In accordance with ISO 14025 and EN 15804:2012+A2:2019 for

Programme: The International EPD® System, www.environdec.com

Programme operator: EPD International AB

EPD registration number: S-P-05018

Publication date: 2022-07-08

Valid until: 2027-07-07

 CONTENTS

1. Introduction 2

2. General Information 3-4

3. Product Description and System Boundaries 4-8

4. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Methodology and Results 9-17

5. Other Environmental Information 17

6. References 17
   
Tata Steel Limited, a flagship company of Tata Group is a multinational steel-making company headquartered in
Mumbai (Maharashtra, India). The company is one of the world’s most geographically diversified steel producing
company. It was established in India as Asia’s first integrated private steel company in 1907 and today the
company, together with its subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures, has its presence across five continents
with key operations in India, Netherlands and The United Kingdom. Tata Steel is among the top steel producing
companies in the world with an annual crude steel capacity of 34 million tonnes per annum globally. The
company is the second largest steel company in India and its largest steel plant is located in Jamshedpur,
Jharkhand (India). The company’s operations in India are fully integrated from mining to finished steel
production and it also has captive iron ore and coking coal mines in India. Tata Steel group recorded a
consolidated turnover of INR 1,56,294 crore in the financial year ending 31 March, 2021.

Thinkstep Sustainability Solutions Pvt. Ltd, a Sphera Company (formerly thinkstep AG) has been entrusted to
review the life cycle assessment study carried out by Tata Steel and to develop an Environmental Product
Declaration document based on the Life Cycle Assessment study carried out by Tata Steel Limited as per ISO
14040/44. The LCA model was created using the GaBi ts Software system for life cycle engineering, developed by
Sphera (formerly thinkstep AG).

2
  
  




Programme The International EPD System, Indian Regional Hub

www.environdec.com, www.environdecindia.com

Program operator EPD International AB

Box 210 60, SE-100 31 Stockholm, Sweden

Declaration holder Tata Steel Limited,

15th Floor, Tata Centre, 43, Jawaharlal Nehru Road,
Kolkata - 700071

Product Steel Rebar

CPC code 412 products of iron or steel
EPD registration S-P-05018
number
Publication date 2022-07-08

Validity date 2027-07-07

Geographical scope India
Reference standards IS0 14020:2001, ISO 14025:2006, EN 15804:2012+A2:2019

 


 
   
        ­€‚ƒ 

Date of Issue 2021-02-05 (Version 1.11) (VALID UNTIL: 2024-12-20)


 
  
  

Mr. Sunil Kumar CS, Founder and Principal Consultant,

  Chakra4 Sustainability Consulting Services, Ivory 501,
HM World City, 9th Phase, J P Nagar, Bengaluru 560 108,
Email: sunilkumar@chakra4.in

3
 ƒ†‡

Title Environmental Product Declaration of Steel Rebar

Dr. Rajesh Kumar Singh

Thinkstep Sustainability Solutions Pvt. Ltd., a Sphera Company
Author 707, Meadows, Sahar Plaza, Andheri Kurla Road, Andheri East,
Mumbai, India - 400059
Email: rsingh@sphera.com

Reference standards ISO 14040/44 standard

  

 

The reference period for the primary data (foreground data) used within this EPD ranges between Financial Year 2018
(April 2017 to March 2018) to Financial Year 2021 (April 2020 to March 2021) based on the availability of data from
various participating sites in this EPD. Sites with primary data of Financial Year 2021 represents around 60% of the
total product mentioned in this EPD. The final results mentioned in this study, represents the production tonnage
manufactured during the year April 2020 to March 2021

ˆ   
‡ 

The geographical scope of this EPD is India.

ƒ‡

This EPD provides information for the Steel Rebar Product manufactured by Tata Steel Limited at its Jamshedpur
facility as well as from its subsidiaries and external steel processing centres in India. The EPD is in accordance with ISO
14025 and EN 15804+A2. EPD of construction products may not be comparable if they do not comply with EN
15804+A2. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) study carried out for developing this EPD for steel products is done as per
ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 requirements.

Product Category Rules (PCR) for the assessment of the environmental performance of steel products is PCR for
‘Construction Products and Construction Services’ 2019:14, Version 1.11.

