ECG Graph Monitoring with AD8232 ECG Sensor &

Arduino

Submitted By

Abdul Hakeem CIIT/ FA20-BEE-153/WAH

Ali Alta CIIT/ FA20-BEE-141/WAH

BS
Project
in
Electrical Engineering

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

COMSATS UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD
Wah Campus-Pakistan

COMSATS University Electrical & Computer

 Submission Form for Final-Year

54F PROJECT REPORT

CUI-WAH-ECE-DP-54F (revision 1.2)

NUMBER OF
PROJECT ID
ECE-FYP-2223-36 MEMBERS 2

TITLE ECG Graph Monitoring with AD8232 ECG Sensor & Arduino

SUPERVISOR NAME DR. Muhammad Adeel Akram

MEMBER NAME REG. NO. EMAIL ADDRESS

Abdul Hakeem FA20-BEE-153 hakeem.abbasi153@gmail.com

Ali Altaf FA20-BEE-141 buttaba4@gmail.com

CHECKLIST:
Number of pages attached with this form

I/We have attached a complete Project Timeline YES / NO

using the form CE-DP-35A
I/We have enclosed the soft-copy of this document along with
the codes and scripts created by me/ourselves YES / NO
My/Our supervisor has attested the attached document
YES / NO
I/We confirm to state that this project is free from any type
of plagiarism and misuse of copyrighted material YES /
NO

MEMBERS’ SIGNATURES

Supervisor’s Signature

Note 1: This paper must be signed by your supervisor

Note 2: The soft-copies of your project report, source codes, schematics, and executables should be
delivered in a CD Note 3: Submit the report and software to the Degree Projects Coordinator, Electrical
Engineering Department

COMSATS University Electrical & Computer

 Declaration

“No portion of the work referred to in the dissertation has been submitted in support of an
application for another degree or qualification of this or any other university/institute or other
institution of learning”.

MEMBERS’

COMSATS University Electrical & Computer

 Abstract

The main focus of this project is to build a simple ECG monitoring

device using common parts like the AD8232 sensor, an Arduino board,

and an ESP32. The goal is to have a tool that’s really handy in emergency

medical scenarios, especially when you don’t have a lot of gear or when

you’re just starting to help someone. The AD8232 is like the heart of the

system, as it picks up the electrical signals from the heart and sends them

to the Arduino, which is like the brain that processes all this info. Then,

the ESP32 comes in and acts like a walkie-talkie, sending the heart

readings wirelessly to a doctor or hospital. This way, even when you’re

not near a hospital, you can still get professional help in real-time. It’s

perfect for when you need to check someone’s heart right away and don’t

have much else around. This can make a huge difference in a life-or-death

situation because it lets the doctor on the other end see what’s happening

and tell you what to do until more help arrives. It’s like having a doctor

with you, even if they’re miles away. This gadget is all about giving first

responders or anyone who’s first on the scene a better shot at saving

someone’s life during a heart emergency.

COMSATS University Electrical & Computer

 Acknowledgments

We express our gratitude to the Almighty Allah for His countless blessings upon us. Fol-

lowing that, we would like to extend our sincere appreciation to our parents and all those who

made it possible for us to complete this project. Additionally, we are thankful to our project

supervisors in the final year for their valuable suggestions and support, which assisted us in

coordinating our project and writing this report. We are deeply grateful for their dedication to

providing us with the necessary time and technical guidance at each stage.

5
Contents

1 Introduction 8

1.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

1.2 Objective....................................................................................................................10

1.3 Methodology..............................................................................................................12

1.4 Organization of the Report.........................................................................................12

2 Literature Review 15

2.1 Evolution of ECG Monitoring Technologies:............................................................15

2.2 Wireless Communication Technologies in Healthcare:..............................................16

2.3 Signal Processing Algorithms for ECG Data:............................................................16

2.4 Integration Studies and User Experience:..................................................................16

3 Requirements Specifications 17

3.1 Non-functional Requirements.....................................................................................18

3.1.1 Product requirements.....................................................................................18

3.1.2 Organizational requirements..........................................................................18

3.1.3 External requirements....................................................................................18

6
 3.2 Functional Requirements............................................................................................18

3.2.1 Sustainable Development Goals:...................................................................18

4 Project Design 24

4.1 Methodology..............................................................................................................24

4.2 Architecture Overview...............................................................................................26

4.3 Design Description.....................................................................................................27

4.3.1 Module 1.......................................................................................................27

4.3.2 Module 2.......................................................................................................28

4.3.3 Module 3.......................................................................................................29

5 Implementation 30

5.1 Development Stages...................................................................................................30

5.1.1 Hardware Assembly......................................................................................30

5.1.2 Software Development..................................................................................32

5.1.3 Testing and Calibration.................................................................................33

5.1.4 User Interface Design....................................................................................33

6 Data Collection and Analysis 34

6.1 Data collection strategy:.............................................................................................34

6.2 Data processing and analysis:....................................................................................35

6.3 Performance Metrics and Outcomes..........................................................................35

6.3.1 The analysis focuses on several key performance indicators:.......................35

7
 6.3.2 Documentation and Data Deriven Discussion...............................................37
6.3.3 Insight and future directions..........................................................................37

6.4 Result and discussion.................................................................................................38

7 Conclusion and Future Work 41

7.1 Overall System Performance......................................................................................41

7.2 Handling and Responsiveness...................................................................................42

7.2.1 Challenges and Limitations..........................................................................42

7.3 Discussion and Future Work......................................................................................43

7.4 Conclusion..................................................................................................................44

