TIME AND TENSE

Time and Tense

Introduction
 Time and Tense

Tense is a form of Verb which shows Time and State of an action.

There are five forms of Verb

V1 V2 V3 V4 V5
Do:- Do Did Done Doing Does Action
Have: Have Had Had Having Has Possession
-
Be:- Be/Are Was/Were Been Being Is/Am Link
 Time Line

Present
Past Future
Now
e.g.
i. I learn English. (Present)

ii. I learnt English. (Past)

iii. I will learn English. (Future)

 State (Status)

1. Indefinite - Stative Action (V1, V5, V2)

2. Continuous - Progressive or Incomplete Action (V4)

3. Perfect - Complete Action (V3)

4. Perfect Continuous – Some time finished but action is going on.

(V3 + V4) (been + V4)
 Examples

i. Rahul repairs mobiles.

ii. Seema cooks tasty food.

iii. Rahul is repairing my mobile.

iv. Seema is cooking food.
v. Rahul has repaired my mobile.
vi. Seema has cooked tasty food.

vii. Rahul has been repairing my mobile for 15 minutes.

viii. Seema has been cooking food for half an hour.
 Spot the Errors

i. Ravi is working (a)/ in the HDFC Bank (b)/ for a year. (c)/ No
error (d)

ii. Ravina has been living (a)/ in Indore (b)/ now a days. (c)/ No
error (d)
 Time and Tense Chart
State & Time Present Past Future

Aff: V1/V5 Aff: V2

Indefinite Shall/Will + V1
Neg:do/does+ not+V1 Neg: did+not+V1

Continuous Is/Am/Are+V4 Was/were + V4 Shall/Will + be + V4

Perfect Has/Have +V3 Had + V3 Shall/Will + have + V3

Shall/Will + have +
Perfect Conti. Has/Have+been + V4 Had + been+V4
been + V4
 Identification of Tense
1. My mother washes my clothes.
2. One of my friends is a cricketer.
3. My neighbour does not quarrel with me.
4. Reena knitted a sweater for her son.
5. Sumit did not invite me to his marriage.
6. My younger brother was very talkative.
7. Ram’s coach is scolding him bitterly.
 Identification of Tense

8. The brother of Seema was teaching her how to drive a car.

9. One of my family members has got a government job recently.
10. Everyone has passport here.
11. I had reached Delhi before the sun set.
12. Sumit and his sister had estrangement between them.
13. Everyone has been waiting for Sharukh Khan for an hour.
14. We had been working there since 2020.
 Identification of Tense

15. We shall cook rice today.

16. He will be successful soon.

17. He will be travelling by flight at the moment tomorrow.

18. They will have completed this project by next month.

19. I will have been driving a car for an hour.

20. One day deserving students will have a government job.

 Present Indefinite Tense

Definition: - It indicates to an action which is done at the present

time. It is neither going on nor completed.
यह Action की वह State है जिसमें वर्तमान समय मे Action होर्ा है परं र्ु
न र्ो यह चल रहा है और न ही ख़त्म है ।

e.g. प्रधानमंत्री 15 अगस्र् को लाल ककले पर झण्डा फहरार्े हैं।

The Prime Minister hoists the flag at the Red Fort on 15 August.
 Structures
Affirmative – V1/V5
Negative – do/does + not + V1
Interrogative – do/does + sub + V1………(?)
Int. + Neg. – do/does + sub + not + V1………(?)
Wh-Family Words – WH + do/does + sub + V1………(?)

V1/Do – With Plural Subject, I & You

V5/Does – With Singular Subject
 There are 5 structures of Sentence:

Affirmative: My brother runs very fast. मेरा भाई बहुर् र्ेज़ दौड़र्ा है ।

Negative: Raju does not speak the truth. रािू सच नही बोलर्ा है ।

Interrogative: Does he learn English? क्या वह अंग्रेज़ी सीखर्ा है ?

Int. + Neg. : Do you not take tea? क्या र्ुम चाय नही पीर्े हो?

Wh-Family Word: Why do you quarrel with your neighbour?

र्म
ु अपने पड़ोसी से क्यों झगड़र्े हो?
 Examination Based Concepts
1. Key Words: Always, usually, commonly, generally, daily, regularly,
frequently, often, seldom, hardly, rarely, barely, scarcely, sometimes, still,
every+time, each+time, once a week, twice a week, thrice a week, etc.

e.g. She eats an apple everyday.

I go to temple twice a week.

He does not attend the classes regularly.

Does she sometimes send you messages?

Reena still teaches in a private school.

 Practice
e.g.
i. Reena with her parents_____ Vaishno Devi once a year.
a. visit b. visits
c. has visited d. are going to visit

ii. Ramit seldom does not go to watch a movie to the cinema hall.
a. seldom go to watch
b. seldom do not go to watch
c. seldom goes to watch
d. No Improvement/No correction required
iii. Ram and Shyam are (a)/ fit and fine because (b)/ they are taking
(c)/ exercise regularly. (d)/ No error (e)

2. In given situations Present Indefinite Tense is used: -

i. Mathematical Facts ii. Scientific Facts
iii. Universal Truth iv. General Facts
v. Habitual Actions vi. Daily Routine
vii. Proverbs
e.g.

i. Two and two makes four. (MF)

ii. Gravitational force pulls everything down. (SF)

iii. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. (UT)

iv. This road leads to the Metro Station. (GF)

v. She writes with her left hand. (HA)

vi. He gets up at 6am and goes to bed at 10pm. (DR)

vii. Beauty needs no ornaments. (Proverb)

 Practice
i. The teacher taught us (a)/ today that two and two (b)/ made four.
(c)/ No Error (d)

ii. If you switch on the button, the fan will start playing.
(a) start playing (b) No Improvement
(c) would start playing (d) starts playing

iii. She with her both hands because she is ambidextrous.