This PCR is applicable to the Steel Rebar Product complying with the standard EN 15804+A2 (Sustainability of
construction works - Environmental product declarations - Core rules for the product category of construction
products).

          


  „  

   ‚
Steel bars are commonly used as reinforcement to impart tensile and shear strength to the structure since concrete is
weak in tension/shear. Steel is widely used as reinforcement because its coefficient of linear expansion is close to
concrete. Steel reinforcing bars (Rebar) are manufactured through a hot rolling process with subsequent treatment
(controlled cooling and tempering). Rebars produced by Tata Steel Limited are in sizes from 6mm to 40mm. Primary
application of rebar is to strengthen concrete in end-use applications like buildings, bridges, metros, dams, thermal
power plants, liquid retaining structures etc.

4
 Figure 1: Steel Rebar Product from Tata Steel Ltd.


  ‰ 

Steel Rebars produced in the following facilities are covered as part of this EPD. These facilities represent
92% of rebars produced during the year April 2020 to March 2021 in India by the company.

S. No. Manufacturing Units Facility

1 New Bar Mill, Tata Steel Jamshedpur (TSJ) Steel Works

2 Merchant Mill, Tata Steel Jamshedpur (TSJ) Steel Works Tata Steel Limited

3 Wire Rod Mill, Tata Steel Jamshedpur (TSJ) Steel Works

4 Wire Rod Mill, Global Wires Business, Tarapur

A subsidiary of Tata Steel

5 Wire Rod Mill, The Indian Steel and Wire Products Limited
Limtied

6 Beekay Steel Industries Limited

7 BMW Industries Limited

Steel Processing Centres*
8 Brand Alloys Private Limited
9 Modern India Steel Rolling Mills Private Limited

*Steel Processing centres are third-party contract manufacturers who produces the product on behalf of Tata Steel Limited

5
   ‚
6 – 40 mm

ƒ    ‚

Fe500, Fe500D, Fe550D, Fe500SD, Fe500CRSD, Fe600

Š   ‚

Specification, wt%
Grade
Cmax Mn max S max P max S+P max N, max Cu. Min CE

Fe500 0.3 1.8 0.055 0.055 0.105 0.012 - -

Fe500D 0.25 1.8 0.04 0.04 0.075 0.012 - 0.5

Fe500SD 0.25 1.8 0.04 0.04 0.075 0.012 - 0.5

Fe500 CRSD 0.25 1.8 0.04 0.04 0.075 0.012 0.4 0.5

Fe550D 0.25 1.8 0.04 0.04 0.075 0.012 - 0.61

Fe600 0.3 1.8 0.04 0.04 0.075 0.012 - -

Above product do not contain any substances that can be included in “Candidate List of Substances of Very High
Concern for Authorization".

6
   
Figure 2 given below represents system boundary diagram of the study.

  


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Transportation

Cradle to gate boundary

EOL End of Life

Figure 2: System boundary diagram (Cradle to gate with options)

7
 
    
Tata Steel was established in India as Asia’s first integrated private steel company in 1907 and has started its operation
at Jamshedpur steel works facility in 1911. The technology used for producing steel rebars at Tata Steel Limited
represents 100% Blast Furnace (BF) with Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) route comprising older to modern blast furnaces.
In this BF-BOF technology, iron ore in the form of hematite is reduced in blast furnace through the addition of carbon
source which is of internally produced Coke and some purchased quantities of metallurgical Coke and pulverized
Coal. Gangue or impurities in the form of alumina and silica present in the Iron Ore is removed as blast furnace slag by
the addition of Limestone, Pyroxenite and Quartz. 100% of Iron Ore used in the processes are from Tata Steel’s captive
Iron Ore mines and 39% of Coking Coal are from captive mines while fluxes (Limestone, Dolomite, etc.,) are purchased
100% from outside. The company has in-house processing units for the production of Coke, Sinter and Pellet which are
the key raw materials for hot metal production in Blast Furnaces. Hot metal is the primary output of the blast furnace
operation along with the generation of blast furnace gas and blast furnace slag. While BF slag is processed further
externally to produce Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) that gets used in concrete production or gets
directly used in slag cement production, BF gas generated is predominantly used within the steel works for heating
and power generation applications. Hot metal produced from blast furnace is collected in torpedo ladles and sent to
steel melting shops (SMS / LD shops) where steel billets are produced in caster. Steel Billets (also known as Crude Steel)
are the intermediate steel product and a key raw material for the manufacturing of Steel Rebars.