7.4.1 Impact on society:..........................................................................................44

7.4.2 Commercial aspect:......................................................................................45

7.5 source code:................................................................................................................46

8
List of Figures

4.1 Blynk Application.......................................................................................................25

4.2 Architecture Diagram.................................................................................................26

4.3 AD8232ECG Sensor..................................................................................................27

4.4 Arduino Uno...............................................................................................................28

4.5 ESP32.........................................................................................................................29

5.1 Hardware Implementation..........................................................................................31

5.2 Arduino UNO Software.............................................................................................32

5.3 Blink Software...........................................................................................................33

6.1 human Body Testing..................................................................................................39

6.2 Testing Result.............................................................................................................40

9
List of Tables

3.1 Product Requirements................................................................................................19

3.2 Organizational Requirements.....................................................................................20

3.3 External Requirements...............................................................................................21

3.4 Functional Requirements............................................................................................22

3.5 Sustainable Development Goals.................................................................................23

10
Chapter 1

Introduction

In contemporary healthcare, like, keeping tabs on how your heart’s doing is more

important for figuring out and handling different heart problems. This thing called ”ECG

Graph Monitor- ing System with AD8232 ECG Sensor and Arduino, ESP32” is like the cool

new gizmo that’s a big deal in this area. The idea for this project came up because, you know,

heart stuff is really serious, and we need better and cheaper ways to check on it, especially in

places where fancy tech isn’t always around.

Heart diseases are like, a major bummer all over the world, and we really need to be able

to catch them quickly. Regular ECG machines are kind of a pain because they’re expensive

and not everyone knows how to use them, which is a big problem when you’re in a pinch. So,

we thought, what if we could make something that’s cheap and easy to use? That’s where our

thesis comes in, trying to build this ECG gadget with some basic parts like the AD8232

sensor, an Arduino board, and an ESP32.

So, what’s the big idea here? Well, we’re talking about making a cheaper and easier to use

heart monitor. This thing is supposed to use some pretty nifty gadgets like the AD8232 ECG

11
sensor and an Arduino, which is like a tiny computer for projects, and the ESP32, which is

like a little WiFi buddy. The goal is to make something that’s not just for the pros, but for

everyone, so we can keep tabs on our tickers without breaking the bank.

This thesis I’m working on is all about creating this heart-checker. It’s gonna be wireless,

so you can take it anywhere, and it’s gonna be simple enough that even your grandma could

use it. The idea is that doctors and nurses can keep an eye on peoples’ heartbeats from far

away, which could totally save lives. And it’s gonna be so good at analyzing heart stuff that

it’ll help them make quick decisions about what to do next.

1.1 Motivation

Addressing the super important thing we all gotta worry about, which is heart health, es-

pecially since heart problems are like, really big deal everywhere. Getting heart stuff checked

out quickly and fixing it is super duper important, but the fancy machines we have now can be

pretty pricey and hard to use. So, this project is all about making a cheap and easy ECG

gizmo that anyone can use, even if you don’t have a lot of stuff. We’re gonna use some basic

parts like the AD8232 heart sensor, Arduino thingy, and ESP32 doodad to make this happen.

The idea is to help doctors and nurses be like heart whisperers and catch any heart drama

before it turns into a big show. This thesis paper I’m doing is gonna talk about how we put

this thing together and how it could totally change the game for heart patients. It’s like giving

heart help to the masses, you know? It’s supposed to make it so doctors can make smart

choices faster and save lives. So, I’m basically trying to be a heart hero with some wires and

code.

12
1.2 Objective

This project includes real time ECG monitoring for immediate heart health feedback,

anomaly detection and alerting of user to ECG anomalies for early identification of

cardiovascular issues. Also includes user friendly interface for home use, seamless integration

with Arduino for flex- ibility, ease of use and wide user base. And to facilitate ECG data

transmission to healthcare professionals during emergency cases via Blink app. And

educational resources or documen- tation to help user understand their ECG data for better

cardiovascular health. In general the project aims to push the boundaries of healthcare

technology and improve patient care.

• Continuous and Real Time Electrocardiogram Monitoring:

Such as Electrocardiography (ECG) signals Laureate In this paper we aspire to design a

solution which is capable of tracking the electrical activity over time of the heart in real-

time. In doing so, the system will offer real-time response about heart health status

which enables which detects any abnormal/s or irregularities prompt.

• Detect and alert users to anomalies or irregularities in the ECG data:

Identify and notify users to the anomalies or irregularities detected in the Ambulatory

ECG data. This is an objective that requires implementation of algorithms real time al-

gorithms and methods to process the ECG data in real-time The system they will be

built to identify any abnormalities in the ECG signals such as arrhythmia or abnormal

heart rhythms. When detected, an alert will be sent to the user informing them of them

to visit take steps or get medical help promptly.

13
• Design a user-friendly interface for easy interaction with the monitoring system:

14
 This goal aims to make a simple interface for the ECG monitoring system. The design

will be easy to understand and navigate, enabling users to use the system without

difficulty. This makes sure that the monitoring system is easy to use and accessible for

people at home or in non-medical places.

• Ensure seamless integration with Arduino for flexibility and accessibility:

This aim is to combine the ECG monitor system with Arduino, which is a well-known

micro-controller platform that is flexible and easy to use. This makes the system easier

for many users, even those who are not very tech-savvy. Using Arduino also provides

options for changing and growing the system.

