the ocean. Monitoring changing
global rainfall patterns will contribute to understanding major climate change as well as the weather
phenomenon known as El Niño. Since 1985, Nystuen has used hydrophones to listen to rain over the
ocean, acoustically measuring not only the rainfall rate but also the rainfall type, ranging from drizzle to
thunderstorms. By using the sound of rain under water as a 'natural' rain gauge, the measurement of
rainfall over the oceans will become available to climatologists. In this way, modern society continues
to benefit from the investigations of those who, like Leonardo da Vinci, pursued the answers to some
basic questions of nature.
 V5 - TEST 3

Questions 1 - 4
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1 In the past, it was easier for scientists to study the Moon than the oceans.
2 Techniques for investigating the Moon are the same as techniques for researching the ocean.
3 Measuring temperature changes in the ocean using sound is more time-consuming than other
methods
4 Hydrophones can distinguish different kinds of rain.

Questions 5 - 8
Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs, A-G.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
NB You may use any letter more than once.

5 examples of things that affect the distance sound can travel in water
6 details of the connection between ocean temperatures and climate
7 details of ways in which light and sound are similar
8 reference to a long-term study of different types of weather
 V5 - TEST 3

Questions 9 - 13
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. Write the correct letter in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.

9 According to the passage, who conducted research into the rate at which sound travels in water?

A Leonardo da Vinci
B Colladon and Sturm
C Ewing and Worzel
D Jeff Nystuen

10 According to the passage, who conducted research into the distances certain types of sound waves
travel in water?

A Leonardo da Vinci
B Colladon and Sturm
C Ewing and Worzel
D Christopher Clark

11 SOSUS allows whale researchers to

A follow a number of whales at the same time.

B protect whales as they migrate.
C imitate whale calls of different species.
D change the whales' direction of travel.

12 Finback whale calls change

A when scientists track them.

B at different times of year.
C when whales communicate with other species.
D when whales come to the surface.

13 SOSUS allows scientists to

A make accurate maps of the ocean floor.

B measure water level changes.
C investigate ocean currents.
D measure variations in temperature.
 V5 - TEST 3

READING PASSAGE 2
Boring buildings
There could be more than an economic or nostalgic price to impersonal retail and high-rise
construction; boring architecture may take an emotional toll on the people forced to live with it.

A A growing body of research in cognitive science illuminates the physical and mental toll bland cityscapes
take on residents. Generally, these researchers argue that humans are healthier when they live surrounded
by variety or work in well- designed, unique spaces, rather than unattractive, generic ones. Urban policy
professor Justin. Hollander and architect Ann Sussman review scientific data to help architects and urban
planners understand how, exactly, people respond to their built surroundings, particularly at work.
People, they argue, function best in intricate settings, not 'big, blank, boxy offices'

B Indeed, that's what Colin Nellard, a neuroscientist at the University of Waterloo in Canada, has found in
his work. Five years ago, Nellard became interested in a certain building - the gigantic Whole Foods
Market 'plopped into' a notoriously textured part of lower Manhattan in New York. Nellard partnered
with the Guggenheim Museum to analyze what happens when someone walks out of a tiny neighborhood
restaurant and encounters a full city block with nothing but 'the long, blank facade of the Whole Foods
Market' building.

In 2011, Nellard led small groups on Lower East Side walks to measure the effect of the urban
environment on them. Participants recorded their response to questions at each stopping point and wore
sensors that measured skin conductance, a response to emotional excitement. Passing the monolithic
Whole Foods Market, people's state of arousal plummeted. Physiologically, Nellard explained, they were
bored. To describe this place, they used words like 'bland' and 'passionless'. In contrast, one block east
at the other test site - a 'lively sea of restaurants with lots of open doors and windows' - people measured
high levels of excitement, and they listed words like 'lively', and 'socializing'. Nellard explains that the
main objective of urban design should be to produce some kind of novelty or change every few seconds;
otherwise, we become cognitively disengaged.

C The trick, it seems, is to design a world that excites but doesn't overload our faculties with a constant
barrage of information. 'We are, as animals, programmed to respond to thrill,' said professor Brendan
Walker. In Walker's 'thrill laboratory' at the University of Nottingham in the UK, devices measure heart
rate and skin conductance to see how people respond to adrenaline-producing experiences such as a
roller-coaster ride. A thrilling encounter moves us quickly from a state of equilibrium to a desirable
'disorientation'. 'Humans want a certain element of turmoil or confusion,' he said. 'Complexity is thrilling
whether in an amusement park or architecture.'

D Psychologists have found that awe-inspiring moments can potentially improve our well-being. One study
 V5 - TEST 3

conducted by Melanie Rudd, Kathleen Vohs and Jennifer Aaker of Stanford University in the US showed
that the feeling of 'awe' can make people more patient and less materialistic. In an experiment, the
researchers showed students 60-second clips of waterfalls, whales, or astronauts in space. After only a
minute of virtual images, those who said they were awed also felt less pressed for time. And in another
variation, people made hypothetical choices between physical and experiential goods of equal monetary
value. Those who had just 'felt awe' were more likely to choose an experience over a possession, a
choice. that is linked with greater satisfaction in the long run. In other words, a visual buzz - whether
architectural or natural - might have the ability to change our frame of mind, making modern-day life
more satisfying and interactive.

E It's important to note, however, that architectural boredom isn't about how pristine a street is. People
often confuse successful architecture with whether an area looks pleasant. On the contrary, when it
comes to city buildings, people often focus too narrowly on aesthetics, said Charles Montgomery, author
of Happy City: Transforming Our Lives Through Urban Design. Some of the happiest blocks in New
York City, he argues, are 'kind of ugly and messy'.

In 2014, Montgomery's Happy City lab conducted an experiment in which he found a strong correlation
between messier blocks and pro-social behavior. Montgomery sent researchers, posing as lost tourists,
to places he coded as either 'active' or 'inactive' facades. He concluded that the former had a high level
of interest, that is they were messy, while the latter had no special features such as long warehouse
blocks. Pedestrians at active sites were nearly five times more likely to offer assistance than at inactive
ones. Of those who assisted, seven times as many at the active site offered use of their phone.

F Fortunately, it's not necessarily a dichotomy - new architecture can achieve the optimal level of
cacophony and beauty. Take the 2006 Hearst Tower in midtown Manhattan. Designed by architect
Norman Foster, Hearst Tower is a glass-and-steel skyscraper, 40 stories of which are designed in a
triangular pattern, differing in style from the 1920s Art Deco base. From the outside, the facade jolts city
dwellers from their daily commutes, while energizing employees who enter it each morning. For many
who walk by, Hearst Tower's design may not be the easiest to understand; it's both sleek and old. The
top looks like it traveled from the future. Inside, workers travel upon diagonal escalators, up a three-
story water sculpture, through the tower's historic atrium, flooded with light. Few New Yorkers who
pass by would find this building boring. And they're likely to be happier - maybe even nicer to each
other - because of it.
 V5 - TEST 3

Questions 14 - 18
Which section contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.
14 a description of a building that has a positive effect
15 a reference to architecture affecting people's performance in their jobs
16 examples of the intensity of people's reactions in two urban settings
17 details of a study where seeing certain pictures reduced people's stress
18 a claim about feelings experienced in response to both architecture and leisure settings

Questions 19 - 23
Match each statement with the correct researcher, A, B, C or D.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
19 The aim of good city planning is to provide variety in architecture.
20 People in untidy areas were more helpful.
21 People who had recently felt amazed, placed less importance on material goods
22 'Attractive' places are not necessarily the most enjoyable places to be.
23 One particular building failed to provide visual stimulation.

List of Researchers
A Colin N Nellard
B Brendan Walker
C Rudd, Vohs and Aaker
D Charles Montgomery

Questions 24 - 26
Complete the summary below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet.
Hearst Tower
Norman Foster's Hearst Tower was built in 2006. The 40-storey modern triangular-patterned building is
made of glass and steel, contrasting with the base which is in the style of the 1920s. The sight of the
building's 24............................. has a striking impact on commuters and employees. Some passersby may
find the building's design confusing, as it mixes old and new elements. Inside the tower
25.......................... carry employees up past a large water sculpture in the light-filled 26.........................
 V5 - TEST 3

READING PASSAGE 3
Marketing and the information age
A For the early practitioners of marketing in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the business of selling
was simply a matter of continually finding new customers. By contrast, marketing managers in the current
era recognise the importance of gathering information. about the market and about potential customers.
They recognise that if companies are to be profitable, customers must gain and retain their perceptions of
value from the brands they buy over a long time frame, rather than from a single transaction. This also
means that customers must see value in returning continually to the stores where they shop, as well as to
the service providers they deal with.
B Marketing practitioners and marketing scientists have never worked more closely than they currently do.
There are many reasons for this, including the fact that this is the information age where convergence in
telecommunications, media and technology is causing old ways to be challenged, and new methods and
tools to be tested. Customer expectations have risen as new technologies allow new approaches. For
instance, the subscriber-TV music channel Channel [V), encourages its viewers to sign up for text
messages and email alerts that tell them when their favourite artists and songs are about to be broadcast.
Competitive advantage lies in being able to recognise which customers can be given greater attention, not
just because they demand it but because it makes commercial sense to provide high levels of product
quality and service.
C Modern marketing information systems rely on information. technology to enable marketing intelligence
to be gathered and to store and analyse marketing research information. While some of the information
used is gathered by government bodies such as the Australian Bureau of Statistics and Statistics New
Zealand, most of it is purposefully gathered by marketing organisations for client companies. In the
process, computer technology is used to manipulate the data and then to present the information in such a
way that executives can readily identify any problems or issues, and quickly arrive at solutions.
D In order to produce superior value and satisfaction for customers, marketing managers need information
at almost every turn. They need information about customers-end-users and resellers-as well as
competitors and governmental and other forces in the marketplace. One marketing executive put it this
way: "To manage a business well is to manage its future; and to manage the future is to manage
information." Increasingly, marketers are viewing information not just as an input for making better
decisions but also as an important strategic asset and marketing tool. As household incomes increase,
choice widens and buyers become better discriminating, so sollers need information about how buyers
respond to different products and advertising campaigns.
E The supply of information has also increased greatly. It has been suggested by the futurist and best selling
author John Nainbitt that the United States and, by observation, developed countries such as Australia,
 V5 - TEST 3

New Zealand and Singapore are moving from industrial to information-based economies. These post-
industrial economies earn 70-80% of their Gross Domestic Product from services, and have entered what
some commentators have termed the 'Information Age' or the 'Information Technology Era'.
F One study found that with all the information now available through supermarket scanners, a packaged
goods product controller is bombarded with one million to one billion new numbers each week. As
Naisbitt points out: 'Running out of information is not a problem, but drowning in it is. Yet marketers
frequently complain that they lack information of the right kind but have plenty of the wrong kind, or they
claim that marketing to provide managers with information, they often do not use it well. As a result,
many marketing organisations are now studying their managers' information needs and designing
information systems specifically to meet those needs.
G One solution is to use a Marketing Information System (MIS). This consists of people, equipment and
procedures which, when put together, are able to gather, analyse, evaluate and distribute needed, timely
and accurate information to marketing decision- makers. The MIS begins and ends with marketing
managers. First, it interacts with these managers to assess the information needs they have. Next, it
develops the needed information from internal records, marketing intelligence activities and the research
process. The analysis unit processes the data to make it more useful and, finally, the MIS distributes it to
managers in the right form and at the right time to help them make better marketing decisions.
H However, the costs of obtaining, processing, storing and delivering information can mount quickly. In
some cases additional information will do little to change or improve a manager's decision, or the costs of
the information will exceed the returns from the improved decision. For example, if an organisation
information is so widely spread throughout the organisation that it takes great effort to locate even simple
facts. In addition, subordinates may withhold information they believe will reflect badly on their
performance and important information often arrives too late to be useful, or on-time information is not
accurate. So marketing managers need better information. Although marketing organisations have greater
capacity estimates that launching a new product without any further information will yield a profit of
$500,000, then it would be foolish to spend $30,000 for additional information that would increase the
profit to only $525,000. By itself information is valueless - its value comes from its use.

Questions 27 - 31
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 27-31 on your answer shoot

27 the fact that there may be too much information to cope with
28 the relevance of generating repeat business.
29 an example of personalised marketing
 V5 - TEST 3

30 an illustration of a situation where commissioning new information research might not be advisable
31 how the greater wealth of customers enables them to select from a broader range of products

Questions 32 - 36
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 32-36 on your answer sheet, write

YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

32 The majority of marketing statistics are gathered by government agencies.

33 The move from an industrial to an information-based economy has happened more quickly in New
Zealand than in Australia.
34 Employees sometimes hide information that gives a poor impression of them.
35 Managers frequently fail to make good use of the information they receive.
36 Marketing information has to be used to be valuable.

Questions 37 - 40
Complete the Bow-chart below
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
White your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer shoot.

The Marketing Information System (MIS)

37……….….…. Find out their 38………………… Developed through:

39……………
marketing intelligence
activities research
process

Timely and accurate

data distribution Processed by the 40……...…………
 Test 4 - V5

READING PASSAGE 1
The history of the Pencil

The history of the pencil starts with a violent thunderstorm. When some particularly ferocious weather
struck the Lake District in North West England in the sixteenth century, locals in the village of
Borrowdale discovered a large uprooted tree. Underneath the tree laid an unknown black substance that
was slightly shiny and smooth to the touch, and it left a black smear on the hands of all who touched it.

Initially, the local farmers used the newly discovered material as a handy way to identify their sheep.
However, others quickly realised the potential for using this intriguing substance to write on paper. When
it was untreated the material was very soft, which meant that it was messy to handle. To make it fit for
use with paper, people enclosed a thin core of the substance in stiff sheep hides or rope. At this time
chemistry was still in its infancy. People searched for a word to describe this increasingly useful
substance and came up with plumbago which, in Latin, means acts or writes like lead. Later the name
was changed to graphite, But because words have remarkable staying power, we still call graphite the
lead of a pencil even though it is now known that there is no trace of real lead in graphite.