At Tata Steel’s Jamshedpur steel works facility, steel billets are produced in LD #1 and gets used in ten different rolling
mills in India to produce steel rebars. Scope of this EPD covers 9 rolling mills representing 92% of total steel rebar
produced during the year April 2020 – March 2021.

Sinter Plant
Coal
Coke Ovens

Iron Ore

Pellet Plant
Limestone
Blast Furnace

Lime Plant

Dolomite

BOF ( LD#1) Billet

TMT Steel Rebars Rolling Mills Caster

8
 ­
 €‚
ƒ   ‹
It is important that data quality is in accordance with the requirements of the LCA’s goal and scope. This is essential to
the reliability of LCA and achievement of the intended application. The quality of the LCI data for modelling the life
cycle stages have been assessed according to ISO 14040:2006. Data quality is judged by its precision (measured,
calculated or estimated), completeness (e.g. are there unreported emissions?), consistency (degree of uniformity of
the methodology applied on an LCA serving as a data source) and representativeness (geographical, time period,
technology). Primary data collected using data collection questionnaires was used for the study and for upstream
processes GaBi 9.2 professional database 2021 was used.

ƒ Œ   

ƒ Ž
 ‡ 
With any multi-product system, allocation rules are defined to relate the system inputs and outputs to each of the
products. Several methods are documented in ISO 14040:2006 and ISO Technical Report 14049.

ƒ   ŽŽ 
Steel is completely recyclable. Therefore, it is important to consider recycling in LCA studies involving steel, namely
the steel scrap that is recycled from a final product at the end of its life. In addition, steel is a vital input to the
steelmaking process, and this input of steel scrap should also be considered in LCA studies. Accounting for all these,
the End-of -life credit for recycling is applied over 85% of steel* (850 kg in 1 tonne of steel products) . The landfill is
considered as 15% of steel (150 kg in 1 tonne of steel products).

ƒ   
The declared unit for the EPD is 1 tonne of average Steel Rebar manufactured by Tata Steel Ltd in its own facility as
well as through external steel processing centres in India.

ƒ ƒ  †‡  

A list of relevant impact categories and category indicators is defined and associated with the inventory data. The
environmental impact per declared unit for the following environmental impact categories were reported in the EPD
according to EN15804+A2:2019 (Table 5), and divided into core, upstream (and downstream, if included) module.

9 *
World Steel Methodology Report, 2020
 Table 5. Environmental impacts indicators for EN15804+A2:2019
Impact category Indicator Unit
Climate change – total Global Warming Potential total (GWP-total) kg CO2 eq.
Climate change - fossil Global Warming Potential fossil fuels (GWP-fossil) kg CO2 eq.

Climate change – biogenic Global Warming Potential biogenic (GWP-biogenic) kg CO2 eq.
Global Warming Potential land use and land
Climate change – luluc kg CO2 eq.
use change (GWP-luluc)
Depletion potential of the stratospheric ozone
Ozone Depletion kg CFC-11 eq.
layer (ODP)
Acidification potential, Accumulated
Acidification Mole of H+ eq.
Exceedance (AP)
Eutrophication aquatic Eutrophication potential, fraction of nutrients
kg PO4 eq.
freshwater reaching freshwater end compartment (EP-freshwater)
Eutrophication potential, fraction of nutrients
Eutrophication aquatic marine kg N eq.
reaching marine end compartment (EP-marine)
Eutrophication potential, Accumulated
Eutrophication terrestrial Mole of N eq.
Exceedance (EP-terrestrial)
Photochemical ozone formation Formation potential of tropospheric ozone (POCP) kg NMVOC eq.
Depletion of abiotic resources Abiotic depletion potential for
kg Sb eq.
- minerals and metals non-fossil resources (ADP- minerals & metals)
Depletion of abiotic resources - Abiotic depletion for fossil resources potential
MJ
fossil fuels (ADP-fossil)
Water (user) deprivation potential, deprivation
Water Scarcity m³ world eq.
-weighted water consumption (WDP)

The consumption of natural resources per declared or function unit is reported in the EPD. Input parameters,
according with EN15804+A2, describing resource use are shown in Table 6.

