12 July 2018

CONTENTS
1.Introduction
2.Gelatin
3.Hard Gelatin Capsule
(HGC)
4.Soft Gelatin Capsule (SGC)
5.Difference between HGC &
SGC
6.Capsule shell
12 July 2018
7.Evaluation of capsules
INTRODUCTION:
CAPSULES:
Capsules are solid dosage forms in which the drug
substance is enclosed within either a hard or soft soluble
shell, usually formed from gelatin.
The term capsule is derived from the Latin word
capsula, meaning a small
container.
The medication may be a powder, a liquid or a
semisolid mass.
Capsules are usually intended to be administered
orally by swallowing them whole. Occasionally, capsules
may be administered rectally or vaginally.
1
HISTORY:
• In 1730, the Pharmacist De PAULI from Vienna
developed oval shaped capsules for covering up the
unpleasant taste of the pure turpentine used for the
treatment of gout
• In 1834, the Pharmacist JOSEPH DUPLANC
from FRONCOIS MOTHES were granted Patent which
covered a method for the producing , single piece , olive
shaped , gelatin capsules which were closed after filling
by a drop of concentrated warm gelatin solution.
• In 1846, the Frenchman JULES LEHUBY first to
suggest Two- Piece Capsule produced by dipping silver
coated metal pins into a gelatin solution and then drying
them quickly
• In 1931, the author COLTON designed a machine
to manufacture bodies and caps and fitted them to form 2
ADVANTAGES OF CAPSULES:
 Capsules are tasteless, odorless and can easily be
administered.
Combination of powders we can use
 There are attractive in appearance.
 The drugs having un-pleasant odor and taste are
enclosed in a tasteless shell.
 They can be filled quickly and conveniently.
 Physician can change the dose and combination of
drug according to patient requirement.
 They are economical.
 They are easy to handle and carry.
The ready solubility of gelatin at gastric pH provides
rapid release of medication in the stomach.
Packaged and shipped by manufacturers at lower
3
cost less breakage than liquid forms.
DISADVANTAGES OF CAPSULES:
 Capsules are not suitable for liquids that dissolve
gelatin, such as aqueous or hydro alcoholic
solutions.
 The concentrated solutions which require previous
dilution are unsuitable for capsules because if
administered as such lead to irritation into stomach.
 Not useful for efflorescent or deliquescent
materials. Efflorescent cause capsules to soften &
Deliquescent may dry the capsule shell to brittleness.
4
 SHAPES OF CAPSULE:

*The largest size of the capsule is No: 000.

*The smallest size is No: 5.
*The standard shape of capsules is traditional,
symmetrical bullet shape.

5
 SIZE OF CAPSULE:

Size Volume in ml Size in mm

000 1.37 26.3
00 0.95 23.7
0 0.68 21.8
1 0.50 19.2
2 0.37 18.3
3 0.30 15.3
4 0.21 14.7
5 0.15 11.9

6
RAW MATERIALS:
1. Gelatin
2. FD & C and D & C colorant
3. Sugar
4. Water - 12 to 16 % (may vary depending on the storage
condition )
5. Sulfur dioxide (15%) - prevent decomposition during
manufacture
6. Colorants / Opacifying agent : There are two types
A) water soluble dyes – e.g. erythrosine
B) pigments – e.g. iron oxides , titanium dioxide 7
7. Preservatives: To prevent microbial growth during

manufacture.

8. Diluents: lactose, mannitol, sorbitol, starch, etc

9. Lubricants and Glidants : talc, magnesium stearate &

calcium stearate

10. Wetting agents: sodium lauryl sulphate

11. Disintegrants
8
 GELATIN:
 Gelatin is heterogeneous product derived by hydrolytic
extraction of animal's collagen.
 The sources of gelatins including animal bones, hide
portions and frozen pork skin.
 It is the major component of the capsule.
The reason for this is that gelatin possesses five basic
properties:
A- Non-toxic.
B- Soluble in biological fluids at body temperature.
C- It is a good film-forming material.
D- Solutions of high concentration, 40% w/v, are
mobile at 50°C.
E- A solution in water changes from a sol to a gel at
temperatures only a few degrees above ambient
9
Preparation of Gelatin:

10
11
TYPES OF GELATIN:
There are two basic types of gelatin
1. Type - A
2. Type - B
1.TYPE - A
Derived from acid treated precursor that exhibits an
iso electric point at pH-9. It is manufactured mainly from
pork skin.
2.TYPE - B
Derived from alkali treated precursor that exhibits
12
an iso electric point at pH-4.7. It is manufactured mainly
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GELATIN:
1 Bloom value;
Is a measurement of the gelling power and the
strength of the resulting gel.
Gelatin generally falls between 50 and 300 bloom
strength.
2 Gelling power;
The key function of gelatin.
The gelling power varies depending on the grade of
gelatin
Its measured in terms of bloom value. The higher
13
3. Viscosity;
In general the higher the bloom, the greater the
viscosity.
Beef bone grades tend to have higher viscosity.
Viscosity is determined by measuring the flow time of
a 6.67% solution of gelatin through a U-tube
viscometer at 60 °C. Viscosity measurement is given in
millipoise units and varies between 20 and 70mps.

