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org (ISSN-2349-5162)

A STUDY ON INDIAN FILM INDUSTRY: PAST,

PRESENT AND FUTURE
*Dr Abhishek Tripathi,

Assistant Professor , Prestige Institute Of Management Dewas M.P.

ABSTRACT

The Indian film industry Bollywood is considered the largest film production industry in the world. India
produced a total of 2,961 films in 2012, including 1,602 feature films. Movie tickets in India are among the
cheapest in the world. The average ticket price in India is 25 rupees (55 cents), compared to the average ticket
price in the United States in 2010, which was $7.50. India accounts for 73% of film revenues in Asia Pacific.
The Indian film industry generated total revenues of approximately US$1.86 billion (Rs 93 billion) in 2011
alone and is expected to reach US$2.28 billion (Rs 138 billion) by 2014. The industry is mainly supported by
the mainstream Indian cinema audience. . By one estimate, around fourteen million Indians regularly go to the
cinema to watch a movie every day. In 2012 alone, Bollywood sold about 2.6 billion tickets, compared to
Hollywood's 1.36 billion tickets. Indian movies are gaining popularity around the world, especially in
expatriate countries. The aim of this research is to provide an overview of the historical development of Indian
cinema since its beginning. This qualitative historical analysis identifies the factors that led to its extraordinary
growth over all these years.

Introduction

The world of Bollywood was invented by a magazine writer in 1970. The history of Indian cinema goes back
to 1913, when the first Indian film directed by Raja Harishchandra was released. The producer of the movie,
Dadasaheb Phalke, was India's first movie boss. Unlike Hollywood, Bollywood initially grew slowly as an
industry.

1920-1945

Several new manufacturing companies emerged from the early 1920s. At the time, most movies were based on
mythological or historical stories. Then came the movie Alam Ara, which was released in 1931. Being the first
sound film of the Indian film industry, this was a turning point for Indian cinema and paved the way for the
future of Bollywood. After a short time, the number of production companies started to increase rapidly, as did

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the number of films. Color films and animated films soon began to be shot. A clear trend began to show itself.
With each movie, the number of viewers and movie ticket sales increase.

Birth of a new wave

The post-1947 era was the birth of modern Indian cinema. Historical-mythological films have now been
replaced by reform films that bring social changes with them. The films now focused on ancient primitive
rituals such as dowry, polygamy and prostitution and created a social consciousness in society. The 1950s saw
the emergence of films by highly talented directors such as Bimal Roy and Satyajit Ray that focused on the
lives of lower-class people who were ignored by society. The era of Bollywood masala movies, or the masala
movies trend, was started in the 1970s by director Manmohan Desai, who aimed to entertain people in a
positive way to make them forget their misery and spread with these films. Mixing action, romance,
entertainment and musical numbers is one of the patterns that still dominates the Bollywood industry.
However, the Indian film industry now places more emphasis on planning, plot and character development.
With the completion of over 100 years of Indian cinema and global critical acclaim with films like The
Millionaire, Bollywood has opened a new chapter in its history and people and audiences around the world are
taking notice and enjoying the work. made in industry. The film industry is one of the most fascinating,
attractive and attractive industries in India. Dubbed the City of Entertainment, Big Screen and Dreams, the
Indian film industry in Mumbai is one of the largest industries in the world. From hairstyles to stellar voice
dialogues, movies have been the biggest trendsetters in India. But few care about what's behind the spotlight,
how many people are involved in making a movie, how this industry generally works, what its revenue streams
are and what it's spent on.

The Lumierre brothers are considered the founding fathers of cinema for inventing the first film camera and the
first projector. In one of their first projections, there was an image of a train approaching the screen and the
audience, thinking that a real train was coming, fled the hall. The event constitutes one of the oldest founding
legends of cinema.

