Received: February 14, 2020. Revised: March 10, 2020.

201

Impact of the Harmonic Pollution of Railway Locomotive on the Sound System:

Experimental Measurement, Modelling and Simulating

Moine El Hajji1* Hassane Mahmoudi1 Moussa Labbadi1

1
Power Electronics Team, Intelligent Control, Automatic and Robotic Techniques,
Mohammadia School of Engineers, Mohammed V University Rabat, Morocco
* Corresponding author’s Email: moine.elhajji@gmail.com

Abstract: Air pollution caused by the transport sector has become a very worrying subject. To minimize toxic gas
emissions, people start to prefer rail transportation. This high demand has caused high energy consumption in the
electric railway. Thus, Moroccan Railway Company was obliged to use different traction locomotives of different
technologies which can generate electromagnetic interferences between systems. Reason why the study of
electromagnetic pollution has become a necessity to avoid these inter-system electromagnetic disturbances by
analysing the experimental measurements on the railway site and by proposing a solution which is the
implementation of an active filter capable of eliminating the parasites caused during the connection of the
locomotive. However, the authorization to put into operation remains a real subject of study since different
parameters must be taken into account, namely the weight, the location, the size and the electromagnetic
interferences (EMI) of the filter. This paper discusses the electromagnetic noise by analyzing the impact of the
auxiliary power supply quality generated by electric locomotive E1250 on the sound systems when it is coupled to
multi-unit Corail cars and by detailing an overview of the conversion chain located in the electric locomotive under
test and the sound system installed in Corail car which keeps passengers constantly informed when approaching and
arriving at a station, and gives them other indications about the train. Next, static test bench and dynamic
experimental tests will be measured in order to determine the Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) disturbances in
the Common Mode (CM) by studying the harmonics generated by the static converter that feeds the Corail cars, and
analyzing their impact on all operating systems especially sound system since it is considered as a very sensitive
organ to the least source of noise. In the end, the conversion system will be modeled and a proposed solution will be
implemented to mitigate the electromagnetics noises.
Keywords: Railway transport, Power quality, Static converter, EMC, Harmonics pollution.

divided into three different segments: passenger

1. Introduction transport, freight and phosphate transport.
According to a recent survey, passengers prefer to
Railway transport is considered to be one of the
take railway transport often for ecological and
most efficient modes of transport from an
environmental reasons [4, 5]. As a result, there is a
environmental and energy point of view, particularly
high demand for rolling stock reserved for travelers
in terms of greenhouse gas emissions [1]. To
during peak hours and holiday periods, which can
minimize carbon emissions, the railway companies
have a negative impact on the environment [6]. This
opt for the electrification of railway lines in terms of
strong demand for locomotives, self-propelled trains,
ecological and pro-environmental transport
Corail passenger carriage is pushing the railway
motivation [2, 3].
office to use old locomotives to fill the lack of
The Moroccan railway network has 64% of the
availability. However, due to the diversity of the
electrified lines with a 3 kV DC and 2x25 kV AC
railway fleet available, the quality of the network
power supply. The transport activity of ONCF is
and the limitation of harmonic electrical pollution
International Journal of Intelligent Engineering and Systems, Vol.13, No.3, 2020 DOI: 10.22266/ijies2020.0630.19
Received: February 14, 2020. Revised: March 10, 2020. 202

