Blackleg
Definition:
o It is highly fatal and progresses rapidly once
symptoms appear.
Causes:
o which is found in soil and can survive for years
in spore form.
o usually, cattle get infected by ingesting
contaminated soil, especially during grazing.
Symptoms:
o Swelling in muscles, often with gas
accumulation This gas builds up in infected
tissue, usually large muscles, and causes the
tissue to make a crackling or popping sound
when pressed.
o Lameness due to muscle damage.
o Sudden death within 12–48 hours after
symptoms appear.
Prevention & Treatment:
o Vaccination is the most effective method,
usually given to calves around 2–6 months old
to protect against infection. (ULTRABAC)
o Antibiotics (like penicillin) can help only if
administered very early, but treatment is
rarely successful once symptoms appear.
Clostridial Diseases
1.Definition:
These bacteria produce toxins that cause
severe gastrointestinal issues, leading
to rapid illness and death.
2.Causes:
This bacterium thrives in the intestines and
can multiply rapidly, producing deadly
toxins when triggered by sudden dietary
changes or overeating.
3.Symptoms:
o Diarrhea (sometimes bloody).
o Severe abdominal pain and bloating.
o Sudden death, often within hours of
symptom onset.
4.Prevention & Treatment:
o Vaccination is the best preventive
measure, especially for young’s (Covexin
or Ultrabac)
Leptospirosis
1.Definition:
It is a zoonotic disease, meaning it can also
be transmitted to humans
2.Causes:
The bacteria are commonly transmitted
through water or soil contaminated with
urine from infected animals, especially
rodents.
3.Symptoms:
Jaundice (yellowing of mucous
membranes).
Reduced milk production which affect dairy
farming
4.Prevention & Treatment:
o Vaccination: Regular vaccination helps
protect animals from infection.
(Liptoshield) (Leptoferm)
o Sanitation: Maintain clean water sources
and proper waste management to
minimize contamination.
Mastitis
Explanation:
1.Definition:
o It is one of the most common and costly
diseases affecting milk production
2.Causes:
Staphylococcus aureus – causes chronic and
subclinical mastitis, making it difficult to detect
early
Streptococcus agalactiae – causes contagious
mastitis, often spreading quickly between cows
Chronic: Occurring again and again
Contagious: Spread rapidly from one to another
Subclinical: diseased exist but doesn’t cause
noticeable symptoms or sign
3.Symptoms:
Abnormal milk (watery, clotted, or
discolored).
4.Prevention & Treatment:
o Good Milking Hygiene: Proper cleaning
of the udder before and after milking.
o Regular Veterinary Check-ups: Early
detection and management.
Bacterial Pneumonia
1.Definition:
o It primarily targets the lungs, leading to
inflammation and fluid buildup, making
breathing difficult.
2.Causes:
Mannheimia haemolytica – the most frequent
cause of pneumonia, especially in stressful
conditions.
Pasteurella multocida – another common pathogen
that can cause respiratory infections.
3.Symptoms:
o Nasal discharge, sometimes with pus or
mucus
4.Prevention & Treatment:
o Vaccination: Essential for protecting
against major bacterial strains, typically
administered before stressful events like
transportation. (Bovipast RSP)
o Good Management Practices:
Reduce overcrowding and stress.
Provide proper ventilation in housing to
reduce exposure to airborne
pathogens.
Ensure proper nutrition to boost
immunity.
Foot Rot
1.Definition:
o It spreads easily in moist, muddy, and
unsanitary environments, making it a
common problem in livestock.
2.Causes:
Fusobacterium necrophorum – initiates
infection by damaging the tissues.
Dichelobacter nodosus – worsens the
infection, producing enzymes that
further break down hoof tissues.
3.Symptoms:
4.Prevention & Treatment:
o Good Hoof Care: Regular trimming and
inspection to maintain healthy hooves.
o Proper Sanitation: Keep pens dry and clean
to reduce exposure to bacteria.
o Antibiotic Treatment: Administer antibiotics
like penicillin or tetracycline to affected
animals.
o Anti-inflammatory Medications: Reduce
pain and inflammation to improve mobility
and comfort.
Salmonellosis
1. Definition:
o It can spread rapidly in crowded and unsanitary
conditions, often through contaminated feed,
water, or feces.
2. Causes:
o Caused by various species of Salmonella, with
Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella dublin
being the most common in livestock.
o Transmission occurs through direct contact with
infected animals or ingestion of contaminated
food and water.
3. Symptoms:
o Diarrhea – Often watery and sometimes bloody.
o Dehydration – which can lead to weakness.
o In advanced cases, septicemia (blood
infection), which may lead to death if untreated.
4. Prevention & Treatment:
o Good Hygiene: Clean pens, feeding troughs, and
water sources regularly to minimize
contamination.
o Proper Feeding Practices: Ensure balanced
nutrition and avoid feeding contaminated or
spoiled feed.
o Antibiotic Treatment: Administer antibiotics such
as sulfonamides, tetracyclines, or
fluoroquinolones to infected animals.
Actinobacillosis
1.Definition:
o It leads to inflammation and the hardening
of the tongue, making it difficult for the
animal to eat or drink.
2.Causes:
o a bacterium that enters the oral tissues
through abrasions caused by rough feed.
3.Symptoms:
o Swelling of the tongue – The tongue
becomes hard and immobile, giving the
condition its name.
o Difficulty eating – Animals may struggle
to chew or swallow.
o Excessive salivation – Due to discomfort
and inability to properly swallow.
4.Prevention & Treatment:
o Good Oral Hygiene: Regularly inspect the
mouth and teeth, and maintain oral
cleanliness.
o Avoid Rough Feed: Provide soft, high-
quality feed to minimize oral injuries.
