both hot more than
than 10thousand rupees or Or punishment
3
years or a fine of
not
WASTE PRODUCT MANAGEMENT
sabdwastes
Solid waste can be defined as any
buman or animal solid or
ig mass of wastes which discarded as semi-solid
activities, useless or substance produced
SId
Amercialor agricultural may originate from
activities. unwanted. It is a
industrial, household,
Solid waste can also be
activities of the organic or inorganic
waste material produced by
aroLs society, which have lost their value to the first
proper management of solid waste user.
global level.
level. In pollutes the vital components
al and developing
0omparisonto developed nations. nations, this problem is
at the
rising rapidly as
a
Accordingtothe European Council's directive,
waste from any substance
Object which the holder discard or is required to discard.
Salid waste is a broad term, which encompasses all kinds of
. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), Industrial Waste (IW), Hazardouswaste such
Waste
U Bio-Medical Waste (BMW) and Electronic waste (E-waste) depending
their source and composition.
Do You Know :
'A person who created the rock garden in Chandigarh from the
materials of dustbin'.
Nepchandra'
Generation of Solid Waste
Solid waste can be generated in variousways.
Some of the methods are given below:
Biodegradable waste : biodegradable waste is the waste which can be
1) includes food and kitchen waste, green waste
graded easily. This waste
flowers, leaves, fruits), paper (can also be recycled).
"getables, include paper, glass, bottles, cans,
These wastes
) kecyclable material : of waste can be recycled through an
Btals, certain plastics, etc. Such types the environment.
4ypropriate method which is not polluting by construction and demolition,
generated
(3) Inert waste : This waste is
dirt,rocks, debris etC. includes clothing, tetra packs,
waste
(4) Composite wastes : Composite
Waste soft plastics such as toyswaste
etc. hazardous waste and taxic
or household e-waste, paints, chemicals,
(5) Domestice hazardous
generated by medication, pesticide containers,
Baste This waste is
:
cans, fertilizer
and
light bulbs, fluorescent tubes, spray
tat eries, shoe polish etc.
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
226
Solid wastes :
sources to generate
OtherResidential sources : Residential waste includes Plastics,
leather, metals, consumer electronics and
waste. clothes,
household waste. other
Packaged food waste, construction
Industrial sources and
waste, ashes, and paper we
demolition materials, hazardous
Institutional and commercial sources : Solid waste is generated as
wood, plastics, metals, constructions and demolition ashes and other
waste.
waste is generated by
Agricultural sources : Agricultural grinding
insecticides, hazardous waste from
grains, pesticides and
and other chemicals. fertilizers
Municipal waste: Municipal waste is generated by cleaning of
streets, tree trimming, waste generated in parks, schools, cinema
halls, street construction etc.
collecto
Collection and disposal of solid waste : Solid waste can be
through various ways :
Methods of collection : Solid waste can be collected in various wavs :
Collection from point sources : Waste collected from non point
sources is deposited to definite point sources they are known as
communal bins. Communal bins are placed near markets, in
apartments, shopping complexes, hotels, public places like gardens.
religious places are temples, churches, etc and other definite point
sources. Municipality vehicles collect's large amount of waste from
these point sources and then transport it to transfer stations and
disposal sites. By placing communal bins at appropriate locations
for deposit and storage of waste is important to manage waste
properly.
Collection from Non point Source : This method includes door-to
collection of waste. Most of the waste collection is done by garbage
collectors, who are employees or firms under contract to the
government. Garbage collectors are employed by local governing
bodies. They collect the waste generated at the household level and
dump it in the community bins at specified street corners.
In certain areas, they are not responsible for the door-to-door collectioD
from the offices, houses, shops and the markets. Here people are required w
deposit their waste in communal containers or bins from which it is collected
by municipal employees.