has become a commitment and a priority to avoid and the supply chain side of the train. The 3 phases
interference between railway equipment. power supply provided by the auxiliary static
Various reports of dysfunction of the sound converter feeds the Corail train to ensure the
system have been located when connecting an old comfort of the passengers on board such as air
type of locomotive named E1250 which is still in conditioning, heating, lighting, and sound system.
service since there is a high demand for availability That is why our study is based on the impact of the
of railway equipment during the specific periods. static converter of this type of locomotive E1250 on
The problem was raised thanks to a study made of the communication quality transmitted in the sound
the computerized maintenance management tool, system by analyzing the polluted harmonics power
which makes it possible to identify the steps of visits supply.
and revision of each organ of railway rolling stock. Reference [6] analyses how the railway
The problem is described as a noise parasite when Netherlands public transport deals with the high
coupling the locomotive with the Corail train demand during the peak period from an
because of harmonic electrical pollution that is environmental point of view, and how to make off-
considered to be a distortion of the sinusoidal signal peak period more attractive than the peak for
and has the effects mentioned below: travelers through the ticket price. In Ref. [9] deals
Instantaneous effects: that create disturbances in with the electromagnetic pollution in Italian railway
the functioning of devices sensitive to harmonics, lines by taking experimental measurements,
this is the case of the problem identified through the analyzing harmonics generated by different sources
parasites detected in the speakers. such as converters located in the Uninterruptible
Medium and long-term effects: that cause the Power Supply (UPS) and onboard the train. In Ref.
heating and premature aging of the electrical [10] analyzes a proposed method to reduce CO2
equipment, this advanced deterioration of the organs emissions and energy costs by introducing a new
often generates breakdowns which obliges the solution of reactive power and compensation in
railway company to replace them before the date of order to minimize the THD. In Ref. [11] proposes
the change prescribed by the maintenance how Chinese railway deals with the citizen protest
management tool. against expansion of the railway high speed
Harmonic analysis and the quality of the power infrastructure because of health and environmental
system is fundamental for the electric railway impacts such as noise, destruction of green areas,
transport, the energy is regulated and fed to electric electromagnetic compatibility in the radiation mode.
motors to provide traction for railway vehicles. To mitigate Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
Auxiliary power dedicated for forced ventilation of which is significant of the pollution of the three-
electric traction motors and passenger comfort is phase network supplied by the locomotive, EMC
also regulated but can be a major source of interferences study in the CM was carried out based
electromagnetic noise. Because, it has many on the impact of the auxiliary static converter of the
considerable and even catastrophic impact locomotive on the sound system installed in the
especially on the functioning of the railway Corail cars. This interference causes noise in the
signaling systems for different cases of cantonment speakers that announces permanent location
such as European Rail Traffic Management System information of the train which requires us to isolate
(ERTMS) the restricted automatic block with track the sound system to avoid noise disturbances,
circuit or axle counter [7, 8]. The resonance however passengers report their dissatisfaction with
phenomenon can be caused by many sources such as the non-functioning of the sound system. This is
the auxiliary static converters located in the why experimental measures have been done to
locomotive. The 3 kV DC power source comes from analyze the behavior of the power supply provided
the sub-station which is composed of a step-down by the static converter [12, 13], it has been modeled
transformer with two secondary windings, a silicon through Matlab-Simulink with a proposed solution
diode rectifier and it is transmitted to the railway implemented in the output of the static converter
traction vehicle by a system of suspended flexible which is the active filter chosen because of his
contact lines called catenary with an articulated power gain, it provides reliable operation control
device mounted on a locomotive called pantograph systems to eliminate any harmonic despite the
is brought into contact as seen in Fig.1. Once the variable amplitude of harmonic ranks due to the
substation feeds the locomotive through the catenary, variable load on the Corail train side and to mitigate
we distinguish in the locomotive the traction power the harmonic distortion pollution rate that impacts
train through motors, and auxiliary for forced the operating of the sound system and cause the
ventilation of motors, reactor vessels, resistances premature aging of the equipment on board the train,
International Journal of Intelligent Engineering and Systems, Vol.13, No.3, 2020 DOI: 10.22266/ijies2020.0630.19
Received: February 14, 2020. Revised: March 10, 2020. 203

while the passive filter contains passive component

R,L,C and consume the energy of the signal (no
power gain is available) and has resonance problems.
This paper is organized as follow: section 2
describes the locomotive E1250 under test
especially the static converter located in the
locomotive, as well as the sound system installed in
the Corail train. Section 3 details measurements of
the output power quality through voltage, current
and harmonic analysis taken in a test train without
passengers to analyze the electromagnetic pollution.
Section 4 models the system under test from the
static converter to the sound system through Matlab-
Simulink with and without introducing the active
filter and battery compensation in order to eliminate
the electric harmonic pollution. Section 5 concludes
the article.

