STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

1.​ It is the study of the internal structure and deformation of the Earth’s crust. It helps us
understand the processes that shape the Earth’s surface.
2.​ It refers to the three-dimensional arrangement of rock units, mineral deposits, and
other geological features in the Earth’s crust.
3.​ They use a variety of techniques, including field observations, mapping, geophysical
methods, laboratory experiments, and computer-based modelling to study the way in
which rocks are deformed and the processes that control deformation.
4.​ These are the result of various geological processes such as deformation, erosion,
and deposition.
5.​ What are the 5 common types of Geologic Structures?
6.​ These are planar fracture or break in rock where the two sides have moved relative
to each other, resulting in displacement.
7.​ Based on your answer in number 6, these are commonly formes by ____.
8.​ When one side of the fault moves relative to the other side, this is known as ____.
9.​ What are the four types of faults?
10.​These are faults where the hanging wall moves upward relative to the footwall.
11.​Based on 11, what forces are these faults associated with?
12.​These are faults where the relative motion between the two sides of the fault is
primarily horizontal.
13.​Based on 12, these faults are associated with what forces?
14.​These are faults where the hanging wall moves downward relative to the footwall.
15.​Based on 14, what forces are associated with these faults?
16.​These are faults where the relative motion between the two sides of the fault is a
combination of horizontal and vertical movement.
17.​These are bends or curves in rock layers caused by compressive forces.
18.​It is a curved deformation or bend in rock layers that result from the application of
tectonic forces or other stresses.
19.​Folds are formed when rocks are subjected to ___ forces.
20.​What are the five types of folds?
21.​It is a type of fold in which the axial plane is vertical.
22.​It is a type of fold that has a highly inclined axial plane such that the strata on one
limb are overturned.
23.​It is a type of fold in which the axial plane is inclined.
24.​It is a type of fold that has limbs that are essentially parallel to each other and thus
approximately parallel to the axial plane.
25.​It is a type of fold that has an essentially horizontal axial plane.
26.​What are the 4 classifications of folds?
27.​These are folds where the rock layers are bent upward, or arch, creating a “V” shape.
28.​These are folds where the rock layers are bent to an extent that the original layering
is no longer horizontal, but tilted or even overturned.
29.​These are folds where the rock layers are bent downward, or trough, creating a “U”
shape.
30.​These are folds where the rock layers are bent in a single direction, creating a
step-like shape or slightly dipping layers.
31.​These are cracks in the rock that do not involve displacement.
32.​These are geologic structures that result from the cracking of rocks along planes of
weakness, without significant displacement or movement of the rock.
33.​T or F. Joints generally move toward the vertical than the horizontal.
34.​These are natural fractures or cracks in rocks.
35.​What are the 8 types of joints?
36.​These joints form when rocks are subjected to stretching or extensional forces. They
result from the pulling apart of the Earth’s crust. Often have a roughly parallel
arrangement and may form in sets or systems.
37.​form due to compressional forces that push rocks together. They are less common
than tensional joints. Can have a roughly parallel orientation or form as conjugate
sets.
38.​result from horizontal shearing or lateral movement between rock masses along a
fault plane. Unlike faults, they involve no significant vertical displacement. can create
a stepped or zigzag pattern along the fracture plane.
39.​form at an angle to the horizontal or vertical and are commonly found in rocks
subjected to complex stress fields.
40.​occur when rocks that were once buried deep in the Earth’s crust are exposed at the
surface due to erosion or tectonic uplift. The release of pressure causes the rocks to
fracture.
41.​are circular fractures that form around the central vent of a volcano. They result from
the pressure release as magma rises to the surface.
42.​Typically hexagonal in shape and develop when thick lava flows or igneous rocks
cool and contract.
43.​The most famous example of columnar joints is found in ____.
44.​originate from a central point and radiate outward, often seen in volcanic features like
volcanic necks and volcanic domes.
