Background Guide:

International Atomic
Energy Agency

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Agenda: Nuclear Phaseout in the EU and its impact on nuclear fusion's

Director: Areehah Mitra

NextGenMUN 2025
Table of Contents

Introduction to the IAEA

Introduction to the Topic

Science of Nuclear Energy

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Past Actions of the United Nations

Brief on Fusion Progress

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More on Nuclear Energy

Major Nations and Anti-Nuclear Advocates Involved

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Points to be Addressed
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Letters from the Chairperson
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I am Areehah Mitra, and am grateful to serve as your IAEA president for NextGenMUN 2024.
Along with my equally talented deputy chair Bengun, we hope to make this edition of
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NextGenMUN memorable for all of you. I was seated right where you all were, behind the
camera preparing my very own speeches and caucuses less than a year earlier in the first edition
of this conference. It was uneasy but with substantial research, I was able to overcome any
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setbacks that came my way and I emerged successful in the process. Today, I stand at the other
end watching so many other wonderful delegates doing the same and if all of you put in the
necessary dedication and diplomacy, reward will follow, irrespective of a measly award.
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IAEA is an integral part of the United Nations, with the committee focussing on many invaluable
and pressing issues in an appropriate forum with utmost respect. As a member of the dais who
emphasizes on parliamentary procedure, I highly encourage delegates to treat each other amiably
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but put your point across as well. The skill to hear is a far more valuable one than the skill to be
heard, and I wish for the committee to be driven by delegate’s diplomacy and thought-provoking
ideas. As the director of a beginner committee, please do not be afraid to ask as many questions
or clarify as many doubts as you’d like; I would like for all the delegates to have the opportunity
to speak. Although, I would like for all of you to come prepared on the topics and necessary
subtopics you deem fit, be prepared for some interesting twists and turns.
Whether you are an experienced or new delegate, I would like for all of you to leave this
conference with something new to learn and link up with a bunch of new like-minded
contemporaries. Despite my co-director and I having an overwhelming emphasis on following
MUN procedure, we completely acknowledge that all of you have varying MUN backgrounds
and levels of experience and regardless of any disparities, I am honored to welcome you to
NextGenMUN 2024!

Sincerely,

Areehah Mitra

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Introduction to the IAEA

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The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is a global organization dedicated to
promoting the peaceful use of nuclear energy while preventing its use for military purposes.
Established in 1957 as an autonomous body within the United Nations system, the IAEA
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provides member states with scientific, technical, and policy expertise on nuclear energy,
radiation safety, and nuclear safeguards. The organization plays a crucial role in monitoring
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nuclear activities, ensuring compliance with international treaties, and facilitating cooperation on
nuclear energy projects worldwide.
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The IAEA has been instrumental in guiding nuclear policies across the European Union (EU),
offering recommendations on nuclear safety, waste management, and technological
advancements. As the EU navigates its nuclear phaseout, the IAEA remains a key player in
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assessing the consequences of such policies on global nuclear energy development, particularly
in the emerging field of nuclear fusion.
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Introduction to the Topic

The European Union has long been at the forefront of energy transition, with several member
states implementing nuclear phaseout policies in favor of renewable energy sources. Countries
such as Germany, Belgium, and Switzerland have either decommissioned nuclear plants or set
definitive timelines for their closure. These policies are primarily driven by environmental
concerns, public opposition following nuclear accidents (e.g., Fukushima, Chernobyl), and the
desire to transition toward sustainable and less hazardous energy alternatives.
However, the nuclear phaseout in the EU presents complex challenges, particularly in the realm
of energy security, carbon neutrality goals, and scientific research. One of the most significant
concerns is its impact on nuclear fusion development. Unlike traditional nuclear fission, nuclear
fusion promises an almost limitless, safe, and low-waste energy source. The European Union has
been a major contributor to international nuclear fusion projects such as ITER (International
Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor). The question remains: will the nuclear phaseout hinder or
accelerate fusion research and development?

This guide will explore the implications of the EU’s nuclear phaseout on the progression of

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nuclear fusion technology, examining economic, political, and scientific perspectives.

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Science of Nuclear Energy

Nuclear fission can be described as the splitting of an atom into two or more smaller nuclei,
generating radiation and energy as a result. The propagation of nuclear fission has been active

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ever since Eisenhower’s address for the Atoms of Peace movement. This has been further
catalyzed by the development of nuclear reactors.
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The three major nuclear disasters that have occurred in the past should not deter members of the
IAEA from believing that nuclear energy is an unreliable source of energy but should instead
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serve as a lesson for why Nuclear Energy should be monitored closer than ever. Three common
things to note about nuclear energy are reactors, fuel, and models.
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Common nuclear reactor fuel is plutonium, thorium and most importantly- uranium. Uranium is
not the most effective fuel but it's easy availability makes it the most viable. What makes an
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element fissile is its natural occurrence of isotopes (elements with same number of protons and
electrons but different numbers of neutrons) and the creation of radiation and energy upon a
chain reaction and breaking of nuclei. Thorium has also been looked at in the recent past, due to
its sources in India and other countries. It also has several isotopes but is less common than
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uranium due to there being less research and testing about this fuel.

