Synoptic View for Biology

Prepared by Dr. Ahmed Atteya

Prepared by: Dr.Ahmed Atteya 2
Levels of Organization of living organisms
Level Definition Example
Cell The smallest unit Plant cell-
of the living Palisade cell
organisms Animal Cell-Liver
cell

Tissue A group of cells Xylem tissue

with similar Muscle tissue
structure, working
together to
perform shared
function

Prepared by Dr.Ahmed Atteya

Levels of Organization of living organisms

Level Definition Example

Organ It is a group of Heart
different tissues that Brain
work together to Lung
perform a specific
function
Organ System It is a group of Digestive
different organs that system
work together to Respiratory
perform a specific system
function
Xylem:- Palisade Root Hair Cell
Structure:- ✓ Organelles
Structure:- Structure:-

-NO ✓ Cytoplasm
✓ End walls
-has Lignified walls made of lignin
• Arranged
• Regular Shaped
• Tightly Packed with chloroplast
Found in Roots
Finger like Projection (to increase
surface area for maximum absorption
of water and minerals)
-they extend from the roots up to the leaves through the • Located in the upper side of the leaf
whole plant Function:-
Function:-
Function:- Absorbs water and minerals from the
Traps sunlight for photosynthesis soil
Transport water and minerals to the whole plant

Cilia:- Muscle Cell:- Goblet Cell:-

Structure:-
Structure:-
Structure:-
Found in Roots It is a long cell with many it is a specialized cells found in
Finger like Projection (to increase fibers to allow them to get the airway tracks of respiratory
surface area for maximum absorption bigger and smaller system that secrete mucus
of water and minerals) Function:- Function:-
Function:-
Absorbs water and minerals from the
it contracts to help in To trap dust and mucus
soil
movement
Red Blood Cell:- Nerve cell:-
Structure:- Structure:-
Bio-concave Shape for more surface area elongated to connect distant parts of the body to the CNS.
Has NO Nucleus to have more space for hemoglobin Axon: very long strand to transmit electrical signals quickly
Very flexible to be easily squeezed into blood vessels
Dendrites: short branches that collect electrical signals from other nearby nerve cells
Has hemoglobin to combine with O2
Function:-
Function:-
Specialized for conducting electrical impulses to
Transport Oxygen to the whole body
and from brain and spinal cord.
Sperm cell:-
Ovum Cell:-
Structure: -
Structure:-
-Sperm cell are male sex cells.
Produced by the ovary (female
-Their head has a has a nucleus that contain reproductive system)
genetic material.
Its nucleus contains half of the
- Their mid-piece is very rich in mitochondria genetic material
to provide energy needed for swimming.
- Tail (flagella) help sperm to swim
Function:-
Function: -
It is fertilized by the sperm to form
- reproduction, achieved by fertilizing an egg a zygote
cell.
The Circulatory System
 Respiration-Definition It is the breaking down of glucose to
release energy by using oxygen.
Types of Respiration
Aerobic Respiration Vs. Anaerobic Respiration
-with Oxygen -Without Oxygen
-Occurs in mitochondria -Occurs in cytoplasm
Uses of Energy
Growth
Reproduction
Cell division
Transmission of electrical impulses
Maintenance of body temperature
Adaptations of alveoli:-
•Thin walls of alveoli and capillaries
•Moisture lining in the inner wall of
alveoli to dissolve oxygen.
•Very large surface area of alveoli
•Good blood supply
•Good supply of oxygen (well
ventilation)
Adaptations:-
Plants:-
Roots:- are very long for maximum absorption of water
Leaves:- are tiny, have spines or waxy layer ; to reduce water
loss
Stem:- is short and swollen ; to store water
Animals:-
➢Most desert animals get their water from their food or
stored fats.
➢They dig burrows to stay underground in order to remain
cool
➢Their urine has very low amount of water (highly
concentrated)
Population:-A group of organisms of same species,
living in a habitat.
Community:-A group of living organisms of differen
species, living in a habitat
Ecosystem:-It is network of interactions done
between all living organisms and non-living factors
(physical) in the habitat.
➢Producer:- ➢Herbivore:- Organisms feeds on plants only (Rabbits)
1-Organisms which can make their own food. ➢Carnivore:- Organisms feeds on animals only (Lions)
2-The first organism in the food chain. ➢Omnivore:- Organisms feeds on both plants and animals
➢Decomposers:- (humans)
Organisms which get their energy from dead animal, Plants and
Decomposers:-
their organic wastes
➢The main Organisms are (Bacteria & Fungi)
➢Consumer:-
➢Their process is called Decomposition
Organisms which can’t make their own food and depends on
➢Function → They make things decay
other organisms.
➢Importance
1-Play an important role in nutrient cycle
2-Decrease the accumulation of dead bodies
Precipitation :- is the process
that clouds are formed
The most common and critical type of photosynthesis takes
place in chlorophyll-containing plants, algae, and
cyanobacteria.

Test for
Nitrogen (N)
Starch
(Iodine
The most important plant mineral. Used for making
leaves. Found in the soil water as soluble nitrate
NO3-
ions.
Test)
Magnesium (Mg)
Used for making chlorophyll and is essential for -if +ve result → changes
the process of photosynthesis. Magnesium is
found in the soil as magnesium ions to blue black
Mg2+ -if -ve result → remains
yellow brown (no starch)
 The first process in sexual reproduction of plants is pollination.
Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther to the
stigma of a plant. (REMEMBER: This is not fertilisation)

Self-pollination is the transfer of the pollen grain from the

anther to the stigma in the same flower/ to another flower on
the same plant.
Cross-pollination is the transfer of the pollen grain from the
anther to the stigma in another flower of the same species by a
vector (Insect or Wind)
 insect pollination

Define fertilisation
Fertilization is the fusion of a male (pollen in
plants) and female (ovule in plants) gamete to
produce a zygote that undergoes cell division
and develops into an embryo. It is part of
sexual reproduction.
It occurs in the ovary
 Balanced Diet& Nutrition
You need food for:- Balance Diet -Definition:-
1. Growth and Tissue Repair Eating different types of nutrients in the
2. Health correct amount
3. Energy