Graphite has a very high melting point at around 3, 500 degrees Celsius. This made it invaluable to the
British army and navy as a secret ingredient in the manufacture of cannon balls. The Royal Ordnance,
or weaponry section of the British armed forces, used graphite as a lining inside the moulds for cannon
balls, which as a result the British could turn out faster and more cheaply than their European rivals. In
addition to its value to the armed forces, the government quickly realised the commercial potential of
the graphite at Borrowdale, and assumed control of all the mines there during the sixteenth century,
Armed guards accompanied the precious graphite all the way down to the metal foundries by the naval
shipyards in the south of England. The graphite was so valuable that the locals, who called it wadd,
started to steal it. As a deterrent, an act of parliament in 1752 made this offence. punishable by time in
prison.

The Italians originally invented the wooden casing to hold a thin rod of plumbago firmly in place for
ease of writing. Italian craftsmen hollowed out two small sections of cedar wood, into one of which they
laid the lead. They then glued the other section over the top and left the two halves to set. When dry, the
whole apparatus formed what today we know as a pencil. The Germans took this technique and
developed it further by applying mass-production techniques to pencils. At the same time Nicolas-
Jacques Conte, a French officer in Napoleon Bonaparte's army during the late 1700s, developed a method
of mixing powdered graphite and clay together for firming in a kiln. Adding more clay to the mixture
helped make the pencil harder, sharper, and more precise in its mark. More graphite helped make a pencil
mark that was softer, thicker and darker.
 Test 4 - V5

The varying quality of pencil leads eventually gave rise to a system for categorizing the fineness of the
pencil mark. Pencil manufactures all over the world still use this so-called HB grading system today.
The H stands for the Hardness of the pencil while the B stands for its Blackness. An HB pencil is a
standard pencil and a variety of letters and numbers are used to designate different types of lead.

Significant seams of graphite exist in parts of China, which now produces most of the world's pencils
Interestingly, the Borrowdale mine in the Lake District remains the only significant source of graphite
in its near-pure form in the world. Nowadays the highest grade of graphite at Borrowdale is totally
exhausted, although other grades can still be found, and England's pencil industry continues to thrive in
the nearby town of Keswick.

The pencil has turned out to be a remarkably resilient and valuable tool whose use has survived well into
our high-tech times, as a well-known story shows. It is sometimes said that the American space
programme spent millions of dollars to invent a pen capable of writing in the zero gravity of space. The
Russians, by contrast, simply equipped their astronauts with good old-fashioned pencils that never let
them down. It should be pointed out though, that the popular myth about Americans overlooking the
practical advantages of pencils in zero gravity is merely fiction. In actual fact, both American and
Russian astronauts were equipped with pencils in their respective country's first space flights. A private
company later. developed pens for writing in zero gravity. In fact, astronauts of every nation now use
pens. But no matter - pencils remain in use in every classroom, every planning, building and drawing
office, and in every art studio in the world. And there is nothing to suggest that we are likely to invent
anything better than graphite to use in our Pencils.
 Test 4 - V5

Questions 1-6
Complete the notes below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.

The early history of graphite in Britain.

Graphite was first found below a 1 ……….………. blown down in a storm.
The first use of graphite was to make marks on 2……….……….
The characteristics of raw graphite:
● dirty to use because it is so 3 ……….……….
● originally wrapped in 4 ……….………. or animal skin to make it useable as a pencil.
Graphite came to the notice of the government for military and commercial purposes.
● The government completely took over the 5……….………. at Borrowdale.
● They employed guards to protect the graphite on its journey south.
Local people began to 6 ……….………. graphite for the money involved.
● The government passed a law to protect the graphite industry.

Questions 7 - 13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 7-13 on
your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the stamen contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

7 The Italians were the first to make pencils out of wood.

8 The Germans used different types of wood to produce pencils.
9 More clay in a pencil makes it write more darkly.
10 After the HB code was introduced, it very quickly became used by all manufacturers.
11 English pencil factories have now all closed down.
12 American astronauts used pencils on their early journeys into space.
13 The use of graphite pencils is unlikely to continue into the future.
 Test 4 - V5

READING PASSAGE 2
What is an unfair advantage in sport?
Olympic athletes increasingly depend on technology to help them win- but is that fair?

A What happened to the Australian athlete Ron Clarke in the 10,000 metres at the Mexico City
Olympics of 1968 is now virtually forgotten, though at the time it was headline news. Clarke was
the greatest distance runner in history he'd broken more world records than anybody else. But in
front of 55,000 horrified spectators, the event went disastrously wrong. In the third lap, one runner
keeled over and with six laps to go, two more were carried away. Yet the race was being conducted
at a relatively leisurely speed: the halfway time was the slowest since the Paris Olympics of 1924
With two laps to go. Clarke was in the leading pack. 'I'd never felt better in a race,' he says. But
suddenly he too began to struggle, and as the frontrunners moved up a gear, a gap opened up. Clarke
remembers nothing of his last lap which he ran in 90 seconds. Normally I would run it in 64,' he
explains. He stumbled across the line in sixth place and collapsed, He was administered oxygen and
stretchered off the track.
B Mexico City is surrounded by mountains and is over 2,240 metres above sea level. That the altitude
would have an impact on the Games was predicted Clarke had raised the issue himself, but had been
told by the Australian sports authorities that complaining was regarded as bad sportsmanship. As it
turned out, he had good reason to do so Cleary, the link between athletic performance and altitude
needed further investigation.
C Although there were few standout performances in distance running at the Mexico Games, they
marked a turning point: the start of an astonishing record of success by east Africans. While Clarke
lay crumpled in a heap, runners from Kenya and Ethiopia were celebrating their gold and silver
medals. The record books confirm how entrenched this pattern has become. The names of the seven
fastest men in history. over 5,000 metres are Bekele, Gebrselassie, Komen, Kipchoge, Sihine,
Songkok and Chereno. They are all from either Kenya or Ethiopia. Between 1997 and 2011 the
10,000 metres mens world record was smashed five times, dropping from 26:31.32 to 26: 17.53.
Each time, the record was broken by a Kenyan or an Ethiopian. While there is a complex mix of
economic, political, social and cultural explanations for the pre- eminence of east Africans, one
factor is surely that many of these athletes have lived most of their lives in thin air.
D At high altitudes, a number of physiological alterations occur, most importantly. more red blood
cells and haemoglobin are produced. This, in tum, increases the capacity of the blood to carry
oxygen, which feeds the muscles and which gives an advantage to the athletes when they return to
sea level. However, it is impossible to train with the same level of intensity in the mountains-aerobic
capacity and cardio-respiratory function both suffer at altitude. As a result, the consensus is that the
optimum approach. to athletic preparation is: Live High, Train Low (LHTL) Yet that has obvious
 Test 4 - V5

practical drawbacks. Not many people live in the mountains and those who do would prefer not to
spend several hours each day driving up and down winding treacherous roads.
E That's where the altitude tent-sometimes called the hypoxic tent-comes in Around two decades ago,
two different scientists had the same exciting thought. If they could artificially control the
atmosphere within a confined space, they could simulate the effects of high altitude and save an
athlete at sea-level from the time and expense of travelling to higher ground. Altitude tents have
improved over the years: they're not as hot or as noisy as the early prototypes, and are much cheaper
too. They are also perfectly lawful. Five years ago when the tents were investigated by Wada (the
World Anti Doping Agency), it was ruled that they did not violate the spirit of distance running. It
is now routine for athletes to sleep in them in preparation for an event.
F However, it is not the case that all new technologies gain approval. In 2008, a staggering 105 world
records were broken in swimming. the vast majority achieved by competitors wearing the new
Speedo LZR Racer suit These suits use a high-tech fabric tested in Nasa's wind tunnels, which
reduces drag and improves buoyancy. The LZR was initially sanctioned by Fina, the international
swimming body. But as better suits. were produced by Speedo and other manufacturers, and more
records were broken, they became increasingly controversial. In a 2009 ruling, Fina changed its
mind. banning all suits made with this high-tech fabric.
G Going faster, higher, stronger is intergral to the logic of athletics in general, and the Olympics in
particular. Athletes believe they need records all the time. And the only way minute changes of
0.0001 of a second. But when a new technology is invented, the relevant sports authority has to
consider whether to embrace or reject it. In some cases. athletes are granted permission to use the
technology: in others, it is banned. But whatever the outcome, rulings should not appear arbitrary:
arguments have to be examined and weighed and the rules of logic ought to apply in every case.
 Test 4 - V5

Questions 14 - 20
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet.

List of Headings
i Early research into athletes' physiology
ii A convenient method of acclimatization
iii The need for a rational approach.
iv Changes in the body
v The athletes who break the rules
vi Well-founded concerns
vii The surprising outcome of a race
viii The reversal of a decision
ix The runners who domina

14 Paragraph A
15 Paragraph B
16 Paragraph C
17 Paragraph D
18 Paragraph E
19 Paragraph F
20 Paragraph G
 Test 4 - V5

Questions 21 and 22
Choose TWO letters, A-E
Write the correct letters in boxes 21 and 22 on your answer sheet.
Which TWO of the following statements about Ran Clarke are made in the passage?

A Clarke was not performing well immediately prior to the Mexico Games.
B The worries Clarke had before the Mexico Games were not taken into account.
C Clarke's experiences at the Mexico Games are widely talked about today.
D At one stage of the Mexico Games 10,000 metres, Clarke was near the front.
E Clarke was the only runner at the Mexico Games who appeared to be affected by the altitude.

Questions 23-26
Complete the summary below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 23-26 on
your answer sheet.
Do all new technologies gain approval?
Some people may be puzzled by attitudes towards performance-enhancing technologies in sport. For
example, why is the altitude tent considered acceptable, but not the LZR Racer suit? For distance.
running. Wada concluded that the attitude tent was not contrary to the 23………………… of the sport.
However, the LZR swimsuit, which is made from a special fabric that aids buoyancy and cuts down
24………………… was banned.

Athletes think they have to continually set fresh 25………………… This is made possible by better
26………………… and training, as well as improved clothing and equipment. However, when sports
authorities have to decide whether to give permission for a new performance-enhancing technology to
be used, it is important that their decisions are not seen as arbitrary.
 Test 4 - V5

READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 on
pages 10 and 11.
Theories of planet formation questioned

A The traditional view of astronomy has been that Planets form slowly as material congeals within the
disk of gas, dust and ice known to surround young stars. First, gravity gathers together bits of dust
that merge to form boulder-sized bodies, which themselves coalesce into bigger and bigger objects.
In about a million years, these form rocky planets like Earth and Mar over the next few million
years, gas from the disk settles around some of these solid bodies and they crow far larger, becoming
giants like gaseous Saturn and Jupiter. This theory of planet formation is known as the care-accretion
model. However, several astronomers now say that this model for making planets may not be
entirely correct.

B These astronomers have devised an alternative theory in which planets as massive as Jupiter,
whether orbiting our sun or a distant star, would form completely within a few hundred years, rather
than millions of years as previously believed. Both theories for planet formation start with the same
reservoir of planet-making materials, The spinning cloud of gas, dust and ice rapidly fattens into
disk-like shapes known as proto-planetary disks: and, as time goes by, gravity causes material in
these disks to clump into planet- sized objects. However it is the speed of the clustering, and the
size of the initial clumps, that provide the disparity in the two models for planet formation.

C According to the core-accretion model, the making of Jupiter required the initial formation of a solid
core five to ten times Earth's mass. It would have taken about a million years to achieve this. Most
astronomers believe that the large core then had enough gravity to attract a huge amount of gas from
the proto-planetary disk to create a planet of the massive proportions of Jupiter. In this core-
accretion model, these 'gas giants may take as long as ten million years to form.

D That is several million years too long in the opinion of Lucio Mayer of Zurich University. Direct
telescope sightings suggest that the proto-planetary disks do not last more than. about seven million
years, and studies of the environment in which stars form suggest that many disks may evaporate in
much less time, Mayer asserts that most stars in the Milty Way form in dense clouds of gas, dust
and ice. Their temperatures are very intense and the ultraviolet light they send into space can
evaporate a proto-planetary disk in less than 100,000 years. In the core-accretion model, that is not
enough time for a Jupiter-like planet to form.

E Recent computer simulations show that when individual stars form, the gravitational pull between
them can result in the outer gaseous parts of the proto-planetary disks being destroyed in 100 000
 Test 4 - V5

years or less. Thus, Thomas Quinn of the University of Washington concludes that if a 'gas giant'
planet cannot form quickly, it will probably never form. He also asserts that if the core-accretion
model is correct. Gas giant planets like Jupiter should be rare. However, since 1995, astronomers
have found more than one hundred planets as large as Jupiter outside our solar system.

F Quinn and his colleagues recently analysed the standard core-accretion model of planet formation
and investigated whether not giant planets could form quickly. They looked at the work of Gerard
Kuiper who, in the 1950s, proposed that they could. Alan P Boss of the Carnegie Institute did more
extensive work on the subject in the late 1980s. Using computer simulations, he was surprised to
find that ratty could cause a proto-planetary disk. after a few orbits of its parent star, to break into
clumps as big as an average-sized planet. The clumps would continue to pull in gas, ice and dust.
This is called the gravitational-instability model of planet formation.

G Recent calculations have suggested that many of the solid bodies that might be the rocky core for
Jupiter-size planets in the traditional theory would pin into the parent star before the massive planet
could form. Moreover, further analysis has shown that other effects could also cause a proto-
planetary disk to become unstable and split into large fragments. For instance, within the disk,
electrically charged material might accumulate, leading to fragmentation of the disk. Or a powerful
gravitational disturbance, such as the pull of a star passing nearby, could produce instability in the
proto-planetary disk.

H Nevertheless, the gravitational-instability model has problems of its own, as it is mathematically

complicated and requires sophisticated computer use. Therefore, no one has studied the simulations
long enough to establish conclusively that the model allows for the formation of massive planets.

I In response, Mayer says that he and his team have described the results of an extensive. simulation
based on the gravitational-instability model. They spent two years refining calculations to track what
would happen to a proto-planetary disk over one thousand years, which is more than any other
simulation had done. In addition, over a decade previously Mayer and his team had made
simulations of the formation and evolution of galaxies. In doing this, they had already developed a
fast computer code that could run in parallel on machines with hundreds of processors, and this
knowledge assisted them in investigating their gravitational-instability theory.
 Test 4 - V5

Questions 27 - 32
Reading Passage 3 has nine paragraphs, A-I
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.

27 the significance of recent discoveries of a large number of massive planets

28 an explanation of the difference between the theories of planet creation
29 the difficulties of proving that the more recent theory of planet creation is correct
30 reasons why Mayer claims he was able to develop his theory
31 a detailed explanation of the long-held theory of planet creation
32 description of the destructive effect of heat in space

Questions 33-37
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-G, below. Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes
33-37 on your answer sheet.

