UNIT- 1 UNDERSTANDING IOT CONCEPT AND DEVELOPMENT PLATFORM

IOT Definition - Importance of IoT - Applications of IOT - IoT architecture – Understanding

working of Sensors - Actuators - Sensor calibration - Study of Different sensors and them
characteristics

PART –A
Define IoT and its features.
The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the network of physical objects, devices, vehicles,
buildings, and other items that are embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity, enabling
1 them to collect and exchange data over the internet. These "things" can range from simple
household appliances like smart thermostats and light bulbs to complex industrial machines and
equipment. The data collected from these connected devices can be analyzed and utilized to
provide valuable insights, automate processes, and enable informed decision-making.
Give the difference between IoT and Artificial Intelligence.
IOT ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Smart home devices (thermostats, cameras), Virtual assistants (Siri, Alexa),
industrial sensors, wearable health trackers. recommendation systems, autonomous
vehicles.
IoT devices generate and transmit data to AI systems analyze and learn from datato
central systems for processingand action. provide insights and make predictions or
2 decisions.
IoT devices can collect data used by AI AI algorithms can enhance IoT devices'
systems for analysis and decision-making. capabilities by providing advanced analytics
and automation.
Improves efficiency, productivity, and Drives innovation, personalization, and
resource management in various sectors. automation in industries such as healthcare,
finance, and manufacturing.
Draw IoT Architecture and describe its features.

List out the importance of IoT in different fields.

1. Efficiency and Productivity
2. Data-Driven Decision Making
3. Savings:
4. Enhanced Safety
4 5. Environmental Impact
6. Healthcare Advancements
7. Smart Cities
8. Innovation and New Business Models
9. Connectivity and Accessibility
10. Economic Growth
5 Why Sensor calibration important in IoT ?
 Sensor calibration is a critical process in ensuring the accuracy, reliability, and consistency of
sensor readings in an IoT system. It involves adjusting the sensor's output to match a known
standard or reference value.
State the differences between sensor calibration and compensation in terms of their features.
SENSOR CALIBRATION SENSOR COMPENSATION
Adjusts the sensor's output to matcha known Applies corrections or mathematical
reference value for improved accuracy. algorithms to the sensor's raw output to
account for known sources of error.
Involves comparing the sensor'soutput with a Utilizes predetermined correction factors or
reference standard at specific known inputs. algorithms to adjust the raw sensor data.
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Improve accuracy and reliability of sensor Reduce or eliminate errors caused by specific
measurements across theentire measurement factors, such as temperature,non-linearity, or
range. sensitivity.
Calibration ensures the sensor's Compensation corrects the sensor's
output accurately corresponds to the rawoutput to provide a more accurate
actual physical quantity representation of the physical quantity.
beingmeasured.
Analyse the application of IoT in smart grids .
Energy Management and Smart Grids: IoT sensors in energy systems monitor power
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consumption, predict demand, and enable demand-response mechanisms. Smart grids leverage
IoT to optimize energy distribution and reduce energy wastage.
Describe the process of Actuator to sensor flow.
Actuators are components that act on the physical world based on the processed data and
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decisions made in the IoT system. They are responsible for "actuating" or controlling physical
processes, making them a key element in automation and control applications.
What is the difference between the Internet of Things (IoT) and the Industrial Internet of
Things (IIoT)?
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a broader concept that encompasses all connected devices and
applications across various sectors, including consumer electronics, healthcare, and smart homes.
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On the other hand, the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) focuses specifically on the integration
of IoT technologies within industrial settings, such as manufacturing, energy, agriculture, and
transportation. IIoT emphasizes machine to-machine communication, industrial automation, and
data-driven insights to improve operational efficiency and productivity in industrial processes.
Difference between a thermocouple and a thermistor in temperature sensing
A thermocouple is a type of contact temperature sensor that uses two dissimilar metals to generat
a voltage proportional to temperature. It has a wide temperature range and is suitable forhigh
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temperature applications. On the other hand, a thermistor is a semiconductor-based temperatur
sensor that changes its resistance with temperature. It is more accurate and suitable for lowe
temperature ranges compared to thermocouples.
Describe Sensor compensation and its technique.
11 The purpose of sensor compensation techniques Is to applies corrections or mathematical
algorithms to the sensor's raw output to account for known sources of error.
List out thes types of sensors and tabulate its characteristics.
SENSORS CHARACTERISTICS
ADC and DAC Analog-to-digital converters (ADC) convert analog sensor data to
digital format, while digital-to-analog converters (DAC) convert
digital signals back to analog foractuators.
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Light Sensor Light sensors measure ambient light levels and are used in
applications like smartlighting and automated systems
Temperature Sensor These sensors detect temperature changes and are commonly used in
with Thermistor weather stations, climate control, and industrial processes.
 Voltage Sensor Voltage sensors monitor voltage levels in electrical systems to ensure
- safe operation.
Mention the real time application of pressure sensor.
Pressure sensors are essential in applications like weather monitoring, barometric pressure
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measurement, industrial processes (e.g., in hydraulic systems), automotive tire pressure
monitoring systems (TPMS), and medical devices (e.g., blood pressure monitors).
Mention the real time application of ultrasound sensor.
14 Ultrasound sensors are commonly used in distance measurement applications, such as obstacle
detection in robotics, parking assistance systems, and object detection in industrial environments.
Mention the real time application of humidity sensor.
15 Humidity sensors find use in weather stations, climate control in HVAC systems,greenhouse
management, indoor air quality monitoring, and moisture control in industrial processes.
PART –B
1 Draw IoT architecture and explain its features, importance and applications.
Compare the features of IoT with artificial intelligence with necessary features and
2
characteristics.
3 Relate the applications of IoT in different fields.
4 Discuss the concept of sensor to Actuator flow and give one real world example of it.
5 How the information is passed in the IoT system – Discuss with flow chart.
6 Differentiate sensor calibration from sensor compensation .
7 Explain sensor calibration steps in industry to ensure the perfect functionality of device.
Give the types of sensors and their characteristics and give real time application with block
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diagram of any 2 sensors.
9 Enumerate the evolution of Industrial IoT with necessary examples.