4. Foamability;
In general pigskin grades tend to have better foaming
properties.
Gelatin lowers the surface tension, allowing for the
incorporation of air, and stabilizes the foam once
aerated. 14
Gelatin will also prevent crystal formation of sugars in
5. Melting point;
 Lower melting point gelatins dissolve faster in the
mouth, therefore releasing the flavors more quickly for
an instant taste sensation.
Lower bloom grades tend to have lower melting
points.
6. Color and odor;
The gelatin should be as clear as possible in solution.
Clarity is measured using a turbidimeter .
The gelatin should be without odor.
7. Conductivity;
 is a key parameter in photographic applications and
grades of the highest purity with minimal or no
conductivity are required. De-ionized grades have an
advantage because of their low conductivity.
8. pH; 15
 pH is measured using a pH meter on a 1% solution
TYPES OF CAPSULES:
Capsules are available in two types:
1.Hard gelatin capsules
2.Soft gelatin capsules.

1.Hard gelatin capsule 2.Soft gelatin capsule

16
1.HARD GELATIN CAPSULES:
 The hard gelatin capsule consists of two pieces in
the form of cylinders closed at one end. The shorter
piece is called the cap. This cap fits over the open end
of longer piece called body.
 Hard gelatin capsules are also known as dry-filled
capsules or two piece capsules.
The drug substance placed in the body and the caps
are slided over it, hence enclosing the drug substance.

17
Manufacturing of Hard gelatin capsules
Steps involved in making empty gelatin
capsules…
1.Dipping
2.Spinning
3.Drying
4.Stripping
5.Trimming and Joining
6.Polishing 18
1.DIPPING:
Pairs of the stainless steel
pins are dipped into the dipping
solution to simultaneously form
the caps and bodies.
The dipping solution is
maintained at a temperature of
about 500C in a heated,
jacketed dipping pan.

2.SPINNING:
The pins are rotated to
distribute the gelatin over the
pins uniformly and to avoid the
formation of a bead at the 19
3.DRYING :
The gelatin is dried by a blast of cool air to form
a hard shells.
The pins are moved through a series of air drying
kilns to remove water
4.STRIPPING :
A series of bronze jaws strip the cap and body
portions of the capsules from the pins.

20
5.TRIMMING AND JOINING:
The stripped cap and body portions are trimmed to
the required length by stationary knives.
The cap and body lengths are precisely trimmed to
a
±0.15 mm tolerance.
 After trimming to the right length, the cap and body
portion are joined.
Finished capsules are pushed onto a conveyer belt
which carries them out to a container.
Capsule quality is monitored throughout the
production process including size, moisture content,
single wall thickness, and color.
 Capsules are sorted and visually inspected on
specially designed Inspection Stations.
Perfect capsules are imprinted with the client logo 21
on high-speed.
22
6.POLISHING :
a)Pan Polishing : Acela-cota pan is used to dust
and polish.
b)Cloth Dusting : Capsule are rubbed with cloth.
c)Brushing : Capsule are feed under soft
rotating brush.

Fig : Capsule polishing machine 23

STORAGE :
 Finished capsules normally contain an equilibrium
moisture content of 13-16%.
 To maintain a relative humidity of 40-60% when
handling and storing capsules.

24
FILLING OF HARD GELATIN CAPSULES :
Hand Operated methods or Semi Automatic
Capsules Devices.
 Punch Method or Manual Filling.
Automatic filling machine.
ex: osaka capsule filling machine ,macofar
capsule filling machine

 HAND OPERATED METHOD;

25
 • It consists of:
1.A bed having 200-300 holes
2.A loading tray having 200-300
holes
3.A powder tray
4.A pin plate having a rubber top
5.A lever
6. A cam handle.