Table 6. Natural resources use parameters

Parameter Unit
Renewable primary energy as energy carrier (PERE) MJ
Renewable primary energy resources as material utilization (PERM) MJ
Total use of renewable primary energy resources (PERT) MJ
Non-renewable primary energy as energy carrier (PENRE) MJ
Non-renewable primary energy as material utilization (PENRM) MJ
Total use of non-renewable primary energy resources (PENRT) MJ
Use of secondary material (SM) kg
Use of renewable secondary fuels (RSF) MJ
Use of non-renewable secondary fuels (NRSF) MJ
Net freshwater Use (FW) m3

10
 “”•– –    
 
Hazardous waste disposed (HWD) kg
Non-hazardous waste disposed (NHWD) kg
Radioactive waste disposed (RWD) kg
Components for re-use (CRU) kg
Materials for recycling (MFR) kg
Materials for energy recovery (MER) kg
Exported electrical energy (EEE) MJ
Exported thermal energy (EET) MJ

—‡
  
Potential incidence of disease due to PM
Particulate matter emissions Disease incidences
emissions (PM)
Potential Human exposure efficiency relative to
Ionising radiation kBq U235 eq.
U235 (IRP)
Potential Comparative Toxic Unit for
Eco-toxicity (freshwater) CTUe
ecosystems (ETP - fw)
Human toxicity, Potential Comparative Toxic Unit for
CTUh
cancer effects humans (HTP - c)
Human toxicity, Potential Comparative Toxic Unit for
CTUh
non-cancer effects humans (HTP - nc)
Land use related impacts / Soil
Potential soil quality index (SQP) Pt
quality potential

ƒŽ‘
Criteria were set out in the original study for the recording of material flows and to avoid the need to pursue trivial
inputs/outputs in the system. These are outlined below:

1. All energetic inputs to the process stages were recorded, including fuels, electricity, steam and compressed air

2. Each excluded material flow must not exceed 1% of mass, energy or environmental relevance, for each unit
process. Accordingly, 99% of the material flow were accounted

3. The sum of the excluded material flows in the system must not exceed 5% of mass, energy or environmental
relevance and it has been complied

ƒƒ ’
The study is a cradle-to-gate with additional modules LCA study. It covers the stages from production of raw materials
to the End of Life of the product, excluding the use phase of the product. The scope covers raw material production
(A1), inbound transportation (A2), manufacturing (A3), product dismantling (C1), transport of dismantled product to
EoL site (C2), waste processing (C3), disposal (C4) as well as the end of life stage recycling (D) considerations. The
scenarios included are currently in use and are representatives for one of the most likely scenario alternatives.

11
 €      

EPD Module Life Cycle Stages Life Cycle Definitions

Sub-Stages

This module covers extraction and production of the raw materials.

Primary raw In this study, Steel Billet (Crude Steel) is the raw material for the
A1 Materials materials manufacturing of Steel Rebars and hence the production
Production of billet and its upstream is included in this module

A2 Upstream Transport - Transportation of raw materials to the manufacturing unit

A3 Manufacturing Utilities Manufacturing of steel rebar products

C1 Product Dismantling - Dismantling of the steel rebar product

C2 Transport to EoL site - Transport of the dismantled product to the EoL site

- Waste processing of the dismantled product

C3 Waste Processing
(85% steel recycling)

- Disposal of the dismantled products (i.e. landfill)

C4 Disposal
15% of steel product is send to landfill

- Steel is a 100% recyclable material and as per World Steel Data 85%
D EoL Credit
recoverability is observed. Thus 85% is considered for EoL credit

ƒƒˆ   ’

The geographical coverage of this study covers the production of steel rebar products by Tata Steel Ltd in its
Jamshedpur steel works facility as well as by it subsidiaries and external steel processing centres in India. Indian
specific datasets wherever possible have been adapted and others dataset were chosen from EU if no Indian datasets
were available. In addition, imported raw materials are considered along with transport. All the primary data has been
collected from Tata Steel Limited in co-operation with experts from Sphera (formerly Thinkstep AG)

ƒƒ  ’

The data collection is related to one year of operation and the year of the data is indicated in the questionnaire for
each data point. The data was derived between April 2017 to March 2021 (includes Financial Years 2018, 2019, 2020
and 2021 based on the availability of data from different participating sites). It is believed to be representative of steel
production during this time frame.

