TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION OF THE TOPIC...................................................................................................01

INTRODUCTION OF THE INDUSTRY….........................................................................................03

 BACKGROUND OF THE INDUSTRY...................................................................................03

 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM...............................................................................................06
 NEED OF THE STUDY........................................................................................................06
 SCOPE OF THE STUDY.......................................................................................................07

LATEST TECHNOLOGY ADOPTED BY THE INDUSTRY…...............................................................09

 5G TECHNOLOGY..............................................................................................................10
 INTERNET OF THINGS........................................................................................................13
 ARTIFICIAL INTELIGENCE...................................................................................................16
 CLOUD COMPUTING..........................................................................................................19
 6G TECHNOLOGY...............................................................................................................22

VARIOUS COMPANIES IN THE INDUSTRY….................................................................................25

 BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED…...............................................................................25

 BHARTI AIRTEL LIMITED…..................................................................................................31
 VODAFONE IDEA.................................................................................................................39
 RELIANCE JIO INFOCOMM LIMITED….................................................................................45

EFFECT OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY OVER THE INDUSTRY…............................................................51

EFFECT OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY OVER THE COMPANIES...........................................................53

BENEFIT FROM THE TECHNOLOGY….............................................................................................56

YOUR VIEW ABOUT THE LATEST TECHNOLOGY ADOPTED...........................................................57

IS THERE ANY CHANCE FOR FURTHER IMPROVEMENT................................................................58

LIMITATIONS OF THE TECHNOLOGY…...........................................................................................59

BIBLIOGRAPHY….............................................................................................................................60
 INTRODUCTION OF THE TOPIC
The Telecommunications Industry of India is one of the vast and leading
industries in the world connecting different parts of the country
through various modes like telephone, radio, television, satellite and
internet. The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India governs this
industry by providing a regulatory framework and favourable
environment for its efficient operation.

The Indian telecom industry stands as the second- largest in the world
due to its rapid advancement and is in cut-throat competition with the
telecom industries of the other developed countries. The
telecommunication services offered by this industry are easily
accessible at affordable prices to the customers of urban and rural
areas of India. India’s telecom network encompasses a highly
developed and unique technology in the world.

In recent years, India has emerged as one of the largest consumers of

mobile data in the world. With over 695 million active mobile internet
users (as of 2021), the country aheads of US, and has registered a
phenomenal 320-percent growth over the last five years.

The telecommunication sector is currently in a transformational state

due to the changing customer demands and the inception of multiple
disruptive technologies. Many telecom firms integrate emerging
technologies, such as AI and IOT, into their services to capitalize on the
growing market.

Like every other industry, the telecom industry is experiencing a

digital shift. In fact, with the advent of the pandemic, there is an
acceleration in embracing technologies like AI, IOT, 5G network, etc.
The present study has therefore been undertaken to analyze the history
and evolution of Indian Telecom Industry while emphasizing upon its
major segments, the Government Telecom policies followed for its
systematic functioning and its growth and development in the present
scenario along with the future opportunities for advancement.

Objectives :-
The objectives of the research study are:-
 To analyze the history and evolution of Indian Telecom Industry.
 To review the Government Telecom policies.
 To identify the present trends/technologies in the Indian Telecom
Industry and its growth.
 To study the future growth opportunities in the Indian Telecom
Industry.

Methodology:-
The present study is based on secondary data obtained from the
Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI), Department of
Telecommunication (DoT) and the reports from Government of India
and other sources. Different telecom magazines, newspapers and
journals were consulted for gathering of information. Information was
also collected by holding discussions and interviews with
knowledgeable persons employed at different levels in various telecom
companies of India. In order to achieve the objectives of the study,
year- wise annual growth of the industry in its various segments,
percentage share of different service providers per year were
calculated .
 INTRODUCTON OF THE INDUSTRY

Background of the industry :-

The background of Indian Telecom Industry can be dated back to the

year 1850 when postal was the only source of communication in India.
The telephone services were combined with the postal system in 1883.
From the year 1902 to 1930, there had been a lot of progress in the
Indian Telecom Industry in the form of cable telegraph, wireless
telegraph, radio telegraph and radio telephone system. Radio
Broadcasting was introduced in India in 1927 which was given the name
All India Radio in 1937.

The Indian Telecom Industry was completely owned by the

Government till 1984, during which year private sector was allowed to
manufacture telecom equipment in this industry. The actual
progression of the Telecom Industry started after the year 1985 when
the Government separated the Department of Posts and Telegraph by
setting up the Department of Posts and Department of
Telecommunications (DoT).

DoT managed the planning, engineering, installation, maintenance,

management and operations of telecom services for the whole of India.
In order to make the operations of DoT easier, two new Public Sector
corporations, namely Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) and
Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL) were set up under the DoT in
1986. MTNL looked after the operation of basic telephone services in
Delhi and Mumbai whereas VSNL provided international telecom
services to subscribers in India. DoT looked after the basic telephone
operations in areas other than Delhi and Mumbai.

The demand for telephones was rapidly increasing in the 1990s and
the Government Of Congress was an under of DR. MANMOHAN SINGH
(EX. PM OF INDIA ,ECONOMIST) increasing pressure to allow the
private sector to invest in the Indian Telecom Industry as a part of
Liberalization- Privatization- Globalization (L.P.G)Policies.

Department of Telecommunications, Ministry of Communications.

Notably, the Indian Telegraph Act of 1885 and the Telecom
Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) Act of 1997 regulate LPG
usage in telecom sector.

The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) was thus, established

on 20th Feb 1997 to regulate the telecom services of India including
fixation of tariffs for telecom services which were earlier regulated by
the Central Govt. Further in 1998, the Government declared the policy
for Internet Service Provision (ISP) by private operators and the
licensing for the same had begun from then. Subsequently in 2002,
even VSNL was privatized and its monopoly in International Long
Distance (ILD) services was terminated from 31st March, 2002.
 The Indian Telecommunications Network is the second largest in the
world 860.9 million telephone connections based on the total number
of telephone users (both fixed and mobile phone). It has one of the
lowest call tariffs in the world enabled by the mega telephone networks
and hyper-competition among them. It has the world’s third largest
internet user base with over 137 million as of June 2012. Major sectors
of the Indian telecommunication industry are telephone, internet, and
television broadcasting. Today it is the fastest growing market in the
world with 8.35 million monthly additions.

India’s telecom journey has moved paces away from the first telegraph
communication set up in Kolkata and is on a dizzying trajectory
towards digitization.

At the very outset, the government’s focus was on Communication

Technology (CT), which marked the first wave of the information era.
The second phase was the internet phase which started approximately
around the year 2000. The industry realigned itself around horizontal
solutions during this phase. It was the time of e-commerce and portals.

After 2006, the cloud began taking shape and this marked the third
phase of transformation in the telecommunication industry.

