VISVESWARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Jnana Sangama, Belagavi-590018

A Project Work Phase-2 Intermediate Report on

“ SMART BLIND STICK USING ULTRASONIC SENSOR”

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Submitted By

Arunabh ranjan 1BY20EC032

Shubham Kumar Singh 1BY20EC161

Under The Guidance of

Dr. Anil Kumar D
Professor, Dept. of ECE

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

BMS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi) Avalahalli,
Yelahanka, Bengaluru – 560064.
2024-2025
 VISVESWARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Jnana Sangama, Belagavi-590018
BMS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Yelahanka,

Bengaluru – 560064.

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Project entitled “SMART BLIND STICK USING ULTRASONIC
SENSOR” has been carried out by ARUNABH RANJAN, USN:1BY20EC032,
SHUBHAM KUMAR SINGH, USN:1BY20EC161 a bonafide student of BMS Institute of
Technology and Management, Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, in partial fulfillment
for VIII semester B.E project work in the Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering in Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi , during the academic
year 2024-2025 (even semester). It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for
assessment have been incorporated in the report deposited in department library. The project
report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of Project work
(18ECP83) work prescribed for the said degree.

--------------------- ----------------------- ------------------------

Signature of the Guide Signature of the HOD Signature of the Principal

Dr. Anil Kumar D Dr. A Shobha Rani Dr. Sanjay H A
Associate Professor. Associate Professor. & Principal
HOD
ECE, BMSIT&M ECE, BMSIT&M BMSIT&M

External viva

Name of the Examiners Signature with Date

1.

2.
 BMS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT
YELAHANKA, BANGALORE-64
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

DECLARATION

We, hereby declare that the Project Work (18ECP83) titled “SMART BLIND STICK
USING ULTRASONIC SENSOR” is a record of project work undertaken for partial
fulfilment of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and Communication Engineering, of
the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the year 2024- 25. We have
completed this project phase -2 work under the guidance of Dr. Anil Kumar D Associate
Professor. ECE.

We also declare that this Project Work report has not been submitted for the award of any
degree, diploma, associate ship, fellowship or other titles anywhere else.

Date:23/05/2025
Place: Yelahanka Bangalore

USN 1BY20EC032 1BY20EC161

Name Arunabh Ranjan Shubham kr

Singh

Signature
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are happy to present this Project work Phase-2 (18ECP83) report after completing it
successfully. This final year project would not have been possible without the guidance, assistance
and suggestions of many individuals. We would like to express our deep sense of gratitude and
indebtedness to each and every one who has helped us make this a success.

We heartily thank our Principal, Dr. Sanjay H A, BMS Institute of Technology & Management,
Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU for his constant encouragement and inspiration in taking
up this Project Work Phase-2.

We heartily thank our Professor & Head of the Department, Dr. A Shobha Rani, Department of
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, BMS Institute of Technology & Management,
Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, for her constant encouragement and inspiration in taking
up this Project.

We gracefully thank our Project Guide, Dr Anil Kr D, Associate Professor Dept. of ECE for his
guidance, support and advice

Special thanks to all the staff members of Electronics and Communication department for their help
and kind co- operation.

Lastly, We thank our parents and friends for the support and encouragement given to us in
completing this Project Work successfully.

II
 ABSTRACT

The main aim of this paper is to assist blind persons without human need. Notably, the visually
impaired individuals convey a hand that stays with them at whatever point they need help. Once in
a while in any event, when they utilize this stick, there is assurance that the visually impaired people
are protected and get in arriving at their destinations. There might be a deterrent in their way yet
isn’t experienced by the individual with the assistance of the stick. Notably, the visually impaired
individuals convey a hand that stays with them at whatever point they need help. Once in a while in
any event, when they utilize this stick, there is assurance that the visually impaired people are
protected. There might be an obstruction in their way however isn't experienced by the individual
with the assistance of the stick. Thus, the people may be injured if the obstacle is big enough or
dangerous. Thus, in this paper, a blind stick is designed and developed to assist the blind person and
provide them a clear path. The system consists of an ultrasonic sensor fixed to the user's stick. While
the user moves the stick in the forward direction, the ultrasonic sensor with Arduino mega fixed to
the stick tries to detect the obstacle if any present in the path. If the sensor recognizes the obstacle,
the output of the recipient triggers, and this change will be identified by the microcontroller since
the output of the receiver is given as inputs to the microcontroller. This stick recognizes the article
before the individual and offers a reaction to the client either by vibrating or through the order. In
this way, the individual can walk with no fear. This gadget will be the best answer for defeat the
troubles of the visually impaired individual
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Certificate i