33 Traditionally astronomers have believed that

34 LCIO Mayer physically observed that
35 Thomas Quinn believes that
36 Gerard Kuiper was the first to suggest that
37 Alan P Boss discovered that

A gaseous planets form before smaller rocky planets.

B large planets take millions of years to form.
C large planets must form fast or not at all.
D large planets had the potential to develop relatively fast.
E gravity could cause planet-sized pieces to break off quickly.
F hot clumps of gas, dust and ice were destroyed relatively quickly.
G computer studies of planets are too mathematically complex.
 Test 4 - V5

Questions 38-40
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-F, below
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet.

The core-accretion model

A hard centre becomes larger and this produces enough gravity to draw gas from the
38………………… around it.

The gravitational-instability model

Stars can break up the outer gaseous parts which surround objects in the sky because the attraction of
the 39……………………from stars is very powerful. Heat caused by 40……………………can also
destroy the material surrounding the objects in a relatively short time. Planet-sized segments may split
away from the main body following several orbits of the parent star.

A gravitational pull
B ice
C solid core
D ultraviolet light
E Milky Way
F disk
 Test 6 - V5 - READ

READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Question 1-13, which are based on Reading passage 1
on pages 2 and 3.

Starting school later has positive effects on teens

A grow body of evidence demonstrates that descents ben from more sleep. When school districts
push back the star of the school day, good things happen.

With classes that start as early as 7 am and buses that pull up long before sunrise some 80% of Us
children in grades 6 through 12 are not getting the recommended amount of sleep during the school
year, according to research by the National Sleep Foundation, a sleep advocacy group. These early
start times contribute to a myriad of problems. Exhausted children studies suggest not only struggle
with mutability, but also with depression. They gain weight and their grades suffer, and many turn
to caffeine, with questionable results for productivity and unknown effects on the development of
young brains.

Now, fueled by accumulating research designed to sleep late and that delaying school start times
even by just 30 minutes makes a huge difference in how well teens feel and perform, an increasing
number of schools around the United States are starting the school day later than they used to.
Many more are thinking about it. At the same time, however, there are strong pockets of resistance
to change from administrators and parents who think that starting the school day later than they
used to. Many more are thinking about it. At the same time, however, there are strong pockets of
resistance to change from administrators and parents who think that bus schedules will get too
complicated, that starting later will interfere with after-school programs or that children will
simply stay up later if they know they can sleep in a little more.

According to Kyla Wahistrom, director of the Center for Applied Research and Educational
Improvement at the University of Minnesota, even though the two districts could not be more
different in terms of race socioeconomics and other factors changes in both places appeared.
immediately.

Some of the outcomes were quite significant For instance, students were noticeably more alert in
the first two period of the day. In addition, the cafeteria was calmer, and there were fewer fights
in the halls. Students, who were now getting nearly an hour more sleep each night, said they felt
less depressed. Even parents told teachers they thought their kids were easier to live with.
 Test 6 - V5 - READ

The melatonin shift

Blame biology, not laziness, for making teens reluctant to get up in the morning. As children grow
older and approach puberty, a period of important biological change, their bodies circulate
melatonin, the hormone that brings on sleepiness, two hours later than before.

As a result, teens find it impossible to fall asleep until about 11 p.m., even if they try to go to bed
earlier. Yet teenagers still need an average of 9.25 hours of slumber each night. On top of the shift
in natural sleeping and waking times, there is also another factor. This is related to a period of
intense sleepiness which hits both adults and adolescents during the early morning hours. In adults
this low point in alertness hits between 3 a.m. and 5 a.m.; in adolescents, it falls between about 5
a.m and 7.a.m. That means that, while their alarm clocks are telling teens to get out of bed and
demanding that their brains perform, their bodies signal to them to keep sleeping.
In addition to the mood behavior and learning issues, scientists are starting to uncover more subtle
ways in which such chronic lack of sleep can hurt children. Some studies, for example, show that
sleep deprivation compromises the immune system. Others suggest that, with too little sleep, the
body releases higher levels of hormones that induce hunger, possibly contributing to growing rates.
of obesity.

To stay awake, young people often tum to coffee, soda and other caffeinated beverages. In a public
high school in the eastern Us state of Massachusetts, 95% of polled students reported drinking
caffeine in the prior two weeks, mostly in the form of soda as opposed to coffee and most often in
the afternoon and evening hours, Dr Amy Wolfson and a colleague reported in Health Education
and Behavior According to Dr Wolfson, there are no published guidelines for how much caffeine
is too much for adolescents. However, the substance stays in the body for up to five hours, which
is three hours longer than originally thought, and is costing teens unknown hours of sleep. Even if
caffeinated teens manage to fall asleep, caffeine worsens the quality of their sleep. Finally, no one
knows how caffeine might affect developing brains, although plenty of experts are concerned
about the link between sugar in soda and weight gain.

Schools respond
As the sleep research piles up, a growing number of schools are moving toward later start times.
No one has kept track of how many schools have made the change, but experts say they are fielding
a growing number of calls from districts around the US asking for advice about whether and how
to switch to later start times. Whatever it takes, teenagers need to get enough sleep. Changing
school start times has proven to be one way to achieve this..
 Test 6 - V5 - READ

Questions 1-5
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the stamen contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1 Sleep deprivation among children in the US is a result of current school starting times.
2 Research indicates that most overweight children need more sleep.
3 Concerns about re-arranging bus timetables make some people oppose later school start
times.
4 The two school districts in the Minnesota experiment had similar groups of students.
5 Parents and children in the two Minnesota school districts which were studied got along
better than before.
 Test 6 - V5 - READ

Questions 6-13
Complete the notes below
Choose ONE WORD AND/ OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
White your answers in boxes 6-13 on your answer sheet

The melatonin shift

Biological changes

● Melatonin is released two hours later than before when teens start reaching 6....................

● Melatonin causes 7..................................

Sleep and awake times

● Big drop in 8..............................occurs later in the night

● 5am-7am for teens

● 3am-5am for adults

Sleep loss

● leads to a weakened immune system

● hormones that are released increase 9....................................,causing risk of obesity

Caffeine

● teens in the Massachusetts study usually get caffeine by drinking 10........................

● effects can last for a maximum of 11............................

● makes sleep 12...............................worse

● no information on its impact on how the young peoples 13........................mature

 Test 6 - V5 - READ

READING PASSAGE 2
Born to trade
Long before our ancestors had any trappings of citation, they had a taste for material goods.
Kate Douglas discovers where this ancient obsession has led us.

A Humans are born to trade and we don't need shops or money to do it - the heart of commerce
is an instinctive ability for what anthropologists call reciprocity. This is an ability to exchange
goods of equal worth and it evolved as the brains of our ancient ancestors grew and societies
became more complex, allowing individuals to keep a running tally of their Interactions with
others. Evidence from modem hunter-gatherers leaves little doubt that the exchange of food
and favours is innate, as is the ability to keep track of the credits and debits that accrue as a
result. Combine this skill for mental book-keeping with even the most basic material culture,
and trade inevitably follows
B Once trade gets off the ground, the economic benefits quickly make it irresistible, But
exchanging tools, food and other essentials of life in a barter economy is a far cry from the
shopping mall. Modem consumerism goes way beyond subsistence and utilitarianism to
encompass everything from Gucci handbags and BMW convertibles to valuable paintings.
dearly, the worth of such goods is not inherent but resides in certain intangible qualities that
we invest in them. When did humans start holding these goods in such high esteem?
C All the archaeological evidence for the flowering of consumer culture has up to now pointed
to a date of around 40, 000 years ago. That's when early modern humans started making
increasingly intricate bone and stone tools, carving patterns into rocks and creating
representational art such as carved figurines, jewellery and cave painting. However, as carved
figurines, jewelry and cave painting discoveries in Africa are pushing the origins of
consumerism much further back into human prehistory. A few years ago, reports began to
emerge of discoveries made at the Blombos cave, a site of ancient human habitation in South
Africa. Christopher Henshilwood and colleagues from the University of Bergen in Norway
dated thousands of pieces of ochre from the cave and many of them proved to be more than
100,000 years old -before the time that early humans moved out of Africa. Ochre, a coloured
clay that comes in various shades from red to black, does not occur naturally around Blombos
and must have been imported from quarries at least 30 kilometres away, either directly by
Blombos residents or through trade. Although ochre can be used to dry and preserver cure'-
animal hides, the researchers are convinced the Blombos ochre had a symbolic purpose. For
a start, it is predominantly red-any of the other colours available would have done for curing
-and the surfaces of the clay had been scraped in a way that indicates they were used to yield
pigment for dyes.
 Test 6 - V5 - READ

D An even more intriguing discovery from Blombos was of 41 beads dating from 76,000 years
ago, found in clusters and made from the shells of a tiny mollusc. These cannot be natural
deposits, argue the researchers, as each cluster contains shells of a similar size and colour with
consistently placed holes. What's more, all the beads display a pattern of wear suggesting
friction from rubbing against thread, clothes or other beads. The previous oldest find of beads
in Africa dates back to just 45,000 years ago. And it seems the Blombos people's taste for
beautiful items was not an isolated phenomenon. Jessica Thompson of Arizona State
University in Tempe has described finding shell fragments from a site in Tanzania that she
believes may represent debris from bead manufacture. They are at least 45,000-and possibly
280, 000-years old. Although there is no evidence of how the ancient beads were used, their
modern counterparts are often traded. So it looks as though our taste for jewellery and art is
much older than we thought.

E But why did we come to value these objects in the first place? In many animal species,
individuals signal their genetic fitness by showing off with attention-grabbing adornment.
Some researchers think that in humans, consumer products play a similar role. Archaeologist
Aimee Plourde, from the University of California, also argues that even in egalitarian
societies, some people are more successful than others. Among our ancestors, superior skills
in areas such as hunting, crafts, environmental knowledge and contact with neighbouring
groups would have brought respect - in other words, prestige. And because prestige brings
social benefits, people would want to show off their talents. The best way to do this would be
through demonstrating possession of material items that are hard to fake. "A good hunter, for
instance, could advertise his skills by wearing the tooth of an animal that is elusive or
dangerous," says Plourde. “The benefits of prestige would also lead to competition to acquire
it. As a result, the value and variety of prestige goods would spiral and there would be a
parallel increase in the ranking of social systems”. If Plourde is correct, prestige goods form
a direct link between our innate drive for trade and the development of structured, hierarchical
societies. They are arguably the first step on the road to modern civilisation, paving the way
for agriculture and urbanisation. We may not be impressed by beads any more, but their
modern equivalents have the same fascination. Nobody believes that the guy who spends
$670,000 on a Bugatti Veyron car does so because he needs to travel at 250mph. We all know
in today's consumer society he's buying an exclusive status symbol.
 Test 6 - V5 - READ

Questions 14-18
Rending Passage 2 has five sections, A-E.
Choose the comet heading for each section from the list of headings below.
Write the correct letter, i-vii in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.

List of Headings
i The desire to make expensive jewellery
ii The clues that indicate ancient items were decorative
iii Querying the changes in the value of traded items
iv A natural human talent
v How status can be gained from ownership of goods
vi Recent finds alter theories about when consumerism started
vii Changes in research methods

14 Section A
15 Section B
16 Section C
17 Section D
18 Section E
 Test 6 - V5 - READ

Questions 19-21
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D
19 In section A, reciprocity' refers to our ancestors ability to …
A keep written records of different goods traded.
B monitor the balance between goods given and received.
C produce more materials for trading purposes.
D make money from trading goods and services.
20 What is said about the ochre found around Blombos?
A It is of a type only found in this particular area.
B It has all been dyed to give the same shade of red.
C It has been perfectly preserved despite its age.
D It appears it was selected for its colour.
21 What made the researchers realise the purpose of the beads found at the Blombos caves?
A They are a great variety of shapes and sizes.
B They were found in large numbers all grouped around each other.
C We patterns in many different colours.
D They have holes and markings suggesting they were joined together.

Questions 22-26
Complete the summary below.

Why are certain objects valued?

Some researchers argue that we may use ownership of desirable goods to demonstrate our strength
and fitness as other 22.......................... uses their attractive physical features. Showing off one's
superiority is not a new phenomenon and even in ancient times successful people would have
gained 23.......................... from this. A desire for status could have led to an increase in the worth
of prestige goods and to 24.......................... among people wishing to achieve this status.
It is thought that our natural desire to trade provided a basis for organised farming and
25.......................... development and finally resulted in the complex societies which can be seen
today. Whilst we do not value things such as beads nowadays, other items hold the same appeal
for us and bring the same status as owing beads did for our 26..........................
A competitiveness D ranking G items
B society E talents H ancestors
C humans F respect I species
J city
 Test 6 - V5 - READ

