𝐓𝐎𝐏𝐈𝐂𝐒 𝐢𝐧 𝐏𝐮𝐫𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:
1. 𝗣𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗰𝗶𝗽𝗹𝗲𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗘𝗳𝗳𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗺𝘂𝗻𝗶𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻
2. 𝗢𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝗙𝗼𝗿𝗺𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗘𝗳𝗳𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗺𝘂𝗻𝗶𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻
3. 𝗘𝘁𝗵𝗶𝗰𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗘𝗳𝗳𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗺𝘂𝗻𝗶𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻
4. 𝗚𝗹𝗼𝗯𝗮𝗹 𝗜𝘀𝘀𝘂𝗲𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗺𝘂𝗻𝗶𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻
5. 𝗖𝘂𝗹𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗔𝗽𝗽𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗿𝗶𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘀 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗕𝗶𝗮𝘀-𝗙𝗿𝗲𝗲 𝗟𝗮𝗻𝗴𝘂𝗮𝗴𝗲
6. 𝗘𝘃𝗮𝗹𝘂𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗠𝗲𝗱𝗶𝗮 𝗠𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗮𝗴𝗲𝘀
7. 𝗢𝗿𝗮𝗹, 𝗔𝘂𝗱𝗶𝗼-𝗩𝗶𝘀𝘂𝗮𝗹, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗪𝗲𝗯-𝗕𝗮𝘀𝗲𝗱 𝗣𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻
Purposive communication- is a form of communication used to write, speak,
and present to audiences for various purposes. This aims for students to help
their communication effectively and efficiently to a variety of audiences eother
local or international to deliver the intended message.
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
1. Verbal Communication
2. Non-Verbal Communication
3. Written Communication
4. Listening
5. Visual Communication
6. Various Cultural and Non-Cultural Communication
MODES OF COMMUNICATION
1. Interpretative communication
2. Presentational Communication
3. Interpersonal communication
4. Oral communication
5. Spatial communication
COMMUNICATION Process
Sender- A part of the communication process that generates and sends the message.
Receiver- The one that receives and interprets the message
Medium- It is the vessel or the channel by which the message is sent.
Process- A series of actions or steps taken in order to achieve a particular end.
Informal Communication- A type of communication that potentially leads to tension
Decoding- It is where the message/s is/are being processed and analysed
Encoding- It is the generation of messages.
Formal Communication- A type of communication that follows strict protocols
Informal Communication- A type of communication that potentially leads to tension
Vertical Communication- Is a type of communication that could go either upward or downward
Horizontal Communication- Is a type of communication where a group of individuals at the
same level communicate.
Downward Communication- Boss to staff type of communication
1. 𝗣𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗰𝗶𝗽𝗹𝗲𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗘𝗳𝗳𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗺𝘂𝗻𝗶𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻
Upward Communication- Staff to boss type of communication
Principles- Are the standards in communication.
Effective communication is a key communication skill, requiring us to be clear and
complete in what we are trying to express. Being an effective communicator in our
professional and personal lives involves learning the skills to exchange information with
clarity, empathy, and understanding.
Logos- Is when we use cold arguments like data, statistics, or common sense to convince people
of something
Ethos- It is the speaker’s credibility.
Pathos- Appeals to the emotions and ideals of the audience and elicits feelings that already
reside in them.
Golden Ratio for Effective Communication: Ibutang adtong model
GUIDING PRINCIPLES FROM THE SENDERS END:
1. Use Verbal Feedback
2. No Personal Attacks, please!
3. Describe rather than judge
4. Be Specific
5. Consider the Needs Abilities of the Receiver
6. Check, re-check
GUIDING PRINCIPLES FROM THE RECEIVERS END:
1. Wait! Hold your Reactions
2. Sharpen those ear
3. Substance Before Style
4. Filter
5. Get Rid of Weapons of Mass Distractions
6. Use Critical Thinking Skills
7Cs OF COMMUNICATION
1. Clarity: Ensure your message is clear and easily understandable. Avoid ambiguity by using simple,
straightforward language.
2. Conciseness: Convey your message in as few words as necessary.Avoid unnecessary information or
repetition that could confuse the recipient.
3. Concreteness: Provide solid facts, figures, and details to support your message. Be specific and avoid
vague language.
4. Correctness: Use proper grammar, punctuation, and spelling. Ensure the language is appropriate for
the audience and the context.
5. Consideration: Be mindful of the audience’s perspective, background, and emotions. Tailor your
message to their needs and frame of reference.
6. Completeness: Provide all necessary information so the recipient can fully understand the message
and take appropriate action.
7. Courtesy: Communicate with respect and politeness. Be considerate of the receiver’s feelings and
avoid offensive or harsh language.