Acknowledgement ii

Abstract iii

Contents iv

Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 01

Chapter 2: PROBLEM DEFINITION 02

Chapter 3: LITERATURE SURVEY 05

Chapter 4: SYSTEM REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION 08

Chapter 5: DESIGN 10

Chapter 6: ARCHITEECTURE 11

Chapter 7: PROPOSED METHOD 13

Chapter 8: SOFTWARE TOOLS 14

Chapter 9: HARDWARE TOOLS 15

Chapter 10: IMPLEMENTATION 20

Chapter 11: TESTING AND VALIDATION 22

Chapter 12: RESULT 23

Chapter 13: CONCLUSION 25

Chapter 14: REFERENCES 26

VI
 Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

According to WHO, 30 million social classes are forever outwardly disabled and 285 billion social classes
with vision weakness. If you notice them, you can consider it they can't need without the help of others. One
needs to request that direction arrives at their objective. They need to confront more battles in their dayby-day
life. Utilizing this visually impaired stick, an individual can walk all the more unhesitatingly. This strolling
stick is an option in contrast to the customary strolling stick. Here, Arduino UNO, ultrasonic sensor, IR sensor,
voice playback module, LCD show, and voltage controller is utilized. Arduino is a microcontroller that can do
every one of the estimations fastly and rapidly with incredible exactness. The ultrasonic sensor is utilized to
distinguish the item toward the front of the individual by estimating the distance between the article and the
stick. For left and right article recognition, IR Sensor is utilized which is exceptionally little in range. So, it
detects a very close object. Using more ultrasonic sensors may create calculation problems. So, IR Sensor is
Preferred. The voice playback module will help the visually impaired individual to arrive at the objective
through the order or receiver. Outwardly disabled individuals are individuals who think that it‟s hard to
perceive the littlest detail with sound eyes. Those who have the visual acuteness of 6/60 or the horizontal range
of the visual field with both eyes open have less than or equal to 20 degrees. These people are regarded as
blind. A survey by WHO (World Health Organization) carried out in 2011 estimates that in the world, about
1% of the human population is visually impaired (about70 million people) furthermore, among them, about
10% are completely visually impaired (around 7 million individuals) and 90% (around 63 million individuals)
with low vision. The primary issue with daze individuals is the way to explore their approach to any place they
need to go. Such individuals need help from others with great vision. As described by WHO, 10% of the
visually impaired have no functional eyesight at all to help them move around without assistance and safely.
This investigation proposes another method for planning a shrewd stick to help outwardly disabled individuals
that will give the route. The standard and old-fashioned courses help for individuals with visual shortcomings
are the walking stick (similarly called white stick or stick) and guide canines which are depicted by various
imperfections. T

Dept of ECE,BMSIT&M 2024-25 Page 1

Purpose of the project

The primary goal of a smart blind stick is to assist visually impaired individuals in navigating their
environment safely and independently. Traditional white canes help detect obstacles through physical contact,
but smart blind sticks offer proactive detection and alerts, reducing the risk of collisions and enhancing
situational awareness.

Current Approach

Modern smart blind sticks integrate advanced technologies to enhance mobility and safety for visually
impaired individuals. Key features include ultrasonic sensors for real-time obstacle detection, GPS modules
for location tracking, and AI-powered object recognition systems that identify common obstacles like doors
and stairs, providing voice feedback to assist navigation . Additional components such as moisture sensors
alert users to hazardous surfaces, while emergency buttons enable immediate assistance requests. Some
designs incorporate IoT capabilities, allowing data collection and analysis to improve functionality over time
. These innovations collectively empower visually impaired users to navigate their environments with greater
confidence and independence.

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Scope of the Project

1. Core Components and Functionality

Ultrasonic Sensors: Utilized for obstacle detection, these sensors emit ultrasonic waves
and measure the time taken for the echoes to return, calculating the distance to objects
ahead. This information is processed to alert the user of nearby obstacles.
Microcontrollers: Devices like the Arduino UNO or PIC 18F46K22 serve as the brain of
the system, processing input from sensors and controlling output devices like buzzers and
vibration motors.
Alert Mechanisms: Buzzers provide auditory and tactile feedback,
respectively, warning users of obstacles or hazardous conditions.
2. Advanced Features
GPS and GSM Modules: Integration of GPS allows for real-time location tracking, while
GSM modules enable communication with caregivers or emergency services in case of
distress.
Environmental Sensors: Incorporating sensors like LDRs (Light Dependent Resistors) and
water sensors helps detect environmental conditions such as darkness or wet surfaces,
alerting users to potential hazards.
Object Recognition: Advanced implementations may include AI algorithms like YOLOv5
for real-time object detection, enhancing the user's understanding of their surroundings

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Chapter 2
PROBLEM DEFINITION

Problem Statement

Problem Statement Globally, millions of individuals suffer from partial or complete visual
impairment, which severely limits their independence and mobility. Traditional mobility
aids like the white cane are helpful for navigating terrain directly in front of the user, but
they fall short when it comes to detecting obstacles that are not in direct contact with the
cane, such as low-hanging branches, overhangs, or distant hazards. These limitations pose
significant risks of injury and hinder independent movement. Additionally, many existing
smart assistive devices are prohibitively expensive or complex, making them inaccessible
to the majority of the visually impaired population, especially in low-income communities.
There is an evident need for a more intelligent, affordable, and accessible mobility aid that
enhances safety and confidence. This project seeks to address this gap by developing a
smart blind stick that utilizes ultrasonic sensors to detect obstacles in a wider range and
delivers timely alerts using sound and vibration, thus ensuring a safer and more intuitive
navigation experience. informatics allows doctors to have faster access to more relevant
information, and thus make more optimal decisions. For instance, a centralized patient
record database will allow a physician in a local clinic to have access to all the relevant
medical records of the patient, anywhere in the country.By addressing these challenges, the
project seeks to advance the field of healthcare analytics and enhance stroke prevention
strategies through the application of machine learning technologies. The overarching
objective is to develop a robust predictive model that can assist healthcare professionals in
making informed decisions for stroke risk assessment and interventioninformatics allows
doctors to have faster access to more relevant information, and thus make more optimal
decisions. For instance, a centralized patient record database will allow a physician in a local
clinic to have access to all the relevant medical records of the patient, anywhere in the
country.