READING PASSAGE 3

New Zealand home textile crafts of the 1930s to 1950s

Objects made by previous generations of women should be valued more highly
Domestic crafts do not build monuments to their makers, nor do they create wealth, and too often
they have not survived. In consequence, the domestic crafts produced by mothers, grandmothers
and great grandmothers New Zealand are often overlooked. But needlework* should be preserved,
for it helps to convey a sense of people's identity and past beliefs in these two remote island in the
Pacific Ocean.
Women of previous generations expected to sew; they had to dress their families in an item when
few people could afford to buy what they were capable of making. For some women this work
may have been unwelcome drudgery, but for others it was an opportunity to explore their identities,
beliefs and dreams with the only means readily at hand-a needle,some thread, and a piece of fabric.
Textiles are frustrating to collect. They are fragile; they stain; they develop rust marks; they fray
and rot. If they are used, they deteriorate; yet if they are merely stored, the owner does not fully
enjoy the pleasure of possession. That is probably why they have not been popular, why they have
not been a popular thing to collect compared, for example, to antique furniture or fine china, which
are more durable investments. It is also true that domestic crafts are seldom signed. We like
signatures because we can more readily assign value-and high prices-if we can identify the marker.
But most women at this time would never have considered signing their work. They were not
expecting it to be seen outside their homes, where the creator's identity was never in doubt. And
they probably did not even expect it to last very long.
It does not help that such work falls into the category of crafts either, rather than fine arts, because
crafts are looked on too often as a poor cousin to true creativity. Worse,they are made in a domestic
context, so do not belong in the consciously elevated tradition of craft objects which compete with
the arts, such as furniture. If things are made to be useful, especially only within the home and by
ordinary housewives, we seem to have agreed they cannot be art. Why not?
It might be argued that the collector of textiles is a little like an archaeologist. Archaeology is a
combination of history and detective work, and it involves treasure that is often beautiful.
Likewise, digging for the past is what textile collectors do in junk shops, and the objects they find
are a way of understanding the past through physical evidence.
The domestic crafts of this period, the 1930-1950, cannot be separated from the women's
magazines that were so popular at the time. The primary purpose of these publications was to allow
women to glimpse how more prosperous people lived, by showing them photographs of the
interiors of their houses. In these days before television, magazines provided realistic and
 Test 6 - V5 - READ

achievable inducements to social betterment. I parallel to this, women were provided with much
more down- to-earth and useful means of improving their homes in the form of printed patterns,
which were readily available from fabric shops at low cost from the 1920s and 1930s onwards.
Mostly, such. patterns were for everyday items that fulfilled some domestic often keep offcuts
from their purpose-aprons, tea cosies, curtains, bed-spreads, chair covers and the like. With the
benefit of hindsight, it is possible to distinguish this regulated tradition of needlework, governed
by printed patterns, from the more individual work that women dreamed up themselves and whose
form and execution were reflections of their own ideal and imagination. Although both schools
have their merits, it is surely the latter tradition that will provide the collector with the greatest
enjoyment. Most intriguing of all is work which suggests serendipity, even a certain element of
chance, the piece having taken on a life of its own, determined perhaps by what resources were
available at the time and the skill levels of the items maker. When it comes to needlework, flaws
can be enjoyable, even failure may bring pleasure, and in this respect needlework can be contrasted
with other art forms, where successful completion is paramount.
Some people collect out of a sense of nostalgia, a desire to evoke a comforting time that seems
gentler than the present. But nostalgia should not always be trusted as it can be a sanitised form of
history that blots out harsh reality. However, if a certain degree of nostalgiacan be felt for the
fabrics of the past, it is because they remind us of the care and attention with which women selected
them. The texture of certain abstract patterned fabrics from the 1950s has the power to transport
us all back to the dress and fabric shops of that time where women agonised over which choices
to make, though they probably loved every minute of it. Old patchwork quite in particular are
evocative, because they represent an unknown family's compressed history: pyjamas ball gowns,
smart summer frocks, school dresses, all thrown together, a jumble of decorative traditions, past
ceremonies and dreams. Women of the past would often keep offcuts their dressmaking and use
them for patchwork, as a means of recording their family's story for others to appreciate
These may sound like nostalgic thoughts, but we should also remember how hard women's lives
were, that family life was not always idyllic, and that having no money was no fun. Such fabrics,
then, should be seen as a wish for ideals and imaginations, Although both something better, a way
of daydreaming about a life that would turn out well in the end.
 Test 6 - V5 - READ

Questions 27-32

27 What does the writer say about domestic crafts in the first paragraph?
A They can be sold for high prices today
B They were used to tell stories in the past
C They are sources of information about society
D They have been well documented by historian

28 What is the writer's main point in the second paragraph?

A Women sewed to make money.
B Women used to have larger families.
C Sewing was enjoyed as a social activity.
D Sewing could be a means of self-expression.

29 According to the writer, domestic crafts are not frequently collected because
A they are difficult to see
B they are easily damaged.
C they provide little enjoyment
D they have no practical use today

30 What point does the writer make about signatures on textiles?

A Many women at that time could not sign their names
B The signatures have faded over time and cannot be seen.
C The style of stitching served as an alternative to a signature
D They were unnecessary since everyone would know the maker

31 What is the writer doing in the fourth paragraph?

A suggesting that needlework is not a true art form
B challenging the usual distinction between 'arts' and crafts
C arguing that functional objects were seldom made in the home
D criticising the attitude of women today towards domestic crafts

32 Why does the writer compare textile collecting to archaeology?

A They both require hard work.
B They involve similar processes.
C They can both be done on a low budget.
D They are both undervalued in society today.
 Test 6 - V5 - READ

Questions 33-36
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-G below.
Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 33-36 on your answer sheet.

Needlework in the first half of the twentieth century

Women's magazines in this period mainly influenced the domestic crafts because of
their aspirational character as they focused on the 33........................... element of society. At the
same time, more 34.........................assistance came in the form of printed patterns. The resulting
aprons, and so on, can be contrasted with work that demonstrates the 35..........................side of
the maker Of the two traditions, work that is less structured in nature is of greater interest to
collectors. Most interestingly, the writer points out that many appreciate work that is
36........................and it is this characteristic that is believed to distinguish needlework from other
arts

A skilful B creative C wealthy

D practical E imperfect F industrious

G detailed

Questions 37-40
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3?
in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet, write

YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer

NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

37 Nostalgia can promote an unreliable image of the past

38 In the 1950s, women chose fabric according to its durability
39 Patchwork quilts are only of interest to the maker s family
40 Needlework was a way for women to escape the reality of their lives
READING PASSAGE 1
Computer games
The early days of the video game business

It's not whether you win or lose, but how you play the game. In the age of computers, that
statement takes on new meanings: video game cannot ever really be defeated because, no matter
how high the score, it is always the human who tires first or makes the fatal error. But millions of
people continue to play, because microelectronic technology has enabled game designers to
conveniently and inexpensively transform plain screens into playfields of extraordinary capability.
At the same time, a multi-billion dollar industry has grown from very humble beginnings in just a
few decades.
The technological roots of video game can be traced back to 1962, when an MIT
(Massachusetts Institute of Technology) graduate student demonstrated Spacewar, a science-
fiction fantasy game played on a mainframe computer and a large screen. That game immediately
attracted a wide cult following among computer buffs. The next important step came in 1968,
when a console was developed that could be used to play game on ordinary televisions. But it was
not until the early 1970s that a young University of Utah engine to the point that adaptation of
Spacewar from a large computer into coin-operated form, for use in video game arcades, was
becoming economically feasible. Bushnell and his associates began working on such a machine in
a converted bedroom workshop, but were unsuccessful. What they ultimately developed instead
was a simple tennis-like game that they named Pong.
Pong took the industry by storm and quickly became the first coin-operated video-game
hit. And soon thereafter commercial Pong - style home video games also appeared. Yet despite
early enthusiasm, consumer interest in this area proved less sustained than had been anticipated
and, as prices started to drop and losses mounted, most of the early manufacturers withdrew from
the field. Profits proved to be just as elusive at Bushnell's company, Atari, where a rapidly growing
market presence in coin-operated machine and home video required greater injections of capital
and more professional management than the company was able to provide. In 1976, the founders
of Atari sold their share of the company for a sum that was only equivalent to their sales in that
year.
At that point, coin-operated video games seemed just another passing fad. But the
introduction of Space Invaders-an arcade model produced by Japanese manufacture Taito-proved
otherwise. With its vibrant graphics, it was so different from the previous black and white games
that Space Invaders immediately captured public interest. There soon followed a rush of popular
video that employed the same or better hardware and even more imaginative software. Of these,
Pac-Man (in 1908) was especially significant, because now females began to take an interest.
By this time, the same software improvement and technological advances (faster
microprocessors and larger memories) that permitted designers to produce spectacular audio and
visual effects for coin-operated machines were also being applied to home video units. It was thus
only a short while before the programmable consoles that had been unpopular for lack of software
suddenly began to sell in large numbers: consumers had discovered that they could finally play a
reasonable version of their favorite arcade games in the comfort of their own home. The impact
on Atari was astounding. Unprofitable for the first three years, Atari had, by the end of 1979,
become a success. By either self-designing or licensing the most popular arcade concepts for
cartridge format for use at home, the company had captured some 80 percent of the worldwide
market for home video games.
All of this, however, was too good to last. By late 1982, the public's fascination with arcade
games had begun to slow down, and fewer potential best-sellers were becoming available for
conversion to cartridges that could be used on an Atari machine. At the same time, the market was
flooded with illegal software of all types. It was thus not until the late 1980s that the unstructured
nature of the industry, at least on the software side, had stabilized and become restructured in a
manner similar, in many respects, to the book publishing business.
Until 1986, when Japan-based Nintendo introduced a more technologically sophisticated
and user-friendly game console, the hardware side was also in disarray. But with tight control of
software development and marketing, Nintendo was able to revive and then capture up to 80
percent of a once-again booming market in which no significant competition appeared until the
early 1990s. By that point, the annual operating profits of Nintendo had already grown to over $1
billion - an amount exceeding the 1991 profits of all the major Hollywood film studios combined.
In 1999, sales of game hardware and software, led by Playstation, were equal in size (around $7
billion) to US domestic box-office revenues.
With constant change, the game industry has moved on to become what it is today.
However, no matter what the technology or the format, the essence of a successful game will
always be the same: it is simple to understand and to play on an elementary level, but it is
compulsive and maddeningly difficult - in fact, forever impossible - to master fully.
Questions 1-6
Complete the notes below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

A history of video games

1960s
● Spacewar was first played on a computer and special screen.

1970s
● Advances in technology led to cheaper 1................................. and the possibility of coin-
operated video games.
● The first successful coin-operated video game was 2.................................
● 3................................. was bought from its original owners.
● Space Invaders was successful because of its colourful 4.................................

1980s
● Pac-Man was the first game to attract 5.................................

1990s
● At first, one company dominated the market.
● By the end of the decade, 6................................. had become the biggest selling home
entertainment product.
Questions 7-13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 7-
13 on your answer sheet. Write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1. Spacewar was unpopular at first.

2. Bushnell and his team failed to create a coin-operated version of Spacewar.
3. From the beginning the home video game market has been commercially successful.
4. Atari was successful for the first time in 1979.
5. Video arcade game usage continued strongly in the 1980s.
6. The time taken to produce a video game can be compared to producing a book.
7. The qualities needed for a video game to become successful have been researched thoroughly.
 READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2
on pages 6 and 7
Art and engineering
A Work of engineering and technology are sometimes viewed as having nothing to do with art and
humanity. Think of the connotation of assembly lines, robots and computers. The positive values
associated with these creations can be overwhelmed by the negative associations of repetitive,
stressful work and threatened jobs. Critics of technology protest against what they see as the
same time, megastructures such as the Brooklyn and Golden Gate Bridges in the US are hailed
as majestic human achievements, as well as great engineering monuments that have come to
embody the spirit of their respective cities. The relationship between art and engineering has
seldom been easy or consistent.

B Arguably, the assembly line process associated with Henry Ford made workers tools of the
system. The human worker may have appeared to be only a cog in the wheel of industry, yet
photographers such as Lewis Hine revealed the beauty of line and composition in his study of a
worker using a wrench to turn a bolt. Hine focused on the individuals engaged in the work. In
the period around World War I, he visited New York and was given the opportunity to record the
construction of the famous Empire State Building, the tallest building of its time. This resulted
in a series of striking photographs which have become familiar images of daring. Hine put his
own life at risk to photograph workers suspended on cables hundreds of feet in the air, or sitting
on a high girder eating lunch.

C When Ford's enormous River Rouge plant opened in 1927, the painter/photographer Charles
Sheeler was chosen to photograph it. The world's largest car plant captured the imagination of
Sheeler, who described it as the most thrilling subject he had ever had to work with..

D Long before Hine and Sheeler, other photographers and painters had seen the art and humanity
in works of engineering and technology. This is perhaps nowhere more evident than in the
Coalbrookdale Museum of Iron, at Ironbridge in Shropshire in the UK. In the late 18th century,
Abraham Darby cast the large iron ribs that formed the world's first iron bridge, a dramatic
departure from the classic stone and timber bridges that dotted the countryside and had been
captured in numerous landscape paintings. This structure still spans the River Severn, and the
Coalbrookdale Museum is crowded with its portraits, showing the iron structure not as a blight
on the landscape, but as its focal point. This is how Michael Rooker shows the iron bridge in his
late 18th-century painting, in which the surrounding area radiates out from the bridge and pales
behind it. Countless other contemporary representations of the bridge hang in the nearby
 museum.

E In the 19th century, the railways were another feat of engineering which captured the imagination
of painters, and the steam engine in the distance of a landscape became as much a part of it as
the herd of cows in the foreground. The Impressionist Claude Monet painted railway stations -
such as the Gare St-Lazare in Paris - as well as flowers and gardens. By the 20th century,
engineering. technology and industry were very well established as subjects for artists.

F American-born artist Joseph Pennell portrayed buildings under construction and shrouded in
scaffolding, and recorded scenes of industry during World War I. He is perhaps best known for
his prints of the Panama Canal as it neared completion and of the partially completed Hell Gate
and Delaware River Bridges. Pennell has often been quoted as saying, "Great engineering is great
art', a sentiment that he expressed repeatedly. He wrote of his contemporaries: I understand
nothing of engineering, but I know that engineers are the greatest architects and the most pictorial
builders since the (ancient) Greeks. Pennell called the sensation that he felt when he looked at a
great construction project "the Wonder of Work". He saw engineering as a process memorialized
in every completed dam, skyscraper, bridge or other great engineering feat.

G Today, one of the most innovative and influential engineers is Santiago Calatrava, who also
trained as an architect. His bridges and other structures provide public spaces on a human scale,
and stand as pieces of sculpture in their own right. Increasingly, commissioners of bridges in the
US are looking to such individuals, to teams of engineers and architects who work with artists.
The growing awareness of the intangible added value of art is sure to give us more masterpieces
like the Brooklyn Bridge. They in turn will continue to be noble monuments to civilization, and
will be welcome subjects for artists of all kinds.
Questions 14-19
Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any fetter more than once.
14 a time when a transport system became an inspiration for artists
15 a reference to the current trend of including artists in engineering projects
16 reasons for the idea that art and engineering are difficult to combine
17 how the depiction of human labour involved danger to an artist
18 a reference to an artist who celebrated a number of unfinished structures
19 a reference to two large engineering works that are symbols of their locations

Questions 20-22
Look at the following statements (Questions 20-22) and the list of people below. Match each
statement with the correct person, A-G
Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 20-22 on your answer sheet.
20 His engineering constructions are also regarded as works of art.
21 He created images of builders constructing an iconic American skyscraper.
22 He painted a building connected with a significant innovation in transport.