45.​is a crack or break in a rock that does not involve significant movement or
displacement of the rock on either side of the crack.
46.​A rock ____ if it is hard and brittle and subjected to sudden strain that overcomes its
internal crystalline bonds.
47.​If the rock has been displaced along a fracture, such as having one side that is
moved up or down, the fracture is called a ____, and if there is no displacement
along the crack, the fracture is called a ___.
48.​Give the 5 common causes of fractures.
49.​are gaps in the geological record where rock layers are missing due to erosion or
non-deposition.
50.​An ____ is a contact between two rock units in which the upper unit is usually much
younger than the lower unit.
51.​Give the 3 types of unconformities.
52.​are usually erosional contacts that are parallel to the bedding planes of the upper and
lower rock units. they are often discovered when the fossils in the upper and lower
rock units are studied.
53.​are the contact that separates a younger sedimentary rock unit from an igneous
intrusive rock or metamorphic rock unit. suggests that a period of long‐term uplift,
weathering, and erosion occurred to expose the older, deeper rock at the surface
before it was finally buried by the younger rocks above it. It is the old erosional
surface on the underlying rock.
54.​is the contact that separates a younger, gently dipping rock unit from older underlying
rocks that are tilted or deformed layered rock. The contact is more obvious than a
disconformity because the rock units are not parallel and at first appear
 cross‐cutting. They generally represent a longer time hiatus than do disconformities
because the underlying rock had usually been metamorphosed, uplifted, and eroded
before the upper rock unit was deposited.
55.​are important tools used by geologists to represent the distribution and
characteristics of rocks and geological features on the Earth’s surface. These are
essential for understanding the geological history, tectonic processes, and natural
resources of a given area.
56.​A__ is the smallest division of rock or deposit. It is a geologic formation or
stratigraphic rock series marked by well-defined divisional planes (bedding planes)
separating it from layers above and below. A __ is the smallest lithostratigraphic unit.
57.​Are the fundamental units of stratigraphy and sedimentology.
58.​refers to the three dimensional orientation or positioning of a given geological feature,
such as a bed, a joint, a fold, etc.
59.​a general term for the orientation of a line or plane. This refers to the three
dimensional orientation of planar and linear features such as a bed, a joint, or a fold.
60.​Attitude of planar features, such as beds or joints, is defined by their ____ and ____.
61.​It is the angle between the bedding and horizontal plane or the amount of inclination
with respect to horizontal.
62.​It is measured in a vertical plane at right angle to the strike of the bedding.
63.​Dip is expressed in ____, or in ____, or in ____.
64.​It is the direction of a line formed by the intersection of the bedding plane with the
horizontal plane. It is the bearing of a horizontal line on the inclined plane.
65.​What kind of quantity is the strike?
66.​If a plane is immersed in a water, the strike line will be the ___.
67.​Strike is generally expressed as an ___.
68.​It is the angle of inclination of the surface of rock unit or fault measured in a
horizontal plane. Includes both angle and direction.
69.​Dip values always are in the range ___.
70.​A dip of 0 deg defines a ___ attitude.
71.​A dip of 90 deg describes a ___ oriented plane.
72.​0-20 deg
73.​20-50 deg
74.​50-90 deg
75.​An ____ is an exposure of a rock formation or a bed on the surface of the earth.
76.​When the outcrop lines or trend of the beds are parallel to the contour lines, the beds
are ___.
77.​Give the two types of outcrop
78.​Outcrops are created because of ____ of rocks in certain areas. These are well
exposed in folded regions.
79.​It is an exposure of a younger bed surrounded by the outcrops of older formation. It
results due to faulting followed by erosion.
80.​It is an outcrop of older rock surrounded by the outcrops of younger rocks. are
typically formed by the erosion of overlying younger rocks to reveal a limited
exposure of the older underlying rocks. These are thus reverse of oultiers.
81.​____ is a common process of erosion, giving rise to inliers.