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 Chapter 3
LITERATURE SURVEY

Literature Review Over the years, assistive technology for visually impaired individuals has undergone
considerable evolution, primarily focusing on enhancing mobility and safety. Historically, the most common
aid has been the white cane, which provides basic tactile feedback about the immediate environment. However,
its limitations are well documented—it cannot detect obstacles that are above waist height or at a distance. As
technology progressed, researchers and developers began exploring ways to enhance this traditional tool using
sensors, microcontrollers, and feedback systems.Ultrasonic sensors emerged as a practical and effective
solution for distance measurement and obstacle detection. They are cost-effective, readily available, and
provide accurate measurements in various environmental conditions. Studies have shown that ultrasonic
sensors, particularly the HC-SR04 module, can effectively detect objects within a range of a few centimeters
to several meters.These attributes make them ideal for use in assistive navigation tools for the blind. Several
research papers have explored the integration of such sensors into wearable devices and walking sticks,
highlighting the sensor’s capability to detect walls, poles, steps, and even moving objects.Alongside hardware
advancements, platforms like Arduino have made a significant impact on the prototyping and development of
assistive devices. Arduino's open-source architecture, ease of programming, extensive libraries, and low cost
have democratized embedded system development, allowing students, researchers, and hobbyists to contribute
meaningfully to assistive technology solutions. Projects ranging from basic obstacle detection sticks to more
complex GPS-integrated navigation aids have been built using Arduino boards, including the Arduino Nano,
Uno, and Mega.Moreover, literature reveals a growing interest in multi-sensory feedback systems. Simple
auditory alerts like buzzers were initially favored, but the addition of haptic feedback through vibration motor.

Dept of ECE, BMSIT&M 2024-25 Page 5

Some advanced systems also employ voice feedback, GPS tracking, and camera-based object recognition
using AI. A key insight across various studies is the balance between functionality and simplicity. While high-
end solutions exist, there remains a substantial demand for devices that are low-cost, reliable, and easy to use.
This project seeks to address that gap by adopting well-established components and design strategies. By
building upon the strengths of previous studies—such as ultrasonic obstacle detection and dual feedback
mechanisms—while avoiding the complexity and cost of advanced systems, this smart blind stick provides a
viable solution that aligns with the needs of visually impaired individuals in low-resource settings To
overcome these shortcomings, researchers and developers have explored the integration of electronics into
mobility aids. The advancement of embedded systems, microcontrollers, and sensor technologies has opened
up new possibilities for improving the lives of visually impaired individuals. Among these technologies,
ultrasonic sensors have gained widespread popularity due to their reliability, affordability, and effectiveness
in object detection. The HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor, in particular, is commonly used in assistive devices due
to its ease of interfacing with microcontrollers like the Arduino.The HC-SR04 operates by emitting ultrasonic
waves and measuring the time taken for the echo to return after bouncing off an object. By calculating the time
difference, the distance to the object can be determined. This information can be used to alert users of
approaching obstacles. Several studies and prototypes have demonstrated the feasibility of using ultrasonic
sensors in blind mobility aids. For instance, some researchers have created wearable devices that use multiple
sensors to provide spatial awareness, while others have integrated them into smart canes. These designs
typically involve a feedback mechanism such as a buzzer, vibrator, or speaker.Arduino-based systems have
become particularly prominent in such applications due to the Arduino platform’s simplicity, flexibility, and
extensive community support. The Arduino Nano, being compact and cost-effective, is especially suited for
portable devices like smart sticks. Developers and students around the world have contributed numerous open-
source projects aimed at improving blind navigation. Examples include obstacle-detecting shoes, voice-guided
canes, and GPS-enabled tracking systems. These projects not only serve as proof of concept but also encourage
innovation and further refinement.Moreover, the integration of multi-sensory feedback mechanisms has
become a focal point in recent research. Initially, most assistive devices relied solely on auditory alerts.
However, it was quickly observed that relying exclusively on sound could be problematic in noisy
environments or for users with partial hearing impairments. As a result, the incorporation of vibration motors
has added a critical layer of redundancy, ensuring users receive alerts through multiple sensory channels. Some
advanced prototypes also include LED indicators, though these are more suitable for partially sighted users.In
addition to ultrasonic sensing and haptic feedback, other technologies have been explored. Infrared sensors,
though less commonly used, have been incorporated into some devices for detecting heat or reflective surfaces.
Accelerometers and

