DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

GE3791- HUMAN VALUES AND ETHICS

IV Year / VII Semester

QUESTION BANK
UNIT I DEMOCRATIC VALUES
Understanding Democratic values: Equality, Liberty, Fraternity, Freedom, Justice, Pluralism,
Tolerance, Respect for All, Freedom of Expression, Citizen Participation in Governance –
World Democracies: French Revolution, American Independence, Indian Freedom
Movement.
PART-A
1. What is equality in a democratic context?
Equality in a democratic context refers to the idea that all individuals are treated
equally under the law, have equal access to opportunities, and are provided with the same
rights and freedoms regardless of their background, race, gender, or social status.

2. Define liberty in a democracy.

Liberty in a democracy is the freedom of individuals to think, act, and express
themselves freely without undue interference from the government, as long as they do not
infringe upon the rights of others. It includes personal, political, and economic freedoms.

3. What is fraternity, and why is it important in democracy?

Fraternity refers to the spirit of brotherhood and solidarity among
citizens. In a democracy, fraternity promotes social cohesion, mutual respect,
and a sense of unity, which are essential for maintaining peace and stability in
society.

4. Explain the concept of justice in a democracy.

Justice in a democracy ensures fairness and equality in the distribution of resources,
opportunities, and treatment under the law. It includes legal, social, and economic justice,
aiming to protect individual rights and promote the welfare of all citizens.

5. What is pluralism in a democratic society?

Pluralism refers to a system in which multiple groups, cultures, or ideas coexist
within a society and are allowed to express themselves freely. In a democracy, pluralism is
crucial because it encourages diversity of thought, tolerates differences, and strengthens the
democratic process.

6. How is tolerance a democratic value?

Tolerance is the willingness to accept and respect different opinions,
beliefs, and practices, even if they differ from one's own. In a democracy, tolerance is
essential for maintaining social harmony and ensuring that diverse groups can coexist
peacefully.

7. What is the significance of "Respect for All" in a democracy?

"Respect for All" emphasizes treating every individual with dignity and honor,
regardless of their background or beliefs. In a democracy, this value ensures inclusivity and
helps in building a society where every citizen feels valued and respected.

8. What is the importance of freedom of expression in democracy?

Freedom of expression allows individuals to voice their opinions, criticize the
government, and share ideas freely. It is fundamental to democracy because it enables open
dialogue, encourages accountability, and supports the exchange of diverse perspectives.

9. What is the difference between equality and liberty?

 Equality ensures that all individuals are treated the same, while liberty focuses on
individual freedoms. In some cases, pursuing equality might limit personal freedoms, and
vice versa, requiring a balance between the two for a functioning democracy.

10. How does pluralism strengthen democratic values?

Pluralism strengthens democratic values by promoting diversity, encouraging
dialogue among different groups, and allowing multiple viewpoints to influence decision-
making. It ensures that no single group dominates, leading to a more inclusive and
representative government.

11. What is citizen participation in governance?

Citizen participation in governance refers to the active involvement of individuals
in the decision-making processes of government and public policy, including activities such
as voting, attending public meetings, and contributing to policy formulation.

12. Why is citizen participation important in a democracy?

Citizen participation is crucial in a democracy because it ensures that the
government reflects the will of the people, promotes transparency, enhances
accountability, and empowers individuals to influence decisions that affect their
lives.

13. What is direct participation in governance?

Direct participation in governance refers to citizens being directly
involved in decision-making processes without intermediaries, such as through
referendums , public consultations, or community meetings, where they can vote
on specific issues or provide input.

14. What is indirect participation in governance?

Indirect participation occurs when citizens elect representatives who make decisions on
their behalf in government institutions, such as parliaments or local councils. Voting in
elections is the most common form of indirect participation.

15. How does voting contribute to citizen participation in governance?

Voting is a fundamental form of citizen participation that allows individuals to choose
their representatives in government and influence policy decisions. It ensures that leaders are
accountable to the public and that citizens' preferences are reflected in governance.