• Facilitate the transmission of ECG data to healthcare professionals during emer-

gency cases:

This goal is to let the ECG monitoring system send ECG data to healthcare workers in

emergencies. This can be done using different methods, like wireless communication or

specific apps. By making it easier to send ECG data, the system helps healthcare

workers get important information they need for quick action and care.

• Provide educational resources or documentation to promote better awareness of

car- diovascular health:

This goal means making materials or documents that assist users in understanding their

ECG data and why heart health matters. By giving facts and help, the system increases

knowledge of heart health and motivates users to actively care for their heart.

15
1.3 Methodology

The integration of ECG graph monitoring with the AD8232 sensor using Arduino and

ESP32 involves a comprehensive methodology that starts with analyzing project requirements

to understand specific objectives and functionalities. This includes identifying the target user

pop- ulation, defining desired system features, and establishing technical specifications.

Following requirement analysis, suitable hardware components are selected, including the

AD8232 sensor for accurate ECG signal capture and Arduino and ESP32 microcontrollers for

their versatility and compatibility. The hardware setup involves connecting the AD8232

sensor to the Arduino board and integrating the ESP32 module for wireless communication.

Software development plays a crucial role, with code written to interface with the sensor,

process ECG signals, and visualize data. Rigorous testing ensures system functionality,

accuracy, and reliability, followed by deployment in real-world settings for further validation.

User feedback guides iterative im- provements, while meticulous documentation records the

entire process for future reference and enhancement. This methodology enables the creation

of a robust, accurate, and user-friendly ECG monitoring system with remote monitoring

capabilities.

1.4 Organization of the Report

This report is meticulously structured into several chapters, each delving into essential

facets of our ”ECG Graph Monitoring with AD8232 ECG Sensor and Arduino, ESP32”

project. This framework facilitates a systematic presentation of advancements and outcomes,

offering a com- prehensive understanding of each phase’s significance in achieving our

16
objectives.

17
• Chapter 1: Introduction - This chapter introduces the project, outlining its motivation,

goals, and approach. It serves as a foundational overview of the ECG monitoring

system, contextualizing its significance within the realm of cardiac health monitoring.

• Chapter 2: Literature Review - Providing an overview of existing knowledge on ECG

monitoring systems, this chapter explores previous research and its impact on our

project. It identifies gaps in the literature that our project aims to address.

• Chapter 3: Requirement Specification - Addressing both functional and non-functional

requirements, this chapter outlines the design and operational criteria for the ECG mon-

itoring system. It delineates product specifications, organizational needs, and project

constraints.

• Chapter 4: Project Design - This chapter comprehensively covers the design and archi-

tecture of the ECG monitoring system. It details the engineering design of hardware

components and software systems, elucidating their integration for seamless functional-

ity.

• Chapter 5: Implementation - Describing the implementation phase, this chapter outlines

the setup process, system integration, and testing stages. It discusses technical

challenges encountered during implementation and strategies for resolution.

• Chapter 6: Data Collection and Analysis - This chapter elaborates on data collection

techniques and analysis methods employed in interpreting ECG data. It elucidates their

role in the decision-making process of the ECG monitoring system.

• Chapter 7: Results and Discussion - Evaluating project outcomes, this section monitors

18
 The performance of the ECG monitoring system in achieving stated goals and

assumptions presented in previous chapters. Conclusion: The final chapter summarizes

conclusions drawn and lessons learned throughout the project. It also suggests avenues

for future research and enhancements to enhance the performance of the ECG

monitoring system.

In the end, we briefly present the conclusions from this project and also the possible fu-

ture improvements and additions for better design/implementation and investigation of ECG

monitoring system with Ad8232 and Arduino, ESP32.

19
Chapter 2

Literature Review

ECG graph monitoring with AD8232: The application of setting an ECG sensor using Ar-

duino and ESP32 is wide and covers multiple aspects since the technologies are related to

each other.

2.1 Evolution of ECG Monitoring Technologies:

This section describes the landscape of ECG monitoring technologies,the evolution from

stationary machinery to hardware-hacked clothing. Remote monitoring has devices to

highlight the evolution of. This also sets the context for our later investigation of the AD8232

ECG sen- sor, including key performance metrics, clinical applications,and comparative

analyses against alternative sensors.

20
2.2 Wireless Communication Technologies in Healthcare:

Finally, in this section, the critical role of continuous data transmission is explained. In

particular, the necessity of ensuring stable connectivity for the purposes of remote monitoring

is addressed. In addition, the ways in which wireless communication technologies may be

used to transmit signal data and allow the medical practitioners to access and analyze ECG

data online are examined.

2.3 Signal Processing Algorithms for ECG Data:

The signal processing algorithms are discussed critically to reveal the methods of noise

reduction, feature extraction, and intracart analysis via machine learning tools. The research

adds depth to the discussion on signal fidelity, the extraction of the relevant information, and

diagnostic outcomes, obtaining information on the quality of the final ECG and the

development of monitoring devices for the future.

2.4 Integration Studies and User Experience:

It provides remarks on how hardware aspects can seamlessly integrate into software ar-

eas to code highly intuitive, efficient and interoperable monitoring systems. User experience

and usability studies provide important insights related to design considerations, interaction

paradigms, and user acceptance of wearable health technologies, informing the development

of user-centered monitoring solutions.

