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2008年全国硕士研究生招生考试

英语（一）

（科目代码:201）

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 Section I Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word( s) for each numbered blank and

mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is

one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is

] to say it anyway. He is that 2 bird, a scientist who works

independently 3 any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some

diseases not 4 thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections,

which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.

he, however, might tremble at the 6 of what he is about to do.

Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only

7 that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains

the process that has brought this about. The group in 8 are a particular

people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.

This group generally do well in IQ test, 9 12-15 points above the

10 value of 100, and have contributed 11 to the intellectual and cultural

life of the West, as the 12 of their elites, including several world-renowned

scientists, 13 . They also suffer more often than most people from a number of

nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, 14 , have previously

been thought unrelated. The former has been 15 to social effects, such as a

strong tradition of 16 education. The latter was seen as a (an) 17 of genetic

isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately

18 . His argument is that the unusual history of these people has 19 them to

unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 20 state of affairs.

英语（ ）试题.1 .（共14页）

 1. A. selected B. prepared C. obliged D. pleased
2. A. unique B, particular C. special D. rare
3. A. of B. with C.in D. against
4. A. subsequently B. presently C. previously D. lately
5. A. Only B. So C. Even D. Hence
6. A. thought B. sight C. cost D. risk
7. A. advises B, suggests C. protests D. objects
8. A. progress B. fact C. need D. question
9. A. attaining B. scoring C. reaching D. calculating
10. A. normal B. common C. mean D. total
11. A. unconsciously B. disproportionately
C. indefinitely D. unaccountably
12. A. missions B. fortunes C. interests D. careers
13. A. affirm B. witness C. observe D. approve
14. A. moreover B. therefore C. however D. meanwhile
15. A. given up B. got over C. carried on D. put down
16. A. assessing B. supervising C. administering D. valuing
17. A. development B. origin C. consequence D. instrument
18. A. linked B. integrated C. woven D. combined
19. A. limited B. subjected C. converted D. directed
20. A. paradoxical B. incompatible C. inevitable D. continuous

Section H Reading Comprehension

Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing
B,C,or
A, D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

英语（ ）试题.2.（共14页）
 Text 1

While still catching up to men in some spheres of modem life, women

appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. " Women are
particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response
to stress compared to men,n according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New
York's Veteran's Administration Hospital.
Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow
affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the
trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the
studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive
organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.
Adding to a woman's increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased
"opportunities"for stress. "It's not necessarily that women don't cope as well.
It's just that they have so much more to cope with,says Dr. Yehuda. u Their
capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men's,"she observes,“it's
just that they're dealing with so many more things that they become worn out
from it more visibly and sooner."
Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. "I think that the
kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or
repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are
exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal
violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by,
unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot
deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite
devastating. M
Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined
to finish college. "I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so
much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do
better. ” Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. "It's the
hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car
payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck."
Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez
describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few
breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez's experience demonstrates the importance
of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to
function.

英语（ ）试题.3.（共14页）
21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?
A. Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.
B. Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.
C. Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.
D. Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.

22. Dr. Yehuda's research suggests that women.

A. need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress
B. have limited capacity for tolerating stress
C. are more capable of avoiding stress
D. are exposed to more stress

23. According to Paragraph 4,the stress women confront tends to be.

A. domestic and temporary
B. irregular and violent
C. durable and frequent
D. trivial and random

24. The sentence "I lived from paycheck to paycheck. n (Line 6, Para. 5) shows
that・
A. Alvarez cared about nothing but making money
B. Alvarez's salary barely covered her household expenses
C. Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs
D. Alvarez paid practically everything by check

25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
A. Strain of Stress:No Way Out?
B. Responses to Stress: Gender Difference
C. Stress Analysis:What Chemicals Say
D. Gender Inequality: Women Under Stress

英语（ ）试题.4 .（共14页）

 Text 2

It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the

laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor
would then remove the authors9 names and affiliations from the paper and send it to
their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would
accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal
publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to
subscribe to the journal.
No longer. The Internet—and pressure from funding agencies, who are
questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-
funded research by restricting access to it—is making free access to scientific
results a reality. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
(OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of
this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and
Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so
far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in
what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavour.
The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research
depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In
America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and
$11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical
Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in
these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000
journals.
This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of
scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging ；
three main ones were identified by the report's authors. There is the so-called big
deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online
journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing,
typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to
be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such
as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other
models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where
journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before
making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change
the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of
papers.