ANSWER KEY
1.​ STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY
2.​ GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES
3.​ STRUCTURAL GEOLOGISTS
4.​ GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURES
5.​ FAULTS, FOLDS, JOINTS, FRACTURES, AND UNCONFORMITIES
6.​ FAULTS
7.​ TECTONIC FORCES
8.​ FAULT SLIP OR FAULT MOVEMENT
9.​ NORMAL FAULTS, REVERSE FAULTS, STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS, AND
OBLIQUE-SLIP FAULTS
10.​REVERSE FAULTS
11.​COMPRESSIONAL TECTONIC FORCES
12.​STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS
13.​SHEAR TECTONIC FORCES
14.​NORMAL FAULTS
15.​EXTENSIONAL TECTONIC FORCES
16.​OBLIQUE-SLIP FAULTS
17.​FOLDS
18.​FOLD
19.​COMPRESSIONAL FORCES
20.​SYMMETRICAL FOLD, ASYMMETRICAL FOLD, OVERTURNED FOLD,
RECUMBENT FOLD, AND ISOCLINAL FOLD
21.​SYMMETRICAL FOLD
22.​OVERTURNED FOLD
23.​ASYMMETRICAL FOLD
24.​ISOCLINAL FOLD
25.​RECUMBENT FOLD
26.​ANTICLINES, SYNCLINES, MONOCLINES, AND OVERTURNED FOLDS
27.​ANTICLINES
28.​OVERTURNED FOLDS
29.​SYNCLINES
30.​MONOCLINES
31.​JOINTS AND FRACTURES
32.​JOINTS
33.​TRUE
34.​JOINTS
35.​TENSIONAL (EXTENSIONAL JOINTS), SHEAR JOINTS, COMPRESSIONAL
(CONTRACTIONAL JOINTS), COLUMNAR JOINTS (COLUMNAR BASALT),
RADIAL JOINTS, RING FRACTURES, STRESS-RELEASE JOINTS, AND
DIAGONAL JOINTS
36.​TENSIONAL JOINTS
37.​COMPRESSIONAL JOINTS
38.​SHEAR JOINTS
39.​DIAGONAL JOINTS
40.​STRESS-RELEASE JOINTS
41.​RING FRACTURES
42.​COLUMNAR JOINTS
43.​GIANT’S CAUSEWAY IN NORTHERN IRELAND
44.​RADIAL JOINTS​
45.​FRACTURE
46.​FRACTURES
47.​FAULT; JOINT
48.​TECTONIC FORCES, COOLING AND CONTRACTION, EROSION, EXPANSION,
AND HUMAN ACTIVITY
49.​UNCONFORMITIES
50.​UNCONFORMITY
51.​DISCONFORMITY, NONCONFORMITY, AND ANGULAR UNCONFORMITY
52.​DISCONFORMITY
53.​NONCONFORMITY
54.​ANGULAR UNCONFORMITY
55.​GEOLOGIC MAPS
56.​BED
57.​BEDS
58.​ATTITUDE
59.​ATTITUDE
60.​STRIKE (TREND) AND DIP (INCLINATION)
61.​DIP
62.​DIP
63.​DEGREES, GRADIENT, PERCENTAGE
64.​STRIKE
65.​SCALAR
66.​WATER LINE
67.​ANGLE RELATIVE TO NORTH
68.​DIP
69.​0-90 DEGREES
70.​HORIZONTAL
71.​VERTICALLY
72.​SHALLOW
73.​MODERATE
74.​STEEP
75.​OUTCROP
76.​HORIZONTAL
77.​OUTLIER AND INLIER
78.​SELECTIVE EROSION
79.​OUTLIER
80.​INLIER
81.​VALLEY FORMATION
WAVE THEORY

1.​ In Geology is a fundamental concept in civil engineering, especially in understanding

the behavior of materials under stress and seismic events.
2.​ Form on the ocean and lakes due to wind energy transfer to water.