UNIT- 2 ANALYZING & DECODING OF COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL USED

IN IOT DEVELOPMENT PLATFORM
UART Communication Protocol - I2C Protocol device interfacing and decoding of signal - SPI
Protocol device interfacing and decoding of signal - WIFI and Router interfacing - Ethernet
Configuration - Bluetooth study and analysis of data flow - Zigbee Interfacing and study of
signal flow

PART –A

1. What are the basic components of UART?

Transmitter
Receiver
Baud rate
Data frame
2. Define baud rate?
Baud Rate Calculation:
The baud rate is calculated based on the desired data transmission speed and the properties of the
communication channel. Higher baud rates allow for faster data transfer but may require more
sophisticated hardware and can be susceptible to errors in noisy environments.
3. What are the following elements the data frame contains?
Start Bit: Always a low-level (0) signal and signals the beginning of a data frame.
Data Bits: The actual data being transmitted, usually 8 bits, but can be configured to use feweror
more bits depending on the application.
Parity Bit (optional): Used for error checking and can be set to even, odd, or none.
Stop Bit(s): One or more high-level (1) signals that mark the end of the data frame and provide
synchronization for the receiver
4. Difference Between UART, I2C and SPI
 FEATURES UART I2C SPI
CommunicationType Asynchronous Synchronous Synchronous
3 or 4 (MISO, MOSI,
Data Lines 2 (TX and RX) 2 (SDA and SCL) SCLK, SS/CS)
No common clock; Dedicated clock line
Clock Sharing devices run Shared clock (SCL) (SCLK) for
independently amongall devices synchronization
Half-duplex Half-duplex Full-duplex
Data Direction (Bidirectional on (Bidirectional on (Simultaneous
separate lines) shared lines) transmission and
reception)
5. What are the WiFi Network Components?
Wireless Access Point (AP): The central device that broadcasts the WiFi signal and connectswirele
devices to the network.
Wireless Devices: Devices such as smartphones, laptops, tablets, and IoT devices that canconnect
the WiFi network.
Router: A networking device that forwards data packets between different networks, such asthe
loc network and the internet.

