SECTION A (6*10=60 Marks) MAXIMUM : 60 MARKS

1 (i) A new medical device requires high accuracy in its readings. Which characteristic is most
crucial?
a) Hysteresis b) Sensitivity c) Drift d) Linearity

(ii) How do static and dynamic characteristics influence the performance of an instrument in
real-world applications? Provide examples to illustrate their significance.

(iii) Illustrate different types of measurement errors impact real-world applications, and what
strategies can be used to minimize them? Provide examples of common errors and their
causes in various engineering fields.

2 (i) An aerospace engineer needs an instrument with minimal error over long durations.
Which characteristic is most important?
a) Repeatability b) Stability c) Precision d) Settling time

(ii) A medical testing lab needs highly accurate instruments for patient diagnosis. How does
calibration impact the reliability of measurement systems, and what steps should be
taken to ensure proper calibration?

(iii) Describe the functional elements of an instrument with a neat block diagram

3 (i) A technician wants to measure the active power in a three-phase system. Which
instrument should be used?
a) Ammeter b) Voltmeter c) Wattmeter d) Multimeter

(ii) An automobile manufacturer is testing different materials for electric vehicle motors. How
does the B-H curve help in selecting the best material for efficient motor performance?

(iii) Illustrate the process of iron loss using magnetic measurements?

4 (i) A digital voltmeter is preferred over an analog voltmeter because:

a) It has higher power consumption b) It eliminates parallax error
c) It is affected by electromagnetic interference d) It has lower accuracy

(ii) How does an energy meter measure power consumption?

(iii) How does a digital multimeter (DMM) enhance measurement accuracy in electrical and
electronic systems? Explain its working principle and discuss its applications in industries
such as power systems, automation, and electronics troubleshooting.

5 (i) A Wheatstone bridge is used to measure:

a) High-frequency signals b) Unknown resistance c) Capacitance d) Inductance

(ii) How does the Wheatstone Bridge enable precise resistance measurement in electrical
circuits?
 (iii) Discuss how Kelvin Bridge enable precise measurement of low resistances? Explain its
working principle with a neat circuit diagram and discuss its advantages over the
Wheatstone Bridge in minimizing errors due to lead and contact resistances.

6 (i) Which AC bridge is commonly used to measure high-frequency inductance?

a) Maxwell Bridge b) Hay’s Bridge c) Wien Bridge d) Kelvin Bridge

(ii) Outline the importance of electromagnetic interference, and how can it be minimized?

(iii) Examine the role of Schering Bridge in measuring capacitance

7 (i) A scientist records multiple measurements, but results slightly differ each time. What kind
of error is this?
a) Gross error b) Systematic error c) Random error d) Instrumental error

(ii) List the importance of statistical evaluation in measurement?

(iii) Illustrate the effects of multiple earth connections on measurement accuracy in electrical
systems? Discuss their impact on grounding loops, interference, and safety, along with
techniques to minimize errors in industrial and power system applications.

8 (i) Which display technology is most energy-efficient?

a) LED b) CRT c) Dot matrix d) Plasma

(ii) Differentiate between an oscilloscope and a data logger.

(iii) Describe the functions of a data logger in an industrial environment.

9 (i) A digital storage oscilloscope (DSO) is useful in measuring:

a) Only DC signals b) Only AC signals
c) Both AC and DC signals d) Only analog signals

(ii) How does an automatic polarity indicator work in digital instruments?

(iii) Compare digital and analog measuring instruments in terms of accuracy, resolution, and
response time.

10 (i) Which transducer is best suited for high-frequency vibration sensing?

a) Piezoelectric b) Hall effect c) Capacitive d) Resistive
(ii) A biomedical engineer is designing a wearable health monitoring device. Which type of
transducer would be most suitable for measuring heart rate and body temperature, and
why?

(iii) Illustrate the classification of transducers with examples.

11 (i) A data acquisition system (DAQ) typically consists of:

a) Only transducers b) Transducers and signal conditioning
 c) A display only d) Only a processor

(ii) Inspect the role of Hall effect sensor with real time example.

(iii) How does a smart sensor differ from a conventional sensor?

12 (i) Which signal conditioning technique is most effective for minimizing noise?
a) Amplification b) Filtering c) Sampling d) Conversion

(ii) What is the role of a signal conditioning unit in a data acquisition system?

(iii) Describe the working of a digital data acquisition system with a block diagram.