Personality

Facilitator:
Acknowledgment:
Ghaniullah
Dr. Iram Mansoor
J. Nursing Instructor
Dr. Saqib Rabbani
BSN, RN

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 Copyright Disclaimer

Copyright © 2019 by Ghaniullah

All rights reserved. This Presentation or any portion

thereof may not be reproduced or used in any
manner whatsoever without the proper
acknowledgment of the owner.
Ghaniullah
J.Nursing Instructor
BSN,RN
Ghaniullah0018@gmail.com

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 Learning Objectives
At the end of this presentation the learners will be able to:
 Understand the concept of personality.
 Demonstrate understanding of theories of personality and
behavior.
 Discuss the relevance of these theories to the development
of healthy personality.
 Identify various ways of assessing personality.
 Discuss Personality in relation to sickness.
 Illustrate how one can Improve personality.
 Understand the relation between Personality and nursing.

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 Definitions
Personality
Distinctive and relatively stable pattern of behaviors,
thoughts, motives, and emotions that characterizes an
individual.

 Trait
A genetically determined characteristic of an individual,
describing a habitual way of behaving, thinking, and feeling.
shy, outgoing, ambitious, lazy, easy-going, , high-
strung, confident, grumpy, happy, friendly, etc.

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 Definitions
 Physique
The form, size, and development of a person's body.

 Habits
Any regularly repeated behavior that requires little or no
thought and is learned rather than innate

 Heredity
Features that are inherited from one's parents and ancestors.

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 Definitions
 Emotionality
Emotionality is the observable behavioral and physiological
component of emotion.

 Environment
Surroundings, society and parents.

 Attitude
An attitude refers to a set of emotions, beliefs, and behaviors
toward a particular object, person, thing, or event.

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Theories of Personality
 Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamics Theories
 Humanistic Theories
 Trait Theories
 Biological and Environmental Theories
 Cultural Psychology Theories

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Freud’s Personality Iceberg
The Mind is mostly below the
surface of conscious awareness

Personality develops from

the efforts of our ego, our
rational self, to resolve
tension between our id,
based in biological drives,
and the superego, society’s
rules and constraints.
The Unconscious, in Freud’s view: A
reservoir of thoughts, wishes,
feelings, memories, that are hidden
from awareness because they feel
unacceptable.

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The Developing Personality
In a toddler, an
ego develops, a
self that has
We start life with a thoughts, Around age 4 or 5, the
personality made up judgments, and child develops the
of the id, striving memories superego, a conscience
impulsively to meet following a internalized from parents
basic needs, living “reality and society, following the
by “the pleasure principle”, though ideals of a “morality
principle.” still focused on principle.”
serving the id’s
needs.

The ego works as the “executive” of this three-

part system, to manage bodily needs and
wishes in a socially acceptable way.

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Freud’s Theory of
Psychosexual Stages
 The id is focused on the
needs of erogenous zones,
sensitive areas of the body.
 People feel shame about
these needs and can get
fixated at one stage, never
resolve how to manage the
needs of that zone’s needs.

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Psychoanalytic theories

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Freud’s Psychoanalysis:
Defense mechanisms

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Neo-Freudian, Psychodynamic
Theorists
Psychodynamic theorists, Psychodynamic theorists
such as Adler, Horney, and differed from Freud in a
Jung, accepted Freud’s few ways:
ideas about:
 The importance of the  Adler and Horney believed
unconscious and childhood that anxiety and personality
relationships in shaping are a function of social, not
personality sexual tensions in childhood
 The id/ego/superego  Jung believed that we have
structure of personality a collective unconscious,
 The role of defense containing images from our
mechanisms in reducing species’ experiences, not
anxiety about just personal repressed
uncomfortable ideas memories and wishes

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 Psychodynamic Theorists
Carl Highlighted universal themes in the
Jung unconscious as a source of creativity
and insight. Found opportunities for
personal growth by finding meaning in
moments of coincidence.
Alfred Focused on the fight against feelings of
Adler inferiority as a theme at the core of
personality, although he may have
been projecting from his own
experience.
Karen Criticized the Freudian portrayal of
Horney women as weak and subordinate to
men.
She highlighted the need to feel
secure in relationships.