21
Chapter 3

Requirements Specifications

The project’s requirements specifications include several elements that complement the

de- velopment and performance of the ECG monitoring system. First and foremost, the

system is required to accurately capture the ECG signals from the AD8232 sensor in real time

and with high fidelity. Anomalies in the ECG data can be detected very easily with the help of

algorithms that send out alarms when such occurrences are possible thereby giving patients a

chance to seek preventive help for cardiovascular problems. Integration of wireless

communication protocols such as Blink application allows the transfer of ECG data to control

centers or medical profes- sionals from remote areas in case of emergencies. This feature

allows the users to engage and understand the concept better as interaction with the software

and visualization of the ECG is simplified. Furthermore, this increased the accessibility and

the scope of operation of the system as it was confirmed that the users had compatibility with

Arduino micro controllers in collab- oration with ESP32 module allowing easy programming

and wireless connection. Moreover, provision of educational resources increases the

awareness on cardiovascular health among the users.

22
3.1 Non-functional Requirements

3.1.1 Product requirements

Table 3.1 presents the product requirements with their priority

3.1.2 Organisational requirements

The organizational requirements are as tabulated in Table 3.2 . . .

3.1.3 External requirements

The external requirements are as tabulated in Table 3.3 . . .

3.2 Functional Requirements

3.2.1 Sustainable Development Goals:

By considering these SDGs, ECG graph monitoring project can contribute to broader global

efforts towards sustainable development and improved health outcomes for all. Table 3.5 . . .

23
 Table 3.1: Product Requirements

Requirement Description Priority Details

Accurate ECG Signal Cap- 1 The system in place must be configured in order to

ture properly receive and process ECG signals so that a

decision can be

made on the basis of the data provided.

Real-Time Monitoring Capa- 2 The system must be able to continuously update the system

bility with the patient’s ECG signals so that instant feedback re-

garding the heart’s condition can be given.

Anomaly Detection and 3 The system handles ECG data and therefore must inform

Alerting users about possible irregularities in the data so that cardio-

vascular problems can be dealt with in early stages.

User-Friendly Interface 4 The system must contain a graphical user interface that is

simple and easily understandable so that it can be used by

doctors and patients without a steep learning curve.

Seamless Integration with Ar- 5 There should not be restrictions on how easy an Arduino

duino micro-controllers integration is implemented for ever com-

ponent within the system because that can save time on

pro-

gramming and enhance processing of information.

Integration with Blink Appli- 6 The system is designed to work together with the Blink

cation application in order to ease the process of sending ECG

24
data to doctors which, in turn, will allow patients to be

attended

to in a timely manner.

25
 Table 3.2: Organizational Requirements

Requirement Description Priority Details

Project Timeline 1 The quality of the end product should at least be equivalent

to that of a graduate.

Budget Allocation 2 The project budget allowance shall also be sufficient to

cover the acquisition of hardware, software licenses and any

other project resources.

Collaboration Tools 3 Deployment of other collaboration tools to enhance team

work and communication such as project management

soft- ware, communication tools, and version control

systems.

Documentation Standards 4 The organization must also set out standards for the doc-

umentation of project requirements, design specifications,

development metrics, tests, and users’ evaluations.

Intellectual Property Protec- 5 Establishing mechanisms for the protection of other

tion project elements through patenting, copyrighting, or non-

disclosure agreements.

26
 Table 3.3: External Requirements

Requirement Description Priority Details

Power Supply 1 Access to a steady power supply for uninterrupted opera-

tion of the hardware components.

Internet Connectivity 2 Reliable internet access to online resources, cloud services,

and remote monitoring.

Environmental Conditions 3 Adequate environmental conditions (e.g. temperature, hu-

midity) for both the developmental and operational phases

aimed at optimal performance and durability of the moni-

toring system.

Network Infrastructure 4 Sufficient networking infrastructure (e.g. wireless routers,

mobile networks) for transmitting data between the moni-

toring system and monitoring stations.

Compatibility with Health- 5 Integration with existing healthcare information systems

care Systems (e.g. EHR) to allow easy exchange of patient data with

care givers and institutions.

27
 Table 3.4: Functional Requirements

Requirements Description Priority Details

ECG Signal Acquisition 1 It is essential that this system is able to receive the signal

of the AD8232 sensor and gain accurate data with its help

and quite reliable as well.

Real-Time Data Processing 2 It is important that the system is able to work with ECG

signals non-stop or in real time to provide instant analysis

and feedback of the heart at the given moment.

User Interface 3 The system configuration should also allow some form of

user interaction and visualization of the data which would

make it easy for professionals or patients to make use of

the tool in hand.

Alerting Mechanism 4 An alerting system will also be an important feature of the

system so that a user can be informed of an event of focus

or an anomaly in the pattern or structure of the ECG of a

patient.

Remote Monitoring Capability 5 The features of the system should also include the recording

of an ECG at a distance which would enable physicians to

22 study the data of patients without the need for being with

them.
 Table 3.5: Sustainable Development Goals

Sustainable Development Goal SDG Details

no:

Good Health and Well-being (SDG 3) Any changes over time in the electrical conductivity of the

cardiac tissue, the coordination of which is a contraction

of the heart muscle during pumping blood, can be

represented as an electrocardiogram (ECG) signal. In this

way, signals can be regarded as data that can be analyzed

in great details

to help healthcare professionals address various issues.

Quality Education (SDG 4) By outlining and sharing project outcomes, You can also

add to educating the public in the area of health technolo-

gies and the means they can use to fight the health implica-

tions.

Industry, Innovation, and Infras- (SDG 9) There are several components of your hardware and appli-

tructure cation related to Eletrocardiography – ECG signal

monitor- ing that can help to strengthen the medical

instrumentation

industry.