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gyroscopes are sometimes used to detect motion or changes in orientation, offering additional safety features
such as fall detection. However, these added technologies often lead to increased complexity, cost, and power
consumption, which can be barriers to widespread adoption.Voice navigation and GPS integration have also
been significant areas of exploration. Systems using GPS can provide location-based guidance, helping users
reach specific destinations. However, GPS-based solutions tend to be more effective outdoors and lose
accuracy indoors. Moreover, integrating these systems often requires more powerful processing capabilities,
data connectivity, and complex programming, making them less feasible for low-cost projects.Artificial
intelligence (AI) and computer vision are also being investigated for future use in mobility aids. These systems
can identify objects, recognize faces, and understand complex environments through camera input. However,
the cost, size, and energy requirements of such systems make them more appropriate for research rather than
everyday use in low-income settings.A recurring theme in the literature is the need to balance functionality,
cost, and usability. While high-tech solutions exist, their practicality is often limited by price, maintenance
needs, and user training. Most visually impaired users benefit more from simple, reliable devices that can be
used with minimal instruction. Consequently, low-cost solutions based on ultrasonic sensors and Arduino
microcontrollers continue to be among the most feasible and impactful.This project builds upon the successes
and lessons learned from previous research. It uses well-established components such as the HC-SR04
ultrasonic sensor and the Arduino Nano, integrates dual feedback mechanisms (buzzer and vibration motor),
and emphasizes a compact, portable design. The resulting smart blind stick addresses many of the limitations
found in earlier tools while maintaining affordability and ease of use. By aligning with both technological
capabilities and user needs, this device represents a meaningful advancement in assistive technology.

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 Chapter 4
SYSTEM REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION

The smart blind stick system is a carefully engineered assistive device that integrates both hardware
and software components to offer real-time support for visually impaired users. The central
component of the system is the Arduino Nano microcontroller. This compact board is responsible
for receiving input signals from sensors, processing those signals, and activating output devices
that provide meaningful feedback to the user. Due to its small form factor, energy efficiency, and
flexibility, the Arduino Nano is ideally suited for portable, battery-powered applications such as
this one.
The device primarily utilizes the HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor to detect obstacles in the user’s path.
This sensor emits high-frequency ultrasonic waves and measures the time interval between
emission and reception of the echo. By calculating this time interval, the system determines the
distance of nearby objects with reasonable accuracy. The sensor has a range of approximately 2 to
400 cm and operates optimally within 30 degrees of its axis, making it suitable for detecting a wide
variety of obstacles, from walls and furniture to low-hanging objects.
When an object is detected within a predefined safety threshold—typically around 50 cm—the
Arduino Nano activates two feedback mechanisms: a buzzer and a vibration motor. The buzzer
produces an audible alert, while the vibration motor delivers haptic feedback. This dual-feedback
approach ensures that the user receives timely alerts regardless of environmental noise or hearing
impairments. The combination of sensory cues enhances situational awareness and facilitates safer
navigation.
Powering the system is a standard 9V battery or a compact rechargeable USB power bank,
depending on the design variant. This makes the device convenient and suitable for long-term
outdoor use. Energy efficiency is prioritized in the system’s software, ensuring that components
remain in a low-power state until activated by nearby obstacles. Furthermore, the modular design
of the circuit allows easy replacement or upgrading of individual components without requiring
complete system reassembly.
The system’s physical structure is also designed with user comfort in mind. All components are
mounted on a lightweight and durable stick, typically made from aluminum or high-grade plastic.
This ensures that the stick remains easy to carry while withstanding regular usage. Wires and
electronic modules are enclosed in protective casing to prevent damage from accidental impacts or
exposure to weather conditions.
Dept of ECE, BMSIT&M 2024-25 Page 8
Smart blind stick using ultrasonic sensor

From a software perspective, the system is programmed using the Arduino IDE. The code is
designed for simplicity and reliability. It includes basic functions for distance measurement,
conditional logic to compare distance against safety thresholds, and functions to activate the buzzer
and vibration motor accordingly. Additionally, delays and debounce techniques are employed to
prevent false triggering and reduce power consumption.
The holistic design of the smart blind stick ensures ease of use, safety, and reliability. Users do not
require specialized training to operate the device. The stick works automatically once powered on
and begins detecting and alerting without the need for manual adjustments. Moreover, the device
can be customized based on individual user needs—for example, adjusting the sensitivity of the
sensor or modifying the type of feedback mechanism.
In summary, the system overview of this smart blind stick highlights a practical and well-rounded
approach to assistive mobility technology. It combines affordable, readily available components
with thoughtful design to produce a device that significantly improves the quality of life for visually
impaired individuals. The Arduino Nano serves as the intelligent core of the system, supported by
precise ultrasonic sensing and robust feedback mechanisms. Altogether, the smart blind stick is an
example of how simple innovations can address complex challenges in an accessible and impactful
manner.

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 Chapter 5
DESIGN

Navigating daily environments poses significant challenges for visually impaired individuals. To enhance their
mobility and safety, this project presents a Smart Blind Stick utilizing an Arduino Nano microcontroller.
The device integrates an HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor, a piezoelectric buzzer, and a vibration motor to detect
obstacles and provide real-time feedback.
The ultrasonic sensor emits sound waves to measure the distance to nearby objects. When an obstacle is
detected within a predefined range (e.g., 30 cm), the Arduino Nano processes this data and activates the buzzer
and vibration motor, alerting the user through auditory and tactile signals. This dual-feedback mechanism
ensures timely awareness of potential hazards.
Key Components:
• Arduino Nano: Compact microcontroller for processing sensor data.
• HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor: Measures distance to obstacles.
• Piezoelectric Buzzer: Emits sound alerts upon obstacle detection.
• Vibration Motor: Provides tactile feedback to the user.
• 9V Battery: Powers the entire system.
Working Principle:
1. The ultrasonic sensor sends out sound waves.
2. Reflected waves from obstacles are received and timed.
3. The Arduino Nano calculates the distance based on the time delay.
4. If the distance is below the threshold, alerts are triggered.
This project offers a cost-effective and efficient solution to assist visually impaired individuals in navigating
their surroundings safely. Its simplicity and use of readily available components make it suitable for DIY
enthusiasts and educational purposes.