3.​ The _____ the wind, the _____ it blows, and the ____ the area of water over which it
blows (the fetch), the ____ the waves are likely to be.
4.​ The horizontal distance between two crests or two troughs.
5.​ The vertical distance between a trough and a crest.
6.​ The speed at which wave crests move across the water.
7.​ Are caused by the sudden movement of materials within the Earth, such as slip along
a fault during an earthquake.
8.​ Seismic waves can be recorded with what equipment?
9.​ This category of seismic wave is travelling through the interior of the earth.
10.​Arrive before the surface waves emitted by an earthquake.
11.​These waves are of higher frequency than surface waves.
12.​It is the fastest kind of seismic wave.
13.​How strongly the material resists being bent sideways and is able to straighten itself
out once the shearing force has passed.
14.​It is the first wave to be detected once an earthquake has occurred.
15.​How much the material can be compressed into a smaller volume and then recover
its previous volume once the compressing force has passed
16.​It travel through liquids and through solids.
17.​How much mass the material contains in a unit of volume
18.​The ___ rigid the material, the ___ the P-waves
19.​The ___ compressible the material, the ___ the P-waves
20.​The ___ the density of the material, the ___ the P-waves
21.​ It moves by material flexing or deforming sideways (shearing) from the direction of
wave travel, and then returning to the original shape once the wave passes.
22.​It is also known as compressional waves, because of the pushing and pulling they
do.
23.​Move rock particles up and down, or side-to-side perpendicular to the direction that
the wave is travelling in ( direction of propagation).
24.​ It is the second type to be detected once an earthquake has occurred.
25.​The ____ rigid the material, the ___ the S-waves
26.​The ___ the density of the material, the ____ the S-waves
27.​Travel along the surface rather than through the bulk of the medium and are
responsible for the most significant damage during seismic events.x
28.​Who mathematically predicted the existence of rayleigh waves.
29.​When was the existence of rayleigh wave predicted?
30.​Are set off by the combined effect of P-and S-waves on the earth's surface.
31.​Another term for rayleigh waves
32.​In this type of wave, the surface of the earth rises up and sinks down in crests and
troughs, similar to waves on the surface of water.
33.​It involves the surface shearing sideways and then returning to its original form as
each wave passes.
34.​Sometimes called L-waves
35.​An English mathematician and physicist who first modeled L waves mathematically.
36.​It is inversely proportional to wavelength
37.​Is the measure of a complete wave cycle.
38.​ It is equal to the product of its wavelength (λ) and frequency (f) (number of vibrations
per second) and is independent of its intensity.
39.​Is the distance travelled by a wave per unit time in any direction.
40.​Fundamental characteristic of a wave.
41.​ It can be measured as the distance from crest to crest or from trough to trough.
42.​ It is the measure of the number of waves passing through a point in a unit time.
43.​ Is any substance or region through which a wave is transmitted
44.​Is constant in a given medium
45.​ The ____ the density the ___ the wave
46.​ Waves travel ___ through materials that are more elastic
47.​ Is generally highest in solids and lowest in gas
48.​The speed of waves ____ as temperature _____
49.​The ability of a material to return to its original shape and size after being stretched
or compressed.
50.​Is the ratio of stress to strain in a material.
51.​Is the force per unit area applied to a material
52.​What law states that the stress is proportional to the strain in a material within the
elastic limit.
53.​ Is the maximum stress that a material can withstand without undergoing plastic
deformation .
54.​ A measure of how stiff or flexible a material is.
55.​ Measures a material’s resistance to deformation under static or constant load.
56.​It indicates how much a material will deform when a certain load is applied and how
much force is needed to deform a material by a certain amount.
57.​Another term for static modulus of elasticity.
58.​ Means that a material is stiff and requires a lot of force to deform.
59.​Means that a material is flexible and can deform easily.
60.​ It measures a material’s resistance to deformation under static or constant load.
