Personal Identification
PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION INCLUDES:
1. FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY - is the examination of human skeletal remains for law enforcement
agencies to help with the recovery of human remains, determine the identity of unidentified human
remains, interpret trauma, and estimate since time of death. Uses the techniques of physical
anthropology to analyze skeletal, badly decomposed, or otherwise unidentified human remains to solve
crime.
FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGIST - can access the age, sex, and unique features of a decedent and are
invaluable in documenting in trauma to the body and estimating how long a corpse has been
decomposing.
2. FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY - is the identification of dental science to legal investigations, primarily
involving the identification of the offender by comparing dental records of a bite mark left on the victim
or the scene, or identification of human remains based on dental records.
3. DNA PROFILING - (also called DNA fingerprinting) is the process of determining an individual's DNA
characteristics, which are unique as fingerprints. DNA analysis intendid to identify a species, rather than
an individual, is called DNA barcoding.
4. FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION (DACTYLOSCOPY) - identification of person through examination and
comparison of fingerprints.
HISTORY OF FINGERPRINTS
- the development of fingerprint science predates the Christian era by many centuries.
- Pre-historic Indian picture writing of hand with crudely mark ridge patterns, fingerprints impressions
on clay tablets recording business transactions in ancient Babylon, and clay seals of Ancient Chinese
origin bearing thumb prints, were found as evidence of early use of fingerprint as identification of
persons impressing the prints.
- Sir William James Herschel- used fingerprint in India to prevent fraudulent collection of armies pay
accounts and identity on other documents.
- Sir Francis Galton - devised the first scientific method of classifying fingerpints.
-1882 - the first authentic record of official use of fingerprint was noted in the US.
- Juan Vucetich- an Argentinian police, used a system of fingerprint as criminal identification based on Sir
Francis Galton's studies.
- early as the start 20th century, fingerprint was used in criminal investigation has gained acceptance
across the USA and was adopted in use by the different branches of the USA Armed Forces.
- The USA Federal Bureau of Investigation identification files are rapidly approaching 200 millions sets of
fingerprint. - the largest collection in the world.
METHODS OF IDENTIFICATION THROUGH THE AGES;
1. Tattoos - signified family clan tribal relations. But it can be duplicated, changed or disfigured. Today it
signifies local membership or gangs.
2. Scarcification - done by cutting on various parts of the body thus leaving scars forming elaborate
design.
3. Personal Description / Portrait Parle - speaking likeness.
4. Photography - unreliable because of the angle at which photograph is taken.
5. Anthropometry - system of identification based on the body structure of the human body - introduced
by Alphonse Bertillon. It can only be applied to adult. And it takes a long time to learn and apply the
system. It was a subject to error and duplication.
- is the science of obtaining systematic measurements of the human body.
PIONEERS OF FINGERPRINT SCIENCE
1. DR. NEHEMIAH GREW - he presented
Alphonse Bertillon
- was a French criminologist and anthropologist who created the first system ofphysical measurements,
photography, and record-keeping that police could use to identify recidivist criminals.
- Father of Personal Identification
Ancient Babylon
- fingerprints were used in clay tablets for business transactions. 1000 - 2000 BC
Anthropometry
- the first system of personal identification.
Azizul Haque and Hem Chandra Bose
(1897) - Two Indian fingerprint experts credited with primarydevelopment of the Henry System of
fingerprint classification (named after their supervisor,Edward Richard Henry).
Bertillon System
- a system of identification which focuses on the meticulous measurement andrecording of different
parts and components of the human body.
Chiroscopy
– It is the examination and thorough study of the palms of the human hand as a pointidentifying
persons.
Core
-1. Approximate center of the pattern
2. It is placed upon or within the innermost sufficient recurve.
Dactyl
- finger
Dactylography
- the scientific study of fingerprints as a means of identification.
Dactylomancy
- the scientific study of fingerprint for the purposes of personality interpretation.
Dactyloscopy
- a method of studying fingerprints to establish identification.
Delta
-1. point on a ridge at or nearest to the point of divergence of two typelines and
2. is located at or directly in front of the point of divergence.
Dermal Papillae
- is the irregular pegs composed of delicate connective tissue protruding and formingridges of the skin
on the fingers, palms, toes, and soles of the feet.
Dr. Henry P. DeForrest
- he accomplished the first fingerprint file established in the United States, andthe first use of
fingerprinting by a U.S. government agency.
Dr. Nehemiah Grew
- in 1684, he was the first European to publish friction ridge skin observations.
Edgeoscopy
– the study of the morphological characteristics of friction ridges; shape or contour of theedges of
friction ridges.