6. Define NAT?
Network Address Translation (NAT): Hiding the local network's private IP addresses behind
asingl public IP address for internet access.
7. Define DHCP?
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol): Assigning IP addresses automatically todevices
on the local network.
8. Explain briefly the Ethernet?
Ethernet is a widely used wired networking technology that allows devices to communicatewith
each other within a local area network (LAN).It operates based on the IEEE 802.3 standard and us
Ethernet cables to establish connectionsbetween devices.
9. What are the components of Ethernet networks?
Ethernet Cable: The physical medium used to transmit data between devices. Common typesinclu
Cat5, Cat5e, Cat6, and Cat7 cables.
Ethernet Interface: The network interface card (NIC) or Ethernet port on devices that enablesthem
connect to the Ethernet network.
Switch: A network device that receives data packets and forwards them to their destinationbased
MAC addresses.
Router: A networking device that connects different networks and forwards data between theloc
network and the internet.
10. Define Bluetooth?
Bluetooth is a wireless communication technology that enables short-range data transmission
between devices.
It operates based on the IEEE 802.15.1 standard and uses radio frequencies to establishconnection
in the 2.4 GHz ISM (Industrial, Scientific, and Medical) band.
11. What is zigbee?
Zigbee is a wireless communication technology based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard.
It is designed for low-power, low-data-rate applications in home and building automation,industria
control, and IoT (Internet of Things) devices. Zigbee operates in the 2.4 GHz ISM band and uses a
mesh network topology for robust andreliable communication.
12. Compare digital modulation schemes in terms of advantages and applications.
ASK FSK PSK
Advantages Simple Robust against Efficient use of
implementation, less amplitude variations, bandwidth, better
susceptible to phase immune to phase data rate compared to
 or frequency errors, errors, easy to detect ASK and FSK, less
well-suited for low- anddemodulate. susceptible to
cost applications. frequency and
amplitude errors.

Applications Used in low-data-rate Widely used in Used in high-data-

applications, RFID wireless rate communication
(Radio Frequency communication systems, digital
Identification) systems, modem modems, satellite
systems, and simple communications, communication, and
wireless wireless data links, optical
communication and wireless communication.
systems. keyboards and mice.
13. What are the Basic Components of I2C?
Master: The device initiating communication on the I2C bus and controlling the data flow toone or
more slave devices.
Slave: A device addressed and controlled by the master. Multiple slaves can be connected to asingl
I2C bus.
SCL (Serial Clock): The clock signal generated by the master, which synchronizes
datatransmissio between devices.
SDA (Serial Data): The bidirectional data line used for transmitting and receiving databetween the
master and slaves.
14. Define blutooth profile?
Bluetooth profiles define the communication protocols and procedures that devices use toperform
specific tasks. They ensure compatibility between different devices from various manufacturers.
Examples of Bluetooth profiles include A2DP (Advanced Audio Distribution Profile) for streamin
audio, HFP (Hands-Free Profile) for hands-free calling, and HID (Human InterfaceDevice) for
keyboard and mouse communication.
15. Explain Router Functionality?
A router serves as the central hub for a local network, connecting multiple devices andproviding
access to the internet.
It performs several functions, including:
Routing: Forwarding data packets between devices on the local network and between the local
network and the internet.
PART –B
1. Discuss about UART Communication Protocol with asynchronous data transmission.
2. Mention about I2C Protocol device interfacing and decoding of signal during data transmission.
3. Recollect the importance of SPI Protocol and how it is interfaced with a device and discuss its
signal decoding steps at the receiving end.
4. Discuss about the WI-FI and router interfacing among the devices.
5. If you are communicating with a device in LAN using wire, how will you configure it to have
effective data transmission.
6. Give the architecture, characteristics, modes of operation and data flow of IEEE 802.15.1.
7. Summarize the concepts of Zigbee technology with necessary diagrams.
8. State the differences between Bluetooth and Zigbee interfacing.
9. Discuss about the usage of Communication protocols in Industrial IOT.