61.​ It indicates how a material responds to dynamic or varying load, such as vibrations,
shocks, or cyclic stresses.
62.​ It indicates how much a material will deform when a certain load is applied and how
much force is needed to deform a material by a certain amount.
63.​ It measures a material’s response to dynamic or varying load
64.​It is calculated by dividing the applied stress by the resulting strain within the elastic
limit.
65.​Dynamic modulus of elasticity is ____ than static modulus of elasticity, as the
material exhibits more stiffness and less hysteresis under dynamic load.
66.​ is a specialized process that involves injecting a fluid-like material into gaps, voids,
or spaces within structures.
67.​Its purpose is to improve structural integrity, enhance load-bearing capacity, and
provide stability to various elements of a construction project. By filling these gaps,
grouting prevents the accumulation of water, air, or debris, which could otherwise
weaken the structure over time.
68.​Used for high permeability land, for which the grout is prepared using water, sand,
and cement.
 69.​Is a form of permeation grouting. This type of grouting mix usually includes
acrylamides, polyurethanes, acrylates, epoxy, and sodium silicates.
70.​Used to fill the gaps between concrete and rock structures and fill the voids between
mined materials. Apart from this, structural grouting is also used to fill cracks in rocks
and joints of rocks in underground tunnels.
71.​Is the major component in drilling muds or fluids used in rotary drilling.
72.​ Are also known as reactive resin grouts
73.​This type of grouting material is made from a cement-based mixture. It is not
waterproof but has the ability to absorb water when wet
74.​ The suitability of sodium bentonite as a grouting material is ___ times its dry volume
when hydrated.

TRUE or False
1.​ S-waves can travel only through solids, because only solids have rigidity.
2.​ Subjected to a P-Wave, particles move in the same direction that the wave is moving
in, which is the direction that the energy is travelling, and is sometimes called the
“direction of the wave propagation”.
3.​ Most of the shaking felt from an earthquake is due to the Rayleigh wave, which can
be much larger than the other waves.
4.​ Love waves have a transversal (perpendicular) movement and are the most
destructive outside the immediate area of the epicenter.
5.​ All surface waves travel slower than body waves and Rayleigh waves are slower
than Love waves.
6.​ A low static modulus of elasticity means that a material is flexible and can deform
easily.
7.​ A low dynamic modulus of elasticity means that a material can dissipate or lose a lot
of energy when subjected to dynamic load.
8.​ A high dynamic modulus of elasticity means that a material can store and release a
lot of energy when subjected to dynamic load.
ANSWER KEY
1.​ Wave theory
2.​ Waves
3.​ Stronger, Longer, Larger, larger
4.​ Wavelength
5.​ Amplitude
6.​ Velocity
7.​ Seismic waves
8.​ Seismometers
9.​ Body Wave
10.​Body Wave
11.​Body Wave
12.​Primary Wave
13.​Rigidity
14.​Primary wave
15.​ Compressibility
16.​Primary wave
17.​Density
18.​More, Faster
19.​More, Faster
20.​Greater, Faster
21.​Secondary Wave
22.​Primary wave
23.​Secondary wave
24.​Secondary wave
25.​More, Faster
26.​Greater, Faster
27.​SURFACE WAVES
28.​John William Strutt, Lord Rayleigh
29.​1885
30.​Rayleigh waves
31.​rolling waves
32.​Rayleigh waves
33.​Love waves
34.​Love waves
35.​ Augustus Love
36.​Frequency
37.​Wavelength i
38.​Wave Velocity
39.​Wave velocity
40.​Frequency
41.​Wavelength
42.​Frequency
43.​medium
44.​speed
45.​Higher, Slower
46.​Faster
47.​Wave speed
 48.​Increases, Increases
49.​Elasticity
50.​Stress
51.​Stress
52.​Hooke’s Law
53.​Elastic Limit
54.​MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
55.​Static Modulus of Elasticity
56.​MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
57.​Young’s Modulus or Elastic Modulus
58.​high static modulus of elasticity
59.​low static modulus of elasticity
60.​Static Modulus of Elasticity
61.​Static Modulus of Elasticity
62.​Static Modulus of Elasticity
63.​Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity
64.​Static Modulus of Elasticity
65.​Higher
66.​GROUTING
67.​GROUTING
68.​Cement grouting
69.​Chemical grouting
70.​Structural grouting
71.​Bentonite grouting
72.​Epoxy grouts
73.​Resin grouting
74.​15
True or false
1.​ True
2.​ True
3.​ True
4.​ True
5.​ True
6.​ True
7.​ True
8.​ True
PILE FOUNDATION
1.​ Its purpose is to transmit a super structure load to a deeper load bearing strata, to
withstand lateral, vertical, uplift load and to minimize the settlement
2.​ Give the 4 classification of piles based on materials or compositions
3.​ These are piles made from tree trunks and are well seasoned, straight and free from
all defects. They are used where good bearing stratum is available at a relatively
shallow depth.