Since the early 2000s, the industry has seen rapid innovation and
deregulation. Come 2023, and we are in the midst of the era of cloud,
where a new world of opportunities has opened up for the carriers. It is
quite evident that this era is unstoppable and there is no escape.

Statement of the problem :-

This study has been conducted to depict the history and evolution,
present trends and future opportunities in the Telecom Industry of
India. Here, the researcher has also discussed about the various
Government Telecom Policies that govern this industry. The various
milestones of the Indian Telecom industry like the Growth of
Telephones (fixed and mobile), Tele-density in rural and urban areas,
Wireless and Wireline Communication, Public and Private Sector
Telecom operators, their market share has also been presented in
detail in this study.

Need of the study :-

 It helps the company in analizing the customer

behavior.
 It helps the company in growing sales.
 It helps in network performance analysis.
 It helps in fraud detection and prevention.
 It helps in cost optimization.
Scope of the study :-

With liberalization, privatization and globalization after

1991, so many companies are operating in India hence
the market is quite competent, with so much
competition prevailing ,companies are interested to
know the customers perception towards various mobile
services so as to work on it and capture the market.

The main objective of the study is to find out the

competitive edge of one company over other. Which
company is having the highest market share, what are
the different services are offered by them, how brand
conscious and brand loyal they are, what are customer’s
perception of different factors of different mobile service
providers, etc.

The Indian mobile market is growing rapidly, and along

with it the demand for content and applications for
handsets.
iRising demand for handsets has led operators to offer
services other than voice calls. Thus, the content or
value-added services (vas) market comprising music,
wallpapers, web, ring tones and gaming is growing
rapidly.

With the number of mobile users growing, there is a

growing opportunity for service provider in India, wireless
operators, music and film companies, comics content
developers, game developers and musicians are all
entering the mobile content market for ringtones,
gaming, mobile imagery and streaming audio and
video. Some players in the content segment are mauj,
indiagames, hungama, soundbuzz (music), etc.
Present study covers Airtel, Vodafone- Idea ,BSNL, MTNL,
and Jio operators.
 LATEST TECHNOLOGY ADOPTED BY THE
INDUSTRY

Telecommunications revolutionized the world by enabling distance

communication, creating new opportunities such as online education,
concluding business at a distance and facilitating communication with
people anywhere.

Mobile phones and connectivity have become constant in our day-to-

day existence, connecting people and data across the globe.

With innovative technologies, consumer demands are changing for all

industries and the telecommunications industry is no exception.

The telecommunication industry has experienced expotential growth in

recent years, resulting in added challenges.

In order for telecom companies to be able to adapt to rapid changes in

the industry, it is necessary they follow some telecommunications
industry technologies.

Some these technologies or trends are:-

 5G Technology.
 The Internet of Things (IOT).
 Artificial Intelligence (AI).
 Cloud Computing.
 6G Technology (TBA).
Technologies adopted :-

6G Technology :
6G is the sixth-generation mobile system standard currently
being developed for wireless communications over cellular
data networks in telecommunications. It is the successor, or
the next bend in the road, after 5G and will likely be much
faster.
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) standardizes
wireless generations every decade.
Typically, they are denoted by a gap in the “air interface,”
which signifies a shift in transmissions or coding.
This is implemented so that older devices cannot be updated
to the newer generation since doing so would generate a
limitless quantity of “noise” and “spectrum pollution.”
Today, we are in the fifth generation. The first standard for 5G
New Radio (NR) was developed in 2017 and is presently being
implemented globally.
The standard will likely finish by 2028 when the first 6G
devices are available. Around 2030, deployment will be close
to ubiquitous.
 How will 6G works?
1. Making use of free spectrum: A significant
portion of 6G research focuses on transmitting data
at ultra-high frequencies. Theoretically, 5G can
support frequencies up to 100GHz, even though no
frequency over 39GHz is currently utilized.
2. Improving the efficiency of the free spectrum:
Current wireless technologies permit transmission or
reception on a specific frequency at the same time.
For two-way communication, users may divide their
streams as per frequency (Frequency Division
Duplex or FDD) or by defining time periods (Time
Division Duplex or TDD).
3. Taking advantage of mesh networking: Mesh
networking has been a popular subject for decades,
but 5G networks are still primarily based on a hub-
 and-spoke architecture.
4. Integrating with the “new IP:” A research paper
from the Finnish 6G Flagship initiative at the
University of Oulu suggests that 6G may use a new
variant of the Internet Protocol (IP). It compares a
current IP packet in IPv4 or IPv6 .

Pros and cons :

Pros:

 Supports Higher Number of Mobile Connection

 Supports Higher Data Rates
 Revolutionize the Healthcare Sector
 Independent Frequencies
 Large Coverage

Cons:

 Difficult to use
 Expensive
 Privacy
 Compatibility issues
 Negative Impact on Health
5G Technology :

In today’s fast-paced digital world, mobile communication has become

an integral part of our daily lives. As technology continues to evolve, so
does the way we use our mobile devices.
The introduction of 5G technology is set to revolutionize the way we
communicate, work, and live.
5G technology is the latest innovation in wireless technology that
promises to deliver faster speeds, lower latency, and greater reliability
than its predecessors.
It is expected to enable new applications such as augmented reality,
virtual reality, and smart cities, and transform industries such as
healthcare, transportation, and manufacturing.
The impact of 5G technology on the telecom industry is significant. It is
expected to increase the capacity and efficiency of mobile networks,
enables massive machine-type communications, and provide a better
user experience.
However, the implementation of 5G technology is not without its
challenges. It requires high infrastructure costs, and technical expertise,
 and poses security risks.

The “G” – or generation – of cellular technology is one of the main forces behind the ongoing change and
evolution of the telecom sector. Faster speeds, greater capacity, and new features that improve our quality
of life and connectivity come with each new iteration.

How it works :

5G technology works by using higher frequencies, smaller cell sizes, and

advanced network architecture to deliver faster and more reliable
communication.
It operates on three frequency bands: low, mid, and high. The low-band
frequency provides broad coverage but limited speed, while the high-
band frequency provides high speeds but limited coverage.
The mid-band frequency provides a balance between coverage and
speed.

Reason of adoption :

 The telecom sector needs to engage in 5G if it wants to remain

competitive. This will not only give them an advantage over their
rivals, but it will also enable them to provide the most cutting-
edge technology to their clients.
 5G is significant because it has several benefits over earlier
wireless technology versions. For starters, it has much faster
rates, allowing users to do more with their devices.
 Additionally, it has reduced latency, which means that using 5G-
capable devices will result in less lag. Since 5G uses less energy
than earlier generations, telecom firms can reduce their energy
costs.
  Overall, 5G signifies a significant advancement for the telecom
sector. It provides greater reliability, reduced latency, and faster
speeds. All of which are necessary for the upcoming creation of
new services and apps.