2. Description of the locomotive E1250 and

the sound system
2.1 Locomotive E1250
Figure. 1 The locomotive E1250 connected to Corail train
The Moroccan railway adopts the 3kV Dc power
supply generated by the substation to feed the
traction trains. The electric locomotive under test
called E1250, is a CoCo type with a power of 3900
kW, equipped with 6 dc motors (3 motors for each
bogie) in serial mode (motor armature and inductor
are traversed by the same current) with forced
ventilation. The speed control system for traction
motor is realized through main resistors and
resistors Vernier with a change of series coupling in
the 3 traction chain containing each two motors
(M1-M2-M3-M4-M5-M6 in series), Parallel Series
(M1-M2- M3 // M4-M5-M6), Parallel (M1-M2 /
M3-M4 / M5-M6) reported in Fig. 2. The contactors
are controllable through camshafts which are Figure. 2 Simplified electrical diagram of the locomotive
controlled by stepper motors, braking is achieved
The locomotive pulls the Corail train through the
through: air brake, screw brake, dynamic braking.
mechanical coupling and it is connected by
The DC motor was chosen from the outset for its
pneumatic couplings to ensure braking continuity
characteristics perfectly adapted to railway traction:
and control the closing system of the doors and
electrical couplers 380 V ac (3 phases and Neutral
- Very important start-up effort.
cable) as shown in the figures below. The main
- Exceptional overload capacity.
purpose is to feed the functioning of all the
operating systems in the Corail train such as the air
The locomotive pulls the Corail train through the
conditioning, the lighting, and the sound system.
mechanical coupling and it is connected by
The Figs. 3 and 4 below show the connection
pneumatic couplings to ensure braking continuity
between the locomotive and each Corail car taking
and control the closing system of the doors and
into account the electric coupler, sound coupler, and
electrical couplers 380 V ac (3 phases and Neutral
pneumatic coupler in order to guarantee the
cable) as shown in the figures below. The main
continuity of the sound line, electrical and
purpose is to feed the functioning of all the
pneumatic supply.
operating systems in the Corail train such as the air
conditioning, the lighting, the sound system …
International Journal of Intelligent Engineering and Systems, Vol.13, No.3, 2020 DOI: 10.22266/ijies2020.0630.19
Received: February 14, 2020. Revised: March 10, 2020. 204