4.​ Based on your answer in number 3, what is the usual available length of these piles?
5.​ Piles that are either precast or cast in-situ.
6.​ ___ are cast and cured at the casting yard and then transported to the site for
installation. These piles are adequately reinforced to withstand handling stresses
along with working stress. They are generally used for short lengths.
7.​ ___ are constructed by drilling hole in the ground and then filling that hole with freshly
prepared concrete after placing the reinforcement.
8.​ They are usually of rolled H-sections or thick pipe sections. These piles are used to
withstand large impact stresses and where fewer disturbances from driving is
desired. These piles are also used to support open excavations and to provide
seepage barrier.
9.​ A pile made up of two different materials like concrete and timber or concrete and
steel is called composite pile. They are mainly used where a part of the pile is
permanently under water. The part of the pile which will be under water can be made
of untreated timber and the other part can be of concrete.
10.​Give the 6 piles Classification based on the function
11.​Piles which transfer structural load to a hard and relatively incompressible stratum
such as rock or dense sand are known as ___. These piles derive the required
bearing capacity from end bearing at tip of the pile.
12.​These are piles which derive carrying capacity from skin friction or adhesion between
the pile surface and surrounding soil.
13.​These piles are also called as uplift piles. Generally it can be used to anchor down
the structures which are subjected to uplift pressure due to hydrostatic force.
14.​These piles are used to compact loose granular soil to increase its bearing capacity.
They do not carry load and hence they can be of weaker material.
15.​These piles are generally used to provide anchorage against horizontal pull from
sheet piling.
16.​______ are used to protect water front structure from impact of any floating object or
ships.
17.​Give the 3 Piles Classification based on method of installation
18.​___ are constructed in pre-bored holes either using a casing or by circulating
stabilizing agent like bentonite slurry. The borehole is filled with concrete after
placing or lowering reinforcement. The main advantage is no damage due to
handling and driving which is common in driven piles. The different types of are:
small diameter piles up to 600mm diameter: Large diameter pile greater than
600mm; Under-reamed piles generally 300 to 450mm diameter.
19.​___ may be of concrete, steel or timber. These piles are driven into the soil strata by
the impact of a hammer. Generally boring is not used in these cases.
20.​These piles are formed by driving a tube with a closed end into the soil strata, and
then filling the tube with freshly prepared concrete. The tube may or may not be
withdrawn afterwards.
 21.​ These are bored, cast in-situ, concrete piles with one or more bulbs formed by
enlarging the pile stem. They are suitable for loose and filled up sites, or where soils
are weak or expansive like black cotton soil.