Pros and cons :

Pros:
 Increased speed and capacity: In comparison to earlier wireless
technology generations, 5G provides much faster speeds and
capacity. Telecom companies will be able to serve more users and
provide more dependable service as a result.
 Lower latency: The time that elapses between when a user makes
a request and when they receive a response is known as latency,
and 5G has the potential to greatly reduce this time. This might
enable real-time apps like virtual reality and gaming.
 More efficient use of spectrum: More users can be served on the
same network thanks to 5G’s improved spectrum utilization.

Cons:
 Potential health risks: According to some research,
radiofrequency radiation from things like cell phones can cause
cancer and other health issues. More research is required to fully
understand the risks because 5G technology is expected to
increase exposure levels.
 Interference with other equipment: It has been demonstrated
that weather radar and other delicate devices are affected by 5G
signals. For sectors that depend on this technology, like air
transport and emergency services, this could lead to serious
issues.
 Security concerns: In comparison to earlier generations, 5G
networks are anticipated to be significantly more complicated,
which could make them more susceptible to attacks.
Internet of Things :

The term internet of things, refers to the collective network of

connected devices and the technology that facilitates communication
between devices and the cloud, as well as between the devices
themselves.
Thanks to the advent of inexpensive computer chips and high
bandwidth telecommunication, we now have billions of devices
connected to the internet.
The internet of things integrates everyday “things” with the internet.
Computer Engineers have been adding sensors and processors to
everyday objects since the 90s. However, progress was initially low
because the chips were big and bulky.
The cost of integrating computing power into small objects has now
dropped considerably. For example, you can add connectivity with
ALEXA voice services capabilities to MCUs with less than 1 MB
embedded RAM, such as for light switches. A whole industry has sprung
up with a focus on filling our homes, businesses and offices with IOT
devices. These smart objects can automatically transmit data to and
from the internet. All these “invisible computing devices” and the
technology associated with them are collectively referred to as the
internet of things.
How it works :

A typical IoT system works through the real-time collection and

exchange of data. An IoT system has three components:

Smart devices
This is a device, like a television, security camera, or exercise
equipment that has been given computing capabilities. It collects data
from its environment, user inputs, or usage patterns and communicates
data over the internet to and from its IoT application.

IoT application
An IoT application is a collection of services and software that
integrates data received from various IoT devices. It uses machine
learning or artificial intelligence (AI) technology to analyze this data
and make informed decisions. These decisions are communicated back
to the IoT device and the IoT device then responds intelligently to
inputs.

A graphical user interface

The IoT device or fleet of devices can be managed through a graphical
user interface. Common examples include a mobile application or
website that can be used to register and control smart devices.
Pros and cons :

Pros:

 Minimize human effort: As IoT devices interact and

communicate with each other, they can automate the
tasks helping to improve the quality of a business’s services
and reducing the need for human intervention.
 Save time: By reducing the human effort, it saves a lot of our
time. Saving time is one of the primary advantages of using
the IoT platform.
 Enhanced data collection: Information is easily accessible, even
if we are far away from our actual location, and it is updated
frequently in real-time.
 Improved security: If we have an interconnected system, it can
assist in the smarter control of homes and cities through mobile
phones. It enhances security and offers personal protection.

Cons:

 Security issues: IoT systems are interconnected and

communicate over networks. So, the system offers little control
despite any security measures, and it can lead to various kinds
of network attacks.
 Privacy concern: The IoT system provides critical personal data
in full detail without the user’s active participation.
  Increased unemployment: Smart surveillance cameras, robots,
smart ironing systems, smart washing machines, and other
facilities are replacing the humans who would earlier do these
works.
 The complexity of the system: The designing, developing,
maintaining, and enabling the extensive technology to
IoT system is quite complicated.
Artificial Intelligence :

No longer limited to providing basic phone and internet service,

the telecom industry is at the epicenter of pushing the wide adoption of
cutting edge technologies, led by mobile and 5G broadband services in
the Internet of Things (IoT) era. This growth is expected to continue due
to the rapid adoption of AI in telecommunications to support networks
and customers at scale.
The telecom industry is at the forefront of technological innovation,
and artificial intelligence (AI) is playing a major role in this
transformation. AI is being used to improve network performance,
automate customer service tasks, and develop new products and
services.
One of the most important ways that AI is being used in the telecom
industry is to improve network performance. AI can be used to analyze
data from network sensors to identify potential problems before they
occur. This allows telecom providers to take proactive steps to fix
problems and prevent outages.
Here are some specific examples of how AI is being used in the telecom
industry in 2023:

 Network Optimization.
 Customer Service Automaton and Virtual Assistants.
 Predictive Maintenance.
 Robotic Process Automation (RPA) for Telecoms.
 Fraud Prevention.
 Revenue Growth.
How it works :

The telecommunication industry is gaining a huge

advantage by investing in massive data recovery from
various customer bases. Potential data is recovered from
networks, mobile applications, customer insights, profile,
technology, billing data, and services. The integration of
AI in telecom has helped the industry I self- optimizing
networks, security, and predictive measures.

The telecom industry is leveraging the potential of AI to

analyze and work out the large volume of big data. It
helps to gain competitive and useful insight to improve
business process, operations, user experience, increase
ales and revenue with new improved services and
products in the telecom industry
. Pros and cons :

Pros:
 Eliminates human error and risk: Using AI to complete tasks,
particularly repetitive ones, can prevent human error from
tainting an otherwise perfectly useful product or service.
 24/7 availability: AI programs are available at all times, AI-
powered chatbots can provide customer service even during off-
hours. This can help companies to produce more and provide a
better customer experience than humans could provide alone.
 Unbiased decision making: Humans disagree and allow their
biases to leak through in their decisions all the time. On the other
hand, provided the AI algorithm has been trained using unbiased
datasets and tested for programming bias, the program will be
able to make decisions without the influence of bias.

Cons:
 Costly implementation: The biggest and most obvious drawback
of implementing AI is that its development can be extremely
costly. Depending on what exactly you need AI to do, the cost
changes.
 Lack of emotion and creativity: The lack of creativity means AI
can’t create new solutions to problems or excel in any overly
artistic field. One scientific paper posited that at the present
stage of AI development, it can be programmed to create “novel”
ideas, but not original ones.
 Degradation: the AI itself can become outdated if not trained to
learn and regularly evaluated by human data scientists. The
model and training data used to create the AI will eventually be
old and outdated, meaning that the AI trained will also be unless
retrained or programmed to learn and improve on its own.
Cloud Computing :

Telco cloud is a term used to describe the cloud-based services and

infrastructure provided by telecommunications companies. It typically
includes a range of services such as visualized network functions,
software-defined networking, and network function visualization, all
delivered over a cloud-based platform. The aim is to enable telcos to
manage their networks, reduce costs, and deliver new services to their
customers more effectively.