Sustainable Cities and Communi- (SDG Your project will enable not only the cities but also rural and

ties 11) national communities to obtain the health services at even

scale.

Climate Action (SDG Considering the low energy consumption design and the

13) use of monitoring system based on sustainable materials

23 can ensure that it is friendly to the environment and

climate

friendly.
Chapter 4

Project Design

4.1 Methodology

Project development; Connecting ECG Graph Monitoring with AD8232 Sensor Arduino

and ESP32 Knowing the basics: It starts with the in-depth analysis of the project requirements

like target user populations, defining the desired system features and the technical

specification. This subsequently makes sure that a clear understanding of the objectives and

strengths of the project are firm - Step03 Hardware elements are thus picked with respect to

the laid out con- ditions: AD8232 (gives electrical interaction between receptive skin

territories and catches the ECG signal) for signal catch, Arduino microcontrollers for signal

handling, and ESP32 modules for remote correspondence. It can monitor device plays with

such elements by connecting the AD8232 sensor with the Arduino board and also by using an

ESP32 module, which provides the connection between the 2 devices to make a wireless link.

These codes include (1) Firmware code: The firmware code is developed on Arduino

micro- controllers to facilitate signal processing and data transmission among the system

24
components,

25
e.g. (a) AD8232 sensors interface code (b) ECG signal processing code (c) Display demon-

stration[11] The monitoring system was subjected to rigorous testing procedures to validate

its efficiency, accuracy and reliability using varied hardware and software tests in specialized

laboratories for simulating a real operational environment. Field tests it to measure its perfor-

mance,and user comments collected that it has been validated in operational use to how well

it achieves the intended outcome under normal operating conditions useful, aiding for iterative

learnings. The development process provides us with comprehensive documentation of hard-

ware configuration, software development, testing approach, and user’s feedback which can

be golden for future utilization and improvement. Using this approach, the project seeks to

develop a reliable, precise and user-friendly ECG monitoring system with remote monitoring

functionality, which will help further advancements in the field of healthcare technology.

Figure 4.1: Blynk Application

The prototype was helpful in . . . shown in figure??.

26
4.2 Architecture Overview

Project Architecture: ECG Graph Monitoring Using Arduino and ESP32, an Arrangement

to Integrate Layers The AD8232 sensor serves as the heart of the architecture, acquiring ECG

signals from the patient..The Arduino microcontroller serves as the processing core where

firmware code runs to interface with the AD8232 sensor, process the ECG signals, and pre-

pare them for transmitted. Moreover, the Arduino also acts as a bridge between the input ECG

signals and the ESP32 module, allowing the processed ECG data to be wirelessly sent to a

remote monitoring station or healthcare professional.

The Arduino firmware is designed to perform signal processing tasks such as noise

filtering, signal amplification, and feature extraction. Setup of the ESP32 module to connect

wirelessly and send processed ECG data securely over the internet or local network.

The architectural diagram (figure ??) provides a graphical explanation of the intended design

of the product.The intended product design The figure illustrates the general behavior of the

modules and their layout.

Figure 4.2: Architecture Diagram

27
4.3 Design Description

All in all, the ECG graph monitoring system designed with AD8232 sensor using Arduino

and ESP32 is a well-architected system in terms of functionality, usability, and reliability.

Sys- tem Features System Architecture At the core of the system lies a well-structured

hardware and software components, which play well together to enable real-time ECG

monitoring.

4.3.1 Module 1

• AD8232 AD8232 - The AD8232 is a precision integrated circuit for getting ECG (elec-

trocardiogram) signals. The ECG module is a vital part of ECG monitoring systems,

correlating the electrical signals that the heart generates.

Figure 4.3: AD8232ECG Sensor

With its features for detecting and amplifying ECG signals, the sensor could be used in

multiple healthcare applications. Overall, the AD8232 sensor is a versatile, low-power ECG

28
sensor that can be easily integrated into a variety of devices for healthcare monitoring

applications, such as

29
wearable key healthcare health signs monitoring devices, for heart rate analysis, fitness bands,

etc. It is a cornerstone that facilitates the real-time visualization of heart activity, providing

critical insight for the diagnosis and management of a range of cardiovascular diseases.

4.3.2 Module 2

• ARDUINO Arduino module is a microcontroller that can run programs from sensors

and actuators. Basically, an Arduino module is basically a microcontroller unit (MCU)

sol- dered on a printed circuit board (PCB), which generally includes a number of

input/output (I/O) pins, an onboard voltage regulator, and a bootloader to upload the

program easily.

Figure 4.4: Arduino uno

It is a separate module that typically due to the open-source hardware approach, people

can see schematics, board layouts, software libraries, etc.

30
4.3.3 Module 3

• ESP32An Introduction to ESP32 The ESP32 is a highly advanced and flexible micro-

controller module widely recognized for its sophisticated specifications and strong

func- tionality in IoT and embedded systems development. The device is based on a

dual-core Xtensa LX6 microprocessor, featuring Wi-Fi and Bluetooth connectivity,

which makes it perfect for wireless communication projects.

Figure 4.5: ESP32

The ESP32 is best-in-class, with plenty of processing power; I/O options — it supports

analog-to-digital conversion, pulse-width modulation, and general-purpose I/O (GPIO)

pins; and a versatile array of communication protocols, including SPI, I2C, and UART,

allowing you to develop virtually any IoT project you can think of. Its low-power con-

sumption, secure boot mechanism, and compatibility with Arduino and other popular

development frameworks only add to its appeal to hobbyists, professionals, and IOT en-

thusiasts alike.