Figure. 3 Back view of the Corail car

Figure. 5 Simplified diagram of the conversion chain

Table 1. Main data of the Static converter

Main data Specification
Nominal Locomotive Side 270 kVA
Capacity Corail cars Side 400 kVA
Output 380/220V AC
Figure. 4 Connection between the Corail cars and the 3 phases, 4 cables
Voltage ±7%
locomotive
Output Locomotive Side 410 A AC
current Corail cars Side 618 A AC
The auxiliary supply capacity through the static
Input Voltage 3000V DC
converters are intended for the supply of passenger
cars and auxiliary groups of the locomotive Table 2. Equipment powered by static converter auxiliary
(ventilation of dc motors, lightning, ...) and control side of the locomotive
circuits of the locomotive. The static converter Electric
under test parameters are listed in Tab. 1 and Auxiliary equipment alimentation
power
contains two outputs 380 V – 50 Hz voltage with a Ventilator for traction
380V - 50 Hz 30 Kw
capacity of 670 kVA whose 270 kVA are intended motor
for the locomotive control circuit and auxiliary Ventilator for principal
380V - 50 Hz 12 Kw
ventilation groups listed in the Tab 2, and the rest resistance
400 kVA is for the power supply of the train to Ventilator for electrical
380V - 50 Hz 5,5 kW
ensure the comfort and safety of travelers listed in equipment
Ventilator for static
Tab 3. The 3 kV is picked from the catenary, then 380V - 50 Hz 1 kW
converter
lowered through the step-down chopper, then
Ventilator for chopper 380V - 50 Hz 1,8 kW
corrugated using the inverter based on thyristor, Ventilator for
finally transformed thanks to a transformer with two 380V - 50 Hz 1,2 kW
transformer
secondary auxiliary and train side as shown in the
Fig. 5.
International Journal of Intelligent Engineering and Systems, Vol.13, No.3, 2020 DOI: 10.22266/ijies2020.0630.19
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Table 3. The systems powered by the CVS train side 3. Experimental measurements of the
Systems installed for each Corail car alimentation output voltage of the static converter
Air conditioning system 380V - 50 Hz
Lightning system 220V - 50 Hz 3.1 Measuring instruments and mode
Sound system 220V - 50 Hz
Automatic closing system for access To experimentally investigate the power quality
220V - 50 Hz
doors and electric harmonic pollution presence in the
Others 220V - 50 Hz power supply generated by the locomotive [14].
Many measurements were performed on the
2.2 Sound system Moroccan railway lines within two operations:
The sound system installed in the rail passenger
transport equipment is very important and - Operation 1: was dedicated for static
primordial since it announces the following measurements in a maintenance depot, the input
information: the permanent location by self- and output power measurement of each organ
localization, the next stations and next stops, the reported in Fig. 9, 10, 11 in particular the
destination, climate and other information, etc. interference observations on the sound system
Sound system train consists of different elements test bench.
starting with the GPS box capable of processing the - Operation 2: was dedicated for dynamic
location frames through a GPS antenna and measurements reported in Fig. 12 on a track
connected to a control box that allows the from Marrakech to Rabat which was given
processing and transfer of information during the off-peak period thanks to the layout
announcement through an armored cable named of the regulation so as not to disturb the train
LTS composed of 4 wires (LT1, LT2, LTM) and traffic.
which is connected to an amplifier to amplify and
diffuse the signal by the speakers as reported in the The power quality and harmonics measurements
Fig 6. provided by the locomotive at the electric coupler
This system installed in Corail cars was were made by a network analyzer capable of
developed in our research laboratory to make the recording the voltage and current readings in real
necessary tests to analyze the cause of parasite time. The tests were carried out by installing
because of the feeding provided by the auxiliary ammeter pincer and crocodile pincer of each phase
static converter of the locomotive as seen in the Fig. and neutral were plugged into the analyzer as seen
7. in the Fig. 8 and then plugged into a software
recorder installed in a laptop to store all the power
and energy data consumed in the path. Static and
dynamic tests on a test railway track were carried in
order to understand and to analyze closely the noise
of the sound system and to understand the power
quality supply of the static converter under test, the
Figure. 6 Synoptic diagram of the sound system aim of this tests is recording the absorbed voltage
and current waveform of each phase onboard the
train and the output coupler.
The electric coupler reported in Fig. 8 has 4
cables including 3 phases and neutral surrounded by
a non-flammable rubber sheath. It allows the
continuous transmission of power between each
Corail car and the locomotive as shown in the Fig. 4,
the return loop is done in the last car of the train.

3.2 Experimental results

The purpose of measurements tests is to analyze

the waveforms of the current and voltage and to
identify the Resonance phenomena located in the
Figure. 7 The sound test bench installed for static tests in train after connecting the locomotive under test,
the laboratory

International Journal of Intelligent Engineering and Systems, Vol.13, No.3, 2020 DOI: 10.22266/ijies2020.0630.19
Received: February 14, 2020. Revised: March 10, 2020. 206

harmonic is represented in Y-axis). However, rank 3

is almost equal to zero because of the triangle
transformer. The reasoning shows that rank 3,
multiple of 3 are equal to zero and non-zero
harmonic currents are therefore of rank form 6k ±
1 with k ∈ ℕ. The total harmonic distortion rate is
equal to 21% for each phase, which is very high
(a) compared to the railway standard EN 50121,
EN61000 [15-18]. This explains the reason why the
sound system is parasitized during the coupling of
the locomotive since it is very sensitive to the
harmonics pollution generated by the common mode.
Harmonics distortion rate for each rank was
measured and reported by the amplitude of each
harmonic rank in Tab. 4 then the global harmonic
distortion was calculated and measured through the
mathematical Fourrier transform formula:

√∑𝑛𝑖=2 𝐼𝑛2
(1)
𝑇𝐻𝐷 − 𝐼(%) = × 100
𝐼1

(b) Influence of THD-I on the Puissance Factor/cos(ϕ)