(a) is writing (b) writes
(c) has written (d) wrote
 3. Probable Condition
If you learn English, you will get a government job soon.
or
You will get a government job soon if you learn English.

e.g.

If she tells me the truth, I will forgive her.

I will forgive her if she tells me the truth.

 Practice
i. If it ______ , you will get wet.
a. will rain b. rain
c. rains d. rained

ii. You will miss the bus if you will not hurry. No error
a b c d

iii. I will wear a jacket if it will be cold.

a. is b. was c. were d. No improvement
 Fill in the blanks
vi. Supposing he cheats you, what _____ ?
(a) do you do (b) would you do
(c) should you do (d) will you do

v. If you _____ hard, you will be well prepared for the test.
(a) do not study (b) will study
(c) study (d) studies

vi. As soon as the store opens , I ______ the groceries.

(a) do not go and purchase (b) will go and purchase
(c) go and purchase (d) goes and purchase
4. Fixed Future Programme Present Indefinite Tense
(a) My birthday will come off next month. ( )
(b) My birthday comes off next month. ( )

e.g. I will go/go to watch a movie tomorrow as I have a holiday.

I will go/go to watch a movie tomorrow and I have booked my tickets.

Practice

i. This metro _____ at Huda City Centre.

a. will terminate b. terminates

c. will terminated d. has terminating

ii. The match between India and Pakistan will start at 5pm tomorrow.

a. No Improvement b. started

c. start d. starts

iii. The Prime Minister (a)/ will visit (b)/ the flood stricken area next

Monday. (c)/ No error (d)

 Present Continuous Tense
Definition: It indicates to an action which is going on at the Present Time.
यह Action की वह अवस्था है जिसमें वर्तमान समय में Action चल रहा होर्ा है ।

e.g.
The children are playing football in the playground at the moment.
बच्चे इस समय खेल के मैदान में फुटबॉल खेल रहे हैं।

The singer is singing a melodious song in the concert.

गायक कॉन्सटत में एक सरु ीला गीर् गा रहा है ।
 Structures
Affirmative – is/am/are + V4
Negative – is/am/are + not + V4
Interrogative – is/am/are + sub + V4……(?)
Int. + Neg. – is/am/are + sub + not + V4……(?)
Wh-Family Words – WH + is/am/are + sub + V4……(?)

Is - With Singular Subject

Am - With I
Are - With Plural Subject
 Examination Based Concepts

1. Key Words:- Now, now a days, these days, still, day by day, at this time,

at this moment, at the time, at the moment, at present, gradually, etc.

e.g. Sohan is living in Delhi these days.

Practice

i. Neeru, my friend _____ in a school in Delhi now a days.

(a) are teaching (b) has taught

(c) is teaching (d) will teach

ii. At the moment a postman (a)/ has been standing (b)/ at the gate of the house.
(c)/ No error (d)

iii. Why is Sumit still rides a horse?

(a) has Sumit been still riding (b) No improvement
(c) is Sumit still riding (d) has Sumit still ridden

iv. India progresses day by day?

(a) has been progressing (b) is progressing
(c) No improvement (d) has progressed
 2. Difference between PCT & PPCT:
Note:- PPCT shows the completion of some time while PCT doesn’t.
or
PPCT shows the completion of some part of an action while PCT
e.g. doesn’t.

My mother is kneading flour at this time.

My mother has been kneading flour for 15 minutes.

 Practice
e.g. i. Rohan is playing football since morning. No error
a b c d

ii. The patient ____ medicine for the last 10 days.

(a) is taking (b) has taking
(c) has been taking (d) is taken

iii. The doctor has been feeling the pulse of the patient at the moment.
(a) No Improvement (b) is feeling
(c) will feel (d) felt
 3. For Fixed Future Programme: - Present Tense
e.g.

1. The train leaves at 6pm tomorrow.

2. The conference starts next Monday.

3. The movie begins at 8 o'clock tonight.

4. The store opens at 9 am tomorrow.

5. Our flight departs at noon on Friday.

 Do as directed

i. He has built his body very strong because he ____ in the body building competition.
(a) will participate (b) is going to participate

ii. I and my wife ____ a car next year.

(a) will purchase (b) are going to purchase

iii. The library (a)/ will close (b)/ at 5 pm on weekdays. (c)/ No error (d)
 Action:- V4 (With Efforts)
4. Verbs of Senses
State:- V1/V5 (Without Efforts)

Which one is correct:

1. I am smelling something burning. ( )

I smell something burning. ( )

2. We are feeling the changes in the weather. ( )

We feel the changes in the weather. ( )

 Practice
i. She is looking beautiful. ( )

ii. She is looking at a beautiful flower. ( )

iii. Honey is tasting sweet. ( )

iv. She is tasting soup to check salt. ( )

v. I am having a car. ( )

vi. She is having a burger. ( )

vii. Flowers are smelling sweet. ( )

viii. Ramesh is smelling flowers. ( )

ix. Sumit is resembling his father in a suit. ( )
x. You are seeming sad today. ( )
 ननम्नललखखर् Verbs का प्रयोग Present Progressive अथवा V4 में नहीं होर्ा है : -
Think, resemble, need, dare, trust, remember, possess, smell, see, forget, notice, hear,
want, believe, know, hate, seem, appear, continue, care, feel, gather, understand, desire,
refuse, recognize, taste, own, look, love, wish, mean, suppose, consist, comprise, belong,
etc.
e.g. Sunil is desiring to be an I.A.S ()
Sunil desires to be an I.A.S (✓)