Caseous Lymphadenitis
1.Definition:
o This Disease Malaki ang epekto nito sa
animal health, productivity, and carcass
quality.
2.Causes:
o Caused by Corynebacterium
pseudotuberculosis, a bacterium that
spreads through direct contact,
contaminated equipment, or rupture of
abscesses.
3.Symptoms:
o Swollen lymph nodes, often filled with pus.
o Abscess formation in external and internal
lymph nodes.
o Weight loss and general deterioration in
health, especially in advanced cases.
4.Prevention & Treatment:
o Good Hygiene: Regular disinfection of
equipment and facilities.
o Culling of Infected Animals: Remove
chronic cases to prevent the spread of
infection.
Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis
Explanation:
1. Definition:
o The disease weakens the immune system,
making infected goats prone to bacterial
complications.
2. Causes:
o CAE is caused by the Caprine Arthritis
Encephalitis Virus (CAEV), a lentivirus that
spreads primarily through infected colostrum or
milk from does.
o colostrum the first milk a doe produces after
kidding
3. Symptoms:
o Swollen joints – Often leading to progressive
lameness.
o Neurological signs – Tremors, incoordination,
and weakness.
o Weight loss – Due to chronic inflammation.
4. Prevention & Treatment:
o Regular testing - to identify infected animals.
o Culling of infected animals - to prevent spread.
o Maintaining a closed herd - to minimize exposure.
Parasites depend on a host – They cannot survive, grow,
or reproduce without take advantage of a host.
Ectoparasites: Live on the surface of the host (e.g.,
lice, fleas, ticks).
Endoparasites: Live inside the host’s body (e.g.,
tapeworms, malaria-causing Plasmodium).
Barber's Pole Worm - Endoparasite
1.Definition:
o It primarily infects the abomasum (true
stomach), where it feeds on blood,
leading to severe anemia, weakness,
and weight loss.
2.Causes:
o
3.Symptoms:
o Anemia – Pale mucous membranes.
o Weight loss – Due to nutrient depletion.
o Edema (bottle jaw) – Swelling under the
jaw.
o Poor growth rates – From chronic
parasitic infection.
4.Prevention & Treatment:
o Anthelmintics a class of drugs used to treat
infections caused by parasitic worms
(helminths), this work by either stunning or
killing the worms. Moxidectin (Cydectin)
o Rotational grazing – Reducing parasite
load in the pasture.
o Maintaining good pasture hygiene – To
minimize contamination
Liver Fluke – Endoparasite
Explanation:
1.Definition:
o It causes liver damage, reduced
productivity, and can lead to severe
health problems if untreated.
2.Causes:
o Infection occurs through ingestion of
metacercariae from contaminated water
or pasture.
3.Symptoms:
o Weight loss – Due to reduced feed
efficiency.
o Anemia – Caused by chronic blood loss.
o Jaundice – Yellowing of mucous
membranes.
o Decreased milk production – Due to
liver damage.
4.Treatment & Prevention:
o Control of snail populations – Snails act
as intermediate hosts.
o Regular deworming – to kill the flukes
o Avoid grazing in wet areas – To reduce
exposure to infected snails.
Brown Stomach Worm - Endoparasite
1.Definition:
o is a parasitic nematode that infects the
abomasum (true stomach) It disrupts
digestion, causing poor growth, weight
loss, and diarrhea. This parasite is
particularly harmful in young animals and
during wet, cold seasons.
2.Causes:
3.Symptoms:
o Diarrhea – Due to damage to the stomach.
o Weight loss – Caused by reduced nutrient
absorption.
o Reduced appetite – Due to irritation and
inflammation of the stomach.
4.Prevention/Treatment:
o Regular deworming – Using effective
anthelmintics.
o Rotational grazing – To reduce pasture
contamination.
o Good pasture management – Prevent
overgrazing and maintain pasture health.
Hair Worms – Endoparasite
1.Definition:
o are a group of small, thread-like
nematodes that infect the
gastrointestinal tract of goats, sheep,
cattle, and buffalo. These parasites mainly
affect the small intestine and stomach
(abomasum), leading to poor digestion,
diarrhea, and weight loss. They thrive in
humid environments and are more
problematic in overgrazed pastures.
2.Causes:
3.Symptoms:
o Diarrhea – Due to irritation and
inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract.
o Weight loss – Due to poor nutrient
absorption.
o Poor growth rates – Caused by nutrient
depletion and chronic infection.
4.Prevention/Treatment:
Coccidia - Endoparasite
1.Definition:
o are microscopic protozoan parasites that
infect the intestinal tract of carabaos
causing coccidiosis. This disease is most
severe in young’s, leading to diarrhea,
dehydration, weight loss, and poor
growth.
2.Causes:
o oocysts the infective stage of coccidia
parasites, shed in feces and can survive in
the environment, causing coccidiosis, a
common gastrointestinal disease.
3.Symptoms:
4.Prevention/Treatment:
o Good sanitation – Keeping pens and
feeding areas clean.
o Avoiding overcrowding – Prevent stress
and reduce contamination.
o Coccidiostats in feed – Helps control
parasite.
Scabies Mite - Ectoparasite
1. Definition:
This condition leads to intense itching, skin
irritation, and hair loss, significantly affecting
the health and productivity of the animal.
2. Causes:
The primary cause of infestation is direct
contact with infected animals or exposure to
contaminated bedding, tools, or environments.
3. Symptoms:
Severe itching (pruritus) due to mite
burrowing.
4. Prevention & Treatment:
Isolation of infected animals to prevent the
spread of mites.
Topical acaricides (pesticides targeting
mites) should be applied regularly.
Maintaining proper hygiene shelters and
cleaning tools to reduce the risk of
reinfestation.