12
 ƒƒ     
100% of this study is a representative of Blast Furnace with Basic Oxygen Furnace route for which the key raw materi-
als are iron ore and coal.

ƒŠ– 
The LCA model was created using the GaBi 9.2 Software system for life cycle engineering, developed by Sphera
Solutions Inc. The GaBi database provides the life cycle inventory data for several of the raw and process materials
obtained from the upstream system. Detailed database documentation for GaBi datasets can be accessed at:
https://gabi.sphera.com/international/support/gabi/gabi-database-2021-lci-documentation%20/.

ƒ˜
According to the standards, EPDs do not compare the environmental performance of products in the sector. Any
comparison of the declared environmental performance of products lies outside the scope of these standards and is
suggested to be feasible only if all compared declarations follow equal standard provisions.

ƒ“ 
Modules of the life cycle included as per PCR is given in Table 10.

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A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 C1 C2 C3 C4 D

X X X MNA MNA MNA MNA MNA MNA MNA MNA MNA X X X X X

ƒ“†‡  

The LCIA results for 1 tonne of Steel Rebar is given in Table 11 to Table 15. The estimated results are only relative
statements which do not indicate the end points of the impact categories, exceeding threshold values, safety
margins or risks.

13
     
Parameter Unit A1 A2 A3 C1 C2 C3 C4 D

Climate Change kg CO2 eq. 2.52E+03 2.16E+00 2.05E+02 6.10E+00 4.08E+00 0.00E+00 7.18E+00 -1.48E+03
Climate Change
kg CO2 eq. 2.52E+03 2.16E+00 2.05E+02 6.11E+00 4.08E+00 0.00E+00 7.40E+00 -1.48E+03
(fossil)
Climate Change
kg CO2 eq. -4.88E-01 -6.56E-04 -3.04E-02 -3.80E-03 -8.38E-04 0.00E+00 -2.20E-01 -2.12E+00
(biogenic)
Climate Change
(land use kg CO2 eq. 4.34E-01 3.99E-03 1.94E-01 3.16E-04 2.11E-04 0.00E+00 7.20E-03 4.22E-02
change)
Ozone depletion kg CFC-11 eq. 4.46E-09 4.33E-15 4.53E-13 3.03E-16 2.02E-16 0.00E+00 1.64E-14 3.23E-12

Acidification Mole of H+ eq. 5.89E+00 2.68E-02 1.98E+00 7.26E-03 3.47E-02 0.00E+00 2.38E-02 -3.30E+00

Eutrophication
kg P eq. 2.04E-04 1.71E-06 8.54E-05 1.29E-06 8.59E-07 0.00E+00 5.67E-06 -8.38E-04
freshwater
Eutrophication
kg N eq. 1.05E+00 3.70E-03 2.20E-01 8.39E-04 1.57E-02 0.00E+00 5.78E-03 -6.01E-01
marine
Eutrophication
Mole of N eq. 1.15E+01 3.70E-03 2.45E+00 9.27E-03 1.72E-01 0.00E+00 6.34E-02 -6.09E+00
terrestrial
Photochemical
ozone formation kg NMVOC eq. 2.86E+00 1.02E-02 9.12E-01 3.84E-03 2.99E-02 0.00E+00 1.83E-02 -2.48E+00
- human health
Resource use,
mineral and kg Sb eq. 1.65E-04 1.16E-07 5.87E-06 6.33E-08 4.22E-08 0.00E+00 5.00E-07 -2.40E-02
metals
Resource use,
MJ 2.48E+04 2.31E+01 1.68E+03 8.14E+01 5.43E+01 0.00E+00 1.06E+02 -1.27E+04
energy carriers

Water scarcity m³ world equiv. 1.12E+02 2.13E-01 2.55E+01 1.88E-02 1.26E-02 0.00E+00 -7.97E-02 -1.12E+02