Reactors are the heart of nuclear energy. This is where nuclear energy is generated, processed
and distributed. Most reactors have two zones; a containment and a pressurizing zone. In the
containment zone, there is processing of nuclear energy, splitting of atoms, stabilization and
usage of control rods to monitor the safety of the reaction. The pressurizing zone catalyzes the
energy generating process with turbines and heat and then passes the energy created into a
generator; that distributes it for electrical use. Most reactors also have a cooling tower to ensure
that the pascals of pressure are being curbed, in order to prevent explosion or any unforeseen
calamity.

The last fundamental aspect important to be considered for nuclear energy’s science are reactor
models. Reactor models are segregated by generations, which displays when each model was
created. Generation I models are the oldest, while Generation IV ones are the latest. Countries

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are looking favorably to switch to Generation IV nuclear reactors due to the modern energy
supply it provides and the largest energy generation capabilities from any fuel sources can be
manufactured from this. This includes many contemporary designs that you may have heard or

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will hear in committee such as Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) or Fast Neutron Reactors
(FNRs). Although they are not available in the market right now, countries such as China have
already started with the building of such machines and are making great progress. However, this

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is not to say that older Generation Reactors have no credibility since they have served as
splendid energy providers to nations for a long time and are much cheaper and easily available.
These include Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs), Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs), Pebble Bed
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Reactors, Molten Salt Reactors, etc.
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We hope this clears some commonly thought of queries regarding how nuclear energy works and
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serves as a starting point for you to do more research about the science on nuclear weapons and
cooling tower mechanisms.
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Past Actions of the United Nations

The United Nations has played an active role in nuclear governance through:
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●​ The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and related safeguards.
●​ The Paris Agreement on Climate Change, influencing EU energy policies.
●​ The UN’s role in promoting sustainable development goals (SDGs) related to clean
energy and innovation.
●​ Cleanup efforts after nuclear disasters and calamities
●​ Regulation of international space-backed nuclear fuelling
●​ IAEA-backed initiatives for peaceful nuclear research, including fusion and Eisenhower’s
Atoms for Peace Address.
Brief on Fusion Progress

Nuclear fusion, the process of combining atoms to create heavier nuclei, holds immense
potential as a future energy source. Germany alone has invested over $150 million in its
development. While the development of nuclear fusion in developing countries is
possible with sufficient engineering expertise, it requires a systematic approach. This
includes initial research to determine the optimal isotopes for fusion, the mechanics
necessary to fuse them, and how to achieve a positive net energy gain. Furthermore, the

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resulting plasma state must be safely contained, and proper regulatory frameworks for
fusion research and deployment must be established.

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More on Nuclear Energy
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The IAEA and its Role
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The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) isn't widely known despite its crucial role,
perhaps due to its effectiveness. Data suggests varying levels of public awareness, with efficacy
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influencing recognition (29% to 46% awareness). The IAEA plays a vital role in preventing
breaches of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), working with nations like Europe, the
USA, Japan, and addressing challenges like the Russia-Ukraine situation and cleaning up
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Fukushima residue. They establish and meticulously enforce safety standards, providing
feedback through mechanisms like model caucuses. These caucuses also facilitate learning from
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past nuclear disasters, including understanding the impact of ionizing radiation. The IAEA also
promotes the peaceful uses of nuclear technology, including applications in medicine (e.g.,
cancer treatment), agriculture (e.g., crop improvement), and industry (e.g., non-destructive
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testing). They facilitate international cooperation on nuclear safety and security, helping
countries develop their nuclear infrastructure responsibly. The agency conducts inspections of
nuclear facilities and provides technical assistance to member states to ensure compliance with
safety standards. Their work is essential for maintaining global nuclear stability and preventing
the spread of nuclear weapons. The IAEA also plays a crucial role in verifying the peaceful use
of nuclear materials.
The Dawn of the Nuclear Age: The Manhattan Project and Beyond

The history of nuclear energy is intertwined with the development of the atomic bomb during the
Manhattan Project. This project, a British-American alliance, stemmed from discoveries like the

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phenomenon of radiation in 1895, Enrico Fermi's work on nuclear fission in 1938, and Otto
Hahn and Fritz Strassmann's discovery of fission in different elements. Einstein's E=mc²
provided the theoretical basis. Key developments included the use of water to slow neutrons and

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the influential MAUD reports. The project's legacy includes the inseparable link between
nuclear energy and weaponry. Early research also highlighted the connection between radiation
and leukemia, with the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission (ABCC) serving as a predecessor to