16. What role do public consultations play in citizen participation?

Public consultations involve gathering citizens' opinions and feedback
on government policies or projects before decisions are made. They enable the government to
consider diverse perspectives and ensure that policies are more representative and responsive
to public needs.

17. What is the role of civil society in citizen participation?

Civil society organizations (CSOs) play a key role in facilitating
citizen participation by organizing public forums, advocating for policy changes, educating
citizens on governance issues, and acting as a bridge between the government and the people.

18. What is participatory budgeting?

Participatory budgeting is a process in which citizens directly engage
in deciding how public funds should be allocated, typically at the local government level. It
allows people to influence budgetary priorities based on community needs.
19. How do social media platforms enhance citizen participation in
governance?
Social media platforms provide a space for citizens to voice their
opinions, engage in discussions on governance issues, and mobilize others for civic action.
They also allow governments to communicate with the public and gather real-time feedback.

20. What is the Right to Information (RTI) Act, and how does it promote
citizen participation?
The Right to Information (RTI) Act allows citizens to request information from
government bodies, promoting transparency and accountability. It empowers citizens to
participate in governance by making informed decisions and holding public officials
accountable.

21. What was the significance of the French Revolution in shaping modern democracies?
The French Revolution (1789-1799) significantly influenced modern
democracies by promoting the ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity. It challenged
absolute monarchy and feudalism, leading to the establishment of a republic and the
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, which emphasized individual freedoms and
democratic principles.

22. What are the key outcomes of the American War of Independence?
The American War of Independence (1775-1783) resulted in the creation of
the United States as an independent nation and the establishment of a democratic government
based on the principles of liberty, self-governance, and constitutional rights, as enshrined in
the U.S. Constitution and the Bill of Rights.

23. How did the Indian Freedom Movement influence the development of
democracy in India?
The Indian Freedom Movement, led by figures like Mahatma Gandhi,
promoted non-violent resistance against British colonial rule. It culminated in India’s
independence in 1947 and the establishment of a democratic republic with a constitution that
guarantees fundamental rights and universal suffrage,making India the largest democracy in
the world.

24. What is the significance of the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and
Citizen" during the French Revolution?
The "Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen" (1789) was a
fundamental document of the French Revolution that laid out universal rights such as
freedom, equality before the law, and the right to participate in government, forming the basis
for modern democratic ideals and human rights.

25. What role did the Boston Tea Party play in the American Independence
movement?
Answer: The Boston Tea Party (1773) was a political protest against British taxation policies,
where American colonists dumped tea into Boston Harbor. It was a pivotal event that
escalated tensions between the colonies and Britain, eventually leading to the American
Revolutionary War and independence.

26. What was the impact of the Swadeshi Movement on the Indian Freedom Movement?
The Swadeshi Movement (1905) encouraged the boycott of British
goods and promoted the use of Indian-made products. It played a critical role in mobilizing
masses and fostering economic self-reliance, strengthening the Indian Freedom Movement
against British colonial rule.
27. How did the French Revolution contribute to the rise of republicanism?
The French Revolution contributed to the rise of republicanism by abolishing
the monarchy and establishing a republic based on popular sovereignty. It rejected the divine
right of kings and promoted the idea that government should be based on the consent of the
governed, a core principle of modern republics.

28. What was the primary purpose of the American Declaration of

Independence?
The American Declaration of Independence (1776) was primarily
aimed at asserting the American colonies’ freedom from British rule. It outlined
the colonies' grievances against King George III and proclaimed the right of the
people to self-governance and independence from tyranny.

29. What was the role of the Indian National Congress in the Indian Freedom Movement?
: The Indian National Congress (founded in 1885) played a crucial role
in the Indian Freedom Movement by uniting diverse sections of society, leading
peaceful protests, and negotiating with British authorities for self-rule. It became the main
political platform for the demand for India’s independence.