While the Lumierre brothers created the source of the image, D.W. Griffith is considered the father of fiction.
By combining various shots to tell a sequence or structure a story, Griffith formulated the first visual grammar,
ranging from close-up to long shots. Gradually an orchestra entered cinemas, accompanying the music, which
then gave way to a soundtrack synchronized with the images, making the film an audiovisual medium. With a
better understanding of photosensitive chemicals, color took its place on the screen, and with better technology
came lightweight cameras that made it possible to shoot outside of the studio. Gradually the world began to
experiment with various narratives on the screen and formulated a short but complex grammar for cinema.
Concise, complex to decipher by the public, because as the production scale increased, the production process
became more boring. The studio system was introduced in Hollywood when various studio owners signed
deals with the cast and crew to make the film. Just like a factory made products, these studios made and
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broadcast films. Each producer had a particular genre and audiences knew what to expect from each production
company. During the Great Depression in the United States, movies were one of the few industries that
profited, as audiences went to the theater to escape their boring lives for a while.

Films have always reflected on the screen the economic and socio-political conditions of a society. During
World War II, the US government made a series of documentaries called "Why We Are Fighting" to justify
their involvement in the war. These films, which propagated their political ideologies, were shown in theaters
before all feature films. The film noir genre reflected the general dark mood of people in the postwar period.
With the development of technology, films began to be made about a dystopian future such as the Terminator
series (1984-2019). Therefore, it is believed that films are the mirror of society, reflecting the collective
feelings of the masses. They can also be harbingers of change, highlighting the social problems that plague a
society.

THE FILMS ARE COMING TO INDIA

Have you ever wondered why Mumbai today or Mumbai of the past has become the cinema capital of India?
Its position played the most important role. The first heavy cameras, a port, arrived here by sea. Secondly,
Mumbai's climate is humid, perfect for longevity and storage of film or reels. While movies and films from
around the world are shown as novelties in many centers, the first Indian feature film was produced by
Dadasaheb Phalke in 1913. The title and title of the film are based on a story from the Sanskrit epic Raja
Harishchandra. Phalke is therefore known as the father of Indian cinema and receives the highest recognition in
his field from his legacy. This period was known as the silent period because there was no sound recording
accompanying the films, but the set design, the costumes, the expressions. and family plots quickly made
movies immensely popular. Another feature that stood out was the scarcity of actresses. At that time, cinema
was not seen as a respectable career option and women could not be involved in cinema, and therefore female
characters were also played by men. With the release of Ardeshir Irani's Alam Ara in 1931, Indian cinema
entered the era of sound films or "talking" films. The Tamil film industry began in 1931 and was soon
followed by the Bengali film industry in 1932, thus establishing regional markets for regional products.
Mostly, stories of religious epics, folk tales, historical events have been adapted into films. Proving profitable
in various regions and relying on various sources, the film began to prove to be an interesting thriving business
across the country. This allowed various production houses or studios to enter the arena. Owners would buy
cameras, lights, studio space, audio equipment, and hire some technicians and artists to create films as a
common product. Similar elements in different permutations and combinations have been mixed to create
products

With the globalization and digitalization of the industry, their operations have become more commercial.
Production has become faster and more organized with the introduction of new technologies in the industry.
Opening multiplexes allows films to run longer in smaller venues, allowing them to reach different audiences.
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Filmmakers like Madhur Bhandarkar, Anurag Kashyap, Vishal Bhardwaj, etc. They make movies that don't
sell like blockbusters but appeal to niche audiences. On the other hand, in the days of the single screen, movies
had to survive the Silver and Golden Jubilee weeks to make money, whereas today they are spread across
several screens and make more money in a single weekend. On the other hand, the previous movies turned out
to be sleepy hits, making money through word of mouth, whereas today many movies hit the screen in the first
week and fail to attract the public.

ECONOMY OF THE SECTOR

The history of Indian cinema is sometimes referred to as the history of Hindi cinema. However, the fact is that
Hindi cinema is just a major part of Indian cinema. Also known as Indy Wood, it is India's largest film
industry. While of the films released in India in 1986, 364 were in Hindi, the revenue generated accounted for
over 43% of total revenue. Today, the industry competes with the products of the international and regional
film industry. Rising per capita income and high penetration rates in regional and international markets have
proven hugely profitable for Hindi films. Although the primary language is colloquial Hindi, Urdu, English,
and Punjabi also play significant roles in the texts, music, and cultures presented on screen. Sometimes there
are also regional accents and dialects to evoke a geographical arrangement. The style and language are
melodramatic, meaning they heighten the drama of the situation through the use of various tropes. Movies
usually have a song and dance routine, sometimes a few commercial-only songs, known as an object dance.
These songs sometimes attract viewers from segments other than those targeted by the titles provided.
Therefore, the soundtrack will be released before the film and will also be used in promos. It is also commonly
believed that if a film's music proves to be a hit, the film will follow suit. Dance interludes are lavishly filmed
with a number of background dancers. Sometimes the venue chosen is outside India to give the audience visual
variety and sometimes the dancers in the background are of foreign origin to make the visuals more exotic.
Previous publicity was via radio spots and posters. Subsequently, with the advent of television, the medium
began to host film songs in Chitrahaar, and film trailers were also aired during designated time slots.