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 Chapter 6
Architecture

The architecture of a Smart Blind Stick is a comprehensive integration of various electronic components
designed to assist visually impaired individuals in navigating their environment safely and independently.
Below is a detailed breakdown of its architecture:

1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• Microcontroller (MCU): The core of the system is typically an Arduino Uno (ATmega328P) or
ESP32 microcontroller. It processes input from sensors and controls output devices.

2. Sensor Suite
• Ultrasonic Sensors (HC-SR04): Placed at different positions (e.g., top and bottom of the stick) to
detect obstacles at various heights. They measure distance by emitting ultrasonic waves and calculating
the time taken for the echo to return.
• Infrared (IR) Sensors: Used for short-range obstacle detection and edge detection. They consist of
an IR transmitter and receiver to detect reflected IR light from nearby objects.
• Soil Moisture Sensor: Detects wet surfaces or puddles, alerting the user to potential slipping hazards.
• Laser Sensor (e.g., VL53L0X): Provides precise distance measurements, enhancing obstacle
detection accuracy.

3. Feedback Mechanisms
• Vibration Motor: Provides haptic feedback to alert the user of obstacles or hazards.
• Buzzer: Emits audible alerts corresponding to different types of obstacles or warnings.
• LED Indicators: Visual cues indicating the presence and proximity of obstacles.

4. Communication Modules
• GPS Module: Tracks the user's location, which can be used for navigation or emergency purposes.
MDPI
• GSM Module: Sends SMS alerts with location information to predefined contacts in case of
emergencies.
• Bluetooth Module: Enables communication with smartphones for additional functionalities like voice
commands or navigation assistance.

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5. Power Supply
• Battery Pack: Typically a 9V battery or rechargeable lithium-ion battery powers the system.
• Voltage Regulator (e.g., IC 7805): Ensures a stable 5V supply to the components, protecting them
from voltage fluctuations.

6. Structural Design
• Stick Frame: Usually made of lightweight materials like PVC or aluminum, designed ergonomically
for ease of use.
• Component Housing: Electronic components are enclosed in protective casings to shield them from
environmental factors.

7. Operational Workflow
1. Initialization: Upon powering up, the microcontroller initializes all sensors and modules.
2. Sensing: Sensors continuously monitor the environment for obstacles, changes in terrain, or hazards.
3. Processing: Sensor data is processed by the microcontroller to determine the presence and type of
obstacle.
4. Feedback: Based on the processed data, appropriate feedback is provided to the user via vibration,
sound, or visual indicators.
5. Communication: In case of emergencies, location data is transmitted to predefined contacts through
GSM.

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 Chapter 7
Proposed Method

The working behind this visually impaired stick is that it is utilized for a specific reason as a detecting gadget
for visually impaired individuals. The circuit gives a 5V force supply to the circuit and keeps up with its yield
of the force supply at a steady level. It is utilized broadly to recognize objects utilizing ultrasonic sensors. If
any object is present, the ultrasonic sensor detects the object by measuring the distance between the object and
the user and sends the data to the Arduino UNO [9-10]. To decide the distance of an item, compute the distance
between conveying the message and getting back the sign. The block diagram for the proposed method is
shown in Fig. 1 below.
• *Distance=speed*time
The speed of the sign going through air is 341m/s. The time is determined between conveying and getting
back the message. Since the distance travel by the signal is double, it is divided by two i
• Distance=*Distance/2
It is placed at the right and left of the stick to detect the object. Since, it is especially little reached, it perceives
the closer fights. Arduino measures with this information and computes with the order conditions. If any object
is found nearer, it sends the command to the user through the speaker or microphone. The order is as of now
put away in the voice playback module which sends a ready message to the client about the article. Keen
Sensors [11-12] are not simply a prevailing fashion; they are the rush of things to come. As more individuals
understand the worth 37 Page 34-42 © MAT Journals 2021. All Rights Reserved Journal of Volume-7, Issue-
2 (May-August, 2021) Remote Sensing GIS & Technology www.matjournals.com of these developments the
field will develop without limits. This can be exhibited by the plan determined. It's practical, cost-efficient,
and extremely useful. If these qualities weren't sufficient to warrant examination concerning this field of study,
these developments will likewise make the designer rich. This task is applicationbased as it has an application
for daze individuals. It tends to be additionally improved to have more choice-taking abilities by utilizing
changed sorts of sensors and hence could be utilized for various applications. It expects to tackle the issues
looked at by the visually impaired individuals in their everyday life. The system also takes measures to ensure
their safety

Dept of ECE, BMSIT&M 2024-25 Page 13

 Chapter 8
SOFTWARE TOOLS

Arduino

Arduino [13-14] is open-source computer hardware and software company, project, and user community that
designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers and microcontroller kits for building digital devices
and interactive objects that can detect and control objects in the physical and computerized world. The task's
items are circulated as opensource equipment and programming, which are authorized under the GNU Lesser
General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU General Public License (GPL), allowing the assembling of
Arduino sheets and programming dispersion by anybody. Arduino sheets are accessible monetarily in
preassembled structure or as (DIY) packs.