List of People
A Lewis Hine
B Charles Sheeler
C Abraham Darby
D Michael Rooker
E Claude Monet
F Joseph Pennell
G Santiago Calatrava
Questions 23-26
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your
answers in boxes 23-28 on your answer sheet.
The iron bridge
Before the late 18th century. bridges were traditionally constructed of wood and 23.........................
Then the engineer 24......................... manufactured the elements of an innovative bridge across
the 25.............................. This iron bridge was the subject of a number of artworks, including a
notable one by 26......................... While some may have viewed it as ugly. artists regarded the
bridge as a central feature of the landscape.
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based Reading Passage 3 on
pages 10 and 11
Charles Darwin, the brilliant anthropologist and creator of the theory of evolution, is not normally
associated with the modern business world. Nevertheless, Darwinian evolutionary theory is the
foundation of a new wave of ideas about human behavior in general and particularly the way
people behave in the workplace; these ideas have given the title of evolutionary psychology'
Evolutionary psychology revolves around the notion that our brains, like our bodies, have an
inherited evolutionary design that has scarcely changed for 10,000 years, As respected
evolutionary psychology experts Leda Cosmides and John Tooby comment, our modern skulls
house a Stone Age mind. The US biologist Edward O Wilson sees evolutionary psychology as
being a discipline which is based on both socio-biology, which is the study of the biological basis
of social behavior, and psychology, which is the systematic study of human behavior.
Nigel Nicholson, an organisational psychologist from the London Business School, is a strong
supporter of evolutionary psychology and on this subject has published Managing the Human.
Animal. His book takes the reader on a journey from the Stone Age plains of the savannah to the
modern office, and includes a discussion of Darwinism and behavioural psychology together with
a dissection of dysfunctional organisational behavior. It is an effective approach explaining why
people behave as they do, particularly at work. Evolutionary psychology is increasingly being cited
in management circles, where managers are trying to understand puzzling aspects of human
behaviour and by doing so improve the workplace. Nicholson believes that evolutionary
psychology can help managers understand what goes wrong in organisational life and what they
can do about it.
Nicholson maintains that evolutionary psychology dismisses the long-held assumption that our
minds are like blank pages just waiting for culture and experience to write on them and shape our
nature. He points out that sophisticated research shows the brain actually houses a store of
knowledge when we are born, and now genetic research is establishing there are certain genes that
account for abilities, tastes and tendencies. The stored knowledge in the human brain has not
changed much since the Stone Age. As Tooby and Cosmides stress, there have not been enough
generations for a brain that is well adapted to our post-industrial life to evolve through natural
selection.
The evolutionary psychology version of human nature revolves around some key elements which
we have inherited from our hunter-gatherer minds. One key element is emotion. Emotion was
originally essential to keep early man alive and safe from predators. Emotion was, and continues
to be our radar, guiding us throughout today's techno-defined business world. Despite this, the
business world emphasises rational not emotional behaviour, and does not admit the importance
of emotion. We still use the emotional part of our minds to make sense of other people's behaviour
and to create an impression, so we can often be taken in by appearances. This mental predisposition
actually works best in small communities (the tribe), not in much larger environments filled with
people we barely know (the modern workplace). Our minds naturally try to re-create our ancestral
communities with networks of no more than 150 people, where there are clear hierarchies and
leaders. As a consequence, it takes very little to trigger people's innate distrust of others because
our safety in antiquity depended on supporting our near family and friends whom we valued more
than other people.
So what advice does Nicholson have for the corporate world? He thinks that by knowing the
reasons for people's behaviour it is possible to mould corporate environments into places that have
more chance of working efficiently and being pleasant places to work in. Nicholson admits that
not everybody in the business word agrees with his belief in the effectiveness of evolutionary
psychology in the workplace. One group that resists the theory of evolutionary psychology is
young MBA graduates who are just beginning their careers and feel that evolutionary psychology
will make their lives at work more difficult. Older and wiser executives point out that they still
tend to cling to the idea of a magic formula to bring people into line with corporate strategy. But
that is back-to-front thinking according to Nicholson, who contends that we should be reinventing
our business structures, not our fundamental human nature.
At the end of his book, Nicholson gives his forecast of what will and will not change in the business
world. He believes that most people will still prefer more traditional forms of work and throughout
their lives will continue to aim at lifelong status advancement. He also maintains that the line
between work and home will be less defined, but that people will prefer traditional working
patterns if working from home leaves them isolated from their work community. He doubts that
the high- tech ideas of virtual companies will ever be very successful because people will still want
to meet each other face-to-face. Nicholson describes his ideal organisation in the future: it would
be decentralized, with small sub-units: the staff would be from diverse backgrounds and be allowed
a high degree of self-determination. New endeavours and creativity would replace systems and
rationality. Nicholson. acknowledges that there is a long way to go in terms of the translation of
his ideas of evolutionary psychology into practical propositions, but he is confident more and more
people will come round to his way of thinking.
 Questions 27-31
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D; write the correct letter boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.
27 The writer's purpose in the first paragraph is to
A oppose the views of Charles Darwin.
B compare experts'opinions of Darwin's theory.
C explain the theory of evolutionary psychology.
D name experts in the field of evolutionary psychology.
28 In the third paragraph which view about evolutionary psychology matches Nicholson's
opinion?
A Our characters determine our career choices.
B We begin life without any preconceived notions.
C Our interests and skills depend on our environment.
D We inherit ideas and characteristics from our ancestors.
29 The writer discusses the key element of emotion in order to
A criticise primitive survival strategies.
B explain attitudes and actions at work.
C demonstrate the slowness of evolution.
D suggest companies today are poorly structured.
30 Which of the following does Nicholson predict will happen in the business world?
A Companies will remain in city centres.
B Promotion will no longer motivate people.
C Employees will be less independent than now.
D Social interaction will remain important to workers.
31 Which of the following is the most suitable title for Reading Passage 3?
A How successful companies manage change.
B Understanding the origins of workplace behavior.
C Darwin's theories rejected by modern management.
D Why post-industrial organisations need to evolve more quickly.
Questions 32-35
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3? In boxes
32-36 on your answer sheet, write

YES if the statement agrees with the information

NO if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

32 Nicholson makes a persuasive argument in his book.

32 Tooby and Cosmides believe natural selection through the generations has prepared.
33 Our reliance on technology causes emotional problems in the workplace.
34 People today are more trusting than they used to be.

Questions 36-40
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-I below.
Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet.
Nicholson's advice to the corporate world
Nicholson believes that if we know why people act the way they do, we can change
36 ........................so employees will work more efficiently. Nicholson's ideas are unwelcome to
37..........................but some executives are more open to what evolutionary psychology says.
However, these executives still believe that there is a 38............................ that will make
employees act according to the company's practices. According to Nicholson, these senior
executives are engaging in 39........................ we should not try to change 40........................ but
instead we should change our business structures.

A business leaders B MBA graduates C promotion structures

D reward strategy E magic formula F strategic planning

G back-to-front thinking H business environments I human nature

 TEST 8 - V5 - READ

READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on
pages 2 and 3.
The Origin of Paper
The word paper derives from the Greek term for the ancient Egyptian writing material called
papyrus. In about 2400 BC, the Egyptians discovered how to make a writing surface out of
papyrus, a type of reed that grows along waterways in southern Europe and North Africa. The
Egyptians cut the plant into strips which they softened in water. Papyrus was cross-woven into a
mat and then pounded into a hard thin sheet.
As the papyrus plant requires subtropical conditions to grow, papyrus was not much used in Europe
at that time; instead, the main material used for writing was parchment. This was made from animal
skin and was extremely expensive. In fact, it has been estimated that a single book written on
parchment required the skins of 300 sheep. The skins had to be specifically prepared by drying
them and they were then stretched on a special frame. It is not known when parchment was first
introduced, but it was the main writing material in Europe for hundreds of years.
Paper, which is made from pulp, rags, and fibers of plants, seems to have been invented in China
and is considered to be one of the Four Great Inventions of Ancient China. In 105 AD, under the
Han Dynasty emperor Ho-Ti, a government official in China named Ts'ai Lun was the first to start
a papermaking industry. Ts'ai Lun seems to have made his paper by mixing finely chopped
mulberry bark and hemp rags with water, mashing the mixture flat with a stone mortar, and then
pressing out the water and letting it dry in the sun. He may have based his idea on bark cloth,
which was very common in China and also made from mulberry.

Previously, during the Shang (1600-1050 BC) and Zhou (1050-256 BC dynasties of Ancient
China, documents were ordinarily written on bone or bamboo (on tablets or on bamboo strips sewn
and rolled together into scrolls), making them very heavy and awkward to transport. The light
material of silk was sometimes used, but was normally too expensive to consider. When it was
first invented, paper was used for purposes of wrapping or padding protection for delicate bronze
mirrors. Although paper used for writing became popular by the 3rd century AD, it continued to
be used for wrapping and other purposes.
During the Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD) paper was folded and sewn into square bags to preserve
the flavor of tea. During the same period, according to a written account, tea was served from
baskets with multi-colored paper cups and paper napkins of different sizes and shapes. During the
Chinese Song Dynasty (960-1279 AD) not only did the government produce the world's first
known printed paper money, or banknote, but paper money bestowed as gifts was wrapped in
special paper envelopes.
 TEST 8 - V5 - READ

Paper spread slowly outside of China; other Asian cultures, even after seeing paper, could not
make it themselves. Instruction in the manufacturing process was required, and the Chinese were
reluctant to share their secrets. It made its true push westward in 751 AD when the Tang Dynasty
was at war with the Islamic world. During a battle on the banks of the Tarus river, a Chinese
caravan was captured which happened to include several papermakers. They were taken away to
Samarkand, which was a good place to make paper because it had an abundant supply of hemp
and flax.
Samarkanders changed the technology of manufacturing paper. They began to prepare it in stone
mills and Samarkand became an important papermaking center.
The rudimentary and laborious process of papermaking was refined and bulk manufacturing of
paper began in Iran, where they invented a method to make a thicker sheet of paper, which helped
transform papermaking from an art into an important business.

Gradually papermakers made their way further west through the Arab world - to Baghdad,
Damascus and Cairo. Finally, when the Moors from North Africa invaded Spain and Portugal they
brought the technology with them and so it was that papermaking entered Europe in the 12th
century.

In Europe, the preferred medium for the artists and literati of the time was still the smooth and
lustrous parchment. The notion of paper being used as a practical everyday item did not occur until
the 15th century when Johannes Gutenberg perfected movable type printing, which included the
use of metal molds and alloys, a special press, and oil-based inks, allowing the mass production of
printed books. The birth of the modern paper and printing industry is commonly marked from this
date.

Printing technology rapidly developed and created an ever-increasing demand for paper. The early
European papers were made from recycled cotton and linen - and a huge trade quickly developed
around the trading of old rags. It is said that the disease known as 'the Black Death' entered England
from Europe on these old rags. Yet soon this source became insufficient and some curious attempts
were made to find new materials. Experiments with fibers such as straw, cabbage, wasp nests and
finally wood, resulted in inexpensive - and replaceable - materials for papermaking. Today, the
long soft fibers of softwoods such as spruce have become the most suitable source of pulp for the
mass production of paper.
 TEST 8 - V5 - READ

Questions 1-7
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1 In Ancient China, writing was occasionally done on silk.

2 Coloured paper was invented during the Tang Dynasty.
3 Papermakers from Samarkand were captured by the Chinese.
4 Papermaking as a large-scale industry originated in Iran.
5 Papermaking skills were brought to Europe via North Africa.
6 When Gutenberg invented movable type, paper materials were very expensive.
7 The end of the trade in rags was brought about by the difficulty of transporting them.
 TEST 8 - V5 - READ

Questions 8-13
Complete the table below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 8-
13 on your answer sheet.

The development of paper

Place Date of introduction Materials used Method of production

Egypt about 2400 BC a plant called papyrus 8………… of the plant were softened
in water, woven and pounded

Europe unknown parchment made from the skin skin was dried and 10…………
of animals such as 9…………

China 105 AD 11......................... of a mulberry ingredients were mixed with water,

tree and hemp rags pressed and put outside in the sun

12………… 751 AD flax and hemp mills made of 13………… were used
 TEST 8 - V5 - READ

READING PASSAGE 2
A new look for Talbot Park
Talbot Park, a housing project in Auckland, New Zealand, was once described as a ghetto,
troubled by high rates of crime and vandalism. However, it has just been rebuilt at a cost of
$48m and the project reflects some new thinking about urban design
A The new Talbot Park is immediately eye-catching because the buildings look quite different to
other state housing* projects in Auckland. 'There is no reason why state housing should look cheap
in my view,' says architect Neil Cotton, one of the design team. 'In fact, I was anticipating a
backlash by those who objected to the quality of what is provided with government money.' The
tidy brick and wood apartments and townhouses would not look out of place in some of the city's
most affluent suburbs and this is a central theme of the Talbot Park philosophy.
B Talbot Park is a triangle of government-owned land, which in the early 1960s was developed for
state housing built around a linear garden that ran through the middle. Initially, there was a strong
sense of neighbourliness. Former residents recall how the garden played a big part in their
childhoods - a place where kids came together to play softball, cricket and bullrush. 'We had
respect for our neighbours and addressed them by title - Mr and Mrs so-and-so,' recalls Georgie
Thompson, who grew up there in the 1960s.
C Exactly what went wrong with Talbot Park is unclear. The community began to change in the late
1970s as more immigrants moved in. The new arrivals didn't always integrate with the community
and a 'them and us' mentality developed. In the process, standards dropped and the neighbourhood
began to look shabbier. The buildings themselves were also deteriorating and becoming run down,
petty crime was on the rise and the garden was considered unsafe. In 2002, Housing New Zealand
decided the properties needed upgrading. The question was, how to avoid repeating the mistakes
of the past?
D One controversial aspect of the upgrade is that the new development has actually made the density
of housing in Talbot Park greater, putting 52 more homes on the same site. Doing this required a
fresh approach that can be summed up as 'mix and match'. The first priority was to mix up the
housing by employing a variety of plans by different architects: some of the accommodation is
free-standing houses, some semi-detached, some low level, multi-apartment blocks. By doing this,
the development avoids the uniform appearance of so many state housing projects, which residents
complain denies them any sense of individual identity. The next goal was to prevent overspending
by using efficient designs to maximise the sense of space from minimum room sizes. There was
also a no-frills, industrial approach to kitchens, bathrooms and flooring, to optimise durability and
ensure the project did not go over budget. Architecturally, the buildings are relatively conservative:
fairly plain houses standing in a small garden. There's a slight reflection of the traditional Pacific
beach house (a fale) but it's not overplayed. 'It seems to us that low-cost housing is about getting
 TEST 8 - V5 - READ

as much amenity as you can for the money,' says architect Michael Thompson. Another key aspect
of the 'mix and match' approach is openness: one that not only lets residents see what is going on
but also lets them know they are seen. The plan ensures there are no cul-de-sacs or properties
hidden from view, that the gardens are not enclosed by trees and that most boundary fences are
see-through - a community contained but without walls.
E The population today is cosmopolitan: 50% Pacific Islanders, 20% Maori, 15% Asian, 10% New
Zealand European and the rest composed of immigrants from Russia, Ukraine and Iran. 'It was
important that the buildings were sufficiently flexible to cater for the needs of people from a wide
variety of cultural backgrounds,' explains designer James Lundy.
F Despite the quality of the buildings, however, there should be no doubt that Talbot Park and its
surrounding suburb of Tamaki are low socio-economic areas. Of the 5,000 houses there, 55% are
state houses, 28% privately owned (compared to about 65% nationally) and 17% private rental.
The area has a high density of households with incomes in the $5,000 to $15,000 range and very
few with an income over $70,000. That's in sharp contrast to the more affluent suburbs in
Auckland.
G Another important part of the new development is what Housing New Zealand calls 'intensive
tenancy management'. Opponents of the project call it social control. 'The focus is on frequent
inspections and setting clear guidelines and boundaries regarding the sort of behaviour we expect
from tenants,' says Graham Bodman, Housing New Zealand's regional manager. The result is a
code of sometimes strict rules: no loud parties after 10pm; no washing hung over balcony rails and
a requirement to mow lawns and keep the property tidy. The Tenancy Manager walks the site
every day, knows everyone by name and deals with problems quickly. 'It's all based on the
intensification,' says project manager Stuart Bracey. 'We acknowledge that if you are going to ask
people to live in these quite tightly-packed communities, you have to actually help them to get to
know each other by organising morning teas and street barbecues.' So far it seems to be working
and many involved in the project believe Talbot Park represents the way forward for state housing.