Figure. 8 (a) electric coupler view and (b) measurements ratio:
taken from the electric coupler
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜙)
characterized by harmonics pollution of the power 𝑃𝐹 = (2)
supply, to the Corail train. The measurement √1 + 𝑇𝐻𝐷 − 𝐼 2
operations were performed within two days, six
hours per day and the results are reported as diagram 4. Modelling the system with the proposed
waveforms recorded after several measurements solution
carried out in the two operations static and dynamic The consequences of the total harmonics caused
survey under the same test guidelines, and the same by the static converter of the E1250 locomotive are:
load conditions onboard the auxiliary static
converters that are the main disturbance cause in - Premature aging or destruction of compensation
both cases running and stationary train test. capacitors.
Many experimental measurements waveforms of - Phenomenon of parallel or series resonance.
the current and the voltage have been collected in - Overheating machines.
real time and they converge towards the same results - Decrease in power factor (PF).
that they are not close to the fundamental sinusoidal - Disturbance of electrical appliances (it has been
waveform because of the electromagnetic noticed in the amplifier sound system).
interference injected by the static converters of the
considered locomotive. The shapes of the voltage The converter onboard the locomotive was
and current of the static converter of the locomotive modeled by taking into account the conversion chain
are not perfectly sinusoidal and they are reported in parameters already reported. A theoretical study
Figs. 9 and 10 (phase 1, 2, 3, Neutral are represented under MATLAB-SIMULINK was carried out to get
respectively with the color black, red, blue, green). closer to the reality and to see the behavior closely
This parasite of the three-phase voltage and current according to the proposed solutions by adding an
shape is caused by the strong harmonics generated active compensator and filter.
in the locomotives. The modeled system was carried out taking into
This irregular voltage and current waveforms account the parameters and the real components.
prove that the power network is polluted. The The result obtained for voltage, current approaches
harmonics generated reported in the Fig. 11 show what was measured at the locomotive as seen in the
that the ranks especially 5, 7 are very high (X-axis Fig. 13.
represent the rank of harmonic and percentage of
International Journal of Intelligent Engineering and Systems, Vol.13, No.3, 2020 DOI: 10.22266/ijies2020.0630.19
Received: February 14, 2020. Revised: March 10, 2020. 207

350
300
250
200
150
100
50,0
V 0,00
-50,0
-100
-150
-200
-250
-300
-350
12/07/2019 19,992 (ms) 12/07/2019
20:34:54.799 3 ms/Div 20:34:54.819

Figure. 9 Output voltage of the static converter measured in the operation 1

300
250
200
150
100
50,0
A 0,00
-50,0
-100
-150
-200
-250
-300

12/07/2019 19,992 (ms) 12/07/2019

20:34:54.799 3 ms/Div 20:34:54.819

Figure. 10 Output Current of the static converter measured in the operation 1

Figure. 11 Harmonic ranks of the static converter measured in the operation 1

International Journal of Intelligent Engineering and Systems, Vol.13, No.3, 2020 DOI: 10.22266/ijies2020.0630.19
Received: February 14, 2020. Revised: March 10, 2020. 208

Table 4. Statistical analysis of the harmonic content of the static converter recorded during the measurements
Harmonic order Frequency (Hz) Amplitude of Phase 1 Amplitude of phase 2 amplitude of phase 3
1 50 235.5 216.7 224.8
3 150 1.2 3.6 1.1
5 250 19.8 22.3 20.2
7 350 11.4 12.7 9.8
9 450 1.3 0.6 0.1
11 550 3.4 4.3 4.8
13 650 5.2 4.7 2.8
15 750 1.2 0.6 0.1
17 850 1.4 2.2 0.7
19 950 3.8 1.9 1.3
21 1050 1.2 0.3 0.0
23 1150 0.6 1.3 0.8
25 1250 1.3 1.0 0.9
THD-I 20.6 21.1 21.1

(a) (b) (c)

Figure. 12 (a) output voltage measured in operation 2 and (b) current measured in operation 2, and (c) harmonics analysis
in operation 2

Table 5. measured powers during the tests.