31
Chapter 5

Implementation

The entire work for the circuit design involved creation of interfaces for interlinking the

AD8232 sensor, ESP32 modules and Arduino microcontroller. These components were the

primary components for ECG monitoring system as the three of them took care of signal ac-

quisition, processing and transmission. Moreover, we created the components of the software

interface for monitoring purposes as well as for active working with the data.

5.1 Development Stages

Following were the discrete phases we have experienced incrementally to realize our

product in the given time:

5.1.1 Hardware Assembly

The hardware assembly process involved connecting the AD8232 sensor to the Arduino

microcontroller according to the manufacturer’s specifications.

32
Figure 5.1: Hardware Implementation

33
 We took care of proper inner space effectively using optimal multiple cable settings to en-

hance the av signal input and its subsequent mean processing. Also, the arduino and esp32

module were incorporated so that both wireless functionalities were able and able to receive

and send data even remotely.

5.1.2 Software Development

Simultaneously with assembling of the hardware, the manufacturing of the software which

was needed to interact with hardware components as well as processing the ecg signal was

started.

Figure 5.2: Arduino UNO Software

We developed a program on the Arduino microcontroller that was capable of getting ECG

signals through the AD8232 sensor, filtering the noise and forwarding the information after

processing to the ESP32 Microcontroller. In the mean time, on the ESP32 side, we developed

code that retrieves ECG signals wireless and displays signals through interface in a user

friendly manner.

Blynk software enables remote monitoring and data transmission, while Arduino software

facilitates programming and integration with hardware components in this project.

34
 Figure 5.3: Blynk Software

5.1.3 Testing and Calibration

The hardware and software that we put into this system underwent deep testing and cali-

bration processes. A number of scenarios were created to validate the integrity of the signal,

data trustworthiness, and user interface responsiveness. If there were any problems

encountered during the myriad of tests, they were dealt with by means of modifications and

optimizations.

5.1.4 User Interface Design

During the final implementation of the project, we were aiming to develop a user-friendly

interface which would ease the task of interacting with the ECG monitoring system. In

addition, the interface displayed real-time ECG signals and allowed for the ECG monitoring

system to save, analyze, and transmit ECG remotely. Feedback from users and usability

testings were continuously used to enhance the user experience.

35
Chapter 6

Data Collection and Analysis

We have focused on thorough testing through-out the design and implementation phase.

While testing the . . .

6.1 Data collection strategy:

Your Health ECG Graphing Deliberate AD8232 Electrocardiogram Sensor Arduino

ESP32 Project Data Collection Strategy. Define your goals clearly from the get-go, and recruit

a diverse population of subjects. Outline procedures for subjects on the placement of sensors

and data gathering. Configure and calibrate the hardware setup before data collection.

Develop a com- mon protocol to be used for data collection sessions, including the relevant

resting conditions and specific tasks. Real-time data quality monitoring and ability to react to

problems. Securely log data including relevant timestamps and subject identifiers. Make sure

to follow ethical stan- dards throughout the process and document all actions and findingsThis

organization will make sure you have quality ECG data for evaluation and interpretation in

your project.
36
6.2 Data processing and analysis:

When utilizing the AD8232 ECG sensor, Arduino, and ESP32 for your project, process

and analyze the ECG data by following vital steps that lead to effective and helpful outcomes.

Firstly preprocess the data collected to suppress noise and synchronize activations. Utilize ap-

propriate algorithms to extract important features like R peaks, QRS complexes, etc. Process

and visualize the data, Analyze results according to your use case You will be great on per-

forming classification tasks or recognizing patterns using machine learning techniques. Be

sure to validate your methods performance and document everything, it will make reporting

within project documentation a breeze.Following this systematic process helps assure an

intelligent interpretation of your electrocardiogram data, to derive meaningful insights and

conclusions.

6.3 Performance Metrics and Outcomes

6.3.1 The analysis focuses on several key performance indicators:

6.3.1.1 Object Detection Accuracy:

For reliable analysis and interpretation of cardiac data in your ECG graph monitoring

project utilizing the AD8232 ECG sensor and Arduino with ESP32, maximizing object

detection ac- curacy at a height is the key. An example would be, applying advanced signal

processing algorithms and machine learning techniques, such as CNN, or SVM, you will

detect signifi- cant components of the ECG signal, such as P, QRS, and T waves. Increasing

detection ac- curacy necessitates tuning model parameters and optimizing training datasets.

37
Lastly, rigorous preprocessing steps like filtering and baseline subtraction can boost the

object detection sig-

38
nificance.With emphasis on these strategies, your project can offer accurate object detection

accuracy for better detection and monitoring of cardiac health.

6.3.1.2 Navigation Efficiency:

An ECG Graph monitoring project with AD8232 ECG sensor, Arduino and ESP32 is de-

signed to collect and process huge amounts of data, which makes the navigation between

pages important. Users can navigate through different features and functionalities of the

monitoring system can easily by implementing simple user interfaces and intuitive controls.

This helps improve user experience, and reduces time with navigation if utilizing responsive

touchscreens or intuitive button layouts. To facilitate easy access to ECG data for analysis,

structured mech- anisms for data storage and retrieval are also implemented (e.g., databases,

file systems). Your project will run smoothly by putting a focus on navigation efficiency

which allows for optimiz- ing productivity,always leading to better working of ECG

monitoring process.