    Ž

Parameter Unit A1 A2 A3 C1 C2 C3 C4 D

PERE MJ 3.23E+02 3.24E+00 1.56E+02 2.91E-01 1.94E-01 0.00E+00 7.41E+00 9.87E+02

PERM MJ 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00

PERT MJ 3.23E+02 3.24E+00 1.56E+02 2.91E-01 1.94E-01 0.00E+00 7.41E+00 9.87E+02

PENRE MJ 2.48E+04 2.31E+01 1.68E+03 8.14E+01 5.43E+01 0.00E+00 1.06E+02 -1.27E+04

PENRM MJ 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00

PENRT MJ 2.48E+04 2.31E+01 1.68E+03 8.14E+01 5.43E+01 0.00E+00 1.06E+02 -1.27E+04

SM kg 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00

RSF MJ 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00

NRSF MJ 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00

FW m3 2.80E+00 7.39E-03 7.39E-01 6.46E-04 4.31E-04 0.00E+00 1.41E-03 -2.61E+00

PERE = Use of renewable primary energy excluding renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials; PERM = Use of renewable primary energy as raw materials;
PERT = Total use of renewable primary energy resources; PENRE = Use of non-renewable primary energy excluding non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw
Caption materials; PENRM = Use of non-renewable primary energy d as raw materials; PENRT = Total use of non-renewable primary energy resources; SM = Use of secondary material;
RSF = Use of renewable secondary fuels; NRSF = Use of non-renewable secondary fuels;
FW = Use of net fresh water

14
 ”•– –    Ž
Parameter Unit A1 A2 A3 C1 C2 C3 C4 D

HWD kg 3.93E-05 1.46E-08 8.71E-07 4.34E-09 2.89E-09 0.00E+00 4.80E-07 -1.63E-03

NHWD kg 1.19E+00 7.35E-03 6.05E-01 1.01E-03 6.77E-04 0.00E+00 1.50E+02 1.52E+02

RWD kg 2.63E-02 2.32E-04 1.12E-02 1.69E-05 1.13E-05 0.00E+00 1.25E-03 4.53E-04

CRU kg 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00

MFR kg 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 8.50E+02 0.00E+00 0.00E+00

MER kg 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00

EEE MJ 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00

EET MJ 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00

HWD = Hazardous waste disposed; NHWD = Non-hazardous waste disposed; RWD = Radioactive waste disposed; CRU = Components for re-use; MFR =
Materials for recycling; MER = Materials for energy recovery; EEE = Exported electrical energy; EET = Exported thermal energy

ƒ’     

 ¢  Ž
Parameter A1 A2 A3 C1 C2 C3 C4 D
Biog. C in product
[kg] 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00

Biog. C in packaging
[kg] 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00

Caption Biog. C in packaging = Biogenic carbon content in packaging; Biog. C in product = Biogenic carbon content in product

Š‡   Ž

Parameter Unit A1 A2 A3 C1 C2 C3 C4 D

PM Disease 6.95E-05 4.35E-07 3.03E-05 6.14E-08 2.23E-07 0.00E+00 2.56E-07 -4.96E-05

incidences

IR kBq U235 eq. 2.39E+00 1.08E-02 1.06E+00 1.61E-03 1.07E-03 0.00E+00 1.78E-01 2.74E+01

ETF-fw CTUe 2.13E+03 2.55E+00 3.60E+02 2.80E+01 1.87E+01 0.00E+00 3.15E+01 -7.55E+01

HTP-c CTUh 4.21E-08 2.78E-10 2.51E-08 4.74E-10 3.21E-10 0.00E+00 3.62E-09 4.54E-07

HTP-nc CTUh 3.87E-06 1.75E-08 1.16E-06 1.52E-08 1.55E-08 0.00E+00 3.64E-07 -1.53E-05

SQP Pt 5.31E+02 2.38E+00 2.33E+02 3.51E-01 2.34E-01 0.00E+00 8.02E+00 3.43E+02

PM = Particulate matter emissions; IR = Ionising radiation, human health; ETF= Eco-toxicity (freshwater); HTP-c = Human toxicity, cancer effects;
HTP-nc = Human toxicity, non-cancer effects; SQP = Soil quality potential/Land use related impacts

15
 ƒ—
The interpretation of the results for 1 tonne of Steel Rebar are presented in Table 16.

˜      

   ™Ÿ
Parameter Most significant contributor

Resource use, The total cradle to gate impact is 1.71E-04 kg

minerals, and metals Sb eq. In A1 – A3 module around 96.5%
impact is from steel billet. A total credit of
-2.40E-02 kg Sb eq is taken in module D.

Acidification The total cradle to gate impact is 7.90E+00

Mole of H+ eq. In A1 – A3, the steel billet
(74.6%) followed by electricity (15%) and
rebar rolling mill process (10%) has the
highest impacts. A total credit of -3.30E+00
Mole of H+ eq is taken in module D.

Eutrophication Potential The total cradle to gate impact is 2.91E-04 kg

P eq. In A1 – A3, the steel billet (70.1%)
followed by electricity (27%) has the highest
impacts. A total credit of -8.38E-04 kg P eq is
taken in module D.

Climate Change The total cradle to gate impact is 2.73E+03 kg

CO2 eq. In A1 – A3, the steel billet (92.4%)
followed by electricity (4%) has the highest
impacts. A total credit of -1.48E+03 kg CO2 eq
is taken in the module D.

Ozone depletion The total cradle to gate impact is 4.46E-09 kg

CFC eq. In module A1 – A3, the impacts are
due to the steel billet manufacturing. A total
credit of 3.23E-12 kg CFC-11 eq is taken in
module D.

Photochemical ozone The total cradle to gate impact is 3.78E+00 kg

formation - human health NMVOC eq In A1 – A3, the steel billet (75.6%)
followed by electricity (10.84%) and rebar
rolling mill process (7%) has the highest
impacts. A total credit of -2.48E+00 kg
NMVOC eq is taken in module D.

Resource use, energy carriers The total cradle to gate impact is 2.65E+04
MJ. In A1 – A3, the steel billet (93.58%) has the
highest impacts. A total credit of -1.27E+04
MJ is taken in module D.

Concluding, the study provides fair understanding of environmental impacts during the various life cycle stages of
steel rebar production. It also identifies the hot spots in the value chain where improvement activities can be
prioritised and accordingly investment can be planned. The scope covers the ecological information to be divided
into raw material production (A1), transportation (A2), manufacturing (A3), product dismantling (C1), transport of
dismantled product to EoL site (C2), waste processing (C3), waste disposal (C4) as well as the end of life stage recycling
(D) considerations.

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 4.8.1 LCA Terminology
Cradle to Gate Scope of study extends from mining of natural resources to the completed
product ready for shipping from the manufacturing dispatch “gate”, known
as Modules A1-A3.

Cradle to Grave Scope of study extends from mining of natural resources to manufacture,
use and disposal of products at End of Life,
including all Modules A-D.

End of life Post-use phase life cycle stages involving collection and processing of
materials (e.g. scrap) and recycling or disposal, known as Modules C and D.

5. Other Environmental Information

The constituent materials used within our products are responsibly sourced and we apply the principles of
Sustainable Development and of Environmental Stewardship as a standard business practice in our operations.
Protecting the environment by preserving non-renewable natural resources, increasing energy efficiency, reducing
the environmental emissions, limiting the impact of materials transportation to and from our operations is part of our
way in doing business.

6. References
• EN 15804: 2012+A2:2019, Sustainability of construction works - Environmental product
declarations - Core rules for the product category of construction products

• GaBi 9.2 2021: Dokumentation der GaBi-Datensätze der Datenbank zur Ganzheitlichen Bilan zierung. LBP,
Universität Stuttgart und PE International, 2012

• GaBi 9.2 2021: Software und Datenbank zur Ganzheitlichen Bilanzierung. LBP, Universität Stuttgart und PE
International, 2012

• ISO 14020:2000 Environmental labels and declarations - General principles

• ISO 14025:2006 Environmental labels and declarations - Type III environmental

declarations - Principles and procedures

• ISO 14040:2006 Environmental management- Life cycle assessment - Principles and framework

• ISO 14044:2006 Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Requirements and guidelines.

• ISO/TR 14049:2012 Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Illustrative examples on how to apply
ISO 14044 to goal and scope definition and inventory analysis.

• WSI and Eurofer’s Co-product Allocation Methodology 2014 - A methodology to determine the LCI of
Steel industry Co-products.

• World Steel Association - CO2 Data Collection User Guide, Version 9 (May 2019)

• World Steel Association – Life Cycle Inventory Methodology Report for Steel Products 2017

END OF DOCUMENT

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