Power Data Description Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Total
P(W) Active power 24.54 .103 23.00 .103 25.05 .103 72.60 .103
Q (VAR) Reactive power 24.34 .103 22.48 .103 23.02 .103 69.83 .103
D (VAR) Deforming power 9.457 .103 8.975 .103 9.319 .103 27.80 .103
S (VA) Apparent power 35.83 .103 33.39 .103 35.27 .103 104.5 .103
PF Puissance Factor 0.685 0.689 0.710 0.695
Cos(ϕ) 0.709 0.714 0.735 0.719
Tan(ϕ) 0.996 0.981 0.923 0.966
ϕ (P) Phase shift 45° 44° 43° -

Figure. 13 Output voltage and current modeled before filtering

International Journal of Intelligent Engineering and Systems, Vol.13, No.3, 2020 DOI: 10.22266/ijies2020.0630.19
Received: February 14, 2020. Revised: March 10, 2020. 209

The solution to mitigate the EM noise is to opposition, to eliminate the harmonics seen on the
introduce an active filter with compensation battery. supply network [19].
However, to implement this study that has been We can quantify the power generated by the
dimensioned, the place and weight of this harmonics. This power is better known Distorting
component is very worrying at the locomotive. Power, noted D and it is related to deforming amps.
Adding to that, it requires a commissioning license This power has an immediate consequence on the
that takes a long time for validation and testing. waveform and the distortion rate harmonic current.
Reason why we have also decided to introduce a the reactive energy compensation equipment will be
temporary solution while the authorization is of no use, since it only acts on the displacement
validated by adding a stabilizer at the level of Corail factor. Correcting a reactive power generated by the
cars capable of stabilizing the static converter output harmonics will become more dangerous for the
voltage to correct the sound situation. reactive energy compensation equipment. Indeed,
The compensation capacitors installed at the the harmonics will move the switching point and the
output of the converter can lead to the amplification equipment will not compensate at the desired time
of existing harmonics. Amplification means the and will be more solicited. To eliminate the current
increase in harmonic distortion rates in voltage as in harmonics (deforming amperes), it will be necessary
current. This amplification is due to an electrical to install a filtering equipment which allows either
resonance between the capacity of the battery and in the passive case, to short-circuit some rank or in
the line and source inductances. To compensate for the active case, to inject a current, in opposition of
reactive energy is to supply this energy in place of phase, in order to eliminate the harmonics seen on
the distributed power network. This is why it is wise the network. The installation of these filtering
to install a capacitor bank after measuring the power equipment requires a sizing of the filter according to
reported on the Tab. 5 to improve the power factor. the distorting amps. The proposed solution shows
which can be represented in the mathematical the ultimate role of the active compensator and filter
formula: by reducing the harmonics [20]. This spectrum
improvement is also accompanied by an
improvement of the forms wave voltage and current
as seen in the Fig.14, 15 (percentage and rank of the
harmonic represent respectively the Y-axis and X-
axis).
The advantage of the active compensator is
clearly seen on the current waveform: reduction of
the crest factor after correction and improvement of
the power factor. The graphs show the impact of the
active compensator with a very significant
attenuation of THD-I. The advantages linked to this
implemented solution are the following:
𝑆12 = 𝑃2 + 𝑄 2 (3)
- Increase the active power available at the
transformer secondary.
𝑆 = √𝑃2 + 𝑄 2 + 𝐷 2 = √𝑆12 + 𝐷 2 (4)
- Reduce in voltage drops and line losses.
- Eliminate excessive consumption of reactive
with, 𝑄 : reactive power without harmonic. energy.
The distorting power D has an immediate
consequence on the waveform and current harmonic 5. Conclusion
distortion rate. Correcting reactive power generated
The main purpose of this analysis is to determine
by harmonics will become more dangerous for
the electromagnetic disturbance generated by the
reactive energy compensation equipment. Indeed,
static converter located in the locomotive which has
the harmonics will move the switching point and the
a negative impact on the functioning sound system.
equipment will not compensate at the desired time
This is why experimental measurements was made
and will be in great demand. To eliminate the
to analyze the power quality and harmonics
current harmonics (the distorting amps), it will be
generated and. The system from the static converter
necessary to install a filtering equipment which
to the sound system receiver was modelled and
allows in the active case, to inject a current, in phase

International Journal of Intelligent Engineering and Systems, Vol.13, No.3, 2020 DOI: 10.22266/ijies2020.0630.19
Received: February 14, 2020. Revised: March 10, 2020. 210

Figure. 14 Output voltage and current modelled after filtering

Figure. 15 Harmonic analysis before and after filtering

simulated through Matlab Simulink taking into

account the command of the active filter in order to References
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