6.3.1.3 System Latency:

The ECG graph in monitoring system with the AD8232 ECG sensor, Arduino and ESP32,

minimizing system latency in your ECG graph is very important and is one of the steps in

getting a good result. Through optimizing both hardware performance and designing

algorithms in software, you thus minimize the time between data acquisition and display to

enable real time monitoring of cardiac activity. Reducing latency can be facilitated by using

fast data transfer protocols and reducing processing overhead. Besides, the components

(Arduino and ESP32) should communicate with low latency as much as possible to transfer

39
the data for analysis and vice versa. The average time to detect cardiac states would be

reduced hence by adding the

40
system latency AWD can provide quick feedback to intervene in any life-threatening cardiac

state significantly reducing the risk associated with heart disease and its associated Acute states.

6.3.2 Documentation and Data Deriven Discussion

When writing, log your ECG graph monitoring project using the AD8232 ECG sensor,

Arduino, and ESP32, remember to provide clear and concise information about the hardware

components used, the software development process, as well as the data collection and

analysis steps. Each step must be well documented , including quality control measures and

ethical considerations. Discuss the findings in the context of the research aims, compare the

results with previous literature, highlight limitations, and suggest future directions in the data-

driven discussion. Sum of the effects of the ECG Monitoring ProjectAn ECG Monitoring

Project is better in development if the team aligns its priorities around documentation and

data-driven discussion 2800e1.

6.3.3 Insight and future directions

Based on our project for ECG graph monitoring using the AD8232 ECG sensor with an

Ar- duino and an ESP32, there are some future directions for cardiac health monitoring. This

will help future research focus on personalized medicine, remote monitoring for chronic

diseases, and advanced health tracking gadgets by recognizing patterns in ECG signals and

evaluating diagnostic viability. Abbreviations, complex signal processing methods, machine

learning em- bedding, wearable device research, real-time feedback approaches, clinical

validation studies, etc. are some of the areas yet to be explored further. Incorporating these

future directions in our

41
project can contribute to remarkable advancements in ECG monitoring technology and enhance

the quality of patient care.

6.4 Result and discussion

The outcomes of our ECG graph monitoring project using the AD8232 ECG sensor, Ar-

duino, and ESP32 show the system’s ability to accurately acquire and analyze ECG signals.

This allows the monitoring component to extract important cardiac characteristics through

care- ful data filtering, processing, and processing to help assess cardiac health. The insights

help identify the specific patterns that can be linked to different heart diseases, thereby

enabling early detection and monitoring of aberrations. In addition, its efficient data

acquisition and low- latency characteristics are timely for feedback to improve its usefulness

in real-time monitoring applications. The project highlights the challenge in ECG graph

monitoring, and how the exist- ing monitoring system can be helpful in achieving accurate

readings, hence improving cardiac health.

42
Figure 6.1: human Body Testing

43
Figure 6.2: Testing Result

44
Chapter 7

Conclusion and Future Work

7.1 Overall System Performance

AD8232 ECG sensor being used with ECG graph monitoring system functions with Ar-

duino and ESP32, highlights one more key aspect of the system integration which is perfor-

mance optimization. This includes physical issues such as communication between separate

hardware components such as the sensor, the microcontroller, and the wireless module. De-

signing efficient software for data acquisition, processing, and transmission could also help in

minimizing the lagged time while improving accuracy. Also, optimization of power manage-

ment techniques assists in increasing the battery lifespan of the devices ensuring that they can

be used for a longer time without being recharged. Sufficient testing of the system and carry-

ing out iterations aimed at performance enhancement also help to find and resolve

performance limits. PLacing emphasis on the overall performance of the system, your

monitoring system is capable of introducing reliable and real time provision of the ECG

parameters for complete and thorough analysis of the heart in order to facilitate a number of

45
processes in the field including

46
medical and research.

7.2 Handling and Responsiveness

In the case of a mobile health system that utilizes an AD8232 ECG sensor in conjunction

with an Arduino and ESP32, communication through the user interface and the processing

of the data needs to be fast and resident in order to enable data acquisition and interactions

with the user. By embedding user-friendly interfaces and effective control strategies, the user

can accomplish changing the functionalities by setting them in the desired way. Responsive

touchscreens, well arranged buttons and even the sound of the user themselves can be used

to assist the operation of the system. Also, the system is designed in such a way that cardiac

abnormalities are identified in the shortest time possible in order to aid timely decision

making. In addressing the issues of handling and responsiveness, your monitor system is able

to operate efficiently and will able to monitor a person’s heart activity without difficulties

which in turn improves patient management

7.2.1 Challenges and Limitations

When carrying out the aim of ECG graph analysis with the use of an AD8232 ECG

sensor, Arduino and ESP32, a number of challenges and limitations could arise. One of the

main problems is the acquisition of the ECG signal in an optimal manner by the sensor in the

presence of noises and other types of interference. This challenge could be dealt with by

satisfactory calibration of the sensor and optimization of the various signal processing

algorithms. Also, the issue of synchronization and integrity of the data processed in the

47
various hardware elements is

48
another aspect to be dealt with, in that timing and communication protocols are critical in this

process. In addition, the limited resources available in the microcontroller such as the Arduino

and ESP32 will also limit the complexity of the data analysis and tasks that will be processed

in real time. Meeting such challenges in practice would mean a great deal of work in setting

the hardware and optimizing the software and even making use of stronger computing

resources. Further, there are also other issues regarding power usage, portability and user

interface that elevate the difficulty of the development process. All these issues and

limitations that can be foreseen have to be dealt and addressed to be able to harness the full

capabilities of the ECG graph monitoring systems that can be used for medical and health care

purposes.