30. How did the American Revolution influence other democratic movements around the
world?
The American Revolution inspired other democratic movements by
proving that colonial rule could be successfully challenged, and a government
based on democratic principles could be established. It influenced revolutions in
France, Latin America, and later anti-colonial movements across the globe.

PART-B&C
1: Critically analyze the importance of equality and liberty in a democratic society.
How do they complement and conflict with each other?
2: Examine the concept of justice in democracy. How does the idea of distributive and
social justice shape democratic institutions?
3: Discuss the various forms of citizen participation in governance and analyze
their significance in strengthening democratic governance.
4: Explain the causes, major events, and impacts of the French Revolution on
the development of modern democratic principles.
5: Discuss the causes, key events, and impact of the American War of Independence
on the development of modern democracies.
6: Explain the major causes, events, and impacts of the Indian Freedom Movement on
the development of modern democracy in India.
7: Explain the principles & importance of respect.
8: Describe Religious Pluralism.
9 : What are the problems and challenges of democracy ?.
10 : What are freedom ? Explain.
UNIT II SECULAR VALUES
Understanding Secular values – Interpretation of secularism in Indian context -
Disassociation of state from religion – Acceptance of all faiths – Encouraging non-
discriminatory practices
PART A
1: Define secular values in the context of governance.
Secular values in governance refer to the principles that ensure the state
remains neutral towards all religions and treats all citizens equally, irrespective of
their religious beliefs. This includes not favoring or discriminating against any
religion and ensuring that public policies and laws are free from religious bias.

2: What is the significance of secular values in a democratic society?

Secular values are crucial in a democratic society as they ensure equal
treatment of all citizens regardless of their religion, fostering social harmony and
inclusivity. They prevent the dominance of any single religion in state affairs, thus
maintaining a fair and impartial governance system that upholds the rights and
Freedoms of all individuals.

3: How does Indian secularism differ from the concept of secularism in

Western countries?
Indian secularism differs from Western secularism in that it not only
mandates the separation of religion from state affairs but also involves the state
actively protecting the rights of various religious communities. Unlike the Western
model, which typically emphasizes complete separation, Indian secularism
acknowledges and supports religious diversity while ensuring equality and non-
discrimination.

4: Explain the role of the Indian Constitution in upholding secularism.

The Indian Constitution upholds secularism through provisions that
ensure equal rights for all religions and prohibit discrimination based on religion.
Articles such as15, 16,and 46 establish the framework for equal treatment,
rights, and non-discrimination, thereby reinforcing the secular character of the state.

5: What does the disassociation of the state from religion imply in the
Indian context?
Disassociation of the state from religion in India implies that the
government and its institutions must remain neutral in religious matters. The state
should not promote or favor any religion and must ensure that religious
considerations do not influence its policies or decision-making processes.

6: How does the Indian legal system support the separation of religion
and state?
The Indian legal system supports the separation of religion and state
through constitutional provisions that prohibit religious discrimination in public
life and employment. Laws and judicial interpretations reinforce the principle that
the state should not interfere in religious practices and should treat all religions
equally.

7: What is meant by the acceptance of all faiths in a secular state?

Acceptance of all faiths in a secular state means recognizing and
respecting the diversity of religious beliefs and practices. It involves
acknowledging the equal worth of all religions and ensuring that individuals of
different faiths coexist peacefully without facing discrimination or bias.

8: How is the acceptance of all faiths promoted through public policies?

The acceptance of all faiths is promoted through public policies that
guarantee freedom of religion and ensure equal treatment in public services and
institutions. Policies that support religious festivals, provide equal opportunities,
and protect minority rights contribute to fostering an environment of respect and
inclusivity for all religions.