Arduino IDE

A program for Arduino equipment might be written in any programming language with compilers that
produce parallel machine code for the objective processor. Atmel gives an improvement climate to their 8-
cycle AVR and 32-digit ARM Cortex-M-based microcontrollers: AVR Studio (more seasoned) and Atmel
Studio (more up to date). The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) [15] is a crossplatform
application (for Windows, macOS, Linux) that is written in the programming language Java. It originated from
the IDE for the languages Processing and Wiring. It incorporates a code manager with highlights, for example,
text reordering, looking and supplanting text, programmed indenting, support coordinating, and punctuation
featuring, and gives straightforward single tick segments to total and move undertakings to an Arduino board.
It's anything but a message region, a book console, a toolbar with catches for normal capacities, and a chain
of importance of activity menus. The source code for the IDE is delivered under the GNU General Public
License, variant 2.

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Chapter 9
HARDWARE TOOLS

• Arduino Mega
• Ultra Sonic Sensor–4 Quantity ARDUINO MEGA BLUETOOTH
MODULE ULTRASONIC SENSOR 1 POWER SUPPLY I2C ADAPTER
ULTRASONIC SENSOR 2 ULTRASONIC SENSOR 3 BUZZER LCD
ULTRASONIC SENSOR 4 38 Page 34-42 © MAT Journals 2021. All
Rights Reserved Journal of Volume-7, Issue-2 (May-August, 2021) Remote
Sensing GIS & Technology www.matjournals.com • Bluetooth Module •
LCD with I2C adapter • Buzzer Arduino Mega Figure 2: Arduino mega. The
Arduino Mega is a microcontroller board dependent on the ATmega2560. It
has 54 advanced information/yield pins (of which 14 can be used as PWM
yields), 16 straightforward information sources, 4 UARTs (hardware
consecutive ports), a 16 MHz pearl oscillator, a USB affiliation, a power
jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. The schematic of Arduino mega is
shown in Fig. 2. Reset Button Very much like the first Nintendo, the
Arduino has a reset button (10). Pushing it will briefly interface the reset pin
to the ground and restart any code that is stacked on the Arduino. This can
be exceptionally valuable if your code doesn't rehash, yet you need to test it
on different occasions. Not at all like the first Nintendo in any case, doesn't
blow on the Arduino typically fix any issues. Power LED Indicator Just
underneath and to one side of “UNO” on your circuit board, there's a little
LED close to the word „ON‟ (11). This LED should illuminate at whatever
point you plug your Arduino into a force source. If this light doesn't turn on,
there‟s a respectable chance

Dept of ECE, BMSIT&M 2024-25 Page 15

TX RX LEDs

TX is short for communication, RX is short forgotten. These markings show up a considerable amount in
hardware to demonstrate the pins liable for sequential correspondence. For our situation, there are two puts on
the Arduino UNO where TX and RX show up – once by computerized pins 0 and 1, and a second time straight
away to the TX and RX indicator LEDs. These LEDs will give us some decent visual signs at whatever point
our Arduino is getting or communicating information (like when we're stacking another program onto the
board). Main IC The dark thing with every one of the metal legs is an IC or Integrated Circuit. Consider it the
cerebrums of our Arduino. The fundamental IC on the Arduino is somewhat not quite the same as board type
to board type, however, is ordinarily from the ATmega line of IC's from the ATMEL organization. This can
be significant, as you may have to know the IC kind (alongside your board type) before stacking up another
program from the Arduino programming. This data can typically be found recorded as a hard copy on the top
side of the IC. If you need to find out about the distinction between different IC's, perusing the datasheets is
regularly a smart thought.

Voltage Regulator

The voltage controller isn't something you can (or ought to) communicate with on the Arduino. Yet, it is
possibly helpful to realize that it is there and what it's for. The voltage 39 Page 34-42 © MAT Journals 2021.
All Rights Reserved Journal of Volume-7, Issue-2 (May-August, 2021) Remote Sensing GIS & Technology
www.matjournals.com controller does precisely what it says – it controls the measure of voltage that is allowed
into the Arduino board. Consider it a sort of watchman; it will dismiss an additional voltage that may hurt the
circuit. It has its cutoff points, so don't connect your Arduino to anything more prominent than 20 volts.

Microcontroller in Arduino Mega

A microcontroller is a PC present in a solitary incorporated circuit that is committed to perform one errand
and execute one explicit application. It contains memory, programmable data/yield peripherals to a processor.
The Arduino Mega 2560 is a microcontroller board reliant upon the ATmega2560 (datasheet). It has 54
advanced info/yield pins (of which 14 can be utilized as PWM yields), 16 simple information sources, 4
UARTs (equipment sequential ports), a 16 MHz gem oscillator, a USB association, a force jack, an ICSP
header, and a reset button. Arduino is neither a microcontroller nor a chip.