Cloud-based telecommunication services form a distributed computing

network comprised of software-defined networking, network function
virtualization, and cloud-native technology. The network itself and
related computing resources are distributed across various websites
and clouds, resulting in the need for efficient automation and
orchestration processes.

Transforming traditional telecommunication infrastructure into telco

cloud requires telcos to adopt virtualization technologies and migrate
their services and infrastructure onto the cloud. This transformation
also involves the deployment of software-defined networking and
network function virtualization techniques to enable the telco cloud’s
core functionalities. These technologies allow telcos to offer scalable,
agile, and flexible services to their customers while reducing their
capital and operational costs.

Telco cloud is mostly focused on creating a common virtualized

infrastructure to enable the management of various network functions
required to deliver communication services. With telco cloud, these
functions get disaggregated from the hardware and are operated from
a horizontal platform as cloud-native or virtual network functions.
These functions usually execute a specific network operation, such as
enabling a firewall or managing load balancing.
How it works :

Cloud computing works by having companies host or maintain massive

data centers that provide the security, storage capacity and computing
power to support cloud infrastructure. Clients pay for the right to use
their clouds along with an ecosystem to communicate between devices
and programs.

These hosting companies can sell the right to use their clouds and store
data in their networks, while also offering the end user an ecosystem
that can communicate between devices and programs (for example,
download a song on your laptop and its instantly synced to the music
app on your iphone).
Pros and cons :

Pros:

 Easy implementation: Cloud hosting allows business to retain

the same applications and business processes without having to
deal with the backend technicalities.
 Accessibility: Access your data anywhere, anytime. An internet
cloud infrastructure maximizes enterprise productivity and
efficiency by ensuring your application is always accessible.
 Flexibility for growth: The cloud is easily scalable so
companies can add or subtract resources based on their needs.
As companies grow, their system will grow with them.

Cons:

 No longer in control: When moving services to the cloud, you

are handing over your data and information. For companies
who have an in-house IT staff, they will be unable to handle
issues on their own.
 No redundancy: A cloud server is not redundant nor is it
backed up. As technology may fail here and there, avoid getting
burned by purchasing a redundancy plan. Although it is an extra
cost, in most cases it will be well worth it.
 Bandwidth issues: For ideal performance, clients have to plan
accordingly and not pack large amounts of servers and
storage devices into a small set of data centers.
 VARIOUS COMPANIES IN THE INDUSTRY
Bharat Nigam Sanchar Limited (BSNL) :-

Introduction :

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (d/b/a BSNL) is a central public sector

undertaking headquartered in New Delhi, India. It is under
the ownership of the Department of Telecommunications, Ministry of
Communications, Government of India. It was incorporated on 1
October 2000 by the Government of India. Its top official is designated
as Chairman and Managing Director who is a central government civil
servant of the Indian Communication Finance Service cadre or a central
government engineer of the Indian Telecommunications Service cadre.
It provides mobile voice and internet services through its
nationwide telecommunications network across India. It is the
largest government-owned-wireless telecommunications service
provider in India.
Current position of the company :

BSNL is the fourth largest ISP in india, with having presence throughtout
the country. It also has the largest fibre-based telecom network in the
country, around 7.5 lakh kms, among the four operators in the country.

History of the company :

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited is India's government enterprise and its

history can be traced back to the British India. The foundation of
telecom network in India was laid by the British sometime during the
19th century. During the British era, the first telegraph line was
established between Calcutta and Diamond Harbour in 1850. The
British East India Company started using the telegraph in 1851 and until
1854 telegraph lines were laid across the country. In 1854, the
telegraph service was opened to the public and the first telegram was
sent from Mumbai to Pune. In 1885, the Indian Telegraph Act was
passed by the British Imperial Legislative Council. After the bifurcation
of Post and Telegraph department in the 1980s, the creation
of Department of Telecom eventually led to the emergence of
the government owned telegraph and telephone enterprise which led
to the foundation of BSNL.
For 160 years, BSNL had operated the public telegram service. In 2010
the telex network between its 182 offices was replaced with the "Web
Based Telegram Messaging System" which relied on internet
connections rather than telex lines (which are more reliable where
power outages are more common). This led to a decline in service, and
the company applied the title "diminished service" to telegrams in
2010. Finally on 15 July 2013 the public telegram service was shut
down completely.
Products and services :

Telephone and Mobile

BSNL provides both fixed line telephones and mobile telephony services
on GSM platform.
BSNL Mobile
BSNL Mobile is a major provider of GSM network under brand
name CellOne and BSNL all over India. It has wide network coverage in
both urban and rural areas of India. It has over 121.82 million
customers across India.
BSNL Mobile offers prepaid, postpaid services and value-added services
such as Free Phone Service (FPH), India Telephone Card (Prepaid card),
Account Card Calling (ACC), Virtual Private Network (VPN), Tele-voting,
Premium Rate Service (PRM). It also offers the IPTV which enables
customers to watch television through the Internet and Voice and
Video Over Internet Protocol (VVoIP).
BSNL Landline
BSNL Landline was launched in early 1990s. It was the only fixed-line
telephone serving for whole country before the New Telecom Policy
was announced by the Department of Telecom in 1999. Only the
Government-owned BSNL and MTNL were allowed to provide land-line
phone services through copper wire in the country. BSNL Landline is
the largest fixed-line telephony in India. It has over 9.55 million
customers and 47.20% market share in the country as of 28 February
2021.
Internet
BSNL is the fourth largest ISP in India, with having presence throughout
the country. It also has the largest fibre-based telecom network in the
country, around 7.5 lakh kilometers, among the four operators in the
country.
BSNL Broadband
BSNL Broadband provides telecom services to enterprise customers
including MPLS, P2P and Internet leased lines. It provides fixed-line
services and landline using CDMA technology and its own extensive
optical fiber network. BSNL provides Internet access services through
dial-up connections as prepaid, NetOne as postpaid,
and DataOne as BSNL Broadband.
BSNL Bharat Fiber
BSNL Bharat Fiber (FTTH) was launched in February 2019. It offers TV
over IP (IPTV), Video On-Demand (VoD), Voice over Internet
Protocol (VoIP), Audio On-Demand (AoD), Bandwidth On-
Demand (BoD), remote education, video conferencing services,
interactive gaming, Virtual Private LAN services. BSNL said that, its huge
optic fiber network provides fixed access to deliver high-speed Internet
up to 300 Mbit/s.
Bharat Net
With effect to Govt. of India's policy decision to provide state-owned
BSNL with another revival package worth 1.64 lakh crore rupees, the
struggling PSU was merged with Government's special purpose
vehicle BBNL. This gave the struggling PSU a boost and an additional
advantage of additional 5.67 lakh kilometre of optical fibre which has
been laid across 1.85 lakh village panchayats in the country using the
Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF). Currently, it has an optical
fibre cable network of over 6.83 lakh kilometre.
BSNL 4G
BSNL started 4G service in some parts of India since January 2019 such
as Bihar, Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh, but is limited to a few cities or
towns. Most of 4G services are currently available in Southern India.
However, BSNL is trying to launch pan India 4G services up to
September 2022. The telecom minister said that BSNL will launch its 4G
services all over India on 75th Independence day of India along with
various other projects.
BSNL 5G
On behalf of the Govt. of India, the hon'ble Minister of
Communications Ashwini Vaishnaw announced that the State-Owned
Telco would start its 5G operations by 15 August 2023. He also added
that the 4G and 5G network of the state-owned BSNL would be a
completely home-grown indigenous 4G and 5G network technology;
thus, emphasising more on Govt. of India's Atmanirbhar Bharat.
IP services
BSNL Wing Services
On 16 August 2018, BSNL has launched "BSNL Wings Services" in 22
telecom circles in which, there is no need of SIM card or cable wiring as
is a VoIP service through an app. It offers unlimited free calling for one
year throughout India.

