03.10.
2024
Cultural psychology is kind of challenge
to core ideas.
Cultures change over time.
Individual shapes culture, culture
shapes individual.
Society + Culture = Sociocultural
Psychology.
Culture isn’t a matter of individual. It’s
supraindividual.
The American cultural anthropologist
Richard Shweder is considered father
of modern cultural psychology. He
argues that much of the field of
psychology—what he calls general
psychology—assumes that the mind
operates according to a set of natural and
universal laws that are independent
from context or content.
Donald Brown’s book Human
Universals.
Many cultural psychologists would
argue that culture cannot be separated
from the mind because culture and mind
make each other up.
If we find that a particular psychological
process can be said to not exist in all
cultures, this reflects an absence of
universality and is called, appropriately
enough, a nonuniversal.
If we can conclude that a particular
psychological process is available in all
cultures, we must decide whether the
process occurs in the same way across
cultures. If the answer is no, it qualifies as
an existential universal.
Functional universals are
psychological processes that exist in all
cultures, are used to solve the same
problems across cultures, yet are more
accessible to people from some cultures
than others.
Accesibility Universal is exists in all
cultures, is used to solve the same
problems across cultures, and is
accessible to the same degree across
cultures.
WEIRD being an acronym for Western,
educated, industrialized, rich, and
democratic.
People are the same everywhere. Taking
this perspective is called a color-blind
approach (or “culture-blind”). The hope
underlying this approach is that people
will interact with each other without
giving much attention to anyone’s ethnic
or cultural background.
Focusing on and respecting group
differences is frequently called a
multicultural approach. The rationale is
that people really do identify strongly with
their groups, and most group identities
are far more meaningful than the kind
that can be artificially created in the lab.
Ethnocentrism—judging people from
other cultures by the standards of one’s
own culture.
Chapter 1 Review Questions
1. According to the definitions in this
book, which of the following would not
be a good example of culture?
A. iPhones.
B. A child learning how to tie her shoes
from her mother.
C. A Child figures out how to create a
hammer by tying a rock to the end of a
stick.
D. A child is given a new puzzle that
she has never seen before, and she
discovers a new solution by herself.
E. A child learns to raise her hand in class
to get the teacher's attention.
2. An important difference between
cultural psychologists and general
psychologists is:
A. General psychologists study people who
have had their culture statistically
controlled for.
B. Cultural psychologists study people from
different cultures, while general
psychologists study people from one
culture.
C. Cultural psychologists believe the
mind is interdependent with context
and content, whereas general
psychologists believe the mind is
independent from context and
content.
D. General psychologists believe people are
born with essentially the same brain
everywhere, whereas cultural
psychologists believe people are born with
different kinds of brains in different
cultures.
E. General psychologists believe
experiences shape the mind, whereas
cultural psychologists believe experiences
do not shape the mind.
07.10.2024
Culture refers to some kind of symbolic
coding—that is, having a set of signals,
icons, and words that indicate something
else most members of that culture
recognize. If we accept this definition,
then, yes, humans are the only species
having culture, because no other species
appears to have symbolic coding.
Humans also seem to be somewhat
unique among species in 'whom they
choose to imitate.
First way of learning is imitate.
Th0mas Kempis (Keşiş, Hristiyan)
Imitating Jesus, because he deserves
imitating. ⚠
Humans are quite particular about the
individuals they decide to learn from.
There are several different kinds of
learning biases that guide people in
choosing which models to imitate:
prestige bias, similarity bias, and
conformist transmission.
People want to know who has prestige
—that is, those who have skills and are
respected by others—and they try to
imitate what those individuals are doing.
Humans are also susceptible to having a
similarity bias: choosing whom to
imitate, and learn from, based on the
target’s similarity to themselves. If a
model shares much in common with you,
it’s more likely that the model has
information important for you to learn.
Humans are also selective in whom they
choose to imitate by what’s known as
conformist transmission—a tendency to
learn from people who are engaging in
behaviors that are more common
compared with others (following
majority).
Patriarchy: Rule of father. Determines
main general identity.
Aristoteles Mimesis Imitation from
nature. ⚠
The unusually sophisticated cultural
learning skills of humans also rest on
three key cognitive capacities: the ability
to consider the perspective of others, the
ability to communicate using language,
and the motivation to share their
experiences.
Mentalizing and Perspective Taking:
When people learn from others, they are
able to take on the perspectives of those
others by considering their intentions,
goals, preferences, and strategies. This
interest in the mental states of others is
termed mentalizing (or having what’s
sometimes referred to as a theory of
mind). (arkadaşım üzgün, neden? İçsel
durumunu anlamaya çalışma)
Imitative learning, in which the
learner internalizes something of the
model’s goals and behavioral strategies.
(direkt olarak kopyalama)