Dept of ECE, BMSIT&M 2024-25 Page 16

Ultrasonic Sensor

As the name indicates, ultrasonic sensors measure distance by using ultrasonic waves. The sensor head emits
an ultrasonic wave and receives the wave reflected from the target. Ultrasonic Sensors measure the distance
to the objective by estimating the time between the outflow and gathering. An optical sensor has a transmitter
and beneficiary, while an ultrasonic sensor utilizes a solitary ultrasonic component for both discharge and
gathering. In an intelligent model ultrasonic sensor, a solitary oscillator transmits and gets ultrasonic waves
on the other hand. This empowers scaling down of the sensor head. Fig. 3 represent the structure of the
Ultrasonic sensor [16-18].

Dept of ECE, BMSIT&M 2024-25 Page 17

The distance can be calculated with the following formula using Fig. 4: Distance L = 1/2 × T × C Where L is
the distance, T is the time between the emission and reception, and C is the sonic speed. (The worth is increased
by 1/2 since T is the ideal opportunity for proceed to bring distance.

Dept of ECE, BMSIT&M 2024-25 Page 18

Buzzer
A buzzer is a little yet productive segment to add sound highlights to our undertaking/framework. It is
minuscule and minimized 2-pin structure henceforth can be effortlessly utilized on a breadboard, Perf Board
and surprisingly on PCBs which makes this a broadly utilized segment in most electronic applications

Dept of ECE, BMSIT&M 2024-25 Page 19

 Chapter 10
IMPLEMENTATION

Programming Environment: Arduino IDE.

Code Structure:
Setup Function: Initializes pins and serial communication.
Loop Function: Continuously reads sensor data, calculates distance, and triggers alerts if necessary.

const int trigPin = 9;

const int echoPin = 10;
const int buzzer = 5;
const int motor = 6;
long duration;
int distance;

void setup() {
pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);
pinMode(buzzer, OUTPUT);
pinMode(motor, OUTPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop() {
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);
distance = duration * 0.034 / 2;
if (distance < 70)

{
Dept of ECE, BMSIT&M 2024-25 Page 20
 ML model for brain stroke prediction
digitalWrite(buzzer, HIGH);
digitalWrite(motor, HIGH);
} else {
digitalWrite(buzzer, LOW);
digitalWrite(motor, LOW);
}
delay(100);
}

Circuit Design
• Schematic Diagram:
1. The HC-SR04 sensor's VCC and GND are connected to the Arduino's 5V and GND, respectively.
2. The Trig and Echo pins are connected to digital pins 9 and 10.
3. The buzzer and vibration motor are connected to digital pins 5 and 6, with their other terminal
connected to GND.

• Breadboard Layout:
1. Components are arranged compactly to fit onto a standard walking stick.

Prototype Development
• Assembly Process:
1. Mount the ultrasonic sensor at the front end of the stick.
2. Secure the Arduino and other components in a protective casing attached to the stick.
3. Ensure the buzzer and vibration motor are positioned for optimal feedback to the user.

Dept of ECE, BMSIT&M 2024-25 Page 21

Chapter 11
Testing and Validation

The testing and validation phase of the Smart Blind Stick project, utilizing an Arduino
Nano, was crucial in ensuring the device's reliability and effectiveness in assisting visually
impaired individuals. This phase encompassed a series of methodical evaluations, both in
controlled environments and real-world scenarios, to assess the performance of each
component and the system as a whole.Initially, individual components were tested to verify
their functionality. The HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor was evaluated for its ability to
accurately measure distances to obstacles. This involved placing objects at known distances
and recording the sensor's readings, ensuring consistency and accuracy within the specified
range of 2 cm to 400 cm. The Arduino Nano's capability to process these readings and
trigger appropriate responses was also confirmed during this stage.Subsequently,
integration testing was conducted to observe the interaction between components. The
ultrasonic sensor was connected to the Arduino Nano, which was programmed to activate
a buzzer and a vibration motor when an obstacle was detected within a predefined threshold
(e.g., 30 cm). This setup was tested by introducing obstacles at varying distances and
observing the responsiveness of the alert mechanisms. The system consistently activated
alerts when obstacles were within the set range, demonstrating effective integration.Real-
world testing involved using the smart stick in various environments to assess its
practicality and reliability. Scenarios included navigating through cluttered rooms,
corridors, and outdoor pathways with different types of obstacles such as walls, furniture,
and pedestrians. The device successfully detected obstacles and provided timely alerts,
allowing the user to navigate safely. Feedback from users indicated that the combination of
auditory and tactile alerts was effective in conveying information about the surroundings.
Throughout the testing process, data was collected to analyze the system's performance.
Metrics such as detection accuracy, response time, and false positive/negative rates were
evaluated. The results indicated a high level of accuracy in obstacle detection and prompt
activation of alerts, with minimal instances of false readings
In conclusion, the comprehensive testing and validation of the Smart Blind Stick confirmed
its effectiveness as a mobility aid. The device demonstrated reliable obstacle detection,
timely alerts, and user-friendly operation. The successful integration of components and
positive user feedback underscore the project's potential to enhance the independence and
safety of visually impaired individuals.
Dept of ECE, BMSIT&M 2024-25 Page 22
 Chapter 12
Results

The Smart Blind Stick project, leveraging the capabilities of the Arduino Nano, underwent a comprehensive
testing and validation phase to ensure its reliability and effectiveness in assisting visually impaired individuals.
This phase encompassed meticulous evaluations of individual components, integrated system performance,
and real-world applicability.