UNIT- 3 IOT PHYSICAL DEVICES AND ENDPOINTS AND CONTROLLING

HARDWARE AND SENSORS
IoT Physical Devices and Endpoints - Introduction to Arduino and Raspberry Pi - Installation,
Interfaces (serial, SPI, I2C), Programming – Python program with Raspberry PI with focus on
interfacing external gadgets, controlling output, reading input from pins - Controlling Hardware -
Connecting LED, Buzzer, Switching High Power devices with transistors, Controlling AC
Power devices with Relays, Controlling servo motor, speed control of DC Motor, unipolar and
bipolar Stepper motors - Sensors : Light sensor, temperature sensor with thermistor, voltage
sensor, ADC and DAC, Temperature and Humidity Sensor DHT11, Motion Detection Sensors,
Wireless Bluetooth Sensors ,Level Sensors, USB Sensors, Embedded Sensors, Distance
Measurement with ultrasound sensor

PART –A
Describe the features of Arduino and Raspberry Pi.
Arduino: Arduino is an open-source microcontroller platform that is widely
used for creatingIoT prototypes and projects. It comes with various models and a
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strong community support.
Raspberry Pi: Raspberry Pi is a single-board computer that offers greater processing power and
can run an operating system. It is suitable for more complex IoT applications
Discuss about the interfaces in IoT with Raspberry Pi board.
Serial: Serial communication involves sending data bit by bit over a single wire. It is
simpleand suitable for short-distance communication between devices.
2 SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface): SPI is a synchronous serial communication protocol
thatallows communication between multiple devices using separate data lines.
I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit): I2C is a two-wire communication protocol enabling
communication between multiple devices with a shared bus.
Give the comparison chart of Arduino and Raspberry Pi by their features.
FEATURES ARDUINO RASPBERRY PI