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Humanistic Approaches to
Personality
Humanistic psychology
An approach that emphasizes personal growth, resilience, and
the achievement of human potential

Humanist psychologists:
1. Abraham Maslow
2. Carl Rogers

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Humanistic Psychology:
Abraham Maslow
Personality development is a gradual progression to self-
actualization

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Humanistic Psychology:
Carl Rogers
Interested in fully functioning individuals
Congruence
this is displayed by fully functioning people and is a
harmony between the image they project to others
and their true feelings or wishes
To become fully functioning we need:
–Unconditional positive regard
A situation in which the acceptance and love one
receives from significant others is unqualified, no
strings attached

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Humanistic Psychology:
Carl Rogers
Unfortunately many children and adults are treated with:
–Conditional positive regard
A situation in which the acceptance and love one
receives from significant others is contingent upon
one’s behavior

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Evaluating humanist approaches
The bad:
1.Assumptions are not testable
2.Hard to operationally define many of the concepts

The good:
1.Added balance to the study of personality
2.Encouraged others to focus on “positive psychology”
3.Fostered new appreciation for resilience

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 Trait Theory of Personality
 Gordon Allport decided that
Freud overvalued Trait: An enduring quality that
unconscious motives and makes a person tend to act a
undervalued our real, certain way.
observable personality Examples: “honest.” “shy.” “hard-
styles/traits. working.”
 Myers and Briggs wanted to MBTI traits come in pairs:
to study individual behaviors “Judging” vs. “Perceiving.”
and statements to find how “Thinking” vs. “Feeling.”
people differed in
personality: having different Trait theory of personality: That we
traits. are made up of a collection of traits,
 The Myers-Briggs Type behavioral predispositions that can
Indicator (MBTI) is a be identified and measured, traits
questionnaire categorizing that differ from person to person.
people by traits.

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The Three Traits Theory

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16 Personality Factors Theory
 Abstractedness: Imaginative versus
practical
 Apprehension: Worried versus confident
 Dominance: Forceful versus submissive
 Emotional Stability: Calm versus high-
strung
 Liveliness: Spontaneous versus restrained
 Openness to Change: Flexible versus
attached to the familiar
 Perfectionism: Controlled versus Raymond Cattell
undisciplined
 Privateness: Discreet versus open

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16 Personality Factors Theory
 Reasoning: Abstract versus concrete
 Rule-Consciousness: Conforming versus
non-conforming
 Self-Reliance: Self-sufficient versus
dependent
 Sensitivity: Tender-hearted versus tough-
minded.
 Social Boldness: Uninhibited versus shy
 Tension: Inpatient versus relaxed Raymond Cattell
 Vigilance: Suspicious versus trusting
 Warmth: Outgoing versus reserved

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 Eysenck’s Theory
Also known as Universal trait theory
Hans J. Eysenck, English
psychologist put forward this theory
explain the personality differences
on the basis of two traits
1. Traits of introversion-
extroversion
2. Traits of stability-unstability

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 Big Five Model
openness to experience: the tendency to be imaginative,
independent and interested in variety vs. practical conforming
and interested in routine.
Conscientiousness: the tendency to be organized, careful, and
discipline vs. disorganized, careless and impulsive
Extraversion: The tendency to be sociable, fun loving and
affectionate vs. retiring, sober and reserved.
Agreeableness: The tendency to be soft hearted, trusting and
helpful vs. ruthless, suspicious and uncooperative.
Neuroticism: The tendency to be calm, secure and self satisfied
vs. anxious, insecure and self pitying.

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 Physiognomy Theory
Presented by Sheldon, who identified some relationship
between physique and personality, He claimed that there are
three such somatotypes.

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 Physiognomy Theory
Endomorphic:
 Fatty and bulky round type body
 Jolly in nature
 comfort seeker
Mesomorphic:
 Muscular and tough body
 Aggressive in nature
Ectomorphic:
 Slim and short body
 Wise but sensitive

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 Humoral Theory
Claudius Galen, a Greek philosopher was interested in various
glands and secretions of these glands in body. The Latin word
“Humor” means “fluid or moist”. He went to Rome and revived
the ideas of Hippocrates and divided people into following
categories depending on excess of one of these body fluids.