Another factor influencing cinema is its incorporation of folk arts, ranging from local puppets to singers and
dance forms. Film as an art derives largely from the existing performing, visual, creative and literary arts.
Finally, other established film industries also influenced the films. From official remakes to cheeky copies,
Indian directors have drawn inspiration from all over the world, from American cinema to European cinema to
Korean cinema.

Regional scope

Apart from the Hindi film industry, there are many other smaller film industries in India. Some notable
industries are: Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, Malayalam, Bengali, Marathi, Bhojpuri, Punjabi and Assamese.
Sometimes there was more than one film industry per state, thriving with small movie theaters and DVD sales.

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While the Hindi film industry has been dubbed Bollywood, regional industries are dubbed like Mollywood or
Kollywood depending on the region. In 2018, around 305 Hindi films were certified by the CBFC (Central
Board of Film Certification), while more than 1400 films from all regional languages were certified together.
Filmmakers, actors, actresses, etc. other film industries also appear in Hindi films. Sridevi, Hema Malini and
Aishwarya Rai are among the actresses who have worked extensively in the Tamil, Telugu and Bengali film
industries along with Hindi. Today, many films are made in a regional language but are dubbed and broadcast

parallel cinema

Parallel cinema is the name of the film school that does not aim to produce a film intended to entertain the
masses but rather to tell a story that follows the aesthetics of cinema or that addresses a social question. These
films are called Parallels because they offer an alternative to the general public. Taking on the characteristics
of the films of the Italian neorealist motion picture movement, these films are unattractive, non-melodramatic
and devoid of star power. They are known for their serious content and socio-political commentary. Many
directors of this film movement have won several international laurels. Some well known names are Satyajit
Ray, Shyam Benegal, Mrinal Sen, Adoor Gopalakrishnan, Girish Karnad and many more. It is said that
directors such as Hrishikesh Mukherjee, Madhur Bhandarakar and Amir Khan etc. have found a middle ground
between parallel and commercial cinema.

documentaries

Another thriving branch of cinema in the country is documentaries. They are non-fictional stories told through
the audiovisual medium on the basis of facts and experiences. Filmmakers such as Khwaja Ahmad Abbas and
Anand Patwardhan have made documentaries that highlight various social issues, sometimes banned by
incumbent governments. Documentaries such as Ram Ke Naam (1992), India's Daughter (2015) are banned
and subsequently released via DVD, USB and Internet torrent. Although documentaries do not officially
belong to any sector, they are not produced on a large scale like feature films, nor are they shown in cinemas.
They run at film festivals and special screenings, sometimes find buyers on television or are uploaded to
various web platforms. But recently, the PVR cinema chain has been screening documentaries, biographies and
other types of films in some specials every week.

This will help these films reach their audiences effectively. Organizations such as PSBT (Public Service
Broadcasting Trust) and NFDC (National Film Development Corporation) also finance aspiring young
documentary makers to produce their films.

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corporatization

The film industry has long been a disorganized industry with most people working as freelancers their entire
lives. The contracts were verbal, the foreign exchange was not exploited and therefore a lot of black money
and influence played a role in the negotiations and transactions. For this reason, many alleged connections with
the underworld have also emerged. Many actors and actresses have been linked to the mafia and many
expatriate gangsters are said to have invested in films in India. In 2000, the Indian government finally
recognized the film production sector as an industry as part of a political shift. This change has allowed many
companies to be involved in many stages of the film production process, such as: B. Concept, production,
packaging, branding, marketing and presentation of the film to be produced in front of the intended audience.
Each of these steps is then broken down into sub-steps and delegated accordingly. The studios were then
converted into production houses because the films weren't simply produced, but went through all stages of
production and distribution. With the launch of the large companies, many associations have formed to deal
with the rights of artists and technicians. The industry has become structured and transparent with respect to
the monopoly of the producer. Here are the main reasons behind the corporatization of Indian cinema: Opening
up the Indian economy: with the help of the open door policy introduced in the 1990s, many international
production houses have also entered the market, attracting a large number of investments and prospects from
abroad, thus raising the level of standards of production and content. As a result, films have become more
global in scope and more elegant in production. Many films produced around the world were released in India,
which allowed them to enter the market as well. In 2011, James Cameroon's Avatar became the first film to
surpass Indian films at the box office.