*
state housing: government subsidised accommodation for people who cannot pay market rents
 TEST 8 - V5 - READ

Questions 14 - 20
Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G.
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet.

List of Headings
i Some of the problems that developed at Talbot Park
ii Where the residents lived while the work was being completed
iii The ethnic makeup of the new Talbot Park
iv The unexpectedly high standard of the housing
v Financial hardship in Talbot Park and a neighbouring community
vi The experiences of one family living at Talbot Park today
vii How to co-ordinate and assist the people who live at Talbot Park
viii Raising the money to pay for the makeover
ix A close community in the original Talbot Park development
x Details of the style of buildings used in the makeover

14 Paragraph A
15 Paragraph B
16 Paragraph C
17 Paragraph D
18 Paragraph E
19 Paragraph F
20 Paragraph G
 TEST 8 - V5 - READ

Questions 21-23
Look at the following people (Questions 21-23) and the list of ideas below.
Match each person with the correct idea, A-F.
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 21-23 on your answer sheet.

21 James Lundy
22 Graham Bodman
23 Stuart Bracey

List of Ideas
A Good tenant management involves supervision and regulation.
B State housing must be built at minimum expense to the public.
C Organising social events helps tenants to live close together.
D Mixed-race communities require adaptable and responsive designs.
E Complaints were expected about the high standard of the development.
F Too many rules and regulations will cause resentment from tenants.

Questions 24 - 26
Complete the summary below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet.

The 'mix and match' strategy

One aspect of the Talbot Park project that some critics are concerned about is that the higher
24........................... of accommodation would lead to the old social problems returning. To prevent
this, a team of various 25........................ worked on the project to ensure the buildings were not
uniform. Further, they created pleasant, functional interiors that could still be built within their
26............................ Finally, the absence of walls means Talbot Park is characterised by openness,
making it easier to regulate behaviour within the community
 TEST 8 - V5 - READ

READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3
on pages 10 and 11.
The Analysis of Fear
Researchers are investigating the processes in the brain that give rise to fear in animals. The
results may lead to new ways to treat human anxiety

Over the years, the majority of people acquire a range of skills for coping with frightening situations.
They will attempt to placate a vexed teacher or boss and will shout and run when chased by a hostile
stranger. But some individuals become overwhelmed in circumstances others would consider only
minimally stressful: fear of ridicule might cause them to shake uncontrollably when called on to speak
in a group, or terror of strangers might lead them to hide at home, unable to work or shop for groceries.
Why do certain people fall prey to excessive fear?

Ned H. Kalin and Steven E. Shelton at the University of Wisconsin-Madison are addressing this
problem by identifying specific brain processes that regulate fear and its associated behaviors. Despite
the availability of non-invasive computer imaging techniques, such information is still extremely
difficult to obtain in humans. Hence, they have turned their attention to another primate, the rhesus
monkey. These animals undergo many of the same physiological and psychological developmental
stages that humans do, but in a more compressed time span. As we gain more insight into the nature
and operation of neural circuits that modulate fear in monkeys, it should be possible to pinpoint the
brain processes that cause inordinate anxiety in people, and to devise new therapies to counteract it.
Effective interventions would be particularly valuable if they were applied at an early age, as growing
evidence suggests overly fearful youngsters are at high risk of later emotional distress.

When they began their studies two decades ago, Kalin and Shelton knew that they would first have
to find cues that elicit fear and identify behaviors that reflect different types of anxiety. With such
information in hand, they could then proceed to determine the age at which monkeys begin to match
defensive behaviors selectively to specific cues. Finally, by determining the parts of the brain that
reach maturity during the same time span, they could gain clues to the regions that underlie the
regulation of fear and fear-related behavior.

The experiments were carried out at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Kalin and Shelton
discerned varied behaviors by exposing monkeys between six and 12 months old to three related
situations. In the alone condition, an animal was separated from its mother and left by itself in a cage
for ten minutes. In the no-eye-contact condition, a person stood motionless outside the cage and
avoided looking at the solitary infant. In the stare condition, a person was again present and
motionless but, assuming a neutral expression, peered directly at the animal. These positions are no
more frightening than those that primates encounter frequently in the wild, or those that human infants
 TEST 8 - V5 - READ

encounter every time they are left at a day-care center.

In the alone condition, most monkeys became very active and emitted frequent gentle 'coo' calls made
with pursed lips. More than 40 years ago it was deduced that when an infant monkey is separated
from its mother, it yearns to regain the closeness and security provided by nearness to the parent.
These responses help to draw the mother's attention. In contrast, in the more frightening no-eye-
contact situation, the monkeys reduced their activity greatly and sometimes froze for extended periods
of time. When an infant spots a potential predator, its goal shifts from attracting the mother to
becoming inconspicuous. Inhibiting motion and freezing are common attempts to achieve this in
many species. If the infant perceives that it has been detected, its aim shifts to warding off an attack.
So the stare condition evoked a third set of responses. The monkeys made several hostile gestures:
barking (forcing air from the abdomen through the vocal cords to emit a harsh, growl-like sound) and
staring back. Sometimes the animals mixed the threatening displays with submissive ones, such as
fear grimaces, which look something like wary grins, or grinding of teeth.
Having identified three categories of defensive behaviors, Kalin and Shelton set about determining
when infant monkeys first begin to apply them effectively. Several lines of work had led them to
surmise that the ability to make such choices emerges when an infant is around two months old. To
establish the critical period of development, they examined four groups of infant monkeys ranging in
age up to 12 weeks old. The babies were separated from their mothers, left to acclimatize to a cage,
and then exposed to the alone, no-eye-contact and stare conditions. All sessions were videotaped for
analysis. They found that the infants in the youngest group (no more than two weeks old) engaged in
defensive behaviors. But they lacked some motor control and seemed to act randomly, as if they had
not noticed the human beings that were present. Babies in the two intermediate-age groups had good
motor control, but their actions seemed unrelated to the test condition. Only animals in the oldest
group (nine- to 12-week olds) conducted themselves differently in each situation, and their reactions
were both appropriate and identical to those of mature monkeys. This finding meant motor control
was not the prime determinant of selective responding and that nine to 12 weeks is the critical age for
the appearance of a monkey's ability to adaptively modulate its defensive activity to meet changing
demands.
 TEST 8 - V5 - READ

Questions 27 - 30
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D

27 In the first paragraph, the writer points out that

A fear and stress are different feelings
B most humans develop strategies for dealing with fear.
C business situations cause more fear than others.
D some people never experience fear.

28 When discussing the use of rhesus monkeys as experimental subjects, the writer notes that
A they react more quickly to fear than humans.
B they are more influenced by fear than humans.
C their mental growth resembles that of humans.
D their brains work more slowly than those of humans.

29 Which of the following did Kalin and Shelton outline as the second stage in their research
project?
A the identification of expressions of anxiety in monkeys
B the identification of situations that arouse stress in monkeys
C an analysis of brain development in monkeys
D the study of reactions to fear in monkeys of different ages

30 In the fourth paragraph, the writer notes that the three related situations
A reflect common experiences for infant humans and monkeys.
B highlight the similarities between monkey and human infant care.
C were predicted to cause monkeys more distress than human infants.
D were graded in terms of their potential effect on young monkeys.
 TEST 8 - V5 - READ

Questions 31-35
Look at the following responses of monkeys (Questions 31-35) and the list of conditions below.
Match each response with the correct condition, A, B or C.
Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 31-35 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
31 aggressive facial expressions
32 prolonged stillness
33 a combination of contradictory signals
34 appeals for maternal protection
35 the production of soft sounds

List of Conditions
A the alone condition
B the no-eye-contact condition
C the stare condition

Questions 36-40
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each
answer.
Write your answers in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet.

Once they had identified three types of defensive behaviour, Kalin and Shelton grouped the
monkeys according to their 36............................, in order to discover precisely when they were
able to respond appropriately to different fear-related cues. They videotaped their results and found
that monkeys as young as 37................................... reacted to the cues but in a haphazard fashion.
The researchers noted that they seemed to be unaware of the 38........................... who were around
them. Despite demonstrating 39........................ the monkeys in the middle groups failed to react
in ways corresponding to the experimental situation. The oldest group, however, reacted in the
same way as 40.............................and the researchers concluded that monkeys are capable of
selective responding between nine and 12 weeks old.
READING PASSAGE 1

The Blockbuster Phenomenon: a new museum trend

Museums in Australia, like other pleasure-giving public organizations, are adapting their activities
so that they more closely reflect the marketplace.

Since the 1980s, the term 'blockbuster' has become the fashionable word for spectacular, high-profile
museum exhibitions that have the ability to attract large crowds. A blockbuster is a "large-scale loan
exhibition that people who normally don't go to museums will stand in line for hours to see" (Elsen
1984). Once the museum that created the exhibition has shown it to their local market, it can be
offered to other organizations for a fee. This means that you can boost your own door-takings and
make money from boosting someone else's door-takings.

While partaking in the excitement of the blockbuster, visitors thus lured are likely to stay longer at
the museum. Betty Churcher, the Director of the Australian National Gallery, summed up the new
blockbuster creed as follows: The bonus of the blockbuster exhibitions is that people come to see the
blockbuster and they stay to look at the permanent collection, so you are getting broader exposure for
your collection.

Museums across the UK, USA, Canada and Australia currently operate under a system of plural
funding: revenue raised through contributions by federal, state and/or local governments, combined
with revenue raised through admission charges and other activities. Maintaining and increasing
visitor levels is thus paramount and involves not only creating or hiring blockbuster exhibitions, but
also providing regular exhibition changes and innovations. In addition, the visiting public has become
known as customers rather than visitors, and the skills that are valued in museums to keep the new
customers coming through the door have changed. Curators are now administrators and being a
museum director no longer requires an Arts degree, but public relations skills are essential if the
museum is going to compete with other museums to stage traveling exhibitions, which draw huge
crowds.

The convergence of museums, the heritage industry, tourism, profit-making and pleasure-giving has
resulted in the new 'museology'. This has given rise to much debate about whether it is appropriate to
see museums primarily as tourist attractions. In literature from both UK and USA, the words that are
starting to appear in some descriptions of blockbusters are "less scholarly", "non-elitist" and
"popularist", while others extol the virtues encouraging scholars to cooperate on projects and to
provide exhibitions that cater for a broad selection of community rather than an elite sector. Whatever
commentators may think, managers of museums worldwide are looking for artful ways to blend
culture and commerce, and blockbuster exhibitions are at the top of the list.

But do blockbusters held in public institutions really create a surplus to fund other activities? If the
bottom line is profit, then according to the records of many major museums, blockbusters do make
money. For museums in some countries, it may be the money that they require to replace parts of
their collections or to fix buildings that are in need of attention. For some museums in Australia, it
may be the opportunity to illustrate that they are attempting to pay their way by recovering part of
their operating costs. Also, creating or hiring a blockbuster has many positive spin-offs: blockbusters
mean crowds, and crowds are good for the local economy, provide increased trade for shops, hotels,
restaurants, the transport industry and retailers. The arrangement that the arts provide sustained
economic benefits has been well illustrated in impact studies in the USA and UK.

However, blockbusters require large capital expenditure, and draw on resources across all branches
of an organization, and the costs don't end there. There is a Human Resource Management cost in
addition to a measurable "real" dollar cost. Receiving a touring exhibition draws resources from
across functional management structures in project management styles. Everyone, from general
labourers to building services, front-of-house, technical, promotional, educational and administrative
staff, is required to perform. additional tasks. Furthermore, as an increasing number of institutions try
their hand at increasing visitor numbers and memberships (and therefore revenue) by staging
blockbuster exhibitions, it may be less likely that blockbusters will continue to provide a surplus to
subsidize other activities due to the competitive nature of the market.

It has been illustrated in both the UK and USA that the blockbuster ideology has resulted in the false
expectation that the momentum required to stage blockbusters can be maintained continually.
Creating, mounting or hiring blockbusters is exhausting, with the real costs throughout an institution
difficult to calculate. Secondly, as some analysts have argued, the "shop keeping" mentality and cost-
benefit analysis and a pure concentration on the bottom line, can squeeze substance out of an
exhibition. Taking out substance can be a recipe for blockbuster failure and therefore financial failure.