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the IAEA. Children are particularly vulnerable to radiation exposure. The Manhattan Project's
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immense scale and scientific breakthroughs transformed our understanding of physics, leading to
advancements beyond weaponry, such as medical isotopes. It also ushered in the nuclear age,
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with profound implications for global politics, including the Cold War and nuclear arms race.
The ethical dilemmas surrounding nuclear weapons, their destructive power, and the potential for
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proliferation continue to be debated. The project demonstrated the power of scientific

Nuclear Accidents: Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Fukushima

Nuclear power's history is marked by several significant accidents. Three Mile Island (1979)
was triggered by a mechanical failure, leading to coolant loss and reactor overheating. Despite
safety protocols, the incident caused confusion and uncertainty, impacting public confidence.
While there were no deaths or radiation sickness, the accident led to the creation of INPO and
NEI to improve safety in existing plants. Chernobyl (1986), the most severe nuclear accident,
resulted from a power surge during a test that destroyed Unit 4. The explosion caused deaths and
widespread displacement. The accident highlighted design flaws, poorly trained workers, and a
lack of independent safety oversight. It led to the cancellation of nuclear plans in several
countries and increased health risks, particularly thyroid cancer, among children. Fukushima
(2011) was triggered by an earthquake and tsunami, leading to meltdowns in three reactors.
While there were no immediate deaths or radiation complications, the accident caused
widespread evacuations, economic losses, and a significant decline in public trust. Despite
improvements in nuclear safety regulations and IAEA oversight, Fukushima highlighted the

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potential for natural disasters to impact nuclear facilities. These accidents spurred significant
advancements in reactor safety design and emergency preparedness. They also emphasized the
importance of a strong safety culture and independent regulatory oversight. The long-term health

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and environmental consequences of these accidents are still being studied. Each accident
provided valuable lessons for the nuclear industry.

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Public Opinion and the Future of Nuclear Energy
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Public opinion on nuclear energy is complex and varies across the globe. Surveys reveal
significant opposition in many countries, particularly after the Fukushima disaster. However,
support for nuclear energy is gradually increasing in some regions, driven by concerns about
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climate change and energy security. The debate around nuclear energy often centers on its role in
achieving carbon neutrality. While carbon neutrality is possible without nuclear energy, nuclear
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power remains a significant source of low-carbon electricity. Currently, nuclear energy provides
a small percentage of global electricity, generated by a limited number of reactors in a handful of
countries. Public perception is often influenced by safety concerns and the issue of nuclear waste
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disposal. The future of nuclear energy will likely depend on technological advancements, such
as advanced reactor designs and improved waste management solutions. Effective
communication about the risks and benefits of nuclear energy is crucial for shaping public
opinion. Nuclear energy's role in a sustainable energy future is still under discussion.
The Resurgence of Nuclear Power

Despite past accidents and public concerns, some countries are increasing their reliance on
nuclear power. Japan, after the Fukushima shutdown, is restarting reactors to ensure energy
security. The US, with the world's largest nuclear fleet, is also investing in revitalizing its nuclear
industry. These developments are driven by factors like the need for reliable energy sources, the
desire for energy independence, and the urgency of addressing climate change. However,

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challenges remain, including concerns about safety, waste disposal, and the potential for nuclear
proliferation. Advanced nuclear technologies, such as small modular reactors (SMRs), are
attracting interest due to their potential for enhanced safety and flexibility. International

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cooperation is crucial for addressing the global challenges related to nuclear energy. The
economic viability of nuclear power is also a key consideration for its future deployment.
Nuclear energy's role in meeting future energy demands is a subject of ongoing debate and

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research.
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Major Nations and Anti-Nuclear Advocates Involved

Germany has been the leading advocate for phasing out nuclear energy. Following the
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Fukushima disaster in 2011, Germany implemented its Energiewende (Energy Transition) policy,
shutting down its last reactors in 2023. The country prioritizes renewable energy sources but has
faced challenges with energy intermittency and rising electricity costs.
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Austria is one of the strongest anti-nuclear voices in Europe. It has a constitutional ban on
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nuclear energy and actively opposes EU funding for nuclear projects. Austria has taken legal
action against the European Commission’s decision to classify nuclear power as a sustainable
investment under the EU Taxonomy.
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Denmark is another nation firmly opposed to nuclear power. Instead of investing in nuclear
energy, Denmark has focused on wind and solar power, making it one of the global leaders in
renewable energy production.

Points to be Addressed
 1.​ How will the nuclear phaseout impact the EU’s energy security?
2.​ What are the economic consequences of reducing nuclear energy reliance?
3.​ Will nuclear phase out policies hinder or accelerate nuclear fusion development?
4.​ How can the EU balance short-term energy needs with long-term fusion goals?
5.​ What role should international organizations, such as the IAEA, play in shaping the EU’s
nuclear future?
6.​ How can fusion research be shielded from the political and financial consequences of
nuclear phaseout?
7.​ Should nuclear phaseout strategies differ between fission and fusion technologies?

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