英语（ ）试题.5 .（共14页）

26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses.
A. the background information of journal editing
B. the publication routine of laboratory reports
C. the relations of authors with journal publishers
D. the traditional process of journal publication

27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?

A. It criticizes government-funded research.
B. It introduces an effective means of publication.
C. It upsets profit-making journal publishers.
D. It benefits scientific research considerably.

28. According to the text,online publication is significant in that.

A. it provides an easier access to scientific results
B , it brings huge profits to scientific researchers
C. it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge
D. it facilitates public investment in scientific research

29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required
to.
A. cover the cost of its publication
B. subscribe to the journal publishing it
C. allow other online journals to use it freely
D. complete the peer-review before submission

30. Which of the following best summarizes the text?

A. The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.
B. A new mode of publication is emerging.
C. Authors welcome the new channel for publication.
D. Publication is rendered easier by online service.

英语（一）试题.6.（共14页）
 Text 3

In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of the only three players in the
National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had
played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing
major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers
have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers
of bigger, longer frames.
The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality:
Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches
taller now than 140 years ago, today9s people一especially those bom to families
who have lived in the U. S. for many generations—apparently reached their limit
in the early 1960s. And they aren't likely to get any taller. " In the general
population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we've pretty much gone as
far as we can go," says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State
University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result
from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the
world.
Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and
nutrients—notably, protein—to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th
century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and
health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height
by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend
in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
average height—5' 9" for men, 5' 4" for women—hasn't really changed
since 1960.
Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height.
During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth
canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years,
our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily
withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. " There are some real
constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism, "says
anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.
Genetic maximums can change, but don't expect this to happen soon. Claire
C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick,
Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits
without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of
military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict
human height in the near future to design a piete of equipment, Gordon says that
by and large, "you could use today9s data and feel fairly confident. n

英语（ ）试题.7.（共14页）
31. Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to.
A. illustrate the change of height of NBA players
B. show the popularity of NBA players in the U. S.
C. compare different generations of NBA players
D. assess the achievements of famous NBA players

32. Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?
A. Genetic modification.
B. Natural environment.
C. Living standards.
D. Daily exercise.

33. On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?
A. Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.
B. Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.
C. Americans are the tallest on average in the world.
D. Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.

34. We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future.
A. the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size
B. the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged
C. genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen
D. the existing data of human height will still be applicable

35. The text intends to tell us that.

A. the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern
B. human height is becoming even more predictable
C. Americans have reached their genetic growth limit
D. the genetic pattern of Americans has altered

英语（ ）试题.8.（共14页）
 Text 4

In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George
Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine
teeth into his jaw—having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.
That's a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most
people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have
begun to focus on the role slavery played in the lives of the founding generation.
They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which
almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his
slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined
history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral
compromises made by the nation5 s early leaders and the fragile nature of the
country's infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding
Fathers knew slavery was wrong—and yet most did little to fight it.
More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the
culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste
for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic
bedrock of the country they helped to create.
For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning
slaves was " like having a large bank account,n says Wiencek, author of An
Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America,
The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for
the " peculiar institution," including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths
of a man for purposes of congressional representation.
And the statesmen's political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths
formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by
inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office,
Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 ； the new land was
carved into 13 states, including three slave states.
Still, Jefferson freed Hemings's children―though not Hemings herself or his
approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all
men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during
the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant
his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would
have required legislative approval in Virginia.

英语（ ）试题.9.（共14页）
36. George Washington's dental surgery is mentioned to.
A. show the primitive medical practice in the past
B. demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days
C. stress the role of slaves in the U. S. history
D. reveal some unknown aspect of his life

37. We may infer from the second paragraph that.

A. DNA technology has been widely applied to history research
B. in its early days the U. S. was confronted with delicate situations
C. historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson's life
D. political compromises are easily found throughout the U. S. history

38. What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?

A. His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.
B. His status as a father made him free the child slaves.
C. His attitude towards slavery was complex.
D. His affair with a slave stained his prestige.

39. Which of the following is true according to the text?

A. Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.
B. Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.
C. Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.
D. Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.