लेककन ‘see’ का अथत यदद ‘लमलना’ (meet) होर्ा है र्ो इसे Progressive में प्रयोग कर सकर्े
है ।
e.g. I am seeing you tomorrow.
‘Hear’ का अथत To justice (सुनवाई) होने पर The Judge is hearing the case. हो सकर्ा है ।
 Present Perfect Tense
Definition: - It indicates to an action which occurred in the past time and
shows its effect at the time of speaking.
यह Action की वह अवस्था है जिसमें Past Time में घजित हुए Action का प्रभाव/असर वततमान समय
में नज़र आता है।
e.g. I have already paid my electricity bill.
मैंने पहले ही अपना बबिली का बबल चुका ददया है ।

He has never seen the ocean.

उसने कभी समद्र
ु नहीं दे खा है ।
 Structures
Affirmative – has /have + V3
Negative – has /have + not + V3
Interrogative – has /have + sub + V3……(?)
Int. + Neg. – has /have + sub + not + V3……(?)
Wh-Family Words – WH + has/have + sub + V3……(?)

Has - With Singular Subject

Have - With Plural Subject, I & You
 Concepts Based on Competitive Exams

1. Key Words: - Recently, presently, lately, already, so far, as yet,

yet, till now, by now, ever, just now, just, since + time, for + time,
etc.
e.g.
a. I have already paid my room rent.
b. She hasn’t talked to me so far.
c. He has been in Dubai since 2015.
d. We have been in Delhi for 5 years.
 Practice
Blank
i. No one _____ about Amar for more than 5 years.
a. heard b. is hearing
c. has heard d. will hear

Sentence Improvement

ii. Why did she not submitted the assignments to the teacher as yet?

a. No improvement b. has she not submitted

c. did not submit d. had not submitted

 Spot the error
iii. One of my friends is in the hospital since last Monday. No error
a b c d

Spot the error

iv. Ramita not her cousins has a beautiful car for 2 years. No error
a b c d
 2. Difference between
Present Perfect & Past Indefinite Tense
Period & Point of Time Perfect Tense

Exact/Particular Time Indefinite Tense

e.g.
a. Science has given us many new inventions since 19th century. ( )

b. Science has given us many new inventions in the 19th century. ( )

 Practice
Sentence Improvement
i. I love dancing and singing since childhood.
a. am loving b. No Improvement
b. will love d. have loved

Spot the error

ii. Ram has got his salary on Monday. No error
a b c d
 Spot the error
iii. My younger sister is ill for a week. No error
a b c d

Sentence Improvement
iv. I have seen the Prime Minister in Delhi in January.
a. No improvement b. had seen
c. saw d. am seeing
 (Past Indefinite Tense or Present Perfect Tense)
1. He ….. (be) a teacher since 2015.
2. I don’t know him because I ….. (never meet) him.
3. I ….. (come) to this town in 2010.
4. Two convicts ….. (escape) from prison last night.
5. He ….. already (entertain) the guests for two hours.
6. He ….. (get) a new car now.
7. He ….. (buy) it on Sunday.
8. I ..... (already see) this film.
9. I ….. (see) several film stars in Mumbai in 2020.
10. Your officer will be angry with you because you ….. (not work) properly.
11. Now he ….. (write) a book on Mahatama Gandhi.

12. He ….. (tour) India for a month last year.

13. Here is your note-book. I ….. (correct) it.

14. He ….. (leave) his house some days ago.

15. He ….. (not come) back yet.

3. For Progressive (Not Fixed) Perfect/Perfect Continuous
Non-Progressive (Fixed) Indefinite Tense

e.g.

i. My father taught in this school for two years.

ii. My father has taught in this school for two years.

iii. My father has been teaching in this school for two years.
 Spot the error

i. India is independent (a)/ for more than 70 years (b)/ still we are economically

backward. (c)/ No error (d)

ii. Ram along with Sita (a)/ and Laxman had gone (b)/ on exile for 14 years.

(c)/ No error (d)

4. With a clause Perfect Tense
This is the first time + Present Perfect

This was the first time + Past Perfect

Sentence Improvement
e.g. i. This is the first time I drove a car alone.
(a) had driven (b) will drive
(c) have driven (d) No improvement

Spot the error

ii. This was the first time I have visited Goa. No error
a b c d
 Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Definition: - It indicates to an action which started in the past and is still
going on.
ु हुआ और अभी भी (बोलते समय
यह Action की वह अवस्था है जिसमें Action Past Time में शरू
/वततमान में) चल रहा है।

e.g. I have been living in Dehradoon since 2015.

मैं 2015 से दे हरादन
ू में रह रहा हूूँ।

We have been working on this project for two days.

हम दो ददनों से इस पररयोिना पर काम कर रहे हैं।
 Structures

Affirmative – has /have + been + V4

Negative – has /have + not + been + V4

Interrogative – has /have + sub + been + V4 ……(?)

Int. + Neg. – has /have + sub + not + been + V4 ……(?)

Wh-Family Words – WH + has /have + sub + not + been + V4……(?)