26
 The empty capsules are filled in the loading tray .
↓
and it is placed over the bed
↓
The cam handle is operated to separate the capsule caps from
their
bodies.
↓
The powder tray is placed in a proper position and filled with
an
accurate quantity of powder with scraper.
↓
The excess of powder is collected on the plat for of the powder
tray
↓
The pin plate is lowered and the filled powder is pressed by
27
After pressing ,the pin plate is raised and the remaining
powder is
filled into the bodies of the capsules
↓
The powdered tray is removed after its complete filling
↓
The cap holding tray is again placed in position
↓
The plate with the rubber top is lowered and the lever is
operated
to lock the caps and bodies
↓
The loading tray is then removed
and the filled capsules are collected
28
PUNCH METHOD:

 Powder is placed on a sheet of a clean paper

or porcelain plate using spatula which is formed

into a cake having a depth of approximately

one-fourth to one-third the length of the capsule

body.

Then empty capsule body is held between the

thumb and forefinger and punched vertically into

29
the powder cake repeatedly until filled.
FILLING OF HARD CAPSULE SHELL
The process of working:
 Rectification
 Separating the caps from empty capsules
 Filling the bodies
 Scraping the excess powder
 Replacing the caps
 Sealing the capsules
 Cleaning the outside of the filled capsules
 160,000 capsules per 8hour shift

Fig : OSAKA MODEL R-180

SEMI AUTOMATIC CAPSULE
FILLING MACHINE
30
Rectification ;
• The empty capsules are oriented so that all
point the same direction i.e. body end downwards.
• In general, capsule pass one at a time through
a channel just wide enough to provide grip at cap end.
• The capsules will always be aligned body end
downwards, regardless of which end entered the
channel first with the help of specially designated
blades.
31
Separation of caps from body ;
• The rectified capsules are delivered body
end first
into the upper portion of split bushings or split filling
rings
• A vacuum applied from below pulls the body
down
into the lower portion of the split bushing
• The diameter of the bush is too large to
allow them 32
Principles of capsule Filling:
Auger Fill principle:
empty capsules – rectifying unit
Rectifier descends the capsules such that caps are
turned up and bodies down. From rectifying unit these
are placed one by one in filling ring kept on rotating
mode. The lower ring is rotated with a suitable speed
and the hopper containing powdered drug is held over
this ring. The auger drives the drug into bodies.

Vibratory Fill Principle:

The feed is placed in the feed hopper and the capsule
bodies are passed under it. A perforated resin plate is
placed in the feed hopper. Due the vibrations of the
resin plate, the powder flows freely through the pores
33
into bodies.
Piston – Tamp principle:
These piston tamps alter the shape of powder by
compressing the powder to form slugs. These plugs are
transferred into the empty capsule bodies with the
application of slight pressure. Finally the bodies are ejected
from the machine. Compression force 50-200N
a)Dosator machine b) Dosing Disc
Vacuum Fill principle:
It consists of an open ended cylinder. The upper end of this
is fitted with a piston. The open end is placed in bulk powder.
Vacuum is applied & the piston is moved upward by sucking
34
the predetermined amount of powder which results in filling
 ZANASI AUTOMATIC
HOFLIGER KARG AUTOMATIC
CAPSULE FILLING MACHINE
CAPSULE FILLING MACHINE

35
Various Filling Machine Available…
Eli-lily
Farmatic
 Hofliger and Karg
Zanasi Nigris
Parke-Davis
Osaka
Macofar SAS
(These machine differ in there design
and output )
36
Locking and Sealing of Capsules :
Banding – Placing gelatin color bands at the meeting
point of caps and the bodies.
Moistening – Moistening the inner surface of caps with
lukewarm gelatin solution.
Spot Welding – Spot welding the joints which leaves a
ring like appearance at the point of sealing
Thermal welding – Applying wetting sol. At the meeting
points which causes lowering of M.P at applied area.
Finally they are sealed at a temp. 40-45ºc.
By using Coni-snap capsules – Grooves help to lock
the caps with the bodies. 37
FINISHING OF CAPSULES:
 Cloth dusting: Capsule are rubbed with
cloth.
 Polishing
Pan Polishing : Acela-cota pan is used to
dust and polish which is lined with
cheese or a polyurethane cloth.
 Brushing : Capsule are feed under soft
rotating brush
SORTING: 38
Storage, packaging, and stability:
• Finished capsules normally contain an EMC
of 13-16%.
• < 12% MC, the capsule shells become
brittle.
• >18% make them too soft.
• To maintain a relative humidity of 40-60%
when handling and storing capsules.
• QUALI-V, developed by Shionogi Qualicaps,
is the first HPMC capsule developed for eventual
39
use in pharmaceutical products.
SOFT GELATIN CAPSULE:
Definition:-
Soft Gelatin capsules are one piece, hermetically
sealed, soft gelatin shells containing a liquid, a
suspension, or a semisolid.
Soft gelatin is mainly composed of gelatin,
plasticizers, preservative, colouring and opacifying
agents, flavoring agents and sugars.