Blood (Sanguine Personality)

The blood was believed to be produced exclusively by the liver,
It was associated with a sanguine nature (enthusiastic, active,
and social)

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 Conti….
Yellow bile (Choleric Personality)
Excess of yellow bile was thought to produce aggression, and
reciprocally excess anger to cause liver derangement and
imbalances in the humors.
Black bile (Melancholic Personality)
The word "melancholy" derives from Greek μέλαινα χολή
(melaina kholé) meaning 'black bile'. Depression was attributed
to excess or unnatural black bile secreted by the spleen
Phlegm (Phlegmatic Personality)
Phlegm was thought to be associated with apathetic behavior

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Genetic Influences on
Personality
Nature vs. Nurture debate
– Nature: Biology/genetics determines personality
– Nurture: Experiences determines personality
– Not mutually exclusive
Biology and experience interact and shape our
personalities together
How can biology influence our personality?
– Genes: functional units of heredity, composed of DNA
and specify the structure of proteins
Specify how the brain and nervous systems should
develop and function
Influence the behaviors that make up our personality

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 The Heritability of
Personality Traits
How is heritability studied?
– Adoption studies
 Compare correlations between traits of children
and their biological and adoptive parents
– Twin Studies
 Identical twins = share 100 % of genes
 Fraternal twins = share about ½ genes, just like
regular siblings
 Compare same-sex groups of identical and
fraternal twins
 Look at personality traits in adopted identical and
fraternal twins

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Environmental Influences on
Personality Traits

1. Situational Influences (social learning)

2. Parental Influences
3. Social circles (peer pressure)

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Situational Influences:
Social Learning
 Behaviorist view:
– Behaviors are rewarded and punished differently in
different situations
 Social-cognitive view:
– Personality traits result from a person’s learning history
and their expectations, beliefs, perceptions of events and
other cognitions
– Reciprocal (mutual) determinism

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Situational Influences:
Reciprocal Determinism
Two-way interaction between aspects of the environment and
aspects of the individual in the shaping of personality traits

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Parental Influences
Parental child-rearing practices have a strong influence on
who we become, but research has shown that it is not the
primary determinant:

1. The shared environment of the home has little influence on

personality.
 The non-shared environment is a more important
influence.
2. Few parents have a single child-rearing style that is
consistent over time and that they use with all children.
3. Even when parents try to be consistent, there may be little
relation between what they do and how their children turn
out.

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Parental Influences
Nevertheless, parents still do influence their children in a
number of ways:

 Religious beliefs and values

 Intellectual and occupational interests, skills
 Feelings of self-esteem or inadequacy
 Degree of helpfulness

Influence on traits that are highly heritable:

 Aggressiveness
 Shyness

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Social Influence:
Peer Pressure
How many of you have behaved differently around your
parents that you do your friends?

Adolescent culture:
 different peer groups, organized by different
interests, ethnicity and status
Peer acceptance is so important to children and adolescents
that being bullied, victimized, or rejected by peers is far more
traumatic than punitive treatment by parents.

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Social Influence:
Peer Pressure
Bandura's theory presents the fact that human behavior is not
created and developed by the environment. Rather that
humans personality and behaviors are directly related to what
they encounter and come into contact with. So basically,
human behaviors and personalities are developed over time by
their experiences.
Rotter describes personality as a relatively stable set of
potentials for responding to situations in a particular way. ...
Rotter has four main components to his social learning theory
model predicting behavior. These are behavior potential,
expectancy, reinforcement value, and the psychological
situation

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Cultural Influences on
Personality
Culture
A program of shared rules that govern the behavior of members
of a community or society
A set of values, beliefs, and attitudes shared by most members of
that community
Individualist cultures
Cultures in which the self is regarded as autonomous, and
individual goals and wishes are prized above duty and relations
with others
Collectivist cultures
Cultures in which the self is regarded as embedded in
relationships, and harmony with one’s group is prized above
individual goals and wishes