40. Washington's decision to free slaves originated from his.

A. moral considerations
B. military experience
C. financial conditions
D. political stand

英语（一）试题.10.（共14页）
Part B
Directions:
In the following text, some segments have been removed. For Questions 41-45,
choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered
blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark
your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost
anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page
only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write.
(41)________________________________
Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the
next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs
to you now, work it into the draft. (42)
Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on
what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit
of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.
(43)Your pages will be easier to keep
track of that way, and, if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you
will not lose any writing on the other side.
If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its
capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs
by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs
can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing.
(44)These printouts are also easier to read
than the screen when you work on revisions.
Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is
unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and
make your paper convincing. The student who wroteu The A&P as a State of
Mind,, wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays
chauvinistic attitudes toward women. (45)
Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the
paper many times一and then again一working to substantiate and clarify your
ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite.
The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic.
Transitions should connect one paragraph to the ne)?t so that there are no abrupt or
confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs
should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.

英语（ ）试题.11 .（共14页）

A. To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines
so that you can easily add words, sentences, and corrections. Write on only
one side of the paper.
B. After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay
particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It's
probably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what
you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because
they leave the reader with a final impression.
C. It's worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a
printer may look terrific, it will read only as well as the thinking and writing
that have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks and
print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material
because of power failures or other problems.
D. It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have
developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin
to flesh out whatever outline you have made.
E. Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis,
which explains how the setting influences Sammy's decision to quit his job.
Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described LengePs
crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A&P "policy"
he enforces.
F. In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in "A&P," the
student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his
refusal to accept LengeFs store policies.
G. By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say,
you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested.
Plenty of good writers don't use outlines at all but discover ordering
principles as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft
the first time around.

Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into
Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.
(10 points)

英语（ ）试题.12.（共14页）
 In his autobiography, Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with
extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty
in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (46) he believes that this very
difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long
and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in
reasoning and in his own observations. He disclaimed the possession of any great
quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley. (47 ) He
asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of
thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could
have succeeded with mathematics. His memory, too, he described as extensive,
but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more
than a few days a single date or a line of poetry. (48) On the other hand, he did
not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he
was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. This, he thought, could
not be true, because the “ Origin of Species" is one long argument from the
beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men. No one, he submits,
could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was
willing to assert that " I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or
judgment, such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not,
I believe, in any higher degree. “ (49) He adds humbly that perhaps he was
"superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape
attention, and in observing them carefully."
Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or
three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years.
Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great
pleasure. Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very
great, delight. In 1881, however, he said: "Now for many years I cannot endure
to read a line of poetry. I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music."
(50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of
happiness, but might possibly be injurious to tpe intellect, and more probably to
the moral character.

英语（ ）试题.13.（共14页）
 Section DI Writing

Part A
51. Directions: ”
You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage
that you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to
1) make an apology, and
2) suggest a solution.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use" Li Mingn instead.
Do not write the address. (10 points)
Part B
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your
essay, you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain its intended meaning, and then
3) give your comments.
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)

你一条麟.我一泰ti；
你夜—起，走高闯比。

2008年考研英语（一）真题答案速查表
1 ~5 BDACC 6-10 ABDBC 11-15 BDACD 16-20 DCABA 21 ~25 ADCBD
26 - 30 DCAAB 31-35 ACBDC 36 ~40 DBCAB 41-45 DGACE
46. 他认为或许正因为（语言表达上的）这种困难，他不得不长时间专注地思考每个句子，从而
使他能发现自己在推理和观察中的错误,结果这反而成为他的优点。
47. 他还坚持认为自己进行长时间纯抽象思考的能力十分有限，由此他认定自己在数学方面
不可能会有所建树。
48. 另一方面，一些批评家指责他虽然善于观察 ，却不具备推理能力，而他认为这种说法是缺
乏依据的。
49. 他又谦逊地说道，或许自己“在注意容易被忽略的事物并对其加以仔细观察方面优于常人 ”。
50. 达尔文确信，失去这些爱好不只是缺少了乐趣，而且可能会有损思维能力，更有可能导致
道德品质的下降。

英语（一）试题,14 .（共14页）
考研后遗症，你中招了吗？ F!1

JT
s
用闪过，摆脱记单词后嗾!

考研词汇用闪过
“划重点,省时间!