Type Microcontroller platform Single-board computer

(SBC)
3 ProcessingPower Higher processing power
Limited processing power (CPU +RAM)
ProgrammingLanguage Various languages (Python,
Wiring (Similar to C/C++) C/C++,etc.)
OperatingSystem No dedicated OS Runs on various Linux-based
OS(e.g., Raspbian)
Define python programmimg
Python Programming: Python is a popular programming language for IoT projects due to its
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ease of use and readability. It allows developers to interact with sensors, process data,
andcontrol actuators.
While connecting a Servo Motor with Raspberry Pi, How it can be controlled ?
To control a servo motor with a Raspberry Pi, you need to connect the signal wire of the
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servo motor to a GPIO pin capable of generating Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) signals.
PWM allows you to control the position of the servo by varying the width of the pulse.
How to install Arduino ?
Download Arduino IDE
Install the IDE
6 Connect Arduino Board
Board Selection
Port Selection
Test Connection
How does a distance is measured with Ultrasonic Sensor interfaced with Raspberry Pi.
To measure distance, an ultrasonic sensor emits a high-frequency sound wave (ultrasonic
7 pulse) and measures the time it takes for the sound wave to bounce back after hitting an
object. This time measurement is used to calculate the distance using the speed of sound
in the
medium.
 Ultrasound sensors can be connected to the Raspberry Pi's GPIO pins. The trigger pin is used to
initiate the ultrasonic pulse, and the echo pin receives the pulse's reflection. By measuring the
time between the trigger and echo signals, you can determine the distance to the object in front
ofthe sensor.
Mention the steps involved in setting up a Temperature and Humidity Sensors with
Raspberry Pi.
8 DHT11 is a popular sensor that combines temperature and humidity sensing capabilities.
It communicates with the Raspberry Pi using a digital signal (One-Wire protocol or GPIO).
A library like `Adafruit_DHT` can be used to read data from the DHT11 sensor.
Mention the steps involved in setting up Light sensor with Raspberry Pi.
Light sensors, also known as photodetectors or photoresistors, are used to measure the intensity
of light in the surrounding environment.
To interface a light sensor with a Raspberry Pi, connect its output pin to an analog GPIO pin.
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Use `GPIO.setup()` to set the pin as INPUT.
Read the analog value using the ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter) of the Raspberry Pi to
convert the light intensity into a digital value. The light intensity can be determined based on
the ADC output.
Describe the steps involved in setting up USB Sensors with Raspberry Pi.
USB sensors can be directly connected to the USB ports of the Raspberry Pi, making them
convenient and easy to use. These sensors usually come with their own driver or API to
10 communicate with the Raspberry Pi, simplifying the setup process.
USB sensors are available for a wide range of applications, such as temperature and humidity
monitoring, air quality sensing, and environmental data collection. They are often used in IoT
projects for real-time data acquisition and analysis.
Describe the steps involved in setting up Motion detection and Wireless Sensors.
Motion detection sensors, such as Passive Infrared (PIR) sensors, are widely used in IoT
projects for security, automation, and energy-saving applications. These sensors detect
movement by sensing changes in infrared radiation emitted by warm objects in their field of
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view.
A PIR sensor consists of two halves that detect infrared radiation independently. When a
warm object moves across the sensor's field of view, it causes a temperature difference
between the twohalves, triggering the sensor. The output of a PIR sensor is a digital signal,
which can be
read by the Raspberry Pi's GPIO pins.
Discuss about Controlling Sensors hardware using Industry 4.0.
Controlling hardware refers to the capability of IoT devices to interact with external hardware
components. This involves using GPIO (General Purpose Input/Output) pins to interface with
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devices like LEDs, buzzers, motors, relays, and more. In Industry 4.0, controlling hardware is
essential for automating processes, controlling industrial machinery, and providing real-time
feedback to operators.
Mention the steps involved in setting up Level Sensors with Raspberry Pi.
Float Level Sensors: These sensors use a float that rises or falls with the liquid level,
activating a switch or sensor when a certain level is reached.
Ultrasonic Level Sensors: Ultrasonic level sensors use ultrasonic waves to measure the
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distance to the liquid surface and calculate the level based on the time taken for the sound
waves toreturn.
Capacitive Level Sensors: Capacitive level sensors detect changes in capacitance when the
sensor is in contact with the liquid, allowing precise level measurements.
Discuss about Controlling Sensors using Industry 4.0.
Sensors are critical components of IoT systems. They allow IoT devices to perceive and gather
14 data from the physical world. Various sensors are used in Industry 4.0 applications to monitor
environmental conditions, measure process parameters, and detect anomalies. Common
 sensors
used in Industry 4.0 include temperature sensors, pressure sensors, humidity sensors, level

sensors, motion sensors, and more. The data collected from sensors forms the foundation for
data-driven decision-making, predictive maintenance, and process optimization.
How to install Rashberry pi ?
Obtain the SD Card
Download the OS Image
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Flash the SD Card
Insert SD Card
Power Up
PART –B
1 Discuss about interfacing and installation of devices in Arduino and Raspberry Pi.
Summarize the steps involved in controlling LEDs, Buzzers and AC Power devices interfaced
2
with Arduino board or Raspberry Pi.
3 List the steps involved in controlling Servo Motors interfaced with Raspberry Pi.
Recollect the steps to be followed to interface following sensors in a Raspberry Pi : Temperature
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sensor, humidity sensor, ADC and DAC.
5 Discuss the application of Ultrasonic Sensor in distance measurement using necessary diagrams.
Recollect the steps to be followed to interface following sensors in a Raspberry Pi : Wireless
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Bluetooth Sensor, Level Sensor, USB Sensor and Embedded Sensor.
7 Compare the sensors in terms of their applications in IoT.
8 State the differences between content based and Non – content based Temperature Sensor .
9 Summarize the concept of controlling Hardware and Sensors in Industry 4.0.
UNIT- 4 CLOUD SERVICES USED IN IOT DEVELOPMENT PLATFORM
Configuration of the cloud platform - Sending data from the IOT nodes to the gateways using
different communication options - Transferring data from gateway to the cloud - Exploring the
web services like mail, Messaging (SMS) and Twitter etc. - Tracking of cloud data as per the
requirement - Google Cloud service architect - AWS cloud Services architect - Microsoft Azure
cloud services Architect - Open-source Cloud Services - Initial State Iot Dashboard & Cloud
Services