9: Mention two key constitutional provisions that promote non-

discriminatory practices in India.
Two key constitutional provisions that promote non-discriminatory
practices in India are:
● Article 15: Prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex,
or place of birth.
● Article16: Ensures equal opportunity in public employment, preventing
discrimination in hiring, promotions, and other employment conditions.

10: How can educational institutions contribute to encouraging non-

Discriminatory practices?
Educational institutions can contribute to encouraging non-discriminatory
practices by implementing inclusive curricula that promote understanding and
respect for diversity, conducting anti-discrimination training for students and staff,
and creating a supportive environment that ensures equal opportunities for all
students regardless of their background.

PART B&C
1: Discuss the concept of secular values and their significance in
maintaining a democratic society. Illustrate how secular values contribute to social
harmony and the protection of individual rights.

2: Explain the interpretation of secularism in India. How does it differ

from the Western concept of secularism? Provide examples to illustrate the Indian
model of secularism.

3: Discuss the importance of the disassociation of the state from religion

in ensuring a secular governance framework. How is this disassociation maintained
in practice in India?

4: Elucidate the principle of acceptance of all faiths in a secular state.

How is this principle operationalized in India, and what are its implications for
social cohesion?

5: Analyze the role of encouraging non-discriminatory practices in promoting secular values.

How can such practices be implemented in various sectors, and what are their benefits for a
diverse.
UNIT III SCIENTIFIC VALUES
Scientific thinking and method: Inductive and Deductive thinking, Proposing and testing Hypothesis,
Validating facts using evidence based approach – Skepticism and Empiricism – Rationalism and
Scientific Temper.

1. What are scientific values?

Scientific values refer to the core principles that guide scientific inquiry, such as
objectivity, curiosity, critical thinking, scepticism , and evidence-based
reasoning. These values ensure that scientific knowledge is reliable, verifiable,
and unbiased.

2. Define inductive thinking in science.

Inductive thinking involves making generalizations based on specific
observations. It starts from individual data points and leads to broader conclusions or
theories. For example, observing that metals conduct electricity and then
generalizing that "all metals conduct electricity."

3. What is deductive thinking in science?

Deductive thinking is reasoning that moves from general principles to specific
conclusions. It starts with a theory or general statement and deduces specific
results. For instance, using Newton’s laws to predict the behavior of a falling object.

4. What is a hypothesis in the scientific method?

A hypothesis is a proposed explanation or prediction based on limited evidence,
which can be tested through experiments or observations. It is a starting point for
scientific investigation.

5. What are the steps in proposing and testing a hypothesis?

1. Propose a hypothesis based on existing knowledge.
2. Design experiments or observations to test the hypothesis.
3. Collect data to support or refute the hypothesis.
4. Analyze results and draw conclusions.

6. Define the evidence-based approach in science.

The evidence-based approach involves making decisions, conclusions, or
validating facts using empirical data and observable evidence rather than
assumptions, beliefs, or authority. It emphasizes the use of measurable and
verifiable evidence.

7. What is skepticism in science?

Skepticism in science refers to the practice of questioning and critically
examining claims, requiring robust evidence before accepting them. It helps in
avoiding errors and ensures that scientific conclusions are reliable.

8. What is empiricism in science?

Empiricism is the belief that knowledge comes primarily from sensory
experience and observation. In science, it emphasizes gathering data through
experiments and direct observation rather than relying solely on theory or logic.
9. What is rationalism in science?
Rationalism is the view that reason and logic are primary sources of
knowledge, independent of sensory experience. In science, it involves forming
conclusions based on logical deductions and theoretical reasoning.

10. What is scientific temper?

Scientific temper refers to an attitude of logical thinking, skepticism, and
openness to evidence. It encourages the use of reason and evidence-based
decision-making while rejecting superstition and irrational beliefs.

11. Differentiate between inductive and deductive reasoning.

● Inductive reasoning: Moves from specific observations to general
conclusions.
● Deductive reasoning: Starts from general principles and deduces specific
conclusions.