 1. Use of Since and For

i. Since Point of time ( )

Definite Time
Uncountable time (s/es – x)
January, Sunday, am, pm, o’clock, childhood, 2015, Eid, Diwali, birth,
death, morning, afternoon, evening, night, etc.
e.g.
Ram has been living in Shimla ____ 2019.
a. since b. for
ii. For Period of time ( )
Indefinite Time
Countable Time (s/es – ✓)

Second, Minute, Hour, Day, Week, Month, Year, Decade, Century, etc.
e.g.
My mother has been knitting a sweater for me ____ an hour.
a. since b. for
 Decide whether to use since or for
1. I have been waiting ____ 4 o'clock.
2. Suraj has only been waiting ____ 20 minutes.
3. Tinu and Tina have been learning English ____ six months.
4. Farida and Farhan have been learning French ____2020.
5. Jai and Julee have been going out together _____ Valentine's Day.
6. I haven't been on holiday ___ last July.
7. Mannu has been saving her money ___ many years.
8. I haven't eaten anything ___ breakfast.
9. You have been watching TV ___ hours.

10. We have been living here ____ 2 months.

 2. One more concept to understand Since & For:
For the + last + period of time
Since + last + period of time
e.g.
Seema has been working here_____.
a. for last year
b. since the last year
c. for the lasts year
d. since last year
 Concepts Based on Competitive Exams
3. Key Words:-

Since+time
For+time Present Perfect Continuous
Since when
How long
For how long
For a long time Past Perfect Continuous
For long
The whole night, day,
week, month, year, etc.
 Practice
e.g. i. For how long _______ as a manager in this bank?
(a) are you working
(b) were you working
(c) had you be working
(d) have you been working
(e) have you working

ii. The dogs were barking the whole night due to this I couldn’t sleep at all. NE
a b c d e
 4. Since as a Conjunction:
i. Amit has been working here for 5 months.
ii. Amit has been working here since January.
iii. Amit has been working here since Ramit left this job.

Amit has been working here since Ramit left this job.
PC Conj. SC

OR
Since Ramit left this job, Amit has been working here.
Conj. SC PC
 Present Per.
+ Since + Past Ind. Tense
Present Per Cont.

i. I have been in Delhi since 2005.

Prepo. Noun

ii. I have been in Delhi since I got birth.

PC Conj. SC
 Spot the errors

i. We are (a)/ living in Mumbai (b)/ since birth. (c)/ No error (d)

ii. He did not complete (a)/ any project since (b)/ he got promotion. (c)/ No error (d)

iii. Since Ram has got (a)/ a government job, (b)/ he has been arrogant. (c)/ No error (d)

iv. Suman is learning English (a)/ sincerely since her brother (b)/ threatened her

to get her married. (c)/ No error (d)

v. Ram is angry (a)/ since his mother (b)/ scolded him. (c)/ No error (d)

vi. Since Rohan joined this company (a)/ till then the company (b)/ has been

progressing a lot. (c)/ No error (d)

Present Tense
Miscellaneous
Practice
 Complete the sentences using the correct form of the verb in brackets.
1. ____Prateek _______ (know) how to fix the tap?
2. _____you ever_____ (eat) frog’s legs?
3. _____you ever______(visit) London?
4. Anwar______(pass) his exams and he is very happy.
5. David______(know) how to play chess, but I don’t.
6. Every year Pawan_______(spend) his holidays in Italy.
7. How long ______ she______(have) that car for?
8. How often _____ you ______ (go) to the gym?
9. I ______ (think) you can speak English very well.
10. I _______ (not hear) this song for ages.
11. I _______ (be) to Canada twice.
12. I ______ (not speak) to John since July.
13. I can't talk now. I ______ (study) for my exams.
14. I often _______ (walk) to school with my friends.
15. I usually _______ (go) dancing on Saturdays.
16. I'm really fed up! You ______ (always copy) my homework!
17. It ______ (be) a long time since we last saw you.
18. Jasbir ________ (not make) his bed yet.
19. Leena _______ (just sell) her postcard collection.
20. My boyfriend _______ (always arrive) late and I can't stand it!
21. My daughter _______ (not clean) her bedroom yet.
22. My father ______ (just go) to the supermarket.
23. My friends usually ______ (download) music from the internet.
24. My mother ______ never ______ (try) Chinese food.
25. My sister ______ (always use) my clothes without my permission.
26. New films ______ (come out) every Friday.
27. Now-a-days children _______ (spend) too much time watching TV.
28. Reema ______ (not cook) very well.
29. Someone ______ (take) my pen because I can't find it.
30. Sonia is in her bedroom. I think she _______ (do) her homework.
31. Stop talking! I______(watch) my favourite programme right now.
32. The bus _______ (leave) at five past every hour except on Sundays.
33. The film _____ (start) at 9.30 pm.
34. They _____ (live) in this flat since 2005.
35. They ______ (not play) football at the moment.
36. This guitar ______ (belong) to my grandfather.
37. We ______ (not be) to the new shopping centre yet.
38. We ______ (just see) a terrific film.
39. Where are you? We _______ (wait) for you for 15 minutes.
40. He ______ (need) to revise for his exams.
 Answer Keys
1. Does Prateek know 14. walk 27. are Spending 40. needs
2. have you ever eaten 15. go 28. does not cook
3. have you ever visited 16. always copy 29. has taken
4. has passed 17. has been 30. is doing
5. knows 18. has not made 31. am watching
6. spends 19. has just sold 32. leaves
7. has she had 20. always arrives 33. starts
8. do you go 21. has not cleaned 34. have been living
9. think 22. has just gone 35. are not playing
10. have not heard 23. download 36. belongs to
11. have been to 24. has never tried 37. have not been
12. have not been spoken 25. always uses 38. have just seen
13. am studying 26. come out 39. have been waiting
 Past Indefinite Tense
Definition: - It indicates to an action done at the past (Particular, exact) time.
यह Action की वह अवस्था है जिसमें Action, Past में जकसी जनजित समय, Point (.) पर घजित हुआ हो।

e.g. 1. Mahatma Gandhi got birth in 1869. महात्मा गाूँधी का िन्म 1869 में हुआ था।