PART –A
How to configure in the cloud platform
In Industry 4.0, cloud platforms are the backbone of IoT solutions. They provide the necessary
1 infrastructure and services to manage, store, and process vast amounts of data generated by IoT
devices. The configuration of the cloud platform involves setting up cloud resources, defining
access controls, and optimizing the platform to meet the specific needs of the IoT application
How to Send Data from IoT Nodes to Gateways Using Different Communication Options:
IoT devices, or nodes, collect data from various sensors and send it to the gateways for
2 aggregation and further processing. In Industry 4.0, efficient communication options like wired,
wireless, LoRaWAN, and cellular communication are used to ensure reliable and real-time data
transmission from the IoT nodes to the gateways.
How to transfer data from gateway to the cloud
Gateways act as intermediaries between IoT devices and the cloud. They receive data from
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multiple IoT nodes and transfer it securely to the cloud platform. This data transfer is critical
for centralizing data in the cloud and enabling advanced analytics and insights.
How to explore web services
Web services like email, messaging, and social media platforms can be integrated into
4 Industry 4.0 applications to enable real-time notifications, alerts, and communication. For
example, IoT systems can send automated alerts to maintenance personnel via SMS or email
when a critical event occurs in the production process.
 How to track the cloud data as per the requirement
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In Industry 4.0, tracking cloud data is essential to monitor the performance of IoT applications,

analyze historical trends, and ensure compliance with data governance policies. Thetracking of
cloud data involves using cloud monitoring tools and analytics to gain valuable insights from the
data stored in the cloud.
Explain the Google Cloud Service Architect, AWS Cloud Services Architect, Microsoft
Azure Cloud Services Architect, Open Source Cloud Services
Cloud service architects are instrumental in designing and implementing robust and scalable
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cloud solutions for Industry 4.0. These architects select the appropriate cloud platform (Google
Cloud, AWS, Azure, or open-source options) and design the architecture to meet the specific
requirements of IoT applications in manufacturing, logistics, predictive maintenance, and more.
How to initiate state in iot dashboard and cloud service?
Initial State provides a powerful IoT dashboard and cloud service platform that facilitates real-
time data visualization, analytics, and storage. In Industry 4.0, Initial State's platform can be
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used to monitor production processes, track sensor data, and enable data-driven decision-
making.The platform's visualization and analytics capabilities aid in optimizing industrial
operations and
improving overall efficiency.
Compare real time processing and batch processing
Feature Real-Time Processing Batch Processing
Data Arrival Process data as it arrives inreal-time Analyze data in predefinedintervals
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Use Case Time-critical applications Historicalreporting

Latency Low latency (millisecondsto seconds) Higher latency (minutes tohours)

Define SMS
9 Messaging services, specifically SMS (Short Message Service), provide a direct and immediate
way to send short text messages to mobile devices
Define twitter
10 Twitter, a popular social media platform, can also be leveraged in Industrial IoT and Industry
4.0applications for communication, public announcements, and data dissemination:
Explain google cloud services architect
A Google Cloud Service Architect is a professional responsible for designing, implementing, and
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managing solutions on the Google Cloud Platform (GCP). They have expertise in cloud
computing, architecture design, and GCP services
Explain AWS cloud services architect
An AWS Cloud Services Architect is a professional responsible for designing, building, and
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managing solutions on the Amazon Web Services (AWS) platform. They possess a deep
understanding of AWS services, architecture design, and best practices
Explain Microsoft azure cloud services architect
A Microsoft Azure Cloud Services Architect is a professional responsible for designing,
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implementing, and managing solutions on the Microsoft Azure cloud platform. They possess
expertise in Azure services, architecture design, and best practices.
Define opensource cloud services
Open-source cloud services refer to cloud computing solutions that are built on open-
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sourcetechnologies and are available to the public with source code access. These services offer
a cost- effective and customizable alternative to proprietary cloud solutions
Compare initial state and thingsboard
Aspect Initial State ThingsBoard
Type IoT Dashboard & Cloud IoT Platform
Service
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Data Visualization Real-time and customizable Customizable dashboards
visualization and widgets
 Data Storage Cloud-based storage for Database storage for
historical data historical data

