Q.
1
Cell cycle
Sequential events occurring in the life
of a dividing cell is called cell cycle.
Mitosis
A type of cell division in which a cell divides to form two identical
daughter cells which are identical to the parent cell.
Meiosis
Meiosis also known as ‘reductional division’ , occurs when the
number of chromosomes is reduced to half of the total number of
chromosomes , producing four haploid daughter cells from a
diploid parent cell.
Karyokinesis
Karyokinesis is the division of nucleus into two daughter nuclei
which is sub-divided into prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and
telephase.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is defined as synthesis of carbohydrates (glucose)
from inorganic materials as CO2 and H2O with the help of solar
energy trapped by chlorophyll pigments.
Respiration
Respiration is a catabolic process wherein complex organic
substrate is oxidized to simple components to generate biological
energy.
Nutrition
Nutrition is the sum of the processes by which an organism
consumes and utilises food substances.
Also defined as…
Nutrition as the intake of food, considered in relation to the body's
dietary needs. The dietary needs of a healthy human being
include carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, water
and fibres in adequate amounts
Excretion
Elimination of metabolic waste products from the body is called
excretion.
Phosphorylation
Formation of ATP is called as phosphorylation.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis involves the breakdown of glucose molecule into two
pyruvic acid molecules. Hence known as glycolysis.
Q. 2
1)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
Q.3 1) Cell cycle
prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Ultrastructure of Chloroplast
Eukaryotic nucleus
L.S. of kidney
Bowman’s capsule
Synovial joint
Schematic representation of glycolysis
xylem and phloem L.S.
Digestive system of human beings
Excretory system of human beings
Gizzard of cockroach
True fruit mango
Ball and socket joint
Q.7. functions of meristematic tissue
ans • The primary function of meristematic tissue is to promote
growth, contributing to both primary growth (length) and
secondary growth (thickness).
• It is differentiated into specialised tissues like xylem,
phloem, and epidermis, playing a key role in plant development.
• Meristematic tissue also helps in regeneration by repairing
damaged tissues through the formation of new cells and
ensuring the plant's continued growth and survival.
Q.8.Functions of parenchyma:
(i) The main function of parenchyma is to store and assimilate
food. Hence, they are referred to as food storage tissues.
(ii) It serves as a packing tissue to fill the spaces between other
tissues and maintain the shape and firmness of the plant.
(iii) It stores waste products of plants. Q.3.Function of
sclerenchyma:
(i) It provides mechanical strength to the plant.
(ii) It is involved in providing protection and strength to the plant
body.
(iii)It makes the plant body rigid, flexible, and elastic. Q.4.
2) functions of liver
Ans. (1) The liver secretes the bile juice. Bile emulsifies fats and
makes the food alkaline. Due to this alkaline pH. further
reactions of enzymes are possible
(2) The storage of excess of glucose in the form of glycogen is
done in liver tissue.
Glycogen is used up during starvation.
(3) The process of deamination i.e conversion of amino acids into
ammonia during catabolism is done in liver.
(4) The synthesis of vitamins A. D. K and B12 is carried out in
liver.
(5) The production of proteins of blood viz. prothrombin and
fibrinogen takes place in the liver.
(6) The process of haemopoiesis i.e. production of red blood cells
takes place in the liver. Therefore, the liver is called a
haemopoietic organ.
(7)The digestion of old RBCs is done by Kupffer cells in liver.
(8) Bilirubin and biliverdin pigments of the bile give colour to the
faecal matter in the process of extraction of tron from dead
RBCs.
Q.8 what are permanent tissues, name types of simple
permanent tissues
ans Permanent tissues: • The cells which have lost the capacity
of division and have acquired permanent size, shape and
functions are called permanent tissue. It is of two types, viz.,
simple and complex.
● names of simple permanent tissues:
● 1.parenchyma,
● 2.collenchyma
● 3.sclerenchyma
Q .9) What are Parthenocarpic fruits, Simple fruits, True fruits,
False fruit
,Aggregatefruit, Composite fruit? give their Examples
ans .1. Parthenocarpic fruit: Fruit formed without fertilization
(Parthenocarpy) e.g. Banana, Grapes. Parthenocarpic fruits are
without seeds or with one or more seeds.
2. Simple fruit: When a single fruit develops from the ovary of
a flower with or without the accessory parts. it is called a simple
fruit. e.g. guava, mango, coconut, etc.
3. Aggregate fruit: When a collection of fruit-lets develops
from a polycarpellary, apocarpous gynoecium of a single flower
it is called an aggregate fruit or etario, e.g. custard apple-etario
of berries. strawberry-etario of achenes.
4. Composite fruit: When the flowers of an Inflorescence in a
combined manner form a single fruit, it is called a composite
fruit Composite fruits are of two types, viz. sorosis and syconus.
Sorosis (e.g. pineapple) develops from the spike, catkin or
spadix inflorescence while syconus (e.g. fig) develops from
hypanthodium inflorescence.