After collecting the solid waste, it is necessary to send it to the disposal
sites and manage the waste properly. Small vebicles
discharge waste
transfer stations where the waste materials are loaded into. larger vehicles
for transportation to the disposal sites. In metro
located in different places to support intermediatecities, transfer
transfers stations
of waste from the
surrounding areas up to the dumping grounds. Transfer stations
centralized facilities where waste is unloaded from
smaller collection vehicles and re-loaded into larger vehicles (including
in some instances barges or railroads) for transport to a disposal or
SOCIAL ISSUES AND
site. The ENVIRONMENT 227
enerally using trailerstransportation
and
of garbage from
bulk refuse
the transfer stations is
ne trucks,
rbed covered trucks, and some carriers. In large cities, open
ller
cities tractor-trailers,
tricycles andcompactors
animal
are in use,
whereas in
transportation mode. carts are commonly used
Solid waste disposal
management : Proper and scientific techniques
ptedfor municipality solid waste disp0sals are
szallhacceptable. There are many
Saterialsothat the
ways for large economically viable and
scale disposal of waste
environment should not be
below polluted. Some of the disposal
~thods are given
ALarge scale disposal methods
BSmall scale disposal methods
WLarge Scale Disposal Methods
Onen dumps : This is the cheapest and oldest
method of disposal
shere the waste material is dumped in low lying areas from time to
time.
pen dumping is not a scientific way of waste disposal. Open dumps refer an
uncOvered site used for disp0sal of waste without environmental control. The
ois ntreated, uncovered and not segregated. Open dumps are exposed
.fies and rodents. It also generates foul smell and a bad appearance. Loose
saste is dispersed by the blowing of winds.Drainage from dumps contributes
n pollution of surface and groundwater and also the rainwater run-off from
these dumps contaminates nearby land and water thereby spreading disease.
AWHO EXpert Committee (1967) condemned dumping as "a most unsanitary
nethod that creates public health hazards, a nuisance, and severe pollution
of the environment. Dumping should be outlawed and replaced by sound
procedures".
2) Landfill : Landfills are generally located in urban areas where a
common place.
large amount of waste is generated and has to be dumped in a
and can be used
Ihe equipment required to operate is relatively inexpensivecommunity
threat to health
10r other municipal operations as well. Serious in this method. Landills
tepresented by open dumping or burning is avoidedquarries, mining voids or
are often established in abandoned or unused
dug in the ground.
OTTOW pits. Unlike an open dump, it is a pit that is
burying the waste, and this
Disposing of waste in a landfill involves The waste is dumped and the
most countries.
sa common practice in soil and spread evenly in layers. At
ScOvered at the dumping ground with and some
top of it
the end of each day, a layer of soil is scattered oncompress the garbage,
is used to
mechanism, usually earthmoving equipment
day, garbage is dumped and becomes a
a
which now forms a cell. Thus, every and generates
natural decomposition ecosystem. After
cel. The organic waste undergoes harmful to the
fluid, which is known leachate, and is verya thick layer of mud and the site
with
the landfill is full, the area is covered lot or a park.
can
theereafter be developed as a parkinglandfll which solves the problembuiltof
(3) Sanitary landfills:A modern is more hygienic
and
landfill which
waste disposal site for
leachinmethodical
in a g to Some extent is asanitary
manner. Designed
landfll" means a
the deposit of residual solid waste in a facility designed with protective
measures against pollution of groundwater.
Many landfills also have landfill gas extraction systems installed to
t
extract the landfill gas. Gas is pumped out using perforatet
ed
pipes and flared off or burnt in a gas engine to generate electricity Fully
values.
operated landfills may even enhance property Constructing sanitary
A nroy
landfills is very costly and they are having their own problems. Aproperly.
designed and well-managed landfill can be a hygienic and
inexpensive method of disposing of waste
materials. relatively
(4) Incineration : The process of burning waste in large furnaces
known as incineration. Incineration is aa disposal method that involves the
combustion of waste material. Incineration and other high incineration
scale
carried out both on a small scale by individuals and on a large
industry. It is used to dispose of solid, liquid and gaseous waste. Incinerati
landfills.
facilities generally do not require as much area as
to the
(5) Rewse and Recycling : Recycling is a process that refers
collection and reuse of waste materials such as empty beverage containers
recycled into new
The materials from which the items are made can be
products. Material for recycling may be collected separately directly from general
from
waste using dedicated bins and collection vehicles are sorted
separated into various
mixed waste streams. This requires waste should be
different bins prior to its collection.
Example of common consumer products recycled can beand beverage cans,
polythenes, Magazines, newspapers, glass bottles, old steel iron, copper
metals, equipments and tools.
(B) Small Scale disposal of solid waste
For small scale disposal, composting is the best method for solid waste
disposal. materials
Composting : Composting is the process through which waste
scraps, and paper
that are organic in nature, such as plant material, food processes
products, can be recycled using biological composting and digestion
process in which micro
to decompose the organic matter. It is a biological waste no
organisms, mainly fungi and bacteria, convert degradable organic
humus like substance.
QUESTIONS
g Answer Questions