Supports various Supports MQTT and CoAP

Data Ingestion protocols(MQTT, protocols
HTTP
,
WebSocket)
PART –B
Mention the key considerations and best practices when configuring a cloud platform for IoT
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data
processing. Give an example of cloud providers that offer IoT – specific services.
Compare the advantages and disadvantages of using Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and LoRaWAN as
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communication options for transmitting data from IoT nodes to gateways.
Describe the various protocols and techniques commonly used to transfer data from IoT gateways
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to the cloud. How does MQTT differ from HTTP in this context?
Discuss the significance of integrating web services like email, SMS and Twitter with IoT
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applications. Provide an examples of real – world use cases where such integrations add value.
Explain the role of data analytics and monitoring in tracking IoT data in cloud. What are some
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common tools and techniques used for real – time data tracking?
Describe the core components and services within Google Cloud that are essential for building
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scalable and reliable IoT solutions. How does Google Pub/Sub play a role in IoT data
processing?
Compare and contrast AWS IoT Core and AWT IoT Greengrass in terms of their capabilities and
7 use cases within IoT architectures. Provide an example of an IoT project that leverages these
services.
Explain how Azure IoT Hub and Azure IoT Edge are utilized in the Azure ecosystem for IOT
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deployments. Discuss the benefits of using Azure stream analytics for real – time data
processing.
Identify and discuss key open – source cloud services and platforms that are popular in the IoT
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community. How do these compare to proprietary cloud services in terms of flexibility and cost?
Describe the features and capabilities of the Initial State IoT dashboard. How it can be integrated
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with other cloud services to create comprehensive IoT data visualization and analysis solutions?

UNIT- 5 CHALLENGES IN IOT SYSTEM DESIGN – HARDWARE & SOFTWARE

Antenna design and placement - Chip-package system development - Power electronics -
electromagnetic interference/compatibility (EMI/EMC) - Electronics reliability - Battery simulation

PART –A
What are the primary factors to consider when designing an antenna for wireless
communication, and how do they impact antenna performance?
1 Antenna design and placement are critical aspects of building efficient and reliable IoT systems.
The effectiveness of communication, data transfer, and overall performance of IoT devices
heavily depends on the design and positioning of antennas.
Explain the Free Space Path Loss (FSPL)
The signal strength between an antenna and receiver decreases with distance. Free Space Path
2
Loss is a key consideration in determining the optimal placement of antennas to achieve the
desired coverage area.
Describe the difference between directional and omni-directional antennas. When would
you choose one over the other for an IoT application?
FEATURES OMNI-DIRECTIONAL DIRECTIONAL ANTENNAS
ANTENNAS
3 Use Cases Short-range applicationswith Long-range communication
360-degree coverage and point-to-point links
Example Dipole antenna, Whip Yagi antenna, Parabolic dish
AntennaType antenna antenna