. 5. True fruit: The fruit which develops exclusively from the
ovary of a flower is called true fruit, e.g. pea, mango, etc.
6. False fruit (Pseudocarp): The fruit which develops from any
part of the flower other than the ovary is called false fruit or
pseudocarp. For example, in apple and pear the thalamus forms
the edible part of the fruit.
Q.10 1) Gizzard of cockroach
Q.10 2) Ultrafiltration/Glomerulus filtration
Q.10 3) Digestion of mouth
Q.10 4) Endocrine part of pancreas
Q.10 5) Small intestine
Q.10 5) Pancreas
The pancreas is a vital organ in the digestive and endocrine
systems. It is located behind the stomach and has both
endocrine and exocrine functions.
Endocrine function: It regulates blood sugar levels by
producing hormones like insulin (lowers blood sugar) and
glucagon (raises blood sugar). These hormones are
released into the bloodstream.
Exocrine function: It produces digestive enzymes (like
amylase, lipase, and proteases) that are released into the
small intestine to help digest food.
The pancreas plays a key role in digestion and regulating
metabolism. Disorders of the pancreas, such as pancreatitis or
diabetes, can significantly impact health.
Q.10 6) Digestion in stomach
Q.10 6) Digestion in Small intestine
Q,10 7) Salivary gland
Q. 10 8) Islets of glomerulus
Q. 10 9) Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule
Q. 11 What are plastids? State it’s types
Q. 12 Describe the structure of L.S.of kidney
Q.13
Malpighian corpuscle PCT and DCT of the nephron are situated
in the cortical region of the kidney whereas the loop of Henle
dips into the medulla. Afferent arteriole - a fine branch of renal
artery entering Bowmen‟s capsule carrying blood to the
glomerulus.Efferent arteriole- Blood from the glomerulus is
carried away by an efferent arteriole.Bowman’s capsule - renal
tubule begins with a double walled cup-like structure called
Bowman’s capsule which encloses the glomerulus.Glomerular
filtration / ultra filtration First step in urine formation is the
filtration of blood which is carried out by the glomerulus and is
called glomerular filtration. On an average 1100-1200 ml of
blood is filtered by kidneys per minute which constitute roughly
1/5th of the blood pumped out by each ventricle of the heart
per minute. The glomerular capillary blood pressure causes
filtration of blood through 3 layers i.e. the endothelium of
glomerular blood vessels the epithelium of Bowman‟s capsule
and a basement membrane between these two
layers.Podocytes– are epithelial cells of Bowman‟s capsule
which are arranged in an intricate manner so as to leave some
minute spaces called filtration slits or slit pores. Glomerular
filtration rate GFR -The amount of the filtrate formed by the
kidneys per minute.GFR in a healthy individual is approximately
125 ml/minute i.e. 180 litres per day. Regulation of glomerular
filtration rate - The kidneys have built-in mechanisms for
regulation of glomerular filtration rate.
Q.14
1)Bicep and Tricep are the important antagonist in the muscles.
There functions are as follows:
I)
II)The primary function of the triceps is the extension of the
elbow joint.In addition, its long head contributes to the
extension and adduction of the arm at the shoulder joint.
Besides movement, the triceps brachii also plays a role in
creating anatomical spaces which are traversed by
neurovascular structures
Q.15
Que 16
Que no 17 ) aerial adaptations in Class Aves (Birds):
Morphological Adaptations:
1. Streamlined body: Birds have a streamlined body shape,
which reduces air resistance.
2. Lightweight skeleton: Birds have hollow bones, air-filled
cavities, and a keel-shaped breastbone, making their skeleton
lightweight.
3. Powerful chest muscles: Birds have well-developed
pectoral muscles, which enable them to flap their wings.
4. Wings: Birds have wings, which are actually modified
forelimbs. Wings provide lift, thrust, and control during flight.
Feather Adaptations:
1. Lightweight feathers: Feathers are lightweight, yet strong
and rigid.
2. Insulating feathers: Feathers provide insulation, keeping
birds warm in cold temperatures.
3. Aerodynamic feathers: The shape and arrangement of
feathers help reduce air resistance and enhance lift.
Physiological Adaptations:
1. Efficient respiratory system: Birds have a highly efficient
respiratory system, which includes air sacs and lungs.
2. High metabolic rate: Birds have a high metabolic rate,
which provides energy for flight.
3. Visual adaptations: Birds have excellent eyesight, which
helps them navigate and find food during flight.
Other Adaptations:
1. Hollow bones: Birds have hollow bones, which reduce their
overall weight.
2. Strong, lightweight beak: Birds have strong, lightweight
beaks, which help them eat and manipulate food.
3. Specialized flight muscles: Birds have specialized muscles,
such as the supracoracoideus muscle, which help them flap
their wings.
These aerial adaptations enable birds to fly efficiently and
effectively, making them one of the most successful groups of
animals on the planet.
Que 18 }