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Cultural Influence on
Personality
Individualistic Cultures Collectivist Cultures
Define self as autonomous, Define self as an interdependent part
independent of groups of a group
Give priority to individual, personal Give priority to needs and goals of
goals group
Value independence, leadership, Value group harmony, duty,
achievement obligation, security
Give more weight to individual’s Give more weight to group norms
attitudes and preferences, than to than individual attitudes to explain
group norms to explain behavior behavior
Attend to the benefits and costs of Attend to needs of group members; if
relationships; if costs exceed relationship is beneficial to group, but
advantages, a person is likely to drop costly to individual, the individual is
a relationship likely to stay in the relationship

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Measurement of personality
Personality can be assessed applying variety of test and
methods.
3 Categories:
 Subjective
 Subject report about his inner tendencies, habits,
attitude.
 Objective
 Assessment is made objectively so that the result should
be more reliable and valid.
 Projective
 Externalized subconscious and unconscious inner needs,
fear, impulses and desires

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Personality Measurement
Subjective Objective Projective
Interviews Observation Rorschach Ink Blot
Test
Case History Situational/behavi Thematic
oral test Apperception Test
Autobiography Rating Scales Word association
Test
Questionnaire Sociometry Dream Analysis

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 Subjective Techniques
 Subjective in Nature
 Subject report about his inner tendencies, habits, attitude.
 Interviews
 Case History
 Autobiography
 Questionnaire

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 Subjective Techniques
Interviews
Talk upon some topic in which Interviewer ask question and
Interviewee replies.
4 phases:
 Preparatory
 Introductory
 Working
 Termination
Structured : Pre planned Framed questions.
Unstructured : On the spot questions framing according to
need and demand of situation
Telephonic: through phone or mail.

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 Subjective Techniques
Case history:
 Information collect from birth to present day.
 Parents, friends, relatives and teachers are approached.
 Special attention given to traumatic and happy events.

Autobiography:
Some people have the habit to note down in diary every event
in their life and sometime it may be given a book form, such
materials is helpful in person’s personality.
Good points: highlighted
Bad points: Hide

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 Subjective Techniques
Questionnaire:
Consist of various questions related to different personality
traits.
the subject is required to tick the suitable answers in some of
questionnaire
Some are:
 Eysenck’s personality inventory
 Cattels 16PF test
 Minnisota multiphasic inventory
 California psychological inventory

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 Objective Techniques
Assessment is made objectively so that the result should be
more reliable and valid.
 Observation
 Situational/behavioral test
 Rating Scales
 Sociometry

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 Objective Techniques
Observation: Trained observer look and record the behavior of
subject in different situation.
 Controlled
 Uncontrolled
In observation variables of situation can be manipulated to see
the effect of changes on the progress of subject.
Situational/behavioral test:
Presentation of imaginary or hypothetical situation and asked
for possible reaction to the situation, sometimes the subject’s
possible reply is blocked with modification in situation and he is
encourage to give more replies.

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 Objective Techniques
Rating scale:
Descriptive scale in which parents, teachers, psychologists,
friends etc. can be asked to rate the subject for a particular
personality trait.
e.g. parents asked to rate the subject for emotionality.
1 2 3 4 5
Manic excitable stable shy depressive
Sociometry:
Founded by Moreno
Used to study the group and the relationship between the
between the members of the group. A statement is given to the
members of the group to give their reply.

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 Projective Techniques
Externalized subconscious and unconscious inner needs, fear,
impulses and desires etc.
Based on the phenomenon of Projection
Relatively unstructured and undefined stimuli are presented
and asked them to structure them in the way they like.
In doing so they unconsciously project their own desires, hope,
fear and repressed wishes etc.
Modifications in responses are not possible.
Rorschach Ink Blot Test
Thematic Apperception Test
Word association Test
Dream Analysis

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 Projective Techniques
Rorschach Ink Blot Test:
Developed by Hermann Rorschach
(1921)
 Consist of 10 standardized plates (5
Black and white +5 colored )with
unstructured ink spot. Subject can
give as many as responses about what
he observes in this ink formations by
presenting him one by one.
 It can observe normal and abnormal
personality traits by interpreting
those responses from various
perspectives

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 Projective Techniques
Rorschach Ink Blot Test:

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 Projective Techniques
Thematic Apperception Test:
 Developed by Murray and Morgan (1953)
 Consist of 31 cards (30 pictures +01 Blank).
 Among these some are specially for males and some for
females.
 Each subject has presented 20 cards+1 blank card and
instructed to developed a story for each card one by one
that who is the characters in the picture, what they are doing
and what will be the end result of the story.
 The needs problems and personality traits of those
characters are actually belongs to the subject himself.