12. Why is skepticism important in the scientific method?

Skepticism ensures that scientific claims are critically evaluated and not accepted
without sufficient evidence. It prevents biases and encourages rigorous testing,
leading to more reliable and valid conclusions.

13. How does empiricism differ from rationalism?

● Empiricism relies on observations and experiments as the main sources of
knowledge.
● Rationalism emphasizes reason and logic as the primary path to
knowledge, independent of sensory experiences.

14. How does evidence-based validation work in science?

In the evidence-based approach, scientists collect empirical data through
experiments and observations. The collected data is then analyzed to validate or
refute hypotheses, ensuring conclusions are based on factual evidence.

15. What is the role of logical reasoning in rationalism?

In rationalism, logical reasoning is used to develop theories and understand
phenomena based on abstract principles rather than relying solely on observation.
It helps build coherent models of reality.

16. What is the significance of proposing a hypothesis in the scientific method?

A hypothesis guides scientific investigation by providing a testable statement
that can either be supported or refuted through experimentation, leading to the
advancement of scientific knowledge.

17. What does it mean to validate facts using an evidence-based approach?

Validating facts using an evidence-based approach means confirming the truth of
a statement or theory by relying on empirical data and observable evidence rather
than assumptions or unverified information.

18. Explain how scientific temper contributes to societal progress.

Scientific temper promotes rational thinking, skepticism, and openness to new
ideas, which encourages innovation, critical thinking, and informed decision-
making, leading to advancements in technology, healthcare, and governance.

19. How do skepticism and empiricism work together in the scientific method?
Skepticism encourages scientists to question and critically examine claims, while
empiricism provides the method to gather observable evidence. Together, they
ensure that scientific conclusions are tested, verified, and based on solid
evidence.

20. Why is inductive reasoning important in forming scientific theories?

Inductive reasoning is important because it allows scientists to generalize from
specific observations, helping to form broad theories that can explain natural
phenomena based on collected data.

PART B&C
1. Discuss the role of inductive and deductive reasoning in scientific thinking.
Illustrate with examples.

2. Explain the process of proposing and testing a hypothesis in scientific

research. Provide a detailed example.

3. Discuss the importance of validating facts using an evidence-based

approach in scientific research. Include examples to support your discussion.

4. Analyze the concepts of skepticism and empiricism in scientific research.

How do they complement each other in the scientific method?

5. Explain the concepts of rationalism and scientific temper. How do they

influence scientific research and thinking?

6. Explain the significance and importance of scientific temper.

7. Differentiate between skepticism and empiricism.

UNIT IV SOCIAL ETHICS
Application of ethical reasoning to social problems – Gender bias and issues – Gender
violence – Social discrimination – Constitutional protection and policies – Inclusive
practices.

PART A
1. Define social ethics.
Social ethics is the branch of ethics that examines how moral principles apply to
societal issues and institutions, aiming to promote justice, equality , and the common good.

2 . Explain the importance of social ethics in contemporary society.

Social ethics is crucial as it helps address issues like inequality, injustice , and
discrimination, guiding societies towards more equitable and
fair practices and policies.

3. What is the principle of utilitarianism in ethical reasoning?

Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that evaluates actions based on their consequences,
aiming to maximize overall happiness and minimize suffering.

4. How does deontological ethics differ from utilitarianism?

Deontological ethics focuses on adherence to moral rules and duties, regardless of the
consequences, whereas utilitarianism emphasizes the outcomes of actions to determine their
morality.

5. What is gender bias?

Gender bias is the preferential treatment or discrimination based on gender, which
can result in unequal opportunities and unfair treatment in various settings.

6 .How can gender bias be identified in the workplace?

Gender bias in the workplace can be identified through disparities
in pay, unequal promotion opportunities, and gender-based stereotypes
affecting hiring decisions.