2. None waited for me on Sunday. रवववार को ककसी ने मेरा इंर्ज़ार नहीं ककया।

3. I attended his marriage on 5 July. मैं 5 िुलाई को उनकी शादी में शालमल हुआ था।

4. Suman visited Mumbai two years ago. सम

ु न दो साल पहले मंब
ु ई आई थी।
 Structures

Affirmative – V2

Negative – did + not + V1

Interrogative – did + sub + V1 ……(?)

Int. + Neg. – did + sub + not + V1 ……(?)

Wh-Family Words – WH + did + sub + V1 ……(?)

 Concepts Based on Competitive Exams
1. Key Words- Yesterday, last, ago, past, back, in+time, on+time, at+time,
exact/specific time, often, seldom, usually, normally, generally, sometimes,
daily, always, would, before, since, etc.

e.g. 1. He played cricket with his friends two days ago.

2. She did not cook dinner last evening because she was sick.

3. Did you apply for the new job last month?

4. She has been ill since she got drenched in the rain.
e.g. i. My father has come from Mumbai yesterday. No Error
a b c d

ii. India has got freedom in 1947. No Error

a b c d

iii. I had taken food 10 minutes ago. No Error

a b c d

iv. My brother had deposited his college fee the day before yesterday.
(a) has deposited
(b) deposited
(c) will have deposited
(d) No correction required
 2. To Describe Past Event/Incident/Accident/Story
I went to Mumbai when I was ten years old. Those days Mumbai had no
huge traffic. I saw several actors and their shootings.
Practice
i. The workers _____ (demand) the dismissal of the manager. The factory owners
_____ (not pay) any attention to the demand. So they _____ (decide) to go on
strike.
ii. It ____ (rain) heavily for a week and a dam ____ (break). The villages for miles
around _____ (be) under water.
 3. Parallelism

e.g. The patient had died before the doctor came.

PC Conj. SC
Past Per. Past Ind.

When I reached the station, it was raining cats and dogs.

Conj. SC PC
Past Ind. Past Cont.

Spot the error

I had reached (a)/ Mumbai before (b)/ it had got dark. (c)/ No error (d)
 4. When ‘Since’ is used as a Conjunction:
e.g. i. I have been in Delhi since Sunday.
Prepo Noun

ii. I have been in Delhi since I attended a marriage.

PC Conj. SC (Past Ind.)
Practice
i. My mobile has been (a)/ working properly since (b)/ Amar has repaired it.
(c)/ No Error (d)
ii. She has been in Mumbai since she had got married.
(a) got married (b) has got married
(c) would get married (d) will get married
 Past Continuous Tense
Definition: - It indicates to an action which was progressive/continuing in the past time.
यह Action की वह अवस्था है जिसमे Past Time में Action चल रहा था।

e.g. 1. वह सब
ु ह के समय अपने बगीचे में फूलों को पानी दे रहा था।

He was watering the flowers in his garden in the morning time.

2. क्या र्म
ु कल शाम को अपने दोस्र्ों के साथ मव
ू ी दे ख रहे थे?

Were you watching a movie with your friends yesterday evening?

 Structures

Affirmative – was/were + V4

Negative – was/were + not + V4

Interrogative – was/were + sub + V4 ……(?)

Int. + Neg. – was/were + sub + not + V4 ……(?)

Wh-Family Words – WH + was/were + sub + V4 ……(?)

Was – With Singular Subject
Were – With Plural Subject
 Concepts Based on Competitive Exams
1. Key Words Those days, at that time, at that moment, day by day, etc.

e.g. i. One of my friends was working in the HDFC Bank those days.

The children were playing in the rain at that moment.

Practice

i. Those days I had run my new business in Indore. No error

a b c d e

ii. My mother knitted a sweater for me at that moment. No error

a b c d
 2. Parallelism

i. When I reached home, she was moping the floor.

ii. When I was teaching the students, someone made me a call.

Practice

i. Was he cooking (a)/ food in the kitchen (b)/ when his grandmother had come ?
(c)/ No error (d)

ii. When I had entered (a)/ the room, my mother was knitting (b)/ a sweater for me.
(c)/ No error (d)
 Past Perfect Tense
Definition: - It indicates to an action which had completed in the past before
another action took place.
यह Action की वह अवस्था है जिसमे Past में एक कायत ककसी दस
ू रे कायत के होने से
पहले घदटर् हो चुका था।

i. The train had reached Delhi before it got dark.

अंधेरा होने से पहले ही ट्रे न ददल्ली पहुंच गयी थी।

i. My brother had climbed up the tree before his friends.

मेरा भाई अपने दोस्र्ों से पहले पेड़ पर चढ़ गया था।
 Structures

Affirmative – had + V3

Negative – had + not + V3

Interrogative – had + sub + V3 ……(?)

Int. + Neg. – had + sub + not + V3 ……(?)

Wh-Family Words – WH + had + sub + V3 ……(?)

