1914-1924: Period of Friendship between Hindu
and Muslims
Reasons behind Resentment with British:
1. Kanpur Mosque incident:
2.5lac budget for welfare projects and widening of roads included A.B
Road in Kanpur by UP Government. One side Hindu temple, other side
Muslim Mosque. Eastern part of mosque (baths) to be demolished.
Muslims requested multiple times to British for it (1 April 1912 during
improvement trust committee + 1 April 1913 LT Governor of UP received
fatwa + 20 July 1913 LT Governor Sir James Meston inspected mosque &
next day operation.)
Muslims gathered at Eid gah on Aug 3 rd, agitated against British wearing
black flags, began to place loose bricks. Police opened fire for 15 minutes
+ opened 600 hundred rounds of cartridges were used. Muslim media
opposes the action, Hindu media supported it. Sir James Meston
distributed rewards among policemen
2. Balkans state attacked Turkey:
Balkan league {Bulgaria + Serbia + Greece + Montenegro} vs Sick man
of Europe
3. Italy attacks on Tripoli:
4. Russian action in Iran under British support:
5. Annulment of Bengal:
6. Aligarh University name Issue:
7. Perception about Govt to respond only to pressure tactics:
Friendly relations between Hindus and Muslims:
1. Lucknow Pact 1916:
ML constitution change to self-rule aligned with INC + Quaid e azam
inclusion in AIML + Quaid advice to hold AIML annual session of 1915 in
Bombay as Congress was holding there. Reforms committee formed by
both to resolve issues + 1916 INC and AIML joint session in Lucknow on
30 & 31st December in Qaiser Bagh Baradari + reforms committee
proposal approved.
Sr Description
#
1 4/5 elected, 1/5 nominated in Prov Legislative
2 5-year term
3 Special electorates for Muslims
4 150 in major provinces, minor provinces 75 & 50
5 Minority consent 2/3 compulsory for bills/resolution related to them
6 Provincial autonomy
7 Weightage system for Muslim seats
8 Legislative Imperial Council 150 members, 4/5 directly elected, 1/3
for Muslims through separate electorate
9 Half of members of executive councils Indians elected by imperial
legislative council
10 Judiciary separated from executive
11 Secretary of state to be salary from Britain treasury
Mrs. Sarojni Naidu “Hindu Muslim Unity”
Provinces Population seats
Punjab 54.8 50
Bengal 52.6 40
Bombay 20 33
UP 14 30
Madras 6.5 15
Bihar & Orissa 10.5 25
C.P 4.3 15
2. Rowlatt Act 1919 and Jallianwala Bagh Massacre:
India Defense Act 1915 (six months) extension or Anarchical and
Revolutionary crimes act by Sir Sidney Rowlatt passed by Imperial
legislative council in Delhi on 18th March 1919.
a. Police can detain any person on suspected criminal charges for 2
years without arrest warrant.
b. Police can search a place without warrant.
c. Ban on gatherings on cultural and religious events.
d. Special court comprises of 3 judges, no appeal.
e. Stricter control of the press.
f. Juryless in camera trials for proscribed political acts.
g. Denied the right to know the accusers and the evidence used in the
trial.
h. Those convicted were required to deposit securities upon release,
and were prohibited from taking part in any political, educational, or
religious activities.
In protest Madan Mohan Malviya, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Mazhar ul Haq
resigned from Imperial Legislative Council.