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 Projective Techniques
Word Association Test:
 Developed by Jung.
 Consist of 100 words.
 Subject will instructed that he will be presented 100 words
one by one, after listening the word subject has to respond
with a word that coms immediately in his mind .
 The response ,time taken, feelings and expressions arise on
face and body posture are noted.
 From these responses various complexes and sensitive areas
of his life are identified that help to understand the subject’s
personality.

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 Projective Techniques
Dream Analysis:
Dreams are the royal roads to the person’s unconscious and it
helps to finds the unconscious personality traits.
Some contents are manifested in nature means in original
forms, but some are in latent form which required
interpretation.
Such latent content in dreams are important in understanding
the personality of the subject.

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 Personality in relation to
Sickness
There are certain personality types which predispose people to
particular types of health problems. Two cardiologists Meyer
Friedman and Mike Jordan describe Type A and Type B
Personalities in 1950s which is closely associated with heart
diseases.
Type A:
 Hard driving, competitive and live under constant pressure,
largely of their own making.
 Seek recognition and advancement and take on multiple
activities with deadline to meet.
 Under stressful condition they cannot control and become
hostile, impatient, anxious and disorganized.

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 Personality in relation to
Sickness
Type B:
 Easy going, non competitive, placid and unflappable.
 They weather stress more calmly.
 May be little dull, but likely live longer than type A.

Stable Personality:
 Emotionally stable, calm and balance and do not
disorganized in sickness.
 Co operative with health care giver.
 Speed of recovery is fast.

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 Personality in relation to
Sickness
Neurotic Personality:
 Highly emotional and anxious people who react very badly
during sickness.
 Excessively worried and tense and find difficulty in adjusting
health problem.
 During sickness (anxiety ) Anxiety disorders.
Histrionic personality:
Mostly observed in women, Tend to show immature, self
centered, seductive, attention seeking behaviors.
Manipulative and use dramatic tactics to control others and
aggravate their sickness.

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 Personality in relation to
Sickness
Extravert Personality:
 Excitement seeker, social, like variations and roaming a lot.
 Find Difficulty in staying within the constant conditions and
feel dull and bore.
Introvert Personality:
 Avoid excitement ,like to stay in constant environment
 Dislike variation and to participate in social functions.
 Think before speak or react.

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 Improvement of Personality
Two steps in improving personality are:
1. The first step is that he should acquire self understanding
called “introspection”. Understand that why he is thinking
and behaving in such a way.
2. Making necessary changes in personality. Personality of
person is build by needs and stresses of life. So the person
has to change his needs and dealing with stress to change
personality.

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 Personality and Nursing
By studying the concept of personality they can understands
their patients and colleagues, and also other people to whom
they are interacting.
 They must have aptitude and interest in this field
 Manual dexterity is useful in bedside nursing.
 Speed is necessary in all nursing tasks
 Linguistic ability makes communication with patients easy
 Some aptitude in art, music and sports helps nurses in
rehabilitation of mentally sick patients.

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 References
 Bates, K. L. (2006). Type A personality not linked to heart
disease"(http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/0607/Sept05_06/
03.shtml). .Retrieved 2006-11-05.
 Friedman, M. (1996). Type A Behavior: Its Diagnosis and
Treatment. New York, Plenum Press (Kluwer Academic
Press), pp. 31 .
 Rana, M. H., Ali, S., & Mustafa, M. (2012). A Handbook of
Behavioral Sciences for Medical & Dental Students.
University of Health Sciences.
 Sharma, K. H., & Maan, G. (2018). psychology for Nurses.
Lotus Publishers.

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Any Question???

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