 Spot the error

i. The audience had taken their seats before the film had started. No error
a b c d

ii. The audience had taken their seats after the film had started. No error.
a b c d

Sentence Improvement

iii. The gardener complained against my son that he will ruin his garden.

(a) has ruined (b) had ruined

(c) ruined (d) No Improvement

 Blanks
iv. The painter ______ my room before Diwali.
(a) had painted (b) will painted
(c) is painting (d) painted

v. The painter ______ my room after Diwali.

(a) had painted (b) will painted
(c) is painting (d) painted

vi. She failed because she ______ at all.

(a) didn’t practise (b) hadn’t practised
(c) won’t practise (d) hasn’t practised
1. Key Words Till then, by then, already, till + time, by + time, etc.

e.g.

i. I with my mother reached home till then. No error

a b c d

ii. She with me already submitted her assignments to the Principal. No error
a b c d
 2. Impossible and Improbable Condition
It is high time + Past Indefinite Tense
It was high time + Past Perfect Tense
Spot the error
i. It is high time we should start our new business. No error
a b c d

Sentence Improvement

ii. It was good time she worked hard to secure good marks.

(a) had worked (b) should have worked

(c) should work (d) No Improvement

 Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Definition: - It indicates to an action which had been going on for some time
before it was finished or another action took place.

यह Action की वह अवस्था है जिसमें कायत Past Time में कुछ समय से चल रहा था, परन्तु याद रहे
Progressive Action के खत्म होने से पहले या Another Action के घजित होने तक ही कायत चल रहा
था।
e.g. वह कई महीनों से मम्ु बई मे संगीर् सीख रही थी।
She had been learning music in Mumbai for several months.

वे दोपहर से कमरे मे टीवी दे ख रहे थे।

They had been watching TV in the room since afternoon.
 Structures

Affirmative – had + been + V4

Negative – had + not + been + V4

Interrogative – had + sub + been + V4 ……(?)

Int. + Neg. – had + sub + not + been + V4 ……(?)

Wh-Family Words – had + sub + been + V4 ……(?)

 Concepts Based on Competitive Exams
1. Key Words:-

Since + time
For + time
How long
Perfect Tense
For how long
For a long time
For long
Since when
• The whole day, night,
week, month, year, Perfect Continuous
etc.
 Sentence Improvement
e.g. I was studying English with my brother the whole night before the sun rose.
a. had been studying c. will have been studying
b. have been studying d. No Improvement
Spot the error
e.g. James was teaching (a)/ at the university for more than (b)/ a year
before leaving for Canada. (c)/ No error
Blank
e.g. For how long ______ German language before going to Germany?
a. were you learning b. have you been learning
c. had you been learning d. will you have been learning
e. None of the above
 2. Parallelism
Principal Clause + Conjunction + Subordinate Clause
Past Per. Cont. Past Ind. Tense

Spot the error

The naughty students had been (a)/ plucking the mangoes (b)/ for 15

minutes when (c)/ the gardener had arrived. (d)/ No error (e)
 Past Tense
Miscellaneous
Practice
 Fill in the blanks with correct verb:

1. We _____ (purchase) a new car yesterday.

2. Annu _____ (speak) to her brother when I arrived.
3. Hina was tired because she ______ (work) since morning.
4. I ______ (do) my homework before my mom came.
5. Ama _____ (leave) home ten minutes ago.
6. Kavita ______ (live) there for 5 years before she left.
7. Pramila _____ (tidy) the room when the telephone rang.
8. Prem _____ (repair) my car by two o'clock yesterday.
9. I ____ (play) computer games until 3 o'clock.
10. Anil _____ (not help) me with my homework yesterday.
11. Aliza ____ (not cook) lunch before her brother came.
12. He was tired. He _____ (drive) his car for 7 hours.
13. What ____ (do) you ___ (do) at 3 o'clock yesterday?
14. I _____ (finish) my letter before the film started.
15. Ali ____ (win) the championship last year.
16. She ____ (make) bracelets since she was seven.
17. Mona realized that she _____ (lose) her watch.
18. I _____ (not watch) the film when you phoned me.
19. After he _____ (leave), I began cooking.
20. I ______ (forget) my keys at school yesterday.
21. My clothes were dirty because I _____ (work) all day.
22. _____ you _____ (read) the book by the time Leena came?
23. Tarun _____ (play) in the garden when it began to rain.
24. Where _____ you _____ (spend) your holidays last year?
25. He ______ (repair) the engine all day.
26. Narender ____ (fail) his exam. He was very sad.
27. Amar _____ (go) to the club when I saw him.
28. The day was nice. I _____ (ski) for three hours.
29. Who _____ (meet) you at the railway station yesterday?
30. We _____ (write) a test at 10 O'clock yesterday.
 Answers Keys
1. purchased 14. had finished 27. was going
2. was speaking 15. Won 28. had been skiing
3. had been working 16. had been making
29. met
4. had done 17. lost
30. wrote
5. left 18. was not watching

6. had been loving 19. had left

20. forgot
7. was tiding
21. had been working
8. had repaired
22. had you read
9. had played
23. was playing
10. did not help
24. did you spend
11. had not cooked
25. hall been repairing
12. had been driving
26. failed
13. were you doing
 Future Indefinite Tense
Definition: - It indicates to an action which will be done in the future
exact/specific time. (It is expected.)
यह Action की वह अवस्था है जिसमें कायत Future Time में संभाजवत तौर पर और जनजित समय पर
घजित होगा।
e.g. मैं सोमवार को अपने कमरे का ककराया चुकाऊंगा।
I will pay my room rent on Monday.
कल वह अपने दोस्र्ों के साथ पाकत में किकेट खेलेगा।
Tomorrow, he with his friends will play cricket in the park.
स्कूल की छुट्दटयों के दौरान वे अपने दादा-दादी के घर िाएंगे।
During the school holidays, they will go to their grandparents' house.
 Structures

Affirmative – shall/will + V1

Negative – shall/will + not + V1

Interrogative – shall/will + sub + V1 ..... (?)

