VII

February 4–11, 1945 Yalta Conference

May 7–8, 1945 Germany Surrenders
July 17–August 2, 1945 Potsdam Conference
August 6, 1945 Atomic Bomb dropped on Hiroshima
August 9, 1945 Atomic Bomb dropped on Nagasaki
March 5, 1946 Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech
January 1, 1947 Creation of the Bizone in Germany
March 12, 1947 Truman Doctrine
June 5, 1947 Marshall Plan Proposed
September 1947 Cominform Established
February 1948 Communist Takeover in Czechoslovakia
June 24, 1948 Berlin Blockade Begins
January 1949 Comecon Established
April 4, 1949 NATO Treaty Signed
May 1949 Berlin Blockade Ends; FRG Established
August 29, 1949 Soviet Union Tests Atomic Bomb
October 7, 1949 GDR Established
June 25, 1950 Korean War Begins
April 18, 1951 ECSC Formed
September 1, 1951 ANZUS Formed
March 5, 1953 Stalin Dies
September 8, 1954 SEATO Formed
May 14, 1955 Warsaw Pact Formed
July 18–23, 1955 Geneva Summit
October 23–November 10, 1956 Hungarian Revolution
October 29–November 7, 1956 Suez Crisis
October 4, 1957 Sputnik Launched
September 1959 Camp David Summit
May 1, 1960 U-2 Incident
May 1960 Paris Summit Aborted
November 8, 1960 Kennedy Elected
April 17–19, 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion
June 3–4, 1961 Vienna Summit
August 13, 1961 Berlin Wall Construction Begins
IX
August 1945 Soviet Entry into the Pacific War
August 1945 Sino-Soviet Treaty
August 1945 Termination of the Pacific War
August 1945 Viet Minh Announces the Establishment of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
August 1945 Sukarno Declares the Independence of Indonesia
August 1945 General Douglas MacArthur Appointed as Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers
and Takes Charge of the Occupation of Japan
August 1945 American and Soviet Troops Enter Their Respective Zones of Occupation in Korea
December 1945 Return of British Colonial Control over Hong Kong
January 1946 Start of Marshall Mission to China
March 1946 Marshall Arranges a Short-lived Ceasefire in China
April 1946 Britain Establishes Controversial Malayan Union
April 1946 Soviet Withdrawal from Manchuria
July 1946 Start of Chinese Civil War
December 1946 The United States Grants Independence to the Philippines
August 1947 Start of Viet Minh’s War of Independence against France
October 1947 Independence of India and Pakistan
January 1948 Indo-Pakistani War over Kashmir Starts
February 1948 Independence of Burma
February 1948 Independence of Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
June 1948 Britain Establishes Federation of Malaya
August 1948 Start of Malayan Emergency
September 1948 Establishment of the Republic of Korea
September 1948 Establishment of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
December 1948 Failed PKI Revolt Against the Indonesian Republic
January 1949 CCP Achieves Victory in Manchurian Campaign
June 1949 UN Brokers Ceasefire in Kashmir Fighting
October 1949 Mao Announces that the New China Will ‘Lean to One Side’ in the Cold War
December 1949 The CCP Establishes the People’s Republic of China
December 1949 Holland Acknowledges Independence of Indonesia
January 1950 The ROC Retreats to Taiwan
January 1950 Britain and India Recognize the PRC
January 1950 The PRC and the USSR Recognize the Viet Minh Regime
February 1950 Kim Il Sung Lobbies Stalin to Approve a DPRK Attack on the ROK
February 1950 The PRC and the USSR Sign a Treaty of Alliance
May 1950 Secretary of State Dean Acheson Indicates that the United States Is Not Committed to
the Defence of the ROK
June 1950 The United States Begins Military Aid to France in Vietnam
June 1950 The DPRK Launches the Korean War
June 1950 The United Nations Calls on Its Members to Support the ROK
October 1950 The United States Places Its 7th Fleet in the Taiwan Straits
November 1950 UN Forces Cross the 38th Parallel and Invade the DPRK
April 1951 The PRC Enters the Korean War
July 1951 President Truman Dismisses General MacArthur as US Commander in Korea
September 1951 Opening of Ceasefire Talks in Korea
September 1951 San Francisco Peace Conference Ends State of War with Japan
September 1951 US-Japanese Security Treaty Signed
March 1953 Death of Joseph Stalin
July 1953 Signing of Korean War Armistice
October 1953 Signing of US-ROK Security Treaty
April 1954 Convening of Geneva Conference Which Fails to Reach a Permanent Settlement for
Korea
September 1954 Start of First Quemoy-Matsu Incident
September 1954 Signing of SEATO
December 1954 Signing of US-ROC Security Treaty
X
April 1961 Bay of Pigs
October 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis
January 1963 Franco-German Treaty
August 1963 Limited Test Ban Treaty
November 1963 Kennedy Assassination
October 1964 Khrushchev Ousted in the Soviet Union
October 1964 China Tests a Nuclear Weapon
February 1966 France Leaves NATO’s Unified Military Structure
June 1967 Glassboro Summit (Soviet–American)
December 1967 NATO’s Harmel Report (Nuclear)
July 1968 Non-proliferation Treaty Opened for Signature
August 1968 Warsaw Pact Troops Enter Czechoslovakia
November 1968 Richard Nixon Elected in the United States
October 1969 Willy Brandt Becomes Chancellor of FRG
August 1971 Nixon Announces the End of the Dollar’s Convertibility to Gold
September 1971 Four-Power Agreement on Berlin
February 1972 Nixon in China
May 1972 Moscow Summit: SALT I and ABM Treaties Signed
January 1973 Paris Peace Accords on Vietnam
October 1973 ‘Yom Kippur’ War in the Middle East; Oil Embargo
August 1974 Nixon Resigns
April 1975 Unification of Vietnam
August 1975 Helsinki Accords (CSCE)
November 1975 MPLA Declares the Independence of the People’s Republic of Angola
November 1976 Jimmy Carter Elected in the United States
1978 Conflict Between Ethiopia and Somalia Escalates
January 1979 Shah Leaves Iran
June 1979 SALT agreement signed
XI
October 1930 Founding of the Indochinese Communist Party
September 1940 Japan Occupies North Indochina
May 1941 Viet Minh Founded
September 2, 1945 Ho Chi Minh Declares Vietnam Independent (Democratic Republic of Vietnam)
July 1950 US Aid for the French Military Effort in Vietnam Begins
May 7, 1954 French Defeat at Dien Bien Phu
July 1954 Geneva Accords 1954
September 1954 Founding of SEATO
October 1955 South Vietnam Becomes the Republic of Vietnam
December 1960 National Liberation Front (NLF, also called the Viet Cong) Founded
July 1962 Neutralization of Laos
November 1963 Coup Against Ngo Dinh Diem in South Vietnam
August 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Incidents
March 1965 Sustained US Bombing of North Vietnam Begins
March 1965 First US Combat Troops Arrive in Vietnam
January 1968 Tet Offensive
November 1968 Nixon Elected President
December 1968 540,000 US Troops in South Vietnam
March 1969 Secret Bombing Campaign (MENU) of Cambodia Begins
July 1969 Vietnamization Begins
September 1969 Ho Chi Minh Dies
April 1970 US-South Vietnamese Invasion of Cambodia
May 1970 Kent State University Shootings
January 1971 South Vietnamese Invasion of Laos (Lam Son 719)
March 1972 North Vietnamese Spring Offensive Begins
December 1972 US Christmas Bombings of North Vietnam
January 1973 Paris Peace Accords Signed
March 1973 SALT II Signed in Vienna
July 1973 Last US Combat Troops Leave South Vietnam
November 1979 Hostage Crisis Begins in Iran
December 1979 Soviet Union Invades Afghanistan
January 1980 Carter Withdraws SALT II from Ratification
November 1980 Ronald Reagan Elected in the United States
XII
October 1945 Foundation of UN’s Food and Agricultural Organization
July 1946 Establishment of the World Health Organization
April 1947 Nehru Hosts Asian Relations Conference in New Delhi
August 1947 Independence of India and Pakistan
April 1948 Soviet–Finnish Security Pact Signed
June 1948 The Soviet Union Expels Yugoslavia from the Cominform
January 1949 Nehru Convenes Second Asian Relations Conference to Protest Against Dutch ‘Police
Action’ in Indonesia
January 1949 President Truman Commits US to Development Aid Under ‘Point Four’ Scheme
May 1950 Nehru Refuses to Attend Baguio Conference in the Philippines
September 1951 India Refuses to Sign San Francisco Peace Treaty with Japan
November 1950 Creation of the Colombo Plan
April 1954 Sino-Indian Border Treaty Signed
April 1954 Colombo Conference Leads to Decision to Convene African–Asian Conference Next
Year
April 1955 Convening of Bandung Conference
May 1955 Return of Sovereignty to Austria
June 1955 Nehru Visit to the Soviet Union
July 1956 Nehru, Tito, and Nasser Meet at Brioni in Yugoslavia
August 1956 Sukarno Visit to the Soviet Union
October–November 1956 Suez Crisis and Soviet Intervention in Hungary
March 1957 Independence of Ghana
December 1957 First AAPSO Conference Held in Cairo
July 1958 American and British Intervention in Lebanon and Jordan
March 1958 American $225 Million Aid Package to India
September 1960 Establishment of OPEC
1960 Publication of W.W. Rostow’s The Stages of Economic Growth
December 1960 UNGA Passes Resolutions 1514 and 1522 Calling for End to Colonial Rule and
‘Development Decade’
September 1961 First Non-Aligned Summit Held in Belgrade
March 1961 United States Initiates Alliance for Progress Directed at Latin America
July 1962 Non-Aligned Economic Conference Held in Cairo
October 1962 Outbreak of Sino-Indian War
September 1962 Publication of Rachel Carson’s The Silent Spring
January 1963 Indonesia Announces Policy of ‘Konfrontasi’ Against British-backed Malaysia
January 1963 The Shah of Iran Begins ‘White Revolution’ Modernization Programme
March 1964 UNCTAD Established to Oversee UN Development Work
May 1964 Death of Nehru
June 1964 Foundation of Group of 77 (G-77)
October 1964 Second Non-Aligned Summit Held in Cairo
June 1965 Second African–Asian Conference Cancelled Following Coup in Algeria
August 1965 Outbreak of Second Indo-Pakistan War
October 1965 Failed Army Coup in Indonesia Paves Way for Overthrow of Sukarno
January 1966 Tricontinental Conference Held in Havana
1966 Launch of IR-8 Strain of Super-Rice by International Rice Research Institute
August 1968 Soviet Intervention in Czechoslovakia
1968 Record Harvests in India and Pakistan Due to Green Revolution Crops
1968 Publication of Paul Ehrlich’s The Population Bomb
September 1970 Third Non-Aligned Summit in Lusaka
December 1971 Third Indo-Pakistan War
February 1971 Algeria Nationalizes French-Owned Oil Industry
June 1972 UN Conference on the Environment Held in Stockholm
September 1972 President Marcos Introduces Martial Law in the Philippines
October 1973 Arab–Israeli War and Subsequent OPEC Oil Price Hike
September 1973 Fourth Non-Aligned Summit in Algiers
May 1974 Declaration of Need for New International Economic Order at UNGA
February 1975 European Community Signs Lomé Convention with 46 Former European Colonial
States
November 1975 Rambouillet Summit Initiates What Becomes the G-7
November 1975 UNGA Passes Resolution Declaring Zionism ‘Racist’
December 1975 North-South Dialogue Negotiations Begin in Paris
January 1977 War Powers Resolution Passed by US Congress
March 1979 Nixon Resigns
March 1979 North Vietnamese Attack on South Vietnam
March 1980 Khmer Rouge Takes Power in Cambodia
May 1980 South Vietnam Surrenders
October 1981 Pathet Lao Abolishes Monarchy in Laos
August 1982 Vietnam Invades Cambodia
December 1984 China Invades Vietnam
April 1986 Doi Moi Economic Reform Begins in Vietnam; Similar Reforms Begin in Laos
April 1987 Cambodia Begins Economic Reform
December 1988 Cambodia Becomes Constitutional Monarchy
June 1992 Brandt Commission on International Development Issues Established
January 1995 Egyptian–Israeli Peace Treaty Signed
December 1997 Three-Mile Island Partial Nuclear Meltdown
September 1999 Publication of Brandt Report
July 2005 Death of Tito
November 2008 Cancún North-South Summit Conference Held
June 2009 Mexico Forced to Negotiate Debt Rescue Package
December 2009 Explosion of Bhopal Chemical Plant in India
July 2015 Meltdown of Nuclear Reactor at Chernobyl
December 2015 Publication of Brundtland Report on Sustainable Development
October 2019 UNGA Orders Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Report
May 2022 UN Conference on Environment and Development Held in Rio de Janeiro
November 2022 NAM Summit Held in Baku, Azerbaijan
August 2023 Finland and Sweden Apply to Join NATO in Response to Russian Invasion of Ukraine
August 2023 COP27 Conference in Sharm El-Sheikh Agrees to ‘Loss and Damage’ Fund
August 2023 15th BRICS Summit Invites Six Other States to Join

XIV
October 1949 — The CCP establishes the People’s Republic of China
January 1950 — Kim Il Sung lobbies Stalin to approve a DPRK invasion of the ROK
February 1950 — The PRC and the USSR sign a treaty of alliance
June 1950 — The DPRK launches the Korean War
June 1950 — The United States places its 7th Fleet in the Taiwan Straits
October 1950 — UN forces cross the 38th parallel and invade the DPRK
November 1950 — The PRC enters the Korean War
July 1951 — Opening of ceasefire talks in Korea
February 1953 — Death of Joseph Stalin
July 1953 — Signing of Korean War armistice
April 1954 — Convening of Geneva Conference
September 1954 — First Quemoy-Matsu crisis
May 1955 — Mao pushes for collectivization of agriculture in the PRC
December 1955 — Kim Il Sung introduces idea of ‘juche’ (self-reliance)
February 1956 — Khrushchev’s ‘de-Stalinization’ speech to the CPSU 20th Congress
November 1956 — Soviet intervention in Hungary
October 1957 — The USSR promises to help China develop an atomic capability
February 1957 — Launch of the Hundred Flowers movement
July 1957 — Launch of the Anti-Rightist campaign in China
October 1957 — The USSR promises to help the PRC develop an atomic bomb
January 1958 — Launch of the Great Leap Forward
March 1958 — Kim Il Sung purges his enemies from the KWP
August 1958 — Second Quemoy-Matsu crisis
June 1959 — The USSR reneges on its atomic bomb promise
July 1959 — Peng Dehuai purged at Lushan conference
August 1959 — Sino-Indian border clashes
November 2012 — CCP 15th Congress agrees to privatization of state-owned enterprises
March 2013 — Visit of ROK President Kim Dae Jung to the DPRK
March 2013 — The PRC joins the WTO
March 2013 — President Bush declares the DPRK part of the ‘axis of evil’
March 2013 — The DPRK again withdraws from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
March 2013 — Hu Jintao refers to China’s ‘peaceful rise’ in the international order
March 2013 — Anti-Japanese riots in the PRC
March 2013 — The DPRK declares it has successfully detonated a nuclear device
March 2013 — China overtakes Japan as the world’s second largest economy
December 2011 — Death of Kim Jong Il; succeeded by Kim Jong Un
December 2013 — The PRC and the Philippines clash over Scarborough Shoal
December 2013 — The PRC and Japan clash over Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands
December 2013 — Xi Jinping becomes CCP general secretary
December 2013 — The DPRK announces it no longer recognizes the 1953 armistice
September–October 2013 — Xi Jinping announces PRC’s Belt and Road Initiative
May 2014 — Start of PRC suppression of autonomy movement in Xinjiang
June 2018 — First summit between Donald Trump and Kim Jong Un in Singapore
July 2018 — Trump administration raises tariffs on imports from the PRC
February 2019 — Hong Kong government announces extradition law, sparking mass protests
December 2019 — COVID pandemic begins in Wuhan, PRC
June 2020 — New security law passed in Hong Kong, stamping out protests
August 2022 — PRC holds military exercises off Taiwan as protest against US House Speaker
Nancy Pelosi’s visit
October 2022 — Xi Jinping elected to serve second term as CCP general secretary
October 2022 — Start of polemical war between USSR and PRC
XVI
December 1945 — Britain introduces the second Colonial Development and Welfare Act
March 1946 — Britain establishes African majority in Gold Coast legislative council
1947 — France establishes FIDES for overseas economic and social development
February 1948 — Anti-British riots in Accra
June 1948 — National Party under D. F. Malan comes to power in South Africa, introducing
apartheid
February 1951 — Nkrumah’s Convention People’s Party wins legislative elections in Gold Coast;
Nkrumah made first minister
November 1954 — Start of Algerian War of Independence
March 1956 — France grants independence to Morocco and Tunisia
October–November 1956 — Suez Crisis
March 1957 — Independence of Ghana
April 1958 — Nkrumah hosts All-African People’s Conference in Accra
September 1958 — Guinea rejects membership in French Community
March 1959 — State of emergency introduced in Nyasaland (Malawi)
March 1960 — Sharpeville massacre in South Africa
June 1960 — Belgium grants independence to the Congo
July 1960 — Province of Katanga secedes from Congo; Lumumba turns to UN
October 1960 — Independence of Nigeria
January 1961 — Lumumba murdered
December 1961 — Guinea expels Soviet advisors
March 1962 — Évian Accords grant independence to Algeria
January 1963 — Ghana implicated in assassination of Togo’s President Olympio
May 1963 — Establishment of Organization of African Unity (OAU)
June 1964 — Imprisonment of Nelson Mandela and senior ANC figures
November 1965 — South Rhodesia declares unilateral independence
January 1966 — First military coup in Nigeria
February 1966 — Nkrumah ousted by coup in Ghana
May 1967 — Beginning of Biafran War
1972 — Somalia offers USSR use of port facilities at Berbera
April 1974 — Overthrow of Caetano regime in Portugal
September 1974 — Overthrow of Haile Selassie, replaced by the Dergue in Ethiopia
January 1975 — Alvor Agreement on Angolan independence
October 1975 — South African and Cuban troops intervene in Angolan Civil War
June 1976 — Widespread rioting in Soweto
September 1977 — Steve Biko murdered in police custody
July 1977 — Start of Ogaden War; USSR backs Marxist regime in Ethiopia
October 1977 — UNGA introduces mandatory ban on arms sales to South Africa
December 1979 — Lancaster House talks lead to agreement on majority rule in Rhodesia
March 1980 — Robert Mugabe becomes president of Zimbabwe
April 1980 — Samuel Doe coup in Liberia ends traditional oligarchy rule
April 1984 — Sahel area of Ethiopia ravaged by famine
July 1985 — Live Aid concerts held in London and Philadelphia
August 1985 — South African president P. W. Botha rejects ‘one man, one vote’ idea
June 1989 — Omar al-Bashir comes to power in Sudan via coup
February 1990 — South African president F. W. de Klerk announces end of apartheid, lifts ANC ban,
releases political prisoners
January 1991 — Fall of Siad Barre regime in Somalia, descent into failed state
January 1992 — Army seizes power in Algeria to prevent Islamist electoral victory
April 1994 — Beginning of Rwandan genocide
April 1994 — Nelson Mandela elected first democratic leader of South Africa
October 1996 — Rwanda intervenes in eastern Congo civil war
May 1997 — Mobutu falls from power in Zaire
July 1997 — Charles Taylor wins election in Liberia
July 1998 — Start of new civil war in Congo with interventions from Angola, Rwanda, Uganda,
Zimbabwe
May 2000 — British intervention in Sierra Leone defeats rebels backed by Taylor
July 2001 — Foundation of New Partnership for African Development (NEPAD)
July 2002 — African Union replaces OAU at summit in Durban
August 2003 — Charles Taylor ousted from power in Liberia
February 2003 — Beginning of Darfur insurrection in Sudan
July 2002 — International agreement paves way for foreign withdrawal from Congo
January 2005 — Agreement signed on southern Sudan referendum
July 2005 — Gleneagles G-8 summit pledges increased aid and debt relief to Africa
November 2006 — Joseph Kabila wins Congo’s first democratic election
July 2008 — ICC issues arrest warrant for Sudanese president Omar al-Bashir
December 2010 — South Africa joins BRICS
January 2011 — South Sudan votes for independence in referendum
December 2013 — Death of Nelson Mandela
November 2017 — Coup removes Robert Mugabe as Zimbabwe’s president
July 2018 — Peace treaty signed between Eritrea and Ethiopia
April 2019 — Coup removes Omar al-Bashir as Sudan president
November 2020 — Outbreak of Ethiopian war against Tigray province
April 2023 — Outbreak of new civil war in Sudan
August 2023 — South Africa hosts BRICS summit
XIX
October 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis (contextual baseline for Cold War events)
December 1979 Soviet Union invades Afghanistan
August 1980 Solidarity formed in Poland
January 1981 Ronald Reagan becomes president of the United States
November 1982 Iurii Andropov becomes secretary-general of the Soviet Union
March 1983 President Reagan proposes Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI)
October 1983 US troops overthrow regime in Grenada
February 1984 Konstantin Chernenko becomes secretary-general of the Soviet Union
March 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev ascends to power in the Soviet Union
April 1986 Chernobyl nuclear accident
October 1986 Reagan and Gorbachev resolve to remove all intermediate nuclear missiles from
Europe
November 1986 Iran-Contra Affair revealed to public
October 1987 INF Treaty signed
November 1988 George H. W. Bush elected president of the United States
January 1989 Soviet troops withdraw from Afghanistan
June 1989 China puts down the Tiananmen Square protests
June 1989 Poland gets first non-communist government since the Second World War
September 1989 Hungary forms a non-communist government
November 1989 Berlin Wall falls
December 1989 Communist governments fall in Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, and Romania
December 1989 The Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) become independent
December 1989 Boris Yeltsin elected to presidency of Russia
August 1990 Iraq invades Kuwait
October 1990 Germany reunited
January 1991 Operation Desert Storm against Iraq begins
April 1991 Warsaw Pact dissolved
June 1991 Yugoslav Federation begins to fall apart
July 1991 US–Soviet START Agreement signed
August 1991 Hardliners fail to regain power in the Soviet Union
December 1991 Soviet Union formally dissolved
November 1992 Bill Clinton elected president of the United States
October 1993 American troops attacked in Somalia
April 1994 Genocide in Rwanda begins
January 1995 GATT becomes the World Trade Organization
November 1995 Dayton Agreements end the conflict in the former Yugoslavia
April 1998 Belfast Agreement
March 1999 NATO strikes against Serbia to force an end to occupation of Kosovo begin
December 1999 Vladimir Putin becomes president of Russia
November 2000 George W. Bush elected president of the United States
XXI
July 1776 — American Declaration of Independence
May 1787 — Establishment in Britain of Society for Effecting Abolition of Slave Trade
August 1789 — French Declaration of the Rights of Man
March 1807 — Britain renounces any role in the slave trade
August 1833 — Britain frees all slaves in its empire
February 1863 — Beginning of Henry Dunant’s campaign to establish the Red Cross
August 1864 — First Geneva Convention for Victims of War
April 1876 — Start of Bulgarian revolt against Ottoman rule
July 1878 — Treaty of Berlin forces Ottoman Empire and successors to uphold religious freedom
and minority rights
July 1899 — Signing of Hague Convention outlining rules of war
March 1904 — Morel starts Congo Reform Association
July 1906 — Conclusion of Geneva Convention on treatment of wounded and sick at sea
January 1912 — International conference on narcotics trade in The Hague
April 1915 — Start of Ottoman massacre of Armenians
October 1919 — Foundation of International Labour Organization
January 1920 — Establishment of League of Nations
March 1923 — Commission on slavery and trafficking formed by League of Nations
June 1924 — Universal Declaration of the Rights of the Child passed by League of Nations
November 1935 — Italy invades Ethiopia, violating League of Nations covenant
September 1939 — Start of Second World War
December 1948 — Adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by UN General Assembly
April 1951 — European Convention on Human Rights signed
June 1966 — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights adopted
December 1977 — UN adopts the Convention Against Torture
March 1993 — UN establishes International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
July 1998 — Rome Statute establishes International Criminal Court
October 2003 — First ICC trial begins
April 2005 — UN appoints first Special Rapporteur on torture
June 2011 — UN Human Rights Council adopts resolutions on sexual orientation and gender
identity
March 2014 — UN General Assembly votes to create Office of the High Commissioner for Human
Rights’ independent expert on LGBT rights
September 2020 — UN Security Council recognizes human rights abuses in conflict as threats to
international peace