Wireless routers, Point-to-point communication,

Applications IoT devices Satellitelinks
InterferenceSensitivity More susceptible to Better resistance to
interference interference
Define Multipath Interference
In urban environments, signals can reflect off buildings and objects, leading to
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multipath interference. Proper antenna placement helps mitigate this issue to
maintain signal integrity.
What is the role of a package in a chip-package system, and how does it affect the overall
performance and thermal management of the integrated circuit?
5 Chip-package system development is a crucial process in designing efficient and reliable IoT
devices. It involves the integration of semiconductor chips into packages, which provide
protection, interconnectivity, and thermal management
What is memory capacity
Memory Capacity: The amount of memory (RAM and ROM) available on the chip affects the
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device's ability to store and process data. Sufficient memory is essential for running applications
and storing firmware.
Define communication protocols
7 Communication Protocols: IoT devices need to communicate with other devices or a central
server. The chip must support the necessary communication protocols (e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth,
Zigbee, LoRa) for seamless connectivity.
Define ball grid array?
Ball Grid Array (BGA): BGA packages have solder balls arranged in a grid pattern on the
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bottom of the chip. They offer high-density integration and excellent thermal performance due
totheir
large contact area with the PCB.
Explain quad flat package
9 Quad Flat Package (QFP): QFP packages have leads on all four sides of the chip. They are
suitable for medium-density integration and are commonly used in traditional electronic devices.
Compare BGA (Ball Grid Array) or QFP (Quad Flat Package)
Features BGA QFP
Requires careful handling due to Easier to handle during
Package the vulnerability of solder balls assembly and rework
Handling
Typically higher cost dueto the Generally more cost-
10 Cost complexity of the effective than BGA
Package
Used in high-performanceand Suitable for general-purpose and
Applications high-densityapplications medium-density
applications
Examples of Use Microprocessors, Graphics Microcontrollers, PeripheralICs
Processors
What is power electronics?
Power electronics is a specialized field of electronics that deals with the control and
11 conversionof electrical power from one form to another. It plays a crucial role in various
industrialapplications, including IoT devices, where efficient power management is essential
for optimal performance and energy savings.
Define electromagnetic interference (EMI) and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). How
do these concepts relate to the design and testing of electronic devices?
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) and Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) are critical
12 considerations in industrial IoT and Industry 4.0 applications. EMI refers to the unwanted
electromagnetic signals that interfere with the proper functioning of electronic devices, while
EMC focuses on designing systems to coexist without causing or suffering from interference.
13 What is electronics reliability

Electronics reliability is a crucial aspect of industrial IoT and Industry 4.0 applications. It refers
to the ability of electronic devices and systems to function properly and consistently over an
extended period of time under specified conditions.
Define the battery simulation
Battery simulation is a crucial aspect of industrial IoT and Industry 4.0 applications, where
14 battery-powered devices are extensively used. It involves the use of mathematical models and
software tools to simulate the behavior and performance of batteries under different operating
conditions.
Differentiate Battery Simulation and Battery Testing:
BATTERY SIMULATION BATTERY TESTING
Battery simulation involves the use of Battery testing involves real-world
mathematical models and software tools to experimentation on physical batteries to
predict and analyze battery behavior under measure their performance, characteristics,
15 different operating conditions. It allows for and cycle life. It provides empirical data and
virtual testing and optimization of battery validation for battery simulation models.
performance without physically building and Battery testing is necessary to verify the
testing each prototype accuracy of simulation results and validate
the simulation models against real-world
behavior.
PART –B
Explain the fundamental principles of antenna design, including key parameters like gain,
1 bandwidth, and radiation pattern. Provide an example of a scenario where selecting the right
antenna type and placement is critical for wireless communication
Describe the process of developing a chip-package system, highlighting the key considerations
2 in integrating semiconductor chips into packages. How does the choice of packaging impact the
performance and reliability of the integrated circuit?
Discuss the role of power electronics in modern electronic systems. Explain the differences
3 between linear and switching power supplies, and provide an example of a practical application
for each.
Define electromagnetic interference (EMI) and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) in the
4 context of electronic systems. Describe the techniques and measures used to mitigate EMI and
ensure EMC compliance in electronic designs.
Explain the concept of electronics reliability and its importance in various industries, such as
5 aerospace, automotive, and consumer electronics. Discuss the methods for assessing and
improving the reliability of electronic components and systems.
Describe the process of battery simulation, including the key parameters and variables involved.
6 How can battery simulation be used to optimize battery performance and lifespan in portable
electronic devices?
Explain the concept of state-of-charge (SOC) and state-of-health (SOH) in battery simulation.
How are these metrics useful for monitoring and managing battery performance? Provide an
7
example of a simulation tool or software commonly used for battery modelling and analysis,
and outline its main capabilities.
Define the term "electronics reliability" and explain its significance in the design of critical
8 electronic systems and discuss the concept of Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) as a
measure of electronics reliability. How is MTBF calculated, and what factors can impact it?
What is the role of environmental testing (e.g., temperature cycling, humidity testing) in assessing
9
the reliability of electronic components? Provide an example of when such testing is essential.