Market share :

The market share in BSNL in wireline subscriber base across India in

june 2022 amounted to approximately 28 percent. There as been a
continuous decline in the company’s wireline subscriber base market
share.
Bharati Airtel Limited (AIRTEL) :-

Introduction:

Bharti Airtel Limited, commonly known as Airtel, is an

Indian multinational telecommunications services company based
in New Delhi. It operates in 18 countries across South Asia and Africa,
as well as the Channel Islands. Currently, Airtel provides 4G and LTE
Advanced services all over India and 5G service in selected cities.
Currently offered services include fixed-line broadband, and voice
services depending upon the country of operation. Airtel had also rolled
out its Voice over LTE (VoLTE) technology across all Indian telecom
circles. It is the second largest mobile network operator in India and
the second largest mobile network operator in the world. Airtel was
named India's 2nd most valuable brand in the first ever Brandz ranking
by Millward Brown and WPP plc.
Airtel is credited with pioneering the strategic management of
outsourcing all of its business operations except marketing, sales and
finance and building the 'minutes factory' model of low cost and high
volumes. The strategy has since been adopted by several
operators. Airtel's equipment is provided and maintained
by Ericsson, Huawei, and Nokia Networks whereas IT support is
provided by Amdocs. The transmission towers are maintained by
subsidiaries and joint venture companies of Bharti including Bharti
Infratel and Indus Towers in India. Ericsson agreed for the first time to
be paid by the minute for installation and maintenance of their
equipment rather than being paid upfront, which allowed Airtel to
provide low call rates of ₹1 (1.3¢ US)/minute.
History of the company :

In 1984, Sunil Mittal started assembling push-button phones in India,

[11]
which he earlier used to import from a Singaporean company,
Singtel, replacing the old-fashioned, bulky rotary phones that were in
use in the country then. Bharti Telecom Limited (BTL) was
incorporated
and entered into a technical tie-up with Siemens AG of Germany for the
manufacture of electronic push-button phones. By the early 1990s,
Bharti was making fax machines, cordless phones and other telecom
gear.[12] He named his first push-button phone as 'Mitbrau'.
In 1992, he successfully bid for one of the four mobile phone network
licenses auctioned in India.[12] One of the conditions for the Delhi
cellular licenses was that the bidder have some experience as a telecom
operator. So, Mittal clinched a deal with the French telecom
group Vivendi. He was one of the first Indian entrepreneurs to identify
the mobile telecom business as a major growth area. His plans were
finally approved by the Government in 1994[11] and he launched
services in Delhi in 1995, when Bharti Cellular Limited (BCL) was formed
to offer cellular services under the brand name AirTel. Within a few
years, Bharti became the first telecom company to cross the 2 million
mobile subscriber mark. Bharti also brought down the STD/ISD cellular
rates in India under the brand name 'India one'.[11]
In 1999, Bharti Enterprises acquired control of JT Holdings, and
extended cellular operations to Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. In
2000, Bharti acquired control of Skycell Communications, in Chennai. In
2001, the company acquired control of Spice Cell in Kolkata. Bharti
Enterprises went public in 2002, and the company was listed
on Bombay Stock Exchange and National Stock Exchange of India. In
2003, the cellular phone operations were re-branded under the single
Airtel brand. In 2004, Bharti acquired control of Hexacom and entered
Rajasthan. In 2005, Bharti extended its network to Andaman and
Nicobar. This expansion allowed it to offer voice services all across
India.
Airtel launched "Hello Tunes", a caller ring back tone service (Ringing
Tone), in July 2004 becoming the first operator in India to do so. The
Airtel theme song, composed by A.R. Rahman, was the most popular
tune in that year.[13]
In May 2008, it emerged that Airtel was exploring the possibility of
buying the MTN Group, a South Africa-based telecommunications
company with coverage in 21 countries in Africa and the Middle
East. Financial Times reported that Bharti was considering
offering US$45 billion for a 100% stake in MTN, which would be the
largest overseas acquisition ever by an Indian firm. However, both sides
emphasize the tentative nature of the talks, while The
Economist magazine noted, "If anything, Bharti would be marrying up,"
as MTN has more subscribers, higher revenues and broader geographic
coverage.[14] However, the talks fell apart as MTN Group tried to
reverse the negotiations by making Bharti almost a subsidiary of the
new company.[15] In May 2009, Bharti Airtel again confirmed that it was
in talks with MTN and the companies agreed to discuss the potential
transaction exclusively by 31 July 2009. Talks eventually ended without
agreement, some sources stating that this was due to opposition from
the South African government.[16]
In 2009, Bharti negotiated for its strategic partner Alcatel-Lucent to
manage the network infrastructure for the fixed-line business. Later,
Bharti Airtel awarded the three-year contract to Alcatel-Lucent for
setting up an Internet Protocol access network across the country. This
would help consumers access internet at faster-speed and high-quality
internet browsing on mobile handsets.[17]
In 2009, Airtel launched its first international mobile network in Sri
Lanka.[18] In June 2010, Bharti acquired the African business of Zain
Telecom for $10.7 billion making it the largest ever acquisition by
an
Indian telecom firm.[19] In 2012, Bharti tied up with Walmart, the US
retail giant, to start a number of retail stores across India.[20] In 2014,
Bharti planned to acquire Loop Mobile for ₹7 billion (US$88 million),
but the deal was called off later.[21]
On 18 November 2010, Airtel rebranded itself in India in the first phase
of a global rebranding strategy. The company unveiled a new logo with
'airtel' written in lower case. Designed by London-based brand
agency, Superunion, the new logo is the letter 'a' in lowercase, with
'airtel' written in lowercase under the logo.[22] On 23 November 2010,
Airtel's Africa operations were rebranded to 'airtel'. Sri Lanka followed
on 28 November 2010 and on 20 December 2010, Warid Telecom
rebranded to 'airtel' in Bangladesh.