Digital Revolution: VCRs, DVD players, laptops, PCs, cell phones and smart TVs have expanded the market
for movies to watch at home. Digital video cameras have also turned the process into a professional.

Multiplex: A multiplex is a complex with many cinemas. Seating capacity can range from 80 to 400. This
allows movies that don't appeal to the masses to run alongside those that do, each reaching their own segment
without harming the competition of the other. Smaller early films, or films that attracted fewer audiences, were
pulled from screens when another film was released. Many films have also lost ticket sales simply because
they were released alongside other popular films and therefore did not get enough screens.

Overseas Market Growth: With many Indians moving overseas and the growing need for overseas Indian
films, Indian cinema has made its presence felt in the United States, the Gulf and even the UK. United. Many
directors such as Karan Johar have been perceived as making films for foreign audiences. Although initially
unwelcome, corporatization has largely revolutionized the way the industry operates. Here are some of the
effects of corporatization on the industry: Finances have become more transparent. Production houses and
producers began to pay income tax and the flow of black money was curbed. Resources are better utilized,

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there is a practice of sharing actors, studios and other resources between production houses versus the
exclusivity required by studios when signing anyone.

Corporatization

Contracts are legally binding. It was the spoken word versus the now written word. Scripts are also bound and
delivered to actors today well before filming begins compared to previous films where the script was written
alongside filming in many cases. With proper payment practices and methods, cast and crew salaries have
increased several times over the past few years. The quality of films has also improved to compete with
Hollywood films which are released in India. Many regional industries have also benefited, promoting heritage
and popular culture through cinema.

IMPACT ON CULTURE

Revenue Generation

India has been the largest producer and distributor of films in recent years. While the country distributes over
1000 films a year, Mumbai's film industry alone is considered a multi-billion dollar industry. Revenue comes
not only from ticket sales, but also from the sale of satellite broadcasting rights, media partnerships, product
placements, brand sponsorships and web previews. Expense provisions include equipment rental, hiring of
crew and cast, filming travel, music rights, visual effects creation, editing and distribution of the sequel. For
some years there has been an unofficial club created by media houses called the 100 crore club. It refers to
movies that have crossed the 100 crore mark through their box office receipts. The first film to cross it was
Disco Dancer (1982). It was recently overtaken by the 1000 crore club which goes by names like Baahubali 2:
The Conclusion (2017) and Dangal (2017). But taking into account the rate of inflation, the income generated
by Mughal-e-Azam (1975) remains to this day the highest in the history of Indian cinema.

Celebrity and glamor

Stardom is a phenomenon whereby actors, musicians, and other public faces are idolized by the public for their
on-screen work. From stories of women who commit suicide to see Devanand, to letters written in blood to
Rajanikanth, to a temple dedicated to Amitabh Bacchan, Indian audiences put movie stars on a high pedestal.
The actors become the ambassadors of a film when it took more than a hundred people to produce the film.
Flattery also puts a lot of power in their hands. They hit movies through ticket sales, set fashion trends, and
bring a lot of unwarranted attention to their private lives. Even the paparazzi were born out of this
phenomenon. Stardom has also caused content to deteriorate in some cases, as production houses believe that if
a star stars in a movie, audiences will come to watch it even if the content isn't up to par.