2. 𝗢𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝗙𝗼𝗿𝗺𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗘𝗳𝗳𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗺𝘂𝗻𝗶𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻
Communication is the act or process of exchanging information and ideas
between individuals, it is often through language, but it can also include non-
verbal cues such as signs, pictures and signals
We Communicate because:
- To share information
- To understand one another
- To express our thoughts and feelings
Oral or verbal communication is the use of spoken words to share
information, ideas, or emotions between people. It can happen face-to-
face, over the phone, or through any medium that allows speaking and
listening. This type of communication is often quick, interactive, and
influenced by tone, pitch, and body language.
Written communication is the process of sharing information by writing
it down. This includes things like emails, reports, messages, letters, and
notes. It's used to clearly express ideas, give instructions, or share
information in a way that can be read and kept for later.
Visual communication is the use of images, symbols, colors, and
designs to share information or messages without using words. It helps
people understand ideas quickly and clearly by looking, rather than
listening or reading.
3. 𝗘𝘁𝗵𝗶𝗰𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗘𝗳𝗳𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗺𝘂𝗻𝗶𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻
Ethics- Is a system of moral principles
Ethics in communication refers to the principles and values that guide how people exchange
information in a respectful, honest, and responsible way.
Golden rule: Do unto others as you would have them do unto you -Matthew 7:12
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN COMMUNICATION:
1. Ethical Communicators are Respectful of their Audiences
2. Ethical Communicators Weigh the Consequences of their Actions
3. Ethical Communicators are all About the Truth
4. Ethical Communicators know how to Properly Use Information
5. Ethical Communicators do not Falsify Information
Ethical Communicators Consider Consequences
"Think before you click" Ethical communicators avoid spreading false information, hurtful
comments, or private content without permission. By thinking carefully before clicking, we show
respect, protect others from harm, and maintain our own integrity and credibility
Fake news Deliberately fabricated information designed to mislead. It can influence politics,
incite fear, or damage reputations.
Historical Revisionism Distorting past events for political or ideological reasons. It can mislead
future generations and distort public perception.
Yellow Journalism- A type of journalism that highlights sensationalized topics rather than truth
Plagiarism- The practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's
own
4. 𝗚𝗹𝗼𝗯𝗮𝗹 𝗜𝘀𝘀𝘂𝗲𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝗖𝗼𝗺𝗺𝘂𝗻𝗶𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻
Globalization can be seen as a situation in which parts of the world, even those
distant from each other, are interlinked and influence each other, the effect of
which is to produce a change in the structure of the economy, various cultures
and societies of the world.
Communication barriers are any factors that prevent us from
effectively exchanging and understanding messages. They can be
physical, cultural, linguistic, or emotional, and can occur within or
between individuals, groups, or organizations.
Intercultural communication involves exchanging ideas and
information between people from different cultural backgrounds.
Language barrier in communication is a difficulty or obstacle that arises
when people who speak different languages attempt to interact.
Physical environmental barriers refer to any physical limitation that
can interfere with the communication process. Examples include noise,
poor lighting, distance between speakers, and physical obstructions
between speakers.
An emotional barrier in communication is a psychological barrier that
prevents people from fully expressing their emotions or feelings to one
another.
Cultural barriers to communication are thedifferences in language,
customs, and beliefs that may exist between people of different cultures
or societies. These barriers can prevent people from understanding each
other, leading to miscommunication and misunderstanding.
THE IMPACT OF COMMUNICATION IN SOCIETY AND THE WORLD
Increased Business Opportunities- With the help of communication platforms such as Google
Meet, Zoom, Skype, etc., employees and applicants can now be hired by companies from other
countries.
Fewer Cultural Barriers- Due to the availability of online communication platforms such as
Facebook, Google, YouTube, e-books, search engines, online courses, etc, people are given
equal opportunity to access and study the information in the said sources.
Accessibility and Equitability- Being able to communicate with other people frequently and
easily results to one person's better understanding of other cultures and customs.
Creation of a Global Village- According to Marshall McLuhan, a "global village" is formed when
distance and separation is of no more importance.
Self-awareness- Observe your own behavior while communicating. Behave accordingly to the
setting of communication.
Ethics– Communicate in the way that is morally correct. For example, do not take advantage of
people who are mentally challenged to get them to agree with you.
Cognitive complexity- Is an idea that suggests that one's communication behaviors are affected
by different mental and emotional factors.