Current position of the company :

Airtel india commonly known as airtel, is the second largest provider of

mobile telephony and third largest provider of fixed telephony in india,
and is also a provider of broadband and subscription television
services.
Products and services :

Postpaid

Mobile services is one which the user has to provide the payment after
its use every month. Airtel offer exciting plans to our customers so that
they can be benefitted to the most. It recommend this service for
people with a secured income because they will not face any problems
while paying the bills.

Prepaid

A prepaid is a mobile phone service for which credit is purchased in

advance of service use. The purchased credit is used to pay for mobile
phone services at the point the service is accessed or consumed. If
there is no available credit, then access to the requested service is
denied by the mobile phone network. Users are able to top up their
credit at any time using a variety of payment mechanisms.
Broadband

Broadband is a medium using which you can connect your computer

system to the internet. Airtel is a leading internet service provider in
our country whose data speed of the internet is highest among all its
competitors. It offer a variety of broadband plans so that you cn choose
the best one based upon your budget and needs.

Digital TV

Digital TV is the transmission of audio and video by digitally processed

and multiplexed signal, in contrast to the totally analog and channel
separated signals used by analog television. It is an innovative service
that represents a significant evolution in television technology.

Data card

A data card, is a type of modem that allows a laptop, a personl

computer or a router to receive internet access via a mobile broadband
connection instead of using telephone or cable television lines. A
mobile internet user can connect using a wireless modem to a wireless
Internet Service Provider (ISP) to get internet access.

Market Share :

The number of subscribers of the telecommunications company Bharti

Airtel was approximately 491 million in 2022. Out of this, 326 million
subscribers were from India. The company operates across Asia and
Africa in over 18 countries.
Vodafone-Idea (VI) :-

Introduction:
vi (pronounced as distinct letters,) is a screen-oriented text
editor originally created for the Unix operating system. The portable
subset of the behavior of vi and programs based on it, and the ex editor
language supported within these programs, is described by (and thus
standardized by) the Single Unix Specification and POSIX.
The original code for vi was written by Bill Joy in 1976, as the
visual mode for a line editor called ex that Joy had written with Chuck
Haley. Bill Joy's ex 1.1 was released as part of the first Berkeley
Software Distribution (BSD) Unix release in March 1978. It was not until
version 2.0 of ex, released as part of Second BSD in May 1979 that the
editor was installed under the name "vi" (which took users straight into
ex's visual mode), and the name by which it is known today. Some
current implementations of vi can trace their source code ancestry to
Bill Joy; others are completely new, largely compatible
reimplementations.
The name "vi" is derived from the shortest unambiguous abbreviation
for the ex command visual, which switches the ex line editor to its full-
screen mode. The name is pronounced (the English letters v and i).
In addition to various non–free software variants of vi distributed with
proprietary implementations of Unix, vi was opensourced
with OpenSolaris, and several free and open source software vi clones
exist. A 2009 survey of Linux Journal readers found that vi was the most
widely used text editor among respondents, beating gedit, the second
most widely used editor, by nearly a factor of two (36% to 19%).
History of the company :

vi was derived from a sequence of UNIX command line editors, starting

with ed, which was a line editor designed to work well on teleprinters,
rather than display terminals. Within AT&T Corporation, where ed
originated, people seemed to be happy with an editor as basic and
unfriendly as ed, George Coulouris recalls:
Coulouris considered the cryptic commands of ed to be only suitable for
"immortals", and thus in February 1976, he enhanced ed (using Ken
Thompson's ed source as a starting point) to make em (the "editor for
mortals") while acting as a lecturer at Queen Mary College.
Inspired by em, and by their own tweaks to ed, Bill Joy and Chuck
Haley, both graduate students at UC Berkeley, took code from em to
make en, and then "extended" en to create ex version 0.1. After Haley's
departure, Bruce Englar encouraged Joy to redesign the editor, which
he did June through October 1977 adding a full-screen visual mode to
ex—which came to be vi.
vi and ex share their code; vi is the ex binary launching with the
capability to render the text being edited onto a computer terminal—it
is ex's visual mode. The name vi comes from the abbreviated ex
command ( v ) to enter the visual mode from within it. The longform
command to do the same was visua , and the name vi is explained as a
contraction of visual in later literature. v is also the shell command to
launch ex/vi in the visual mode directly, from within a shell.
Distribution
Joy was responsible for creating the first BSD Unix release in March,
1978, and included ex 1.1 (dated 1 February 1978) in the distribution,
thereby exposing his editor to an audience beyond UC Berkeley. From
that release of BSD Unix onwards, the only editors that came with the
Unix system were ed and ex. In a 1984 interview, Joy attributed much
of the success of vi to the fact that it was bundled for free, whereas
other editors, such as Emacs, could cost hundreds of dollars.
Eventually it was observed that most ex users were spending all their
time in visual mode,[citation needed] and thus in ex 2.0 (released as part of
Second Berkeley Software Distribution in May, 1979), Joy created vi as
a hard link to ex, such that when invoked as vi, ex would automatically
start up in its visual mode. Thus, vi is not the evolution of ex, vi is ex.
Joy continued to be lead developer for vi until version 2.7 in June
1979, and made occasional contributions to vi's development until at
least version 3.5 in August 1980. In discussing the origins of vi and
why he discontinued development, Joy said:
Ports and clones
Up to version 3.7 of vi, created in October 1981, UC Berkeley was the
development home for vi, but with Bill Joy's departure in early 1982 to
join Sun Microsystems, and AT&T's UNIX System V (January 1983)
adopting vi, changes to the vi codebase happened more slowly and in a
more dispersed and mutually incompatible way. At UC Berkeley,
changes were made but the version number was never updated beyond
3.7. Commercial Unix vendors, such as Sun, HP, DEC, and IBM each
received copies of the vi source, and their operating
systems, Solaris, HP-UX, Tru64 UNIX, and AIX, today continue to
maintain versions of vi directly descended from the 3.7 release, but
with added features, such as adjustable key mappings, encryption, and
wide character support.
Impact
Over the years since its creation, vi became the de
facto standard Unix editor and a hacker favorite outside of MIT until
the rise of Emacs after about 1984. The Single UNIX
Specification specifies vi, so every conforming system must have it.
vi is still widely used by users of the Unix family of operating systems.
About half the respondents in a 1991 USENET poll preferred vi. In
1999, Tim O'Reilly, founder of the eponymous computer book
publishing company, stated that his company sold more copies of its vi
book than its emacs book.

