International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR)

E-ISSN: 2582-2160 ● Website: www.ijfmr.com ● Email: editor@ijfmr.com

3d Printing in Interior Design

Bramhdeep Chouhan1, Ar. Neeta Mishra2
1
Student, Amity University Chhattisgarh
2
Associate Professor, Amity University Chhattisgarh

Abstract
Three-dimensional (3d) printing, or layer-based fabrication, is transforming interior spatial design by
enabling unprecedented personalization, eco-friendliness, and intricate shaping. this paper explores the
fundamentals of three-dimensional (3d) printing, its various technologies, use cases in interior spaces, and
the emerging role it plays in furnishings, partitioning, and interior elements. through practical-world real-
life examples including the world’s first 3d-printed temple in telangana, India, the 3d-printed house at IIT
madras, and Zaha Hadid architects' sculptural furnishings this study highlights both the immense potential
and current constraints of this innovation. the findings reveal that while three-dimensional (3d) printing is
not yet mainstream in interiors, its trajectory suggests transformative implications for sustainable and
personalized design.

Keywords: 3D Printing, Additive Manufacturing, Interior Design, Furniture Design, Customization,

Parametric Design, Sustainability, Digital Fabrication, Case Study

1. Introduction
3D printing, or additive manufacturing, represents one of the most revolutionary advancements in
contemporary design and construction. Originally applied in the manufacturing and automotive industries,
it is now transforming architecture and interior design by enabling the creation of highly customized,
complex, and sustainable design solutions. As we shift from mass production to mass customization, 3D
printing offers an innovative alternative to traditional construction and fabrication methods. It allows
designers to experiment with organic forms, lightweight structures, and multifunctional components that
would be difficult or even impossible to create using conventional means.
It allows designers to prototype quickly, reduce material waste, and explore new textures, patterns, and
geometries. This report explores the fundamentals of 3D printing, various technologies and materials used,
its diverse applications in interior environments, and its future potential. Real-world examples show how
digital tools are transforming not just the spaces we design, but also redefining the role of interior designers
in today's tech-driven world.
1.1 Basics of 3d printing
"3D printing, or additive manufacturing, is a technique that fabricates three-dimensional objects by
sequentially layering materials, guided by a digital design. Unlike subtractive processes that remove
material (like carving or cutting), 3D printing is additive, which makes it significantly more efficient in
terms of material use.
This method is ideal for producing complex geometries, customized shapes, and even interlocking
components without the need for assembly.

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 International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR)
E-ISSN: 2582-2160 ● Website: www.ijfmr.com ● Email: editor@ijfmr.com

Figure 1 Process Of 3d Printing

2. Literature review
Research reveals the roots of three-dimensional (3D) printing with Crump's invention of FDM in 1989
and the principles outlined by Gibson, Rosen, and Stucker (2010). Kolarevic (2003) emphasized how
digital fabrication reshapes architecture and interiors through organic and non-linear forms. Oxman (2011)
introduced the idea of mass personalization, enhanced by computational design. More recently, institutions
like IIT Madras and designers like Zaha Hadid Architects have showcased three-dimensional (3D)
printing’s practical use in both intrafirm and framework and luxury design.
2.2 Types OF 3D Printing Technologies Used in Interior Design.
• Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM): Uses thermoplastic filaments that are heated and extruded
through a nozzle to build objects layer by layer. Popular for basic prototypes and furniture.
• Stereolithography (SLA): Cures liquid resin with a UV laser to create smooth, high-resolution parts.
Ideal for intricate decorative elements.
• Selective Laser Sintering (SLS): Uses a laser to fuse powdered materials like nylon or ceramics,
suitable for functional interior components.
• Concrete 3D Printing: Used for large-scale applications such as walls, furniture, and architectural
features.
2.3 Common Materials Used
• PLA and ABS Plastics: Lightweight and versatile, often used in decorative pieces and furniture.
• Bio-Resins and Composite Filaments: Sustainable alternatives with varied textures.
• Wood, Marble, and Metal-Filled Filaments: Add aesthetic and tactile value to printed decor.
• Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete (GFRC): It is a strong, lightweight material made by blending
concrete with glass fibers, allowing for both durability and creative design,
• Sustainable Concrete Mixes: Used in architectural components with low carbon footprints.

3. Applications of 3D Printing in Interior Design

3.1 Furniture Design
Designers use 3D printing to create ergonomic chairs, modular shelving systems, and avant-garde tables
with organic forms. This method enables seamless integration of structure and function while allowing for
personalization.