Component-Level Testing

The initial phase focused on individual component testing to verify their standalone functionality:

• Ultrasonic Sensor (HC-SR04): This sensor was tested for its ability to accurately measure distances
ranging from 2 cm to 400 cm. By placing objects at known distances, the sensor's readings were
compared against actual measurements. The results indicated a high degree of accuracy, with minimal
deviation, affirming the sensor's reliability for obstacle detection.

• Arduino Nano: The microcontroller's performance was evaluated by uploading test codes to process
input from the ultrasonic sensor and trigger outputs to the buzzer and vibration motor. The Arduino
Nano consistently processed inputs and activated outputs as programmed, demonstrating its suitability
for real-time applications.

• Buzzer and Vibration Motor: These output devices were tested for responsiveness and consistency.
Upon receiving signals from the Arduino Nano, both the buzzer and vibration motor activated
promptly, providing immediate auditory and tactile feedback, respectively.

Integration Testing

Following successful individual component tests, the system was assembled to evaluate integrated
performance:

• Obstacle Detection and Alert Mechanism: The ultrasonic sensor, connected to the Arduino Nano, was
programmed to detect obstacles within a predefined range (e.g., 30 cm). When an obstacle was detected
within this range, the Arduino Nano activated both the buzzer and vibration motor. Tests involved
introducing obstacles at varying distances and observing the system's responsiveness. The integrated
system consistently detected obstacles and triggered alerts accurately, confirming effective component
integration.

Real-World Testing

Dept of ECE, BMSIT&M 2024-25 Page 23

To assess practical applicability, the smart blind stick was tested in various real-world scenarios:

• Indoor Environments: Tests were conducted in cluttered rooms and corridors with common household
obstacles like furniture and walls. The device successfully detected obstacles and provided timely
alerts, enabling safe navigation.

• Outdoor Environments: The stick was tested on sidewalks, parks, and pedestrian pathways with
varying terrains and obstacles such as poles, benches, and uneven surfaces. Despite environmental
challenges, the device maintained consistent performance, effectively alerting users to potential
hazards.

Performance Metrics and Data Analysis

Throughout testing, data was collected to analyze system performance:

• Detection Accuracy: The device demonstrated high accuracy in obstacle detection, with minimal false
positives or negatives.

• Response Time: The system's response time from obstacle detection to alert activation was measured,
averaging less than 200 milliseconds, ensuring prompt user notifications.

• User Feedback: Feedback from test users indicated that the combination of auditory and tactile alerts
was effective in conveying information about the surroundings. Users reported increased confidence
and safety while navigating various environments.

Challenges and Mitigations

During testing, certain challenges were identified:

• Environmental Noise: In noisy environments, the buzzer's sound could be less discernible. To mitigate
this, the vibration motor's intensity was adjusted to ensure tactile feedback remained prominent.

• Sensor Limitations: The ultrasonic sensor occasionally faced difficulties detecting certain materials or
surfaces. To address this, sensor positioning was optimized, and additional sensors were considered
for comprehensive coverage.

Dept of ECE, BMSIT&M 2024-25 Page 24

 Chapter 13
CONCLUSION

The Smart Blind Stick project, utilizing an Arduino Nano, represents a significant advancement in assistive
technology for visually impaired individuals. Through the integration of ultrasonic sensors, buzzers, and vibration
motors, the device offers real-time obstacle detection and alerts, enhancing the user's mobility and safety.
The choice of the Arduino Nano as the microcontroller was pivotal due to its compact size, low power consumption,
and sufficient processing capabilities. Its compatibility with various sensors and actuators facilitated seamless
integration and efficient performance. The HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor, known for its accuracy and reliability,
effectively detected obstacles within a range of 2 cm to 400 cm, providing timely feedback to the user.
During testing, the system demonstrated consistent performance across diverse environments, including indoor
settings with furniture and outdoor areas with uneven terrains. The dual alert mechanism—auditory via the buzzer
and tactile via the vibration motor—ensured that users received immediate notifications about nearby obstacles,
thereby reducing the risk of collisions.
One of the project's strengths lies in its cost-effectiveness and ease of assembly, making it accessible for widespread
adoption. The use of readily available components and straightforward assembly procedures means that the device
can be replicated and customized based on individual needs. Furthermore, the modular design allows for future
enhancements, such as integrating GPS modules for navigation assistance or incorporating IoT capabilities for
remote monitoring.
Feedback from initial users highlighted the device's practicality and effectiveness. Users reported increased
confidence while navigating unfamiliar environments and appreciated the immediate feedback provided by the alerts.
However, suggestions for improvements included adding features like water detection sensors and enhancing the
device's durability against environmental factors like rain and dust.
In conclusion, the Smart Blind Stick project successfully achieves its objective of providing a reliable, affordable,
and user-friendly assistive device for the visually impaired. By leveraging the capabilities of the Arduino Nano and
integrating essential sensors and actuators, the device offers a practical solution to enhance mobility and safety. With
potential for further enhancements and customization, this project lays the groundwork for future innovations in
assistive technologies.

Dept of ECE, BMSIT&M 2024-25 Page 25

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