Int. + Neg. – shall/will + sub + not + V1 ..... (?)

Wh-Family Words – WH + shall/will + sub + V1 ..... (?)

 Use of ‘Shall’ & ‘Will’

A. Simple Use / No Emphasization / No Intensification

Shall – With I and We (With 1st Person)

Will – Except I and We (With 2nd and 3rd Person

e.g.
I shall go to watch a movie tomorrow.

She will attend her friend’s birthday bash.

 B. Emphasization/Intensification

Will – With I and We (With 1st Person)

Shall – Except I and We (With 2nd and 3rd Person

e.g.
i. I shall/will go to watch a movie tomorrow whether anyone goes or not.

ii. She shall/will attend her friend’s birthday bash in spite of her father’s
refusal.
 Note: In Interrogative Sentences
No Emphasization / No Intensification is applied

e.g.
i. Shall I sit beside you? (क्या मैं तम्ु हारे पास बैठ िाऊँ ?)

ii. Shall we study together? (क्या हम इकट्ठे पढाई करें ?)

iii. Will you stand by me in adversity?

iv. Will he visit here tomorrow?

 Fill in the blanks
1. I ______ definitely go to the store tomorrow to buy some groceries.
a. shall b. will
2. ______ we meet at 5pm for the project discussion?
a. Shall b. Will
3. They _____ finish the report by the end of the week.
a. shall b. will
4. You ______ not enter the restricted area.
a. shall b. will
5. ______ you help me with my homework later?
a. Shall b. Will
 Fill in the blanks

6. She ________ be here any minute now.

a. shall b. will
7. We ________ overcome this challenge together.
a. shall b. will
8. _____I close the window for you?
a. Shall b. Will
9. The team ______ win the match if they keep playing well.
a. shall b. will
10. ______ we go for a walk after dinner?
a. Shall b. Will
 Concepts Based on Competitive Exams
1. Key Words: Next, tomorrow, soon, in a short while, in a short time, probably,
shortly, in a few minutes, within a week, God willing, etc.

Spot the error

i. I will have left for office in a short while. No error

a b c d

Sentence Improvement
ii. God willing she got a government job.
(a) is getting (b) will get
(c) has got (d) No correction required
 2. Probable Condition
e.g.
i. If she leaves her work incomplete, mummy will scold her.

ii. If I am a doctor, I will treat the poor patients without fee.

iii. When I have a car, I will take you for a long drive.

Spot the error

i. If she threatens me, (a)/ I would complain against her (b)/ to the
Principal. (c)/ No error (d)
 Fill in the blanks
ii. If we ______ enough money, we will go on vacation.
(a) do not save (b) save
(c) shall save (d) saves
Spot the error

iii. If the feedback (a)/ is positive, we will proceed (b)/ with the next
phase. (c) No error (d)
Spot the error
iv. If the students misbehave, the teacher would give extra time.
a. No improvement b. will give
c. won’t give d. give
 Future Continuous Tense
Definition: - It indicates to an action which will be going on in future time.
यह Action की वह अवस्था है जिसमें Future Time में Action चल रहा होगा।

e.g.

वे कल इस पल हवाई यात्रा कर रहे होंगे।

They will be travelling by air at the moment tomorrow.

अगले साल इन ददनों, वे एक प्रनर्जठिर् ववश्वववद्यालय में पढ़ाई कर रहे होंगे।

These days next year, they will be studying at a prestigious university.

 Structures

Affirmative – shall/will + be + V4

Negative – shall/will + not + be + V4

Interrogative – shall/will + sub + be + V4 ..... (?)

Int. + Neg. – shall/will + sub + not + be + V4 ..... (?)

Wh-Family Words – WH + shall/will + sub + be + V4….. (?)

 Examination Based Concepts
1. Key Words: -
Next, tomorrow, soon, etc. + At this time, at this moment, at the time, at the moment, etc.
(Time) (State)
(Future) (Continuous)

Spot the error

i. Reena will have (a)/ travelling by flight (b)/ at this time tomorrow. (c)/ No error (d)

Sentence Improvement
ii. I will watch the cricket match at the moment this Sunday.
a. will have watched b. will be watching
c. have watched d. No Improvement
 2. Parallelism

e.g. i. She will be preparing dinner when I reach home.

ii. When he knocks at the door I will be sleeping.

Fill in the blank

i. When he ______ the cinema hall, the film will be going on.
a. will arrive at b. arrives at
c. will have arrived at d. has arrived at

Spot the error

ii. My brother will be sleeping (a)/ in his room when you (b)/ will make him a
call. (c)/ No error (d)
 Future Perfect Tense
Definition: - It indicates to an action which is expected to have been completed
in future time before another action takes place.
यह Action की वह अवस्था है जिसमें यह उम्मीद की िाती है जक एक कायत जकसी दसू रे कायत के होने
से पहले घजित हो चक
ु ा होगा।
e.g.
अंधेरा होने से पहले हम ददल्ली पहुूँच चुके होंगे।
We shall have reached Delhi before it gets dark.