Perhaps the best pathway to take is one that balances both blockbusters and regular exhibitions.
However, this easy middle ground may only work if you have enough space, and have alternate
sources of funding to continue to support the regular, less exciting fare. Perhaps the advice should be
to make sure that you find out what your local community wants from you and make sure that your
regular activities and exhibitions are more enjoyable.
Questions 1-4
Reading Passage 1 has eight paragraphs A-H
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-H, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

1 the reason why museum directors need to constantly alter and update their exhibits
2 mention of the length of time people will queue up to see a blockbuster
3 terms that people have used when referring to blockbusters
4 the various ways that institutions like museums get financial support

Questions 5-8
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 5-8 an your answer sheet.

5 These days, museum visitors tend to be referred to as ..............................

6 Museum curators now need .............................. rather than academic qualifications.
7 The linking of a range of public institutions that entertain the public is known as
..............................
8 There is discussion about whether museums can be regarded in the same way as other
..............................

Questions 9 and 10
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Write the correct letters in boxes 9 and 10 on your answer sheet.

Which TWO of the following are mentioned by the writer as advantages of blockbusters?

A Some of the money they raise can be used for structural repairs.
B They can provide funds to help support amateur artists.
C Local services benefit from the extra business they bring about.
D They encourage overseas workers into the local area.
E They raise employee performance levels.
Question 11-13
Chooses THREE letters, A-G.
Write the correct letters in boxes 1-13 on your answer sheet.

Which THREE of the following are mentioned by the writer as disadvantages of blockbusters?

A They do not suit museum management styles.

B Specialist business advice has to be paid for.
C They involve an increased workload for personnel.
D They do not increase overall annual visitor numbers.
E They are very tiring to put on.
F What is popular in one country may not be popular in another.
G The content can be weakened through financial pressure.
READING PASSAGE 2
Saving the Bittern
A
The bittern, a British waterbird, does not have a good record as far as survival is concerned. By 1886,
habitat destruction and other pressures had pushed it close to extinction. Fortunately, it recovered a
few decades later, and in 1950 the number of natural male bitterns rose to a peak of about 70. By the
1980s, however, it was clear that the bird was in trouble again. The bittern needs extensive wet
reedbeds to survive, and long periods of drainage, pollution and lack of management had destroyed
most of its habitat. By 1997, it again faced imminent extinction. To prevent this, the British
government set up a plan for the bittern, aiming to establish a population of 50 males by 2010.
However, this target was reached six years early, a rate of recovery faster than anyone had dared hope
for. We at the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) now claim the bittern as one of
Britain's greatest wildlife success stories, since figures reveal that the number of these rare birds has
increased fivefold in just seven years.
B
Bitterns have feathers that help them to conceal themselves and a shy nature: they usually remain
hidden within the cover of reedbed vegetation. Our first challenge was to develop standard methods
to monitor their numbers. The booming call of the male bittern is its most distinctive feature during
the breeding season, and we developed a method to count them using the sound patterns unique to
each individual. This not only allowed us to be much more certain of the number of booming males
in the UK, but also enabled us to estimate the local survival of males from one year to the next.
C
Our first direct understanding of what breeding bitterns require in their ideal habitat came from
comparisons of reedbed sits that had lost their male birds with those that retained them. This research
showed that bitterns had been retained in reedbeds where the natural process of drying out had been
slowed through management. Based on this work, broad recommendations on how to manage and
rehabilitate reedbeds for bitterns were made, and funding was provided through a European Union
(EU) wildlife fund to manage 13 sites within the core breeding range.
D
To refine these recommendations and provide fine-scale, quantitative habitat prescriptions on the
bitterns' preferred feeding habitat, we started radio-tracking male bitterns on the RSPB's Minsmere
and Leighton Moss reserves. This showed clear preferences for feeding in the wetter reedbed areas,
particularly within reedbeds next to larger open pools. The average home range sizes of the male
bitterns we followed (about 20 hectares) provided a good indication of the area of reedbed necessary
when managing or creating habitat for this species. Female bitterns undertake all the incubation and
care of the young, so it was important to understand their requirements as well. Over the course of
our research, we located 87 bittern nests and found that female bitterns preferred to nest in areas of
continuous vegetation, well into the reedbed, but still present during the driest part of the breeding
season.
E
The success of the habitat prescriptions developed from this research has been spectacular. For
instance, at Minsmere, male bittern numbers gradually increased from one to ten following reedbed
lowering, a management technique designed to halt the drying-out process. After a low point of 11
mature males in 1997, bittern numbers in Britain responded to all the habitat management work and
started to increase for the first time since 1950.
F
The final phase of research involved understanding the diet, survival and dispersal of bittern chicks.
To do this we fitted small radio tags to young bittern chicks in the nest, to determine their fate through
fledging, when they begin to fly, and beyond. Many chicks did not survive to this stage, and starvation
was found to be the most likely reason for their demise. The fish prey fed to chicks was mainly those
species penetrating into the reed edge. So, an important element of recent studies has been
development of recommendations on habitat and water conditions to promote native fish populations.
Once independent, radio-tagged young bitterns were found to seek out new sites during their first
winter, a proportion of these would remain on new sites to breed if the conditions were suitable. A
second EU-funded project aims to provide these suitable sites in new areas. A network of 19 sites
developed through this partnership project will secure a more sustainable UK bittern population with
successful breeding outside of the core area, making it less vulnerable to chance events and sea level
rise.
G
By 2004, the number of booming male bitterns in the UK had increased to 55. Almost all of the
increase occurred on those sites undertaking management based on advice derived from our research.
In addition to rescuing the bittern, the work has helped a range of other spectacular wetland species
such as otters. Although science has been at the core of the bittern story, success has only been
achieved through the trust, hard work and dedication of all the managers, owners and wardens of sites
that have implemented, in some cases very drastic, management to secure the future of this wetland
species in the UK.
Question 14-20
Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs A-G.
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet.

List of Headings
i Fluctuations in bittern numbers over time
ii Research findings on the habitat needs of adult bitterns
iii Predators in the natural world
iv The importance in the natural world
v Initial habitat investigation and decisions
vi The need for co-operation to ensure nature preservation
vii Impressive results of initial intervention
viii Determining how many bitterns there are
ix Education as the key to preserving wildlife

14 Paragraph A
15 Paragraph B
16 Paragraph C
17 Paragraph D
18 Paragraph E
19 Paragraph F
20 Paragraph G
Question 21-25
Choose ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 21-25 on your answer sheet.

21 When was the bittern population largest?

22 What word is used to describe the bittern's character?
23 What is probably the main cause of death of bittern chicks?
24 What food supply do bittern chicks depend on?
25 What other creature have also benefited from improvement made to the bittern's habitat?

Question 26
What is the main theme of Reading Passage 2?
A How one species may be helped at the expense of another
B Disagreement among environmentalists on methods to protect species from extinction
C Fighting the destruction of wetland reedbeds
D How research and good management can save an endangered species
READING PASSAGE 3
The Placebo Effect
With the right encouragement, your mind can convince the body to heal itself.
What is the mysterious force that can do this?

Want to devise a new form of alternative medical treatment? No problem. Here's the recipe. As a
practitioner, be warm, sympathetic, reassuring and enthusiastic. Your treatment should involve
physical contact, and each session with your patients should take at least half an hour. Encourage
your patients to take an active part in their treatment and understand how their disorders relate to the
rest of their lives. Tell them that their own bodies possess the true power to heal. Get them to pay you
well. Describe your treatment in familiar words, but embroidered with a hint of mysticism: energy
fields, energy flows, energy blocks, meridians, forces, auras, rhythms and the like. Refer to the
knowledge of an early age: wisdom carelessly swept aside by the rise of blind mechanistic science.
Oh, come off it, you're saying. Something like that couldn't possibly work, could it?

Well yes, it could - and often well enough to earn you a living. And a very good living if you are
sufficiently convincing, or better still, really believe in your therapy. Many illnesses get better on
their own, so if you are lucky and administer your treatment at just the right time, you'll get the credit.
But that's only part of it. Some of the improvement really would be down to you. Not necessarily
because you'd recommended ginseng rather than chamomile tea or used this crystal as opposed to that
pressure point. Nothing so specific. Your healing power would be the outcome of a paradoxical force
that conventional medicine recognizes but remains oddly ambivalent about the placebo effect.

Placebos are treatments that have no direct effect on the body, yet still work because the patient has
faith in their power to heal. Most often, the term refers to a dummy pill, but it applies just as much to
any device or procedure, from a sticking plaster to a crystal. The existence of the placebo effect
implies that even a complete fraud could make a difference to someone's health, which is why some
practitioners of alternative medicine are sensitive about any mention of the subject. In fact, the
placebo is a powerful part of all medical care, orthodox or otherwise, though its role is often neglected
and misunderstood.

At one level, it should come as no surprise that our state of mind can influence our physiology: anger
opens the superficial blood vessels of the face; sadness pumps the tear glands. But exactly how
placebos work - their medical magic - is still largely unknown. Most of the scant research to date has
focused on the control of pain, because it's one of the commonest complaints and lends itself to
experimental study. Here, attention has turned to the endorphins, natural substances produced in the
brain that are known to help control pain. Any of the neurochemicals involved in transmitting pain
impulses or modulating them might also be involved in generating the placebo response; says Don
Price, an oral surgeon at the University of Florida.
That case has been strengthened by the recent work of Fabrizio Benedetti of the University of Turin,
who showed that the placebo effect can be abolished by a drug, naloxone, which blocks the effects of
endorphins. Benedetti induced pain in the pressure cuff on the forearm. He did this several times a
day for several days, using morphine each time to control the pain. On the final day, without saying
anything, he replaced the morphine with a saline solution. This still relieved the subjects' pain: a
placebo effect. But when he added naloxone to the saline, and blocked the endorphins, the pain relief
disappeared. Here was direct proof that the relief of pain by a placebo is carried out, at least in part,
by these natural opiates.

Though scientists don't know exactly how placebos work, they have accumulated a fair bit of
knowledge about how to trigger the effect. A London rheumatologist found, for example, that red
dummy capsules made more effective painkillers than blue, green or yellow ones. Research on
American students revealed that blue pills make better tranquiliser than pink, a colour more suitable
for stimulants. Even branding can make a difference: if Aspro or Tylenol are what you like to take
for a headache, their chemically identical generic equivalents may be less effective.

It also matters how the treatment is delivered. Decades ago, when the major tranquilliser
chlorpromazine was being introduced, a doctor in Kansas categorized his colleagues according to
whether they were keen on it, openly skeptical of its benefits, or took a 'let's try and see' attitude. His
conclusion: the more enthusiastic the doctor, the better the drug performed. A recent survey by Ernst
on doctors's bedside manners turned up one consistent finding: physicians who adopt a warm,
friendly, reassuring manner are more effective than those whose consultations are formal and do not
offer reassurance.

Warm, friendly and reassuring are precisely what alternative treatment is all about, of course. Many
of the ingredients of that opening recipe - the physical contact, the generous swaths of time, the strong
hints of supernormal healing power - are just the kind of thing likely to impress patients. It's hardly
surprising then, that complementary practitioners are generally best at moblishing the placebo effect,
says Arthur Kleinman, professor of social anthropology at Harvard University.
Questions 27-31
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-H below.
Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.

27 An appointment with an alternative practitioner

28 An alternative practitioners explanation of their treatment
29 If alternative practitioners have faith in their treatment, they
30 Quite often, a patient's illness
31 Conventional doctors are aware of the placebo effect and they

A should be easy to understand

B can improve without treatment
C can cost the patient less
D ought to last at least a length of time
E can require a range of different products
F can be described as serious
G should give it greater recognition
H should be able to get a high income
Questions 32-34
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 32-34 on your answer sheet.

32 In the third paragraph, the writer says that the placebo effect
A works best in tablet form.
B is a new type of medical treatment.
C is trusted more by some patients than others.
D has a significant role in both alternative and conventional medicine.
33 A reference is made to anger and sadness in order to show that
A personal feelings can alter our physical condition.
B some human behavior has no clear explanation.
C placebos, like emotions, are experienced by everyone.
D people find some physical reactions hard to control.
34 Naxolene is introduced as
A another pain reliever, just like morphine and saline.
B a drug that increases pain.
C evidence that the placebo effect is naturally created within the human body.
D a drug that blocks out endorphines.

Questions 35-40
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading passage 3?
In boxes 35-40 on your answer sheet, write

YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer

NO if the statement contracts with the claims of the writer
NO GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

35. Scientists now have enough information to understand how the placebo effect becomes active in
people.
36. As a result of experiments, some painkillers have been taken off the market.
37. Individual preference can have an impact on the effectiveness of different brands of headache
tablet.
38. Doctors expressed a range of views on the drug chlorpromazine when it was first introduced.
39. Ernst's study had a big influence on doctor's behavior with patients.
40. Alternative practitioners work in a way that is likely to trigger the placebo effect.
READING PASSAGE 1
Sorry - who are you?
Prosopagnosia is a medical condition that stops people from recognizing people's faces, but how
common is it and why does it happen?

It was Jacob Hodes' first day at college. He recalls an enjoyable afternoon being shown around
campus by a second-year student named Daniel Byme, who happened to be from his hometown,
Jacob then spent the rest of the year ignoring him, "I never saw him again" he says. Well, I'm sure I
walked past him plenty of times, but I just didn't see him. This behavior wasn't intentional. Jacob just
couldn't recollect what his fellow student looked like. He had had the same trouble all his life. Friends
and relatives would greet him and he would have no idea who they were.

It wasn't until five years ago that it all made sense. That was when Hodes was diagnosed with
prosopagnosia, a condition that means he is unable to recognise faces. According to researchers, he
is far from alone. In fact, the condition is not that uncommon but until a few years ago only a few
dozen cases had ever been described, and all of these had been caused. by brain injury. Recently,
though, researchers identified a second form of face blindness developmental prosopagnosia, which
is either present from birth or develops very early in life.

In May a team from Harvard University in the US and University College London (UCL) announced
the results of a web survey of 1,600 people, suggesting that up to 2 percent of people have some
degree of face blindness. Then in August. Martina Gruter and colleagues at the Institute for Human
Genetics in Munster, Germany, similarly reported that 2.5 percent of 700 secondary school pupils
they had tested had trouble recognising faces. The results of the survey took everyone by surprise.

It seems that if you have never known what it is to recognise a face, you don't necessarily know that
you are supposed to be able to. Prosopagnosics almost always know that they have trouble
recognising people, but they often don't realise that other people have better recognition skills than
they do, says Brad Duchaine, a researcher at UCL.