APPLICATION OF SOFT GELATIN CAPSULE:

The pharmaceutical applications of soft gelatin capsules
are:
As an oral dosage form
As a suppository dosage form
As a specialty package in tube form, for human and
40
ADVANTAGES OF SOFT GELATIN CAPSULES:

Easy to administer.
Easy to manufacture.
Liquids can be encapsulated (non water soluble)
Small to large sizes possible.
Elegance.
Portability
Ready availability of drug hence faster action.
Odour and taste masking.
Specialised dosage forms can be made.
e.g. chewable, extended release, captabs, etc
Can be used for ophthalmic preparations.
e.g. aplicaps, vaginal/ rectal suppositories.
41
SHAPE OF
CAPSULE:
The shape
of soft gelatin
capsule are round,
oval, oblong, tube.

42
soft gelatin capsules composition:
• A typical gel mass formula for making soft
gelatin capsules would be:
• Gelatin 35-45%
• Plasticizer 15-25% (glycerin or sorbitol)
• Water ~40%
• Dye / Pigment as needed
• Opacifier as needed
• Other (flavour, sugar,) as needed
43
Formulation :
 Formulation for soft gelatin capsules involves liquid,
rather
than powder technology.
 Materials are generally formulated to produce the
smallest
possible capsule consistent with maximum stability,
therapeutic effectiveness and manufacture efficiency.
 The liquids are limited to those that do not have an
adverse
effect on gelatin walls. 44
Vehicles used in soft gelatin capsules:
Two main groups :
1.Water immiscible, volatile or more likely more
volatile
liquids such as vegetable oils, mineral oils, medium-chain
triglycerides and acetylated glycerin.
2.Water miscible, nonvolatile liquids such as low
molecular weight PEG have come in to use more recently
because of their ability to mix with water readily and
accelerate
dissolution of dissolved or suspended drugs.
 All liquids used for filling must flow by gravity at a 45
MANUFACTURE OF SOFT GELATIN
CAPSULE:
Is manufactured by four methods,
1)Plate process
2)Rotary die process
3) Reciprocating
Accogel machine
4) die
46
1.PLATE PROCESS:
•Place the gelatin sheet over a die plate
containing numerous die pockets.
•Application of vacuum to draw the sheet
in to the die pockets.
•Fill the pockets with liquid or paste.
•Place another gelatin sheet over the filled
pockets.
•Sandwich under a die press where the
capsules are formed and cut out. 47
2.ROTARY DIE PROCESS:
1) In this machine the soft gelatin capsules are prepared &
then filled immediately with liquid medicaments it is having
two hoppers & two rotating dies.
2) Liquid mixture is placed in one hopper & the liquid
medicament in other Hooper.
3) The two rotating dies rotate in opposite directions when
the fluid gelatin mixture enters the machine from the hopper
it produces two continuous ribbons .
4) These half shell of the capsule is formed.
5) At this stage the measured quantity of the medicament is
filled in to it with the stroke of a pump with the subsequent
movement of the dies the other half capsule is formed.
6) The two halves' of the capsules are sealed together by the
heat & pressure of the rotating dies.
7) As the die rolls rotate, the convergence of the matching
die pockets seals and cuts out the filled capsules. 48
Figure 3.8 Schematic drawing of a
rotary-die soft gelatin capsule filler (R.P.
Scherer: Detroit, MI). 49
3.ACCOGEL CAPSULE MACHINE:
It consists of mainly 3 parts:
•Measuring roll
•Die roll
•Sealing roll
As the measuring roll and die rolls rotate, the
measured doses are transferred to the gelatin-linked
pockets of the die roll.
 The continued rotation of the filled die converges with
the rotating sealing roll where a second gelatin sheet is
applied to form the other half of the capsule.
 Pressure developed between the die roll and sealing
50
roll seals and cuts out the capsules.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HARD GELATIN
CAPSULES
AND SOFT GELATIN CAPSULES