Current position of the company :

Vodafone Idea (Vi), the third largest telco in india, is in better position
as it has received the option to defer addition AGR (Adjust Gross
Revenue) dues worth Rs. 8,837 crore.

Products and services :

2G Technology

2G is a short notation for second generation cellular network. With

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), 2G offers a theoretical maximum
transfer speed of 40 kbit/s (5 kb/s).

3G Technology

3G is the third generation of wireless mobile telecommunications

technology. It is upgraded over 2G, 2.5G, GPRS and 2.75G Enhanced
Data Rates of GSM Evolution networks, offering faster data transfer and
better voice quality.

4G Technology

4G is the fourth generation of broadband cellular network technology,

succeeding 3G and preceding 5G.

LTE Advanced (LTE+ or LTE-A)

it is a mobile communication standard and a major
enhancement of the Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard.
It was formally submitted as a candidate 4G to ITU-T in
late 2009 as meeting the requirements of the IMT-
Advanced standard and was standardized by the 3rd
Genereation Partnership Project (3GPP) in March 2011 as
3GPP Release 10.
VoWiFi
Voice over WiFi (VoWiFi) is the use of a wireless
broadband network according to the IEEE 802.11
standards for the purpose of vocal conversation.
Market Share :

In September 2022, the market share of Vodafone Idea Limited in

wireless subscriber base across India amounted to approximately 22
percent. A linear fall in the market share of the service provider has
been seen over the past few years.
Reliance Jio Infocomm Limited (JIO) :-

Introduction :

Reliance Jio Infocomm Limited, doing business as Jio, is an

Indian telecommunications company and a subsidiary of Jio Platforms,
headquartered in Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. It operates a
national LTE network with coverage across all 22 telecom circles. Jio
offers 4G and 4G+ services all over India and 5G service in many cities.
Its 6G service is in the works.
Jio soft launched on 27 December 2015 with a beta for partners and
employees, and became publicly available on 5 September 2016. It is
the largest mobile network operator in India and the third largest
mobile network operator in the world with over 42.62 crore (426.2
million) subscribers.
In September 2019, Jio launched a fiber to the home service, offering
home broadband, television, and telephone services. As of
September 2020, Reliance Industries has raised ₹1.65 lakh
crore (US$21 billion) by selling nearly 33% equity stake in Jio Platforms.
History of the company :
The company was registered in Ambawadi, Ahmedabad, Gujarat on 15
February 2007 as Infotel Broadband Services Limited (IBSL). In June
2010, Reliance Industries (RIL) bought a 95% stake in IBSL for ₹4,800
crore (equivalent to ₹91 billion or US$1.1 billion in 2020). Although
unlisted, IBSL was the only company that won broadband spectrum in
all 22 circles in India in the 4G auction that took place earlier that
year. Later continuing as RIL's telecom subsidiary, Infotel Broadband
Services Limited was renamed as Reliance Jio Infocomm Limited (RJIL)
in January 2013.
In June 2015, Jio announced that it would start its operations
throughout the country by the end of 2015. However, four months later
in October, the company postponed the launch to the first quarter of
the financial year 2016–2017.
Later, in July 2015, a PIL filed in the Supreme Court by an NGO called
the Centre for Public Interest Litigation, through Prashant Bhushan,
challenged the grant of a pan-India license to Jio by the Government of
India. The PIL also alleged that the firm was being allowed to provide
voice telephony along with its 4G data service, by paying an additional
fee of just ₹165.8 crore (US$21 million) which was arbitrary and
unreasonable, and contributed to a loss of ₹2,284.2
crore (US$290 million) to the exchequer. The Indian Department of
Telecommunications (DoT), however, explained that the rules for 3G
and BWA spectrum didn't restrict BWA winners from providing voice
telephony. As a result, the PIL was revoked, and the accusations were
dismissed.
The 4G services were launched internally on 27 December 2015. The
company commercially launched its 4G services on 5 September
2016, offering free data and voice services until 31 December, which
was later extended until 31 March 2017. Within the first month, Jio
announced that it had acquired 1.6 crore (16 million) subscribers and
has crossed 5 crore (50 million) subscriber mark in 83 days since its
launch, subsequently crossing 100 million subscribers on 22 February
2017. By October 2017, it had about 13 crore (130 million) subscribers.
On 5 October 2022, it has launched 5G services
to Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai. As of March 2023, Jio 5G
service was available in 365 cities across India. As of April 2023, 5G
service was available across 2,500+ cities in India.
Current position of the company :

jio is the second strongest telecoms brand having a

brand strength index score of 90/100 and earning an
elite AAA+ rating. It increased its brand value upto 6
percent to $5.4 billion, a two- point rise from last year.
The brand focused on rolling out of 5G in india, and is now
extending coverage to 257 cities in the country and
looking to further increase this at a rapid rate.

Products and services :

Mobile broadband
The company launched its 4G broadband services throughout India in
September 2016.] It was slated to release in December 2015 after some
reports said that the company was waiting to receive final permits from
the government. Jio offers fourth-generation (4G) data and voice
services, along with peripheral services like instant messaging and
streaming movies and music. On 5 October 2022, it launched 5G
serviceto Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Varanasi, Siliguri, Bangalore,
Hyderabad and Nagpur.
JioFiber
In August 2018, Jio began to test a new triple play fiber to the
home service known tentatively as Jio GigaFiber, including broadband
internet with speeds ranging from 100 to 1000 Mbit/s, as well as
television and landline telephone services.
In August 2019, it was announced that the service would officially
launch on 5 September 2019 as JioFiber, in honour of the company's
third anniversary. Jio also announced plans to offer streaming of films
still in theatres ("First Day First Show") to eligible JioFiber subscribers.
In the year 2015, the company has a network of more than 250,000 km
(160,000 mi) of fiber optic cables in the country, over which it will be
partnering with local cable operators to get broader connectivity for its
broadband services.
JioBusiness
In March 2021, the company has launched connectivity solutions for
businesses bundled with services provided by Jio Platforms, Reliance
Retail and Office 365.
Jio Branded Devices
LYF smartphones
Main article: LYFIn June 2015, Jio entered into an agreement with
domestic handset maker Intex to supply 4G handsets capable of voice
over LTE (VoLTE). However, in October 2015, Jio announced that it
would be launching its own mobile handset brand named LYF.