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politics

Many movie stars later enter politics to exploit their popularity with the masses. On the other hand, many
politicians use films as a means of spreading their propaganda. Due to the popularity of the industry, many
fringe political groups use it to gain exposure in the mainstream media for political reasons. Karni Sena from
Rajasthan protested against Sanjay Leela Bhansali's Padmaavat (2017). His concern was the portrayal of
Queen Rajputana Padmavati in the film. While supporters claimed the film tarnished the image of a Rajput
Hindu queen, skeptics said the protest was a means of attracting attention. While the group threatened to
behead the actress in this case, another political group, Shiv Sena, also threatened another actress for posing in
a certain way for a movie poster. Through their mass protests, the groups exert a kind of blackmail power over
filmmakers. They probably limit freedom of expression and arouse fears of blackmail in the minds of
producers and consumers. Historical films are always in check for hurting the feelings of any community. In
another incident a few years ago, one film had to change the title and another had to change the lyrics because
few communities were injured. Sometimes the struggle is created only to be noticed by some political parties.

Social influence

Due to the fascinating image of movie stars, teenagers are sometimes blinded and try to imitate them. Dirt
lurks behind the glare of blinding lights, and many try to follow certain practices that turn out to be deadly or
harmful in real life. It's a long-standing debate that movies brainwash young people. Whether it's creating body
image issues and forcing girls to go out of their way to look like actresses' ideals of beauty, or guys mimicking
the stunts of their favorite heroes, everyone wants to live up to life as it is shown on screen. . You may also
have seen statutory council meetings at the beginning or in the middle of the movies regarding smoking and
alcohol consumption. It is placed so that young people do not fall prey to this behavior due to the idolatry of
their favorite actors.The films also reflect many social problems and suggest ways to curb them. For instance.
Films like 3 Idiots (2010) talk about the flaws in our educational system and films like Newton (2017) discuss
the pitfalls of democracy. Since the days of globalization, there has been a growing fear that films westernize
our society. It just means that when we are exposed to Western culture, we may begin to imitate it and forget
our Indian culture.

ART AND PRODUCTION

The digital age

The digital age arrived in the film industry in the late 1990s, with the replacement of film with tapes loaded
into cameras, downloaded and sent directly to editing labs for digitization. They could be reused at least by
overwriting them for stock footage or for B-roll, reducing the cost of the initial resources required to produce a
film. The cameras were cheaper, usable in low light conditions, there was no shortage of stock, images could
be reviewed right away, and there was no time wasted on processing. Even adding special effects etc. has
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become very simple due to the ease of manufacture. This was one of the reasons for the revival of religious and
mythological epics for the screen, as many visual tricks were invented with this innovation.

In the days of cinema, rolls of film arrived in theaters in tin cans to be loaded into projectors and projected.
Now, thanks to digital technology, the film doesn't even have to physically enter the room. Transmission can
be forwarded, reducing the chances of copying and piracy. Previously, cities B and C received earlier copies
and reprints of the same film after the film hit screens in cities A. The further a city is from a large city, the
more copies of a film that reach it go to waste. With digital technology, each copy is as good as the original.
Many production houses such as Adlabs, Sahara and UTV have started producing films in digital format. This
cost reduction has left room for experimentation with content. Indian cinema has made its mark all over the
world. From Raj Kapoor's Soviet ties to inspiring Hollywood musicals, Indian cinema has won laurels and
money abroad. Tamil, Malaysian and Bengali films have also won awards on many international platforms
such as the Oscars and Cannes. Indian filmmakers such as Satyajit Ray, Mrinal Sen, Mani Kaul and more
recently Anurag Kashyap are among the leading figures of cinema in the Indian subcontinent. AR Rahman,
Bhanu Athaiya and Gulzar are among the Indians honored at the Oscars. In addition to them, even some NRIs
have taken up filmmaking. Collectively, they are also referred to as diaspora filmmakers. These films are about
the life and struggle of NRIs and the list of directors and producers has names like Gurinder Chaddha, Mira
Nair, Manoj N Shyamlan, etc.