51
52
CAPSULE SHELL:
The capsule shell is basically composed of Gelatin,
a plasticizer & water, it may contain additional ingredients
such as preservative, coloring & opacifying agents,
flavourings, sugars, acids & medicaments to achieve
desired effects.
Composition of the capsule shell:
The basic component of soft gelatin shell is gelatin;
however, the shell has been plasticize
 The ratio of dry plasticizer to dry gelatin determines
the “hardness” of the shell and can vary from 0.3-1.0
for very hard shell to 1.0-1.8 for very soft shell.
 Up to 5% sugar may be included to give a
“chewable” quality to the shell.
 The residual shell moisture content of finished 53
capsules will be in the range of 6-10%.
 Constituents of Capsule Shell:
Constituents Examples Function
Gelatin Type A, Type B
Plasticizers Glycerine USP, Imparts softness,
glycerol (85% & 98%) Elasticity & hardness
Preservatives Methyl paraben, Retard growth of
Sorbic acid (0.2%) microorganisms
Solvents Oils Elegance
Opacifying agents Tio2(0.2-1.2%) Minimize transparency
Colours Veg. colours,FD&C Gives pleasant appearance to
D&C water soluble dyes, the shells.
certified lakes
Flavours Ethyl vanillin(0.1-2%) Good flavour
Sugars Sucrose( up to 5%) Sweet taste
Acids Fumaric acid(up to 1%) Lessen aldehydic tanning of
gelatin
Thickening agents Methyl cellulose Adjust viscosity of gelatin
Water 54
QUALITY CONTROL OF CAPSULES:
Whether capsules are produced on a small scale or
large scale all of them are required to pass through certain
tests i.e., quality
control tests to test the quality of the finished product.

Quality control tests are divided into;

PHYSICAL TEST
• Disintegration test
• Weight variation
CHEMICAL TEST
• Dissolution test
• Assay
• Content uniformity
• Stability testing 55
• Moisture permeation test
EVALUATION OF CAPSULES:
 Weight variation test
Moisture permeation test
 Content uniformity
 Dissolution test
 Disintegration test

56
Weight variation test:
20 capsules are taken at random and weighed. Their
average weight is calculated, then each capsule is weighed
individually and their weight is noted. The capsule passes
the test if the weight of individual capsule falls with in 90-
110% of the average weight.
Moisture permeation test:
According to U.S.P the unit dose container is packed
along with dehydrated pellets, which have the property of
changing color in the presence of moisture. The weight of
test capsule is compared with the under test capsules. Diff.
57
Content Uniformity Test:
 This test is applicable to all capsules which are meant
for oral administration. For this test a sample of the
contents is assayed as described in individual
monographs and the values calculated which must
comply with the prescribed standards.
Content uniformity:
 30 Capsules are selected and 10 of these are assayed
individually.
 At least 9 of these contain 85-115% of drug and none
contain below 75-125% of drug.
 If 1 to 3 of them fall outside of 85 -115% limits , the
remaining 20 capsules are individually assayed and the
requirements are met if no few than 27 contain 85-115% 58
of drug and none contain less than
Dissolution Test:

Place 1000 ml of water free from disolevied air

having temperature of 36.5ºC to 37.5ºC
Place specified number of capsules in each basket.
Start motor and adjust speed 100 rpm as per
monograph.
Withdraw the required volume of solution after 45
minutes or as specified in the monograph
Filter and weigh the amount of active ingredients by
the method specified in the monograph.
Repeat four times.
The test is said to pass if the amount of active
ingredient is not less than 70% of the stated amount
59
given in the monograph.
Disintegration Test:

Place one capsule in each basket.

Set the temperature of water to 37 +/- 2
Use disc if HGC floats whereas for soft gelatin use
the disc.
Operate the apparatus for 30 mins for HGC and
60 minutes for SGC.
The test is said to pass if no residue is left on the
screen of the apparatus.
Repeat the test for 12 capsules if more than 1 or 2
capsules fails to disintegrate
The test passes if 16 out of 18 capsules
disintegrate or else fail.
60
PACKING & STORAGE OF CAPSULES:
Capsules should be packed well closed glass &
plastic container & stored at temperature not
exceeding 30ºc. Capsules are individually protected
by enclosing in strip & blister packaging.
 In strip packing the capsule is hermetically sealed
within the strips of an aluminum or plastic film.
 In blister packs, a press on the blister forces the
capsule through the backing strip.
Capsules have a larger shelf life in unopened glass
bottles than in strip pack & but this is reversed. 61
 • Now a days capsules are strip packaged which
provide sanitary handling of medicines, ease in counting
and identification.

• Plastic bottle with screw cap.

(most popular package in USA)

•Clam shell blister (one piece plastic that folds over

and locks
itself; no heating required)

62
• Blister pack (heat sealed blister on a cardboard)

• Plastic pail/bucket(
economical bulk package)

• Plastic pouch zip locked (for

sale via retail stores or route
trucks must be packed in outer
case for shipping ) 63
12 July 2018