Despite these issues, the majority of developmental prosopagnosics possess strategies that allow them
to get around their difficulty, for instance, by recognising hair, clothing or a person's way of speaking,
so unless they see a familiar person out of context, with a new hairstyle or in difference clothes, they
can recognise people just fine. Even so, the discovery of developmental prosopagnosia has attracted
attention from neuroscientists keen to discover what is different about the brain of face-blind people.
This difference, they believe, could help solve the problem of how the brain deals with information
in general, not just visual data. In other words, it may show whether the brain has specialised parts
for specific tasks or is more of a general-purpose information process.
One issue, however, that will present challenges for researchers is that no two prosopagnosics are the
same. Some have problems only with faces, while others have trouble with ordinary everyday objects
and, so it turns out, animals which would normally be familiar as well. Some prosopagnets can train
themselves to recognise specific faces others can't even recognise their own in a mirror. When some
have been tested they could identify the emotion which was conveyed on another's face, even though
the face itself seemed unfamiliar, while for other subjects this was an impossibility. Some cannot
recognise the faces of old friends or fellow students but have no trouble telling whether a particular
face from such groups would be attractive to most people. Because of this diversity, working out the
cause of prosopagnosia will not be easy.

In Martina Gruter's study, the prosopagnosics who agreed to have their parents and relatives tested
reported at least one with the condition. Having looked at 38 cases in seven families, the German
team believe they have good evidence that a single gene could be responsible. Duchaine also has
some evidence that face blindness could be inherited but thinks other factors might be more
significant. He refers to studies of babies born with a condition which means the eye's lens is not
clear, and when it's the left one, being unable to see through this eye during the first two months of
life is a major risk factor for prosopagnosia.

Whatever the cause, what most prosopagnosics want to know is whether they can do anything to
improve their face recognition skills, Joseph Degutis, a graduate student at the University of
California, recently reported successfully training a severe developmental prosopagnosic to recognise
faces during tests carried out in the laboratory. The subject also reported that recognising faces in
everyday life became easier due to the training. Duchaine now plans to attempt to train sufferers to
recognise the five people that they most need to know, maybe their immediate family, for example,
and essential colleagues. Thomas Gruter Martina Gruter's husband, who also works on her team,
however, is not convinced it would work. 'I don't know how you can have more training than you
have already had," he says. "Humans already spend all day looking at faces." He also points out that
cheating is a possibility during tests and provides an example. One person we studied said that when
she was doing the face-recognition test. She memorised the distance between nose and upper lip. She
wasn't the only one. So you can perform well in the test and not do so well in real life.
Question 1-7
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 1-7 on
your answer sheet, write
TRUE If the statement agrees with the information
FALSE If the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN If there is no information on this

1 Before attending college Jacob was capable of recognising people he knew well.
2 Researchers believe that prosopagnosia may be a growing problem.
3 It is harder to identify developmental prosopagnosia in babies than in young children.
4 A German study seems to support the Harvard and UCL research findings.
5 In general, prosopagnosics are aware that other people can recognise faces more easily than
they can.
6 In most cases, prosopagnosics have developed ways to deal with their problem.
7 The study of prosopagnosia may help neuroscientists to treat different kinds of brain injury.
Questions 8-13
Complete the notes below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
White your answer in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet.

The challenges for prosopagnosia researchers

Differences in prosopagnosics
As well as being unable to recognize facial features prosopagnosics may also have problems
recognizing
● commonly seen 8.............................. and objects.
● the 9.............................. on someone else's face.
Some prosopagnosics can recognize that people are regarded as attractive by others.

Causes of prosopagnosia
Prosopagnosia may be caused by
● just one 10.............................. according to Martina Gruter.
● a defect in the 11.............................. eye according to Brad Duchane.
Treatment for prosopagnosia
● Joseph Degutis patent proved he had been successfully trained to recognize faces inside the
12.............................. and in the outside world.
● Duchaine's training may allow prosopagnosics to recognise faces belonging to family and
workmates.
● Thomas Gruter doubts that training will work and mentions that 13.............................. by
some subjects can affect research results.
READING PASSAGE 2
MAMMOTH KILL
What led to the disappearance of the giant mammals? Kate Wong examines the theories.
Although it's hard to imagine in this age of urban sprawl and automobiles, North America once
belonged to huge, elephant-like mammoths, camels, bear-sized beavers and other giant beasts,
collectively known as 'megafauna'. Some 11,000 years ago, however, these large-bodied mammals -
about 70 species in all - disappeared. Their demise coincided roughly with the arrival of humans in
this era and dramatic climate change - factors that have inspired several theories about the die-off.
Yet despite decades of scientific investigation, the exact cause remains a mystery. Now new findings
offer support to one of these controversial hypotheses: that human hunting drove these huge
"megafauna" species to extinction.

This belief resulted in the overkill model which emerged in the 1960s, when it was put forth by Paul
S. Martin of the University of Arizona. Since then, critics have charged that no archaeological remains
exist to support the idea that the first Americans hunted to the extent necessary to cause these
extinctions. But at the annual meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology in Mexico City in
October 1999, specialist John Alroy of the University of California at Santa Barbara argued that, in
fact, hunting-driven extinction was not only plausible, it was unavoidable. He has determined, using
a computer simulation, that even a very modest amount of hunting would have wiped out these
animals.

Assuming an initial human population of 100 people that grew no more than two percent annually,
Alroy determined that, if each band of, say, 50 people killed 15 to 20 large animals a year, humans
could have eliminated the animal populations within 1,000 years. Large mammals in particular would
have been vulnerable to the pressure because they have longer gestation periods than smaller
mammals and their young require extended care.

However, not everyone agrees with Alroy's assessment. For one thing, the results depend on
population size estimates for the extinct animals - estimates that are not necessarily reliable. But a
more specific criticism comes from mammal expert Ross DE Macphee of the American Museum of
Natural History in New York City, who points out that the relevant archaeological record contains
barely a dozen examples of stone points embedded in mammoth bones (and none, it should be noted,
are known from other megafaunal remains) - hardly what one might expect if hunting drove these
animals to extinction. Furthermore, some of these species had a vast range, covering the whole
continent - the Jefferson's Ground Sloth, for example, lived as far north as the Yukon and as far south
as Mexico - which would have made hunting them in numbers sufficient to cause their extinction
rather unlikely, he says.

Macphee agrees that humans most likely brought about these extinctions (as well as others around
the world that coincided with human arrival), but not directly. Rather than through hunting, he
suggests that people may have introduced a deadly disease. Perhaps through their dogs or
accompanying vermin, which then spread widely among the native species because of their low
resistance to the new introductions. Repeated outbreaks of a deadly disease could thus quickly drive
them to the point of no return. So far, Macphee does not have empirical evidence for this theory, and
it will not be easy to come by: such disease would kill far too quickly to leave its signature on the
bones themselves. But he hopes that analyses of tissue and DNA from the most recent animal remains
will eventually reveal the microbes responsible.

The third explanation for what brought on this North American extinction does not involve human
beings. Instead, its proponents blame the loss on the climate. The Pleistocene epoch in question
witnessed considerable climate instability, explains Russell W. Graham of the Denver Museum of
Nature and Science. As a result, their regular habitats disappeared, and species that had once formed
communities split apart. For some animals, this brought opportunity. For much of the megafauna,
however, the increasingly uniform terrain left them with shrinking geographical ranges - a death
sentence for large animals, which need correspondingly large ranges. Although these creatures
managed to maintain viable populations through most of the Pleistocene period, the final major
climate fluctuation pushed them over the edge, Graham says. For his part, Alroy is still convinced
that human hunters were the destroyers of the giant animals. The overkill model explains everything
the disease and climate scenarios explain, he asserts, and in addition makes accurate predictions about
which species would eventually become extinct.
Questions 14-20
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet.

Three theories have been put forward to explain the disappearance of the different species of large
mammals that inhabited 14.............................. 11.000 years ago. The 15.............................. proposed
around fifty years ago by Paul S. Martin, blames 16.............................. by people for mass extinction.
Computer calculations seem to support this explanation, but critics question the reliability of the
figures they are based on.

The second theory suggests that humans introduced a 17.............................. which wiped out the large
mammals. However, so far this theory also lacks any 18..............................

The final theory suggests that this period experienced significant 19.............................. which
eventually led to the loss of habitat and to the division of the 20.............................. that some of the
large mammals had organized.

Questions 21-26
Look at the allowing statements (Questions 21-26) and the list of people below.
Match each statement with the correct person, A, B or C.
Write the correct letter, A, B or C in boxes 21-26 on your answer sheet

NB You may use any letter more than once.

21 Too little evidence exists to support the hunting theory.

22 The bigger the animal, the bigger the territory it requires for survival.
23 Globally, humans have been indirectly responsible for the elimination of many species.
24 Population estimates can be used to understand how large mammals become extinct.
25 Scientific examination of fossil remains may provide some proof for one of the theories.
26 Environmental changes negatively affected the social groupings of some large species.

List of People
A John Alroy
B Ross D. E. Macphee
C Russell W. Graham
READING PASSAGE 3

Keeping the fun in funfairs

A
Fun is becoming a tricky issue for ride designers, in order to increase excitement, they have been
ramping up the accelerations to create the most dizzying forces possible. But getting it right is far
from easy. Lean on the side of caution and people won't bother with a second ride. Go too far,
however, and they may not be able to. Experts realize we are now at the limit of how much
acceleration a human body can take, and designers are finding it hard to think up ways of keeping the
public coming back for more. The problem is that true innovation has been lacking for a while, and
fairground rides have become more about survival than actual enjoyment. So if our thrill-seeking
bodies can really take no more, what's going to keep dragging us back to amusement parks? Creating
something new and exciting, yet safe, is going to take some careful thought.

B
When the Disney Corporation asked German designer Walter Stengel to design a giant loop ride for
them in the 1970s, he went to NASA, the aeronautics and space foundation, to discover the effects of
sustained acceleration on the pilots. NASA's research suggests that the maximum level we can endure
is 9G - "G" being the standard unit of acceleration due to gravity. Go much beyond that and pilots
pass out. Go further still and they suffer serious internal damage. So Stengel decided that the
maximum vertical acceleration for the public should be 6G, and then only for a second or so. What's
more, he put firm restrictions on the rate at which acceleration can increase - you'll never go down a
45-degree ramp into a tight circular loop, for instance.

C
But stricter safety limits only intensify the need to search for novel ways to thrill customers. Part of
the problem is that no matter how exciting an attraction is after a few, the passengers will have some
idea of what to expect. The next stage in designing rides, however, could throw predictability out of
the window. This step has already been taken in the most recent Waltzer, or tea-cup rides. Ride a
Waltzer and you'll sit in a car that spins on its own axis. The car is on a huge platform that also rotates.
In the past you could take comfort from the fact that the spin was tightly controlled by gears that
turned your car at a rate determined by the rotation speed of the whole ride. But the latest generation
of Waltzer cars spins freely at a rate determined by the weight and position of the people in them. So
you never have the same experience twice. "People seem to like these "chaotic rides", says Stenge.

D
Although seemingly a passport to endless thrills, chaos does have one rather obvious drawback - it's
unpredictable. Despite complex calculations, designers can never be completely sure that something
odd won't happen, especially since freely turning systems occasionally hit a resonance frequency. For
example, if pushed at a particular frequency, a child on a swing would go over the top of the swing's
frame. Similarly, if you drive a revolving Waltzer car at its resonance frequency it could speed up
uncontrollably. This could be very hazardous, according to Stengel - if a ride is subjected to
unforeseen stresses, no one can guarantee that it will be able to cope.

E
No one even knows what the safe limits of rotational force are, let alone its effect on the human body.
Stengel has worked with the German Air Force, rotating volunteers head over heels while also making
them cartwheel or pirouette like a ballet dancer. It emerged that if the pilots were turned on all three
axes simultaneously, they became so nauseous they almost blacked out, and when they got off they
couldn't walk. But what Stengel found particularly puzzling was that they also developed headaches
and other problems about two days later. Since these effects aren't understood, he tries to limit how
people on his rides are rotated. We want to provide fun, not pain.

F
With that goal in mind, Stengel feels that finding people around in ever more chaotic machines is no
longer the way forward. He believes that the sequence of accelerations, not their size, is what counts
and that the way to make rides more fun is to put people through a carefully designed succession of
relatively small accelerations. Other experts in this field agree, and it seems likely that designers could
formulate profiles even for existing attractions that would lead to higher amusement value. Recent
experiments testing the tolerances of Dutch military pilots at a range of accelerations have shown that
tumbling around in machines doesn't have to be unpleasant. When the force is kept low, the subjects
actually enjoy the experience.

G
The fun seems to come from the unforeseen, particularly when an effect called the Coriolis Illusion
comes into play. This is an agreeable tumbling feeling which occurs, for example, when the head is
suddenly tilted while spinning with eyes closed. It appears that a roll which includes, for instance, an
unexpected change of acceleration from a small negative G (a feeling of weightlessness) to a small
positive G (a slight crushing sensation) has an extraordinary effect on people. If the theories of Stengel
and other experts really do work, fairground fun might one day be measured in smiles, not screams.
Questions 27-32
Reading Passage 3 has seven paragraphs, A-G.
Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-G from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number i-viii in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.

Example
Paragraph A vii

List of Headings
i Less is more
ii Research can't guarantee safety
iii Unexplained symptoms
iv Setting the limits of acceleration
v The irresistible appeal of speed
vi Gentle surprises
vii A difficult task
viii A different ride every time

27 Paragraph B
28 Paragraph C
29 Paragraph D
30 Paragraph E
31 Paragraph F
32 Paragraph G
Questions 33-37
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each
answer.
Write your answers in boxes 33-37 on your answer sheet.

33 Some attractions such as the new type of Waltzers, depend on both the weight and
.............................. of their passengers in order to create a variety of ride experiences.
34 Designers need to be aware that a "chaotic" ride could accelerate at a violent rate if it reaches
its ..............................
35 Research has shown that people will begin to feel ill if they are subjected to movement on all
.............................. at the same time.
36 Volunteers in Stengel's rotation tests suffered delayed reactions such as ..............................
37 A phenomenon known as the “..............................” produced a pleasurable sensation in test
subjects.

Questions 38-40
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer of Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet, write

YES if the statement agrees with the information

NO if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

38 There is still a lot to be learnt about the rates of acceleration which people can withstand.
39 Children enjoy funfairs more than adults.
40 Current rides could probably be adapted to become more enjoyable.