Adaptability- the ability to adapt to the communication context. That is, communicate
differently to different people
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPETENT GLOBAL COMMUNICATOR
1. Tolerance during uncertainty
2. Contemplative
3. Sensitive
4. Adaptable
5. Polite
6. Avoids negative questions
7. Supportive
8. Unbiased or unprejudiced
9. Observant 1
0. Does not use slang
11. Watches the humor
12. Maintains etiquette
5. 𝗖𝘂𝗹𝘁𝘂𝗿𝗮𝗹 𝗔𝗽𝗽𝗿𝗼𝗽𝗿𝗶𝗮𝘁𝗲𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘀 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗕𝗶𝗮𝘀-𝗙𝗿𝗲𝗲 𝗟𝗮𝗻𝗴𝘂𝗮𝗴𝗲
1. Sex and Gender Orientations
2. Discrimination Against Age
3. Discrimination Against Faith and Religion
4. Discrimination Against Race
5. Sensitivity to Disability
Bias-Free Communication- is speech or writing that attempts to include people of all
ethnicity, gender identities, sexual orientations, religious affiliations, abilities, and ages
Cultural Appropriateness means using language, behavior, and communication styles
that respect and align with the values, beliefs, customs, and sensitivities of the
audience’s culture.
Race- This refers to the physical characteristics of individuals in the same group
Ethnicity- This refers to the cultural characteristics of individuals in the same group
Gender– Categorized as social roles. (boy, girls, woman, man)
Sex– Categorized as male and female.
Disability
Impairement
Handicap
SEX AND GENDER ORIENTATIONS- Always make sure to be gender-sensitive in our
communication. The following are examples of sexist terms and their gender-fair
substitutes
Instead of this Use this
Mankind People, humanity, human being
Man the operation Staff the operation
Manpower Labor, human resources
Layman’s terms Ordinary terms
Gender-biased pronouns should be replaced by neutral ones
NEUTRAL WORDS FOR "MAN" AND "WOMAN" IN JOB TITLES OR
DESCRIPTIONS SHOULD ALSO BE USED
INSTEAD OF THIS... USE THIS...
CHAIRMAN CHAIRPERSON, CHAIR
POLICEMEN POLICE OFFICERS
SALES GIRL SALES CLERK
What is cultural and intercultural communication?
Cultural the use of language and other communicative tools to
carry out the activities and commitments of particular groups.
Intercultural the use of language and other communicative tools
to carry out the activities and commitments of two different groups.
CULTURALLY-SENSITIVE TERMS AND EXPRESSIONS
ARE THOSE THAT ARE ACCEPTABLE UNIVERSALLY AND THOSE THAT DO
NOT DISCRIMINATE ON THE BASIS OF GENDER, RACE, CLASS, AGE, OR
ABILITY
6. 𝗘𝘃𝗮𝗹𝘂𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗠𝗲𝗱𝗶𝗮 𝗠𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗮𝗴𝗲𝘀
EVALUATION the process of judging or calculating the quality,
importance, amount, or value of something
MEDIA the main means of mass communication (broadcasting,
publishing, and the internet) regarded collectively.
MESSAGE a communication or statement conveyed from one
person or group to another.
Media Literacy- Includes the ability to access and analyze media messages as well as create,
reflect and take action, using the power of information and communication
Media message-Any piece of media that transmits a message to an audience, such as a TV show,
web page, news story, advertisement, or social media post.
5 Key Questions
1. Who created this message? AUTHORSHIP
2. What creative techniques are used to attract my attention? FORMAT
3. How might different people understand this message differently than me? AUDIENCE
4. What values, lifestyles, and POV are represented in, or omitted from, this message? CONTENT
5. Why is this message being sent? PURPOSE
7. 𝗢𝗿𝗮𝗹, 𝗔𝘂𝗱𝗶𝗼-𝗩𝗶𝘀𝘂𝗮𝗹, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗪𝗲𝗯-𝗕𝗮𝘀𝗲𝗱 𝗣𝗿𝗲𝘀𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻
Audio aids are tools or devices that focus on sound to communicate information or support
learning. These are beneficial for auditory learners who absorb information more effectively
through hearing.
Visual aids involve imagery, graphics, or text that learners view to gain information or better
understand concepts. These are particularly effective for visual learners who grasp information
by seeing it.
Audio visual aids are instructional materials that combine sound and visual elements to
enhance learning and communication. They use both the senses of hearing and sight to make
learning more concrete, effective, and engaging. These aids can include videos, films,
slideshows, charts, models, and audio recordings, all designed to stimulate learners and improve
information retention.
ORAl PRESENTATION-The Learning Center (2010) defines oral presentations as "a short talk on a
set topic given to a tutorial or seminar group"
The structure of the oral presentation is no different from making other academic or
professional writing, like a report or an essay.
It has three parts:
>Introduction
> Body
> Conclusion
Web based presentation is a presentation that can be played, viewed, and presented using a
web-browser.
REASONS WHY PEOPLE PREFER WEB-BASED PRESENTATION-FLEXIBLE, USER-FRIENDLY, DEVICE-
FRIENDLY. -can be played in any device and any browser