Edmond Locard
- informally referred to as the Sherlock Holmes of France, he developed the science ofporoscopy, the
study of fingerprint pores and the impressions produced by these pores. He went on towrite that if 12
specific points were identical between two fingerprints, it would be sufficient for positiveidentification.
This work led to the use of fingerprints in identifying criminals being adopted over Bertillon'searlier
technique of anthropometry
Fingerprint
- is an impression of the friction ridge of all or any part of the finger. Fingerprint ridges areformed during
the third to fourth month of fetal development.
Fingerprint Classification Systems
1. The Henry Classification System
– developed by Henry in the late 1800s.
2. Icnofalangometric System
– the originalname of the system developed by Vucetichin 1891
3. Dactiloscopy
– the new name of the systemdeveloped by Vucetich.
4. The Oloriz System of Classification
– developed by Oloriz.Identakey
– developed in the 1930s by G. Tyler Mairs.
5. The American System of FingerprintClassification
– developed by Parke in1903.
6. The Conley System. The Flack-ConleySystem
– developed in 1906 in New Jersey,an improved ConleySystem.
7. NCIC Fingerprint Classification System. Collins System
–a classification system forsingle fingerprintused in Scotland Yard inthe early 1900s.8. Jorgensen System
a classification systemfor single fingerprints used in the early1900s.9. Battley System
a classification system forsingle fingerprints used in the 1930s
Friction Skin
- also called papillary skin, is the epidermal layer found on the ventral or lower surface ofthe hands and
feet covered with ridges and furrows.
Fundamental layers of friction skin
1. Epidermis - outer layer (stratum corneum, stratum mucusum)2. Dermis - inner layer (blood vessel,
dermal papipllae, various glands and nerves)
Furrows
- the depressed or canal-like structure/the white space between the ridges.
Gilbert Thompson
- He used his thumb print on a document to prevent forgery. First known use offingerprints in the U.S.
John Evangelist Purkinje
- anatomy professor at the University of Breslau, in 1823, he published histhesis discussing nine
fingerprint patterns but he made no mention of the value of fingerprints forpersonal identification
identification.
Juan Vucetich
- In 1892, two boys were brutally murdered in the village of Necochea, near Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Initially, suspicion fell on a man named Velasquez, a suitor of the children's mother, FranciscaRojas.
Investigators found a bloody fingerprint at the crime scene and contacted Juan Vucetich, who
wasdeveloping a system of fingerprint identification for police use. Vucetich compared the fingerprints
ofRojas and Velasquez with the bloody fingerprint. Francisca Rojas had denied touching the bloody
bodies,but the fingerprint matched one of hers. Confronted with the evidence, she confessed
the first successfuluse of fingerprint identification in amurder investigation.
Loop
-1. One or more ridges enter upon either side2. Recurve3. Touch or pass an imaginary line between
delta and core4. Pass out or tend to pass out upon the same side the ridges entered.
Three Loop Characteristics
1. A sufficient recurve
2. A Delta
3. A ridge count across a looping ridge
Marcelo Malpighi
- in 1686, an anatomy professor at the University of Bologna, noted fingerprint ridges,
NOTES FOR MIDTERM
REAL IMPRESSIONS - Impressions of the finger bulbs with the use of the fingerprint ink on the surface of
the paper through any coloring materials, which will produce visibility.
ROLLED IMPRESSION - it is made by rolling the first joint of the finger from edge to edge. The following
are pointers to follow in taking the rolled impression.
*Thums of both hands shall be rolled towards the body of the subjects while the index, middle, ring, and
little fingers should be rolled away from the body of the subject.
PLAIN IMPRESSION - This is made by impressing the inked fingers to the fingerprint card without rolling.
The purpose of the plain impression is to confirm or check whether rolled impressions are in correct
placement in the fingerprint blocks.
RULES IN THE SELECTION OF TYPE LINES
*if a type line ends abruptly - the outside ridge next to the broken shall be taken as a continuation.
* if a type line bifurcates - the outside brach shall taken as its coontinuation.
TYPES OF FINGERPRINTS
1. VISIBLE PRINTS - also called patent prints and are left in some medium, like blood. that reveals them
to the naked eye when blood, dirt, ink or grease on the finger come into contact with a smooth surface
and leave a friction ridge impression that is visible without development.
2. LATENT PRINTS - not apparent to the naked eye. They are formed from the sweat from sabaceous
glands on the body or water, salt, amino acids and oils contained in sweat. They can be made sufficiently
visible by dusting, fuming or chemical reagents.
3. IMPRESSED PRINTS - also called plastic prints and are indentations left in soft liable surfaces, such as
clay, wax and paint or another surface that will take the impression. They are visible and can be viewed
or photographed without development.