7.3 Discussion and Future Work

The emphasis on the conclusions reached and on the possibilities of further research and

development in the context of the respective project, as well as the identifying the problems

solved, scope of the progress made – are the rather significant conversational aspects of the

project. As in the case of accomplishing other projects, it is daughtered with realistic vision.

Consider talking about the results so obtained by the monitoring system in the process of mea-

suring ECG as well as the problems faced in the course of the project. Consider also

discussing how the quality of signal processing methods may be improved, whether further

optimization of hardware is possible, or whether other sensors may be added for greater health

monitoring coverage. Also explain whether the monitoring system may be used in clinical

practice, home care, and wearable systems. Specify further directions of studies such as

clinical validation tri- als, application of new algorithms in the ECG interpretation, or easy-to-
49
use interfaces for wider

50
acceptance. You may develop new ideas for the evolution of your project as well as consider

its clinical implications by talking about the work done by you and more work that is required

in the field of ECG monitoring technologies. As a result, you have more relevance to your

particular audience as it makes your explanation to be more engaging.

7.4 Conclusion

As a final point, the ECG graph monitoring presenting system integrated with AD8232

ECG sensor, Arduino and ESP32 has considerable prospects for implementation in real time

moni- toring of heart system. The system is able to record and analyze the

electrocardiography signals due to proper hardware and software configuration and data

processing. The system is capable of high accuracy in object detection and navigation with the

aid of effective signal processing techniques and machine learning algorithms which makes

the operation and interpretation of the data hassle free. In addition it is further more time

efficient for patients as the measures taken to reduce system delay allows automatic feedback

and treatment for cardiac emergencies. In conclusion, this project demonstrates the viability

and usefulness of registering low-cost And low-tech applications in the process of heart health

monitoring for the benefit of clinical practice and scientific research.

7.4.1 Impact on society:

The universal effect of the ECG Graph Monitoring System will include, but is not limited

to, the prevention or significant moderation of heart problems by encouraging early cardiovas-

cular disease risk assessment, improvement of healthcare accessibility and affordability through

51
providing easy and rich information on health, and ge otrusively optimization of the workload

for the healthcare facilities. More or less, it increases the education of heart care and the life

constraints of the population.

7.4.2 Commercial aspect:

Marketing the ECG Graph Monitoring System to end users is the most important aspect

of its commercialization strategy. It involves equally, setting an optimal pricing policy for the

system, effective advertisement so as to reach the possible buyers of the system, and having

an assurance of getting the various components for the system on order. More so, issues

regarding customer service, warranty, and the collaboration with health care professionals or

distributors affect its marketing success as well. The idea underlying this is that the system

and its use are directed towards the clients and at the same time it can be afforded to operate

profitably.

52
Source Code and References

7.5 source code:

1. This Arduino code initializes serial communication and checks for leads off detection,

sending analog input data if leads are on, and ’!’ if leads are off.

• FOR ARDUINO CODE: void setup() // initialize the serial communication: Se-

rial.begin(9600); pinMode(10, INPUT); // Setup for leads off detection LO + pin-

Mode(11, INPUT); // Setup for leads off detection LO -

void loop()

if((digitalRead(10) == 1)——(digitalRead(11) == 1)) Serial.println(’!’); else //

send the value of analog input 0: Serial.println(analogRead(A0)); //int pulses =

A0;

//analogWrite(A2,pulses); //Wait for a bit to keep serial data from saturating de-

lay(100);

2. This Arduino code sets up a connection to Blynk server using ESP32 Wi-Fi, reads data

from serial input, and sends it to Blynk virtual pin V0.

• FOR ESP32 CODE:

53
 define BLYNKT EMPLATE I D”TMPL61Z5bk V 4”defineBLY NKT EMPLATE N
AME”proje

r9J−LahoGDgnpawJRKAs”defineBLY NKP RINTSerialintdetect = 0;

definemq234

include ¡WiFi.h¿ include

¡WiFiClient.h¿ include

¡BlynkSimpleEsp32.h¿

char ssid[] = ”PTCL-BB”; char pass[] = ”justquiet”;

void setup() Serial.begin(9600);

pinMode(mq2,INPUT);

Blynk.begin(BLYNKAUTHT OKEN, ssid, pass); //Splashscreendelaydelay(10);

void loop() char buffer[20]=””;

if(Serial.available()¿0) // char Data=Serial.read(); Serial.readBytesUntil(”, buffer, 20); Serial.println(buffer);

Blynk.virtualWrite(V0,buffer);

// delay(10); // detect = char [20].toInt();

// Serial.println(detect); // delay(1); Blynk.run();

54
REFERENCES

1 Braunwald E. (Editor), Heart Disease: ATextbook of Cardiovascular Medicine,

FifthEdi- tion, p. 108, Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders Co.,1997. ISBN 0-7216-5666-8.

2 Naazneen M. G., Sumaya Fathima, SyedaHusna Mohammadi, Sarah Iram L. Indikar,

AbdulSaleem, Mohamed Jebran ” Design andImplementation of ECG Monitoring and

Heart RateMeasurement System” Volume 2, Issue 3, May2013, pp. 2319-5967

3 Varsha Wahane and P. V. Ingole ”An Android- based wireless ECG monitoring

system” Volume 5,Issue 8, June 2015, pp.1398-2375.

4 Pulsar heart rate monitors web site:http://www.heartratemonitor.co.uk.

5 Interfacing with Arduino, website:http://www.circuitstoday.com/

55