On 25 January 2016, the company launched its LYF smartphone series

starting with Water 1, through its chain of electronic retail
outlets, Reliance Retail. Three more handset models have been
released so far, namely Water 2, Earth 1, and Flame 1.
JioPhone is a line of feature phones marketed by Jio. The first model,
released in August 2017 (with public pre-orders beginning 24 August
2017), was positioned as an "affordable" LTE-compatible feature
phone. It runs on the KaiOS platform (derived from the defunct Firefox
OS), and includes a 2.4-inch display, a dual-core processor, 4 GB of
internal storage, near-field communication support, a suite of Jio-
branded apps (including the voice assistant HelloJio), and a Jio-
branded application store. It also supports a "TV cable" accessory for
output to an external display.
Jionet Wi-Fi
Prior to its pan-India launch of 4G data and telephony services, the firm
has started providing free Wi-Fi hotspot services in cities throughout
India including Surat, Ahmedabad in Gujarat,
and Visakhapatnam in AndhraPradesh, Indore, Jabalpur, Dewas and Ujj
ain in Madhya Pradesh, select
locationsof Mumbai in Maharashtra, Kolkata in West
Bengal, Lucknow in UttarPradesh, Bhubaneswar in Odisha, Mussoorie in
Uttarakhand, Collectorate's Office in Meerut, and at MG Road
in Vijayawada among others.
In March 2016, Jio started providing free Wi-Fi internet to spectators at
six cricket stadiums hosting the 2016 ICC World Twenty20 matches.
JioPhone Next
On 24 June 2021, Mukesh Ambani announced the launch of JioPhone
Next. It is a fully-featured Android smartphone co-developed
with Google as part of its long-term partnership. The budget
smartphone was launched in India on 4 November 2021.
The Jio Phone Next will be run by the indigenously built Pragati OS
based on Android Go operating system. This phone is classified as an
entry-level phone and is aimed at replacing feature phones and
providing basic smartphone services efficiently at low specifications.

Market Share :

Overall wireless tele-density in the country fell to 82.34%

in April 2023 from 82.46% at the end of March. Jio
continued to bolster its grip in the combined wireline and
wireless broadband market with a market share of
51.93%.
 EFFECT OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY OVER
THE INDUSTRY
In today’s rapidly changing world, technology has had a remarkable
impact on telecommunications. From the invention of the telephone to
the emergence of the internet, technological advances have
revolutionized the way people communicate.

The telecom industry is constantly adapting to the latest

technologies. With advances in technology, telecom companies must
stay on top of the game.

The effect or impact of technologies as mentioned above are as follows:

1. 5G Technology- The impact of 5G technology on the telecom

industry is significant. It is expected to increase the capacity
and efficiency of mobile networks, enables massive machine
type communications and provide a better user experience.

2. Internet of Things (IOT)- Modern Internet of Things solutions

allow telecom industry to use Wide Area Networks (WAN) that
establish energy efficient communication between machines,
consuming many times less energy. These low power global radio
networks in IOT devices allow the telecom business to generate
an additional source of revenue.

3. Artificial Intelligence (AI)- AI can help telecom businesses gain a

competitive edge by improving their operations and customer
experience. It is impacting the industry by improving the
network
 performance, streamlining operations and, enhancing customer
experience and satisfaction.
4. Cloud Computing - Cloud Computing has had a dramatic effect on
the telecom industry. It has helped to reduce operational and
administrative expenses while enabling unified communication
and collaboration through extensive content delivery networks.

5. 6G Technology (TBA)- 6G networks will be able to use higher

frequencies than 5G networks, resulting in significantly higher
capacity and lower latency. One of the main goals of 6G is to
provide internet that supports communications with a latency
of just one microsecond, which is 1000 times faster than one
millisecond throughput.
 EFFECT OF LATEST TECHNOLOGY OVER
THE COMPANIES

Bharat Nigam Sanchar Limited (BSNL) :-

1. 5G Technology – According to the Centre for Development of

Telematics (C-DOT), BSNL is making progress in the 5G core
network that will be ready by the end of August and by
December field test will be completed.
2. Internet of Things (IOT)- Aeris communications will leverage
BSNL’s wide network coverage to provide a comprehensive end to
end IOT services platform for enterprises.
3. Artificial Intelligence (AI)- It is used to optimize network, identify
and resolve issues in real time and improve overall network
performance.
4. Cloud Computing - BSNL and Dimension Data, an IT solution
provider has launched their joint enterprise cloud
computing services in india.
5. 6G Technology (TBA)- BSNL will work on 6G network 50 times
faster than 5G.

Bharti Airtel Limited (AIRTEL) :-

1. 5G Technology – With the 5G network, movie or video streaming

will take just a few seconds. With airtel 5G plus network, user
can experience data speed up to 30 times faster than 4G.
2. Internet of Things (IOT)- It offers tangible benefits in terms of
improving productivity and efficiency.
 3. Artificial Intelligence (AI)- It creates an anti spam filter, and at its
peak, it succeeded in detecting and blocking two million messages
a day.
4. Cloud Computing - Bharti Airtel will deploy its multi access edge
compute platform across India to support edge computing
applications in manufacturing and other industries, as India
gears up for 5G.
5. 6G Technology (TBA)- The development process of local 6G
development will help in P or intellectual property creation for
the Indian telecom ecosystem.

Vodafone-Idea (VI) :-

1. 5G Technology – VI has not announced its 5G launch timeline.

2. Internet of Things (IOT)- VI has initiated its integrated IOT
solutions to compete against Bharti Airtel and Reliance jio on this
front.
3. Artificial Intelligence (AI)- VI’s AI powered recommendation
engine analyzes customer data and provides personalized
product recommendations based on their preferences and
behaviours. When company introduced its TOBi, chatbot,
customer satisfaction improved by 68%.
4. Cloud Computing - VI cloud solutions provides you to get access
to industry leading applications across business email,
productivity, security and more.
5. 6G Technology (TBA)- VI said getting into the journey of 6G is
absolutely the right time. India has the brain power which
contributes to the R&D.
Reliance Jio Infocomm Limited (JIO) :-

1. 5G Technology – 5G has the advantages of high bandwidth and

low latency. It is said to underpin several new use cases in the
consumer segment such as cloud gaming, enhanced mobile
broadband, fixed wireless access, augmented reality, and virtual
reality among others.
2. Internet of Things (IOT)- It comprises of deriving intelligence from
processing huge data into actionable in-sights.
3. Artificial Intelligence (AI)- JIO’s Artificial Intelligence powered by
Microsoft Azure has a vast portfolio of AI services designed for
developers and data scientists to help, buid, and deploy in-house
AI solutios.
4. Cloud Computing - Jio Cloud Compute powered by Microsoft
Azure is a simple, scalable, secure and cost effective solution that
enables access to Virtual Machines, App Services and other
virtualizations to build and deploy applications.
5. 6G Technology (TBA)- Jio have been constantly working to
expand their telecom network across the nation.
 BENEFIT FROM THE TECHNOLOGY
1. 5G Technology – Emerging 5G network feature lower latency,
higher capacity, and increased bandwidth compared to 4G.
2. Internet of Things (IOT) - It reduced cost, improved operatonal
efficiency, improve end customer experience.
3. Artificial Intelligence (AI)- It shows effectiveness, performance
boosting, energy and sustainability, trustworