Globalisation is a multifaceted process that has transformed the
world’s political, economic, cultural, and technological
landscapes. In the realm of global politics, globalization has
reshaped traditional understandings of sovereignty and state
power.
1.Historical Factor
The Impact of the Two World Wars
The consequences of World War I and World War II led to
significant global cooperation. After the wars, there was a clear
recognition that unchecked nationalism and isolationist policies
could lead to further conflicts. Institutions such as the United
Nations, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World
Bank were established for collective security and economic
stability. This led to further integration and global cooperation.
2.Economic Drivers
Trade Liberalization and Market Opening
One of the most significant economic causes of globalization has
been the liberalization of trade and investment policies.
Beginning in the latter half of the 20th century, many
governments, influenced by neoliberal economic thought, began
to remove protectionist barriers and promote free trade
agreements. Institutions such as the World Trade Organization
(WTO) and European Union (EU) were established to facilitate
these policies .
The Role of Multinational Corporations (MNCs)
Multinational corporations have emerged as major players in the
process of globalisation. These companies operate in multiple
countries, setting up production, distribution, and research
centres around the world. Due to differences in labour costs,
regulatory environments, and access to raw materials, MNCs
have been able to optimise their operations and contributing to
the global integration.
3.Political Ideologies
Neoliberalism and the Ideological Shift
The ideological landscape of the late 20th century played a
pivotal role in advancing globalization. Neoliberalism
emphasizes on free markets, deregulation, privatization, and
minimal state intervention gained prominence in many parts of
the world.. Neoliberalism provided framework for opening up
economies to foreign investment and reducing trade barriers.
The Role of National Governments in Promoting Globalization
National governments have been active agents in promoting
Globalization. Political leaders have recognized that integrating
their economies into the global market can led to growth,
innovation, and geopolitical influence. Governments have
negotiated free trade agreements, participated in multinational
institutions, and made domestic policies that support
international business.
The Spread of Liberal and Democratic Ideals
In the post-World War II era, liberal democratic ideals gained
widespread acceptance as the normative framework for political
and economic organization. These ideals advocate for individual
rights, free markets, and open societies—principles that
naturally align with global integration.
4.The Role of International Institutions
Establishing a New World Order
The post-World War II period saw the emergence of a new set of
international institutions to foster cooperation and mitigate the
risks of conflict. Organizations such as the United Nations (UN),
the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, and later
the World Trade Organization (WTO) were established to
promote stability and economic integration. Their efforts have
smooth the process of globalization.
Promoting Democracy and Human Rights
Globalization has also been influenced by the political agenda of
promoting democracy and human rights around the world. Many
Western governments, particularly during the post-Cold War era,
viewed globalization as an opportunity to spread democratic
governance and market-oriented economic policies. Programs
that supported democratic institutions, free elections, and civil
society
5.Socio-Cultural Dimensions
Migration, Diasporas, and Transnational Networks
Migration is another key factor in the globalization of global
politics. The movement of people across borders for economic,
political, or social reasons has maintained ties with their
countries of origin while integrating into new societies. Diaspora
communities often act as bridges between different parts of the
world, facilitating economic transactions, political dialogue, and
cultural exchange
6.Institutional Causes
The Role of International Organisations
International organisations have played a pivotal role in
promoting globalisation. Institutions such as the United Nations,
World Trade Organization (WTO), International Monetary Fund
(IMF), and the World Bank have been instrumental in
establishing the norms and rules that govern global economic
and political interactions. These organisations facilitate
ccooperation and mediating conflicts.
Regional Integration and Supranational Entities
Regional integration is another important factor that has driven
globalisation. The formation of regional blocs such as the
European Union, ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian
Nations), and NAFTA (now replaced by the United States–
Mexico–Canada Agreement) illustrates how neighbouring
countries can enhance economic cooperation and political
dialogue by reducing internal barriers.
Case Studies showing the Causes of Globalisation
China’s Economic Transformation
China’s rapid economic transformation over the past few
decades has had a profound impact on globalisation. The
country’s shift from a closed, centrally planned economy to a
major global player has been driven by policies of economic
liberalisation, foreign direct investment, and export-led growth.
China’s entry into the World Trade Organization in 2001 marked
a significant milestone, integrating it further into the global
economy.
Conclusion
The causes of globalisation shaped by historical, economic,
technological, political, and cultural factors. The historical
evolution has been marked by world wars, the Cold War, and the
ideological shift toward neoliberalism. Economic liberalisation
led to trade agreements, deregulation and the rise of
multinational corporations.