िब र्क बाररश रुकेगी, ककसान अपनी फसल काट चक

ु े होंगे।
By the time the rain stops, the farmers will have harvested their crops.
 Structures

Affirmative – shall/will + have + V3

Negative – shall/will + not + have + V3

Interrogative – shall/will + sub + have + V3 ..... (?)

Int. + Neg. – shall/will + sub + not + have + V3 ..... (?)

Wh-Family Words – WH + shall/will + sub + have + V3….. (?)

 Examination Based Concepts
1. Key Words

Next, tomorrow, soon, etc. + Till+time, by+time, already, etc.

Time State
(Future) (Perfect)
e.g.
She will have submitted her assignments by next Monday.
Sentence Improvement
By this time tomorrow, Ramit may be completing his work.
(a) will complete (c) will have completed
(b) will have been completing (d) No correction required
 For + time 2. Some other key words:
How long
For how long Future Perfect
The whole day,
week, month, etc.
Future Perfect Continuous
Throughout the
day, week, etc.
Practice
e.g. Spot the error
i. Ramdeen, a poor farmer (a)/ will plough the field (b)/ throughout the day.
(c)/ No error (d)
ii. She will have worked (a)/ very hard the whole month (b)/ to get her hard
earned money. (c)/ No error (d)
 3. Parallelism
e.g. All the employees will have completed the pending task before the boss arrives.
PC Conj. SC

Sentence Improvement
i. She will have submitted her form before the window will have closed.
(a) will close (b) is closing (c) gets closed (d) No Improvement

Spot the error

ii. All the students will have submitted their assignments before
a b
the Principal will come. No error
c d
 Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Definition: - It indicates to an action that will be continuing for some time in the future.

यह Action की वह अवस्था है जिसमे भजवष्य मे कोई Action कुछ समय से चल रहा होगा।
e.g. अगले महीने र्क रोदहर् को यह व्यवसाय चलार्े हुए 5 वर्त हो िायेंगे।

Rohit will have been running this business for 5 years by next month.

िब उसकी माूँ घर आयेंगी र्ब िॉन एक घंटे से उपन्यास पढ़ रहा होगा।

John will have been reading a novel for an hour when his mother arrives home.
 Examination Based Concepts
1. Key Words
For long
For how long Future Perfect
For + time
*The whole day,
Week, month, Future Perfect continuous
etc.

e.g. We shall have been dealing in sugar for 10 years by 2026.

By 2025, I will have been teaching English for 3 years.

 Fill in the blanks
i. Ramit _____in Mumbai for 3 years by December.
a. will have been living b. will be living

Spot the error

ii. I will be teaching (a)/ in Indore for (b)/ 4 years by 2025. (c)/ No error (d)

Fill in the blanks

iii. Ramit _____ in the ICICI bank in Kolkata from 2025.
a. will have been working b. will be working
ALL THE BEST!
 Future Tense Miscellaneous Practice
1. Stop that, or I _______ (tell) your parents.
2. I am going to the supermarket this afternoon. -Oh, that's great. _____ (you/ get) me some fruit?
3. Lorna isn't playing very well. She _____ (lose) the match.
4. We will go out as soon as we _____ (finish) this.
5. If you want to go to the concert, it ____ (start) at 8 pm. Don't be late.
6. People ____ (spend) holidays in space in the 22nd century.
7. I hope my dad _____ (win) the lottery next week.
8. I'm sure it _____ (rain) in spring.
9. Paul _____ (have) a Math exam on Monday.
10. I need some help to move this sofa. No, problem. I _____ (help) you. I'm much stronger than you.
11. I _____ (pay) all my debts in a week's time.
12. In 150 years, men _____ (likely/be) bald.
13. Sarah _____ (sleep) by the time her dad arrives home from the office.
14. Tony looks very tired. Yes, he ____ (fall) asleep soon.
15. Today is the 18th of May. Ann and Andy _____ (get) married on the 14th of June. On the 28th of June, they
(be) married for two weeks.
16. Where _____ ( you work) in ten years time?
17. It's freezing outside. You ____ (get) a cold if you go out.
18. By 2030 he _____ (work) for that company for 30 years.
19. What _____ (you/ do) when you leave university?
20. This is the third glass of beer she has drunk. She should stop drinking. She ____ (get) drunk.
21. Do that again and I ____ (fire) you!
22. Give me all your money or I ____ (shoot) you.
23. The water is already very hot. It ____ (boil) in a minute.
24. I ____ (get) down to work after I have written this e-mail.
25. Look at that woman. She ____ (faint).
26. The baby ____ (sleep) when you call Mrs. Stevenson.

27. Look at that broken tile on the wall. It ____ (fall) down soon.

28. I think I ____ (take) the dog for a walk now.

29. I haven't had time to buy Fred a present for his birthday. Never mind. I _____ (buy) him one when

I go downtown.

30. What time, _____ (your English class / start)?

It ___ (start) at 4 and _____ (finish) at 5:15.

31. This time next week I _____ (lie) on the beach in Australia.

32. He _____ (spend) all his money by the end of the week.
 Answer Keys
1. will tell 15. get / will have been 29. will buy
2. will you get 16. will you have been working 30. will your English class start/
3. will lose 17. shall get starts / finishes

4. finish 18. will have worked 31. will be lying

5. starts 19. will you do 32. will have spent

6. will spend 20. will get

7. will win 21. will fire
8. will be raining 22. will shoot
9. will have 23. will boil
10. will help you 24. will get
11. shall pay 25. will faint
12. will likely be 26. will be seeping
13. will have slept 27. will fall
14. will fall 28. will have taken