7. Define gender violence.

Gender violence refers to harmful acts directed at individuals based on
their gender, including physical abuse, sexual harassment, and psychological
intimidation.

8. What are the potential effects of gender violence on survivors?

The effects include physical injuries, mental health issues like PTSD and
depression , social isolation, and a reduced quality of life.

9. What is social discrimination?

Social discrimination involves unfair treatment of individuals based
on characteristics such as race, gender, or socio-economic status.

10. How can social discrimination be observed in educational settings?

Social discrimination in education can manifest as biased grading, lack
of access to resources, and exclusionary practices against students from
marginalized backgrounds.

11. What role does the constitution play in protecting individual rights?
The constitution enshrines fundamental rights and freedoms, providing a
legal framework for protecting individuals from discrimination and ensuring
equal treatment under the law.

12. Give an example of a constitutional protection that promotes

social equality.
An example is the equal protection clause, which mandates that all individuals receive
equal protection under the law, thereby addressing issues of inequality and discrimination.

13. What are inclusive practices in the context of workplace diversity?

Inclusive practices involve creating an environment where all employees,
regardless of their background, have equal access to opportunities, resources, and a
supportive work culture.

14 .Why are inclusive practices important for organizational success?

Inclusive practices enhance employee satisfaction, foster creativity, and improve
team performance by ensuring that diverse perspectives are valued and utilized.

15. How can ethical reasoning be applied to address gender bias in hiring practices?
Ethical reasoning can be applied by evaluating hiring practices to
ensure they are fair and non-discriminatory, promoting equal opportunities regardless
of gender.

16. What is the significance of intersectionality in addressing gender violence?

Intersectionality considers how overlapping social identities (e.g.,
race,gender, class) compound the effects of gender violence, leading to more
and effective interventions.

17. How can constitutional protections be enhanced to address social discrimination?

Enhancements can include updating laws to cover more forms of discrimination,
improving enforcement mechanisms, and increasing public awareness of rights and
protections.

18. What role does education play in promoting inclusive practices?

Education raises awareness about the importance of inclusivity, teaches respect for
diversity, and equips individuals with the skills to foster inclusive environments.

19. How can policies be developed to effectively combat social discrimination?

Effective policies should include clear anti- discrimination provisions, mechanisms
for reporting and addressing grievances, and programs to promote diversity and inclusion.

20 . What are some common barriers to implementing inclusive practices in organizations?

Answer: Common barriers include resistance to change, lack of awareness or training,
insufficient resources, and entrenched organizational cultures that do not value diversity.
 PART B
1. Discuss the role of social ethics in addressing contemporary social
issues. Include examples to illustrate how social ethics can guide policies and
practices to promote justice and equality.

2 . Analyze how different ethical theories (utilitarianism, deontology,

virtue ethics) can be applied to address the issue of poverty. Provide a detailed
comparison of their approaches and implications.

3. Evaluate the impact of gender bias on career advancement

opportunities for women in corporate settings. Include specific examples of how
gender bias can manifest and suggest strategies for overcoming these challenges.

4. Discuss the various forms of gender violence and their impact on

individuals and society. Provide examples of policies or interventions that can
effectively address gender violence.

5. Analyze the effectiveness of constitutional protections in promoting

social equality. Discuss specific examples of how these protections have been
implemented to address social inequalities and suggest improvements.
 UNIT V SCIENTIFIC ETHICS
Transparency and Fairness in scientific pursuits – Scientific inventions for the betterment of
society - Unfair application of scientific inventions – Role and Responsibility of Scientist in
the modern society.

PART-A
1. What is scientific transparency?
Scientific transparency refers to the open disclosure of research methods, data, and
results to allow for replication, verification, and accountability in the scientific process.

2. Why is fairness important in peer review?

Fairness in peer review is important to ensure that all research is evaluated
impartially, without bias, and that all contributors receive appropriate recognition for their
work.