Gandhi announced Satyagraha on 24 Feb 1919 Initiated on April 6,
1919 mass protest and strike Saifuddin Kitchlew and Dr. Satyapal from
Amritsar detained under this act on April 9th 1919 Poor law and order
situation in Punjab leading to Martial law in Punjab on 11 th April General
Dyer Beshaki Event in Punjab on 13th April, large masses gather there
General Dyer order firing leading to Jallianwala Bagh Massacre 1000 D
1500 Injuries 18th Nov 1919 Gandhi called of the Satyagraha movement.
1922 Lord reading reappealed the Rowlatt act.
Lt. Governor of Punjab = General Michael O’Dwyer
India’s Viceroy = Lord Chelmsford
Hunter commission
3. Montage Chelmsford reforms 1919:
GOI 1919 conceded far less than Lucknow pact not towards self-rule+ no
major department given to Indian+ similar to GOI-1909 + no provincial
autonomy + despite unanimous opposition these reforms passed
4. Khilafat Movement and NCM:
Defeat of Central powers in WWI 11th Nov 1918, leads to punishment of
central powers by British and Allied powers dismemberment of turkey
Muslims formed khilafat conference on 20 March 1919 + 15000
Muslims gathered + president Seth Jan Mohammad Chottani + four goals
1) No celebration of Armistice if turkey humiliated + NCM if
dismemberment of turkey + Start of Swadeshi movement + delegation to
visit Britain 1st Khilafat Conference 23rd Nov 1919 (Gandhi +M. Ali
Jauhar + Shaukat Ali) decided to send delegation (Maulana M. Ali Jauhar)
to Britain 2nd Khilafat Conference Dec 1919 + both Hindu Muslim will
oppose dismemberment (Jallianwala +easy to get independence if united)
+ Gandhi will lead in persuading British. Delegation meetings from Jan
to June with viceroy Delegation to Britain in March 1920 meet with PM
Mr. Llyod George + demands: 1) no change in Khilafat status 2) Najad,
Iraq, Hijaz ruled by Muslims which are rejected and left for India on Sept
2,1920 Treaty of Sevres May 1920 + Dismemberment of turkey criteria
non-Turkish states and signed on 10 th Aug 1920 1st August 1920 Gandhi
Announced NCM include boycott of Government Jobs + Schools + civil
disobedience + courts + swadeshi + refuse to volunteer armed forces
British responded with policy of Repression, by the end of 1931 30,000
political leaders in Jail In August 1920, Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad and
Maulana Abdul Bari declare dar ul harb + 18000 muhajirs to Afghanistan
+ Afghan sent back refugees who lost their enthusiasm.
Mustafa Kamal Ataturk abolish the Khilafat by the grand national
assembly of turkey November 1 1922, 1924 Sultan Abdul Majeed khan
banished from turkey.
Impact of Khilafat Movement:
1. Strengthen the concept of two nation theory:
Gandhi no interest in protecting khilafat rather to use it for achieving
swaraj, Gandhi’s betrayal caused anxiety, exposed Hindus about
Muslim cause, resulted in destruction of Hindu-Muslim unity which was
accomplished through sincere endeavors of the Quaid-e-azam.
2. Create political awareness among Muslims:
Muslims realized that they also possess a significant political power.
They were not dependent on either Hindus and the British to gain their
rights
It made Muslims realize the significance of their separate homeland
3. Moplah revolt 1921:
Arab tribes in Malabar supported Khilafat Movement initially anti
landlord movement turned to communal riots few Moplahs wanted to
organize Khilafat movement in Kerala, govt arrested them caused
resentment demanded to release leaders police opened fire killing
400 people Moplah revolted to create independent khilafat state ,
killing British and Hindu people raided prison to relieve their leaders
civil war government arrested and deported them in good train
60 people died due to suffocation.
4. Chauri Chaura Incident 1922:
Gandhi began his Civil Disobedient movement in 1922 from Chauri
Chaura, Farrukhabad Government taxes and revenue boycott 5th
Feb 1922 Procession which turned violent when police tried to disperse
them Mob set police station on fire 22 police men were burnt alive
Gandhi immediately called of CDM as people are not ready for the way
of non-violence.
5. Extremism and Communal riots among Indians
In his 2011 book Pakistan in Search of Identity, veteran historian Dr.
Mubarak Ali wrote that the roots of Muslim religious radicalism in South
Asia can be found in what came to be known as the Khilafat Movement.
Promoted militancy weakened league and fragmented congress.
Radicalized society, sow the seeds of religious extremism that led to
establishment of Majlis-i-Ahrar-i-Islam and the Hindu Shuddhi
movement
6. Economic setback to Muslims
Hijrat Movement resulted in loss of business, land and other
commodities. 18000 people impacted Boycott of Government
services and schools led to irreparable damage to Muslims.
Reasons of Failure of Khilafat Movement:
1. Emotional and ill managed Movement
Supporting false narrative of Universal Khilafat + Movement based on
religious rhetoric + ignoring the institution of ijtihad + employing
emotional symbalism
2. Communal riots
Moplah uprising
3. Gandhi decision to call of support for Khilafat Movement
After Chauri Chaura incident
4. Abolishment of Khilafat by Mustafa Kamal Ataturk
The grand national assembly of turkey elected Mustafa Kamal 1922
5. Destruction of Hindu-Muslim Unity:
In 1923, Swami Shraddhanand founded the 'Bhartiya Hindu Shuddhi
Mahasabha' (Indian Hindu Purification Council) and pushed the agenda
of reconversion, which eventually created a flashpoint between Hindus
and Muslims
6. Mass arrest of Political Leaders
Government arrested all leaders, Muslims drifted aimlessly.