ANSWER KEY:
1.​ PILE FOUNDATIONS
2.​ TIMBER PILES, CONCRETE PILES, STEEL PILES, AND COMPOSITE PILES
3.​ TIMBER PILES
4.​ 4 TO 6 M
5.​ CONCRETE PILES
6.​ PRECAST PILES
7.​ CAST-IN-SITU PILES
8.​ STEEL PILES
9.​ COMPOSITE PILES
10.​END BEARING PILES, FRICTION PILES, TENSION PILES, COMPACTION PILES,
ANCHOR PILES, FENDER PILES AND DOLPHINS
11.​END BEARING PILES
12.​FRICTION PILES
13.​TENSION PILES
14.​COMPACTION PILES
15.​ANCHOR PILES
16.​FENDER PILES AND DOLPHINS
17.​BORED PILES, DRIVEN PILES, AND DRIVEN AND CAST-IN-PLACE PILES
18.​BORED PILES
19.​DRIVEN PILES
20.​DRIVEN AND CAST-IN-PLACE PILES
21.​UNDER-REAMED PILES
ROCK MECHANICS
1.​ It is the branch of geotechnical engineering concerned with the engineering
mechanics and the properties of rocks
2.​ Are aggregates of mineral grains that are connected by strong and permanent forces
3.​ Are aggregates of mineral grains that can be separated by slight mechanical means
such as agitation in water. Are the end-products of the mechanical or chemical
weathering of rocks.
4.​ Refer to the observable characteristics and attributes that can be measured or
described without altering the chemical composition of the rock.
5.​ Is defined as the ratio of the volume of voids to the total volume. Rocks with high __
typically have greater water-holding capacity and may be more susceptible to
weathering and erosion.
6.​ Is defined as the ratio of the volume of voids to the volume of solids.
7.​ Is defined as the ratio of the volume of water to the volume of voids.
8.​ Is defined as the ratio of the weight of water to the weight of solids.
9.​ Is defined as mass of soil per unit volume. Usually expressed in g/cm^3 or kg/m^3
10.​Is defined as weight of soil per unit volume. Usually expressed in N/m^3 or kN/m^3
11.​Is a dimensionless quantity that compares the density of a substance to the density
of a reference substance, typically water at a specific temperature.
12.​Refer to the behavior and response of rocks to applied mechanical forces or
stresses. These properties are crucial for understanding the strength, deformation,
and stability of rocks under different conditions.
13.​Refer to the ability of rocks to transmit fluids through their pore spaces.
14.​It is the measure of a rock’s ability to transmit fluids through its pore spaces under the
influence of a hydraulic gradient.
15.​In 1856, ___ published an empirical equation for the discharge velocity of water
through saturated clean soils.
16.​What law governs the flow of water through soils?
17.​It is defined as the resistance to permanent deformation by flow or fracture. It is the
stress level that is required to produce a certain type of permanent deformation,
fracture, or flow, under well-defined experimental conditions.
18.​It is the resistance which a smooth surface offers to abrasion. It is usually measured
by Moh’s Scale.
19.​It is the ability of a material to undergo stress, deforms, and then recovers and
returns to its original shape after the stress ceases.
20.​Once the stress exceeds the ____ of a material, permanent deformation occurs.
21.​It is the ability of certain solids to flow or to change shape permanently when
subjected to stresses. Enaables a solid to undergo permanent deformation without
rupture.
22.​1 ft to meters
23.​1 m^3 to liters
24.​1 m^3 to kg
ANSWER KEY
1.​ ROCK MECHANICS
2.​ ROCKS
3.​ SOIL
4.​ PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
5.​ POROSITY
6.​ VOID RATIO
7.​ DEGREE OF SATURATION
8.​ MOISTURE CONTENT
9.​ DENSITY
10.​UNIT WEIGHT
11.​SPECIFIC GRAVITY
12.​MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
13.​HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES
14.​PERMEABILITY
15.​HENRI PHILIBERT GASPARD DARCY
16.​DARCY’S LAW
17.​STRENGTH OF ROCKS
18.​HARDNESS
19.​ELASTICITY
20.​YIELD STRESS OR ELASTIC LIMIT
21.​PLASTICITY
22.​0.30 METERS
23.​1000 LITERS
24.​1000 KG