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 International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR)
E-ISSN: 2582-2160 ● Website: www.ijfmr.com ● Email: editor@ijfmr.com

3.2 Decorative Elements

From wall claddings and room dividers to custom light fixtures and planters, 3D printing empowers
designers to craft unique, client-specific decor.
3.3 Architectural Components
Partitions, ceilings, columns, and even staircases can now be fabricated using large-scale 3D printers.
Structural elements in architecture do more than support buildings—they also shape how spaces look and
feel.
3.4 Customization & Parametric Design
Parametric design enables algorithm-based modeling where design parameters can be adjusted in real
time, resulting in dynamic forms. When paired with 3D printing, it allows for adaptive, user-centered
interior environments.

Figure 2 3d Printing Machine

4. Methodology
A mixed-method approach was employed to gather and analyze data for this study. The qualitative aspect
focused on literature reviews and visual analysis of selected real-life examples. The quantitative analysis
included comparative evaluation of project metrics such as cost, time, and eco-friendliness outcomes.
Primary data collection methods like surveys and design testing were considered in academic contexts,
while secondary data was collected from peer-reviewed articles, company documentation, and academic
case reports.

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 International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR)
E-ISSN: 2582-2160 ● Website: www.ijfmr.com ● Email: editor@ijfmr.com

Figure 3 Process Of 3d Printing

5. Case Studies
5.1 World’s First 3D-Printed Temple – Telangana, India
Located in Siddipet, Telangana, this religious form and framework was developed by Apsuja Infratech in
collaboration with Simpliforge Creations. It spans over 3,800 sq. ft. and includes sanctums dedicated to
Lord Ganesha (Modak-shaped), Lord Shankar (Square-shaped), and Goddess Parvati (Lotus-shaped). The
Modak dome was completed in 10 days with only 6 hours of active printing time, showcasing the
efficiency of large-scale layer-based fabrication.

FIGURE 4 3D PRINTED TEMPLE

5.2 India’s First 3d-Printed House – IIT Madras

Developed by Tvasta Manufacturing Solutions in collaboration with IIT Madras, this 600 sq. ft. house was
completed in 21 days. Designed for adaptability in both urban and rural settings, it emphasizes disaster
resilience and affordability. Pre-integrated furnishings, curved partitions, and internal finishes were
printed directly, reducing material waste by up to 30%. The custom concrete mix is eco-friendly and made
from locally sourced materials.

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 International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR)
E-ISSN: 2582-2160 ● Website: www.ijfmr.com ● Email: editor@ijfmr.com

FIGURE 5 3D PRINTINED HOUSE

5.3 The “Rise” Chair – Zaha Hadid Architects (ZHA)

Designed in the UK by ZHA, the 'Rise' chair exemplifies sculptural furnishings made possible through
three-dimensional (3D) printing. Its fluid geometry and futuristic form reflect parametric design
techniques. Despite its abstract form, it remains ergonomic and comfortable. Made from high-performance
polymers, it is a luxury piece that pushes the boundary between art and function in interior spatial design.

FIGURE 6 THE RISE CHAIR

6. Inferences And Discussion

The analysis of real-life examples shows that three-dimensional (3D) printing enhances design freedom,
promotes eco-friendliness, and reduces construction timelines. In interiors, it enables designers to create
fluid forms, built-in zones, and highly customized spaces. However, the adoption remains niche due to
factors like skill requirements, post-processing needs, and lack of standardized building codes.
Nevertheless, its growth in academic, luxury, and experimental design sectors indicates a promising future
trajectory
Key Advantages in Interior Design
• Customization: One-off or small-batch bespoke items.
• Speed: Faster prototyping and iterations.
• Sustainability: Reduced waste, recycled materials.
• Creativity: Complex, organic, or biomorphic forms not possible with traditional methods.

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 International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR)
E-ISSN: 2582-2160 ● Website: www.ijfmr.com ● Email: editor@ijfmr.com

7. Conclusion
three-dimensional (3D) printing represents a major innovation in interior spatial design. By enabling
personalized, sustainable, and complex design solutions, it is shaping the future of how interiors are
conceptualized and built. While the innovation has not yet reached widespread adoption, ongoing research
and development, particularly in materials and automation, are rapidly addressing current constraints. As
innovation and training improve, three-dimensional (3D) printing will likely become a mainstream method
in both residential and commercial interior projects.
be treated as a 3rd level heading and should not be assigned a number.

References
1. Crump, S. (1989). Fused Deposition Modeling.
2. Gibson, I., Rosen, D. W., & Stucker, B. (2010). Additive Manufacturing Technologies.
3. Kovacevic (2003) explores how digital tools are transforming architecture and construction.
4. Oxman (2011) discusses how computational design enables mass customization in modern design
processes
5. Tvasta Manufacturing Solutions & IIT Madras. (2022). 3D-Printed Housing Project Report.
6. Zaha Hadid Architects. (2019). The Rise Chair: Parametric Design in Interiors.
7. Design Boom. (2019). 3D Printed Interiors – The New Aesthetic.
8. Apsuja Infratech & Simpliforge. (2023). Charvitha Meadows Temple Project Documentation.

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