3. Define "dual-use technology" in scientific research.

Dual-use technology refers to scientific advancements that can be used for both
beneficial and harmful purposes, such as nuclear technology, which can be used for energy or
weapons.

4. Give an example of a scientific invention that has both positive and negative impacts.
The atomic bomb is an example. It played a role in ending World War
II but also introduced significant ethical and humanitarian concerns due to its destructive
power.

5. What is meant by "unfair application" of scientific inventions?

Unfair application refers to the misuse or unethical deployment of scientific
inventions in ways that harm individuals or groups or create unjust advantages.

6. How does transparency contribute to the credibility of scientific research?

Transparency enhances credibility by allowing others to review, replicate, and verify
research findings, thereby ensuring the research is reliable and trustworthy.

7. What is the role of ethics committees in scientific research?

Ethics committees review research proposals to ensure that they adhere to ethical
standards, protect participants' rights, and prevent potential harm.

8. Mention one challenge associated with ensuring fairness in scientific

research.
One challenge is addressing systemic biases that may affect the allocation of funding
and research opportunities, leading to unequal treatment of researchers.

9. Why is it important for scientists to disclose conflicts of interest?

Disclosing conflicts of interest is important to maintain transparency and ensure that
research results are not unduly influenced by personal or financial interests.

10. What is the significance of ethical guidelines in scientific research?

Ethical guidelines provide a framework for conducting research responsibly, ensuring
that it is carried out with integrity, respect for participants, and consideration of societal
impacts.
11. How can scientific inventions improve public health?
Answer: Scientific inventions, such as vaccines and medical treatments, can
improve public health by preventing diseases, enhancing treatment options, and
increasing overall well-being.

12. What is an example of a technology with dual-use concerns? Answer:

Genetic engineering is an example, as it can be used for beneficial purposes like
curing diseases but also raises concerns about potential misuse or ethical issues
related to genetic modification.

13. Define "scientific responsibility."

Scientific responsibility involves the ethical obligation of scientists to conduct
research with integrity, consider the broader implications of their work, and ensure their
inventions benefit society.

14. How can scientists ensure that their work is used ethically?
Scientists can ensure ethical use by collaborating with policymakers, implementing
safeguards, and monitoring the applications of their inventions to prevent misuse.

15. What is the role of transparency in preventing scientific misconduct?

Transparency helps prevent misconduct by making research processes and results
open to scrutiny, reducing opportunities for fabrication, falsification, and other unethical
practices.

16. Why is it important for scientists to engage with the public about their
research?
Engaging with the public helps to build trust, address concerns, and ensure that
scientific research aligns with societal values and needs.

17. What ethical considerations arise when scientific inventions are used in
conflict zones?
Ethical considerations include ensuring that inventions do not exacerbate violence,
harm civilians, or contribute to human rights abuses.

18. How does fairness in scientific funding impact research quality?

Fairness in funding ensures that all researchers have equal opportunities to access
resources, which can enhance the quality and diversity of research conducted.

19. What is the impact of scientific inventions on societal inequalities?

Scientific inventions can either reduce or exacerbate societal inequalities depending
on how they are distributed and who has access to their benefits.

20. Explain the importance of ethical training for scientists.

Ethical training is important for helping scientists understand and
navigate ethical dilemmas, ensuring that they conduct research responsibly and
adhere to ethical standards.

PART B&C
1. Discuss the importance of transparency and fairness in scientific research. How do they
contribute to the credibility and integrity of scientific work?
2. Analyze the role of scientific inventions in the betterment of society. Provide examples of
inventions that have had a significant positive impact.

3.Evaluate the ethical implications of the unfair application of scientific inventions. Use
historical and contemporary examples to illustrate your points.

4. Discuss the role and responsibility of scientists in modern society. How should scientists
address the ethical challenges associated with their work?

5. Analyze the ethical challenges associated with dual-use

technologies. How can scientists mitigate the risks associated with these
technologies?