FUTURE OF THE INDUSTRY

The film industry faces many challenges. In order to understand the challenges, it is necessary to understand
how the sector works in order to be able to make assumptions about possible points of threat.

challenges

Here are some of the challenges the industry is facing in the current scenario:

Uncertainty in the economy: The economy is totally dependent on the public and its tastes. There are no single
factors that predict a movie's success or failure, although many formulas have been developed, worked for a
while, and ultimately failed. Some of the formulas are -

Romance Movies: Boy Meets Girl, Rich Meets Poor, Families Resist, Couple Overcomes Challenges and
Lives Happily Ever After

Robbery Movie: Hero robs bank, finds treasure, successfully pranks

Comedy: Many characters find themselves stuck in an unlikely situation

Family drama: A large Indian family with a variety of characters lives happily ever after after facing a minor
problem
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Action movie: The hero seeks revenge for the death of his father, the rape of his sister, his own misfortune at
the hands of a villain

These formulas, combined with great music and star power, are considered surefire ways to make a successful
movie, but have failed miserably in the past. Vivaah (2006), Dhoom 3 (2013), Thugs of Hindustan (2018) are
some recent examples.

Hacking: This has always been a major concern. Previously, copies of the film were copied and distributed.
Today, while digital has influenced and enabled the film industry on so many levels, it is also holding back in
that direction. As mentioned above, a digital copy is as good as the original, unlike an analog copy, so hard
copies are widely available via USB sticks, CDs, and the Internet. The internet is an ungovernable space that
has no strict rules and guidelines.

Torrents are the most well-known factors for increasing movie piracy around the world. In 2017, TRAI
blocked many websites to fight online piracy. To combat piracy, Hollywood released some films in India
before distributing them worldwide so that the public copying them saw them first and did not need to access a
copy.

Political and Social Scenario: As stated above, many political parties use films to spread their propaganda and
ideology. After the release of Uri (2019), many virtual world bloggers clamored for the film to be released as it
was released months before the election. This misuse of the medium threatens the art form and tips the balance
in favor of those in power.

Competition from other modes of entertainment: Nowadays, many video on demand services are entering the
Indian markets. Netflix joined in 2014 with many international titles. In July 2018, the company released its
first Indian web series Sacred Games. On the other hand, Amazon Prime Video India entered the Indian
markets soon after in 2015 and launched its production and distribution of Indian content with Breathe in 2018.
With the availability of limited international, on-demand and desire, the need to go to the cinema decreases.

development scope

Despite these challenges, the industry faces a period of rapid growth. FDI has increased in films and therefore
also in trade in products. Technicians and actors are imported and exported. Here are a few areas that offer
plenty of room for development:

Film Tourism: Various places around the world are visited by many tourists every year to see where their
favorite films were shot, e.g. Eiffel Tower in Paris and Al

Qualification: As the industry is extremely large and ever expanding, the need for qualified personnel is
constantly increasing. Each film takes about a thousand people to equip the crew. Have you ever been to a

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movie theater to pull the credits after a movie is finished? Have you ever tried to count how many people are
mentioned? From the Lightboys, whose job is to turn on the lights in the costume department, to the people
who manage the costumes for the cast, to Tiffin's contractors, everyone is connected to the industry in one way
or another.

The opportunities for training the required personnel in the sector are immense. Several sub-areas where there
is a strong demand for qualified personnel are:

 Scripting: dialogue writing, graphic designer / storyboard designer

 Songwriting - composition, musical direction, recording studio staff, voiceover
 Scenography - designers, builders
 Lighting - gaffers, lightboys, electricians Costumes - designers, support staff, managers
 Schedule: filming location, filming schedule, filming permits
 Cameramen - Focus Shooters, Shooting Assistants, Equipment Operators Actors - Leading, Supporting
and Supporting Actors
 Choreographers - Action Sequences, Dance Sequences Editor - Music Editor, Film Editing, VFX
Promotions Editor - Animators, VFX Artists, Color Correctors
 Marketing: promoters, media planners and coordinators, distributors

Conclusion:

There are very few state-owned film institutes that train students for a career in the film industry. Private
careers are not very affordable as they are still considered a very risky and non-traditional career option due to
the nature of the industry.

Update with new technologies: While Hollywood has been producing 3D movies for many years, Indian
cinema is still not up to the task. In addition, Indian cinema is lagging behind in the use of animation, special
effects and graphics to the level of Hollywood. This limits the choice of content on multiple levels.

The future holds many other similar technologies that Hollywood wants to adopt, such as virtual reality (VR)
and interactive storytelling. Many of them have begun to make themselves heard on the Internet. Traditional
industry has yet to catch up. To compete with films that use these storytelling technologies, Indian cinema
must adapt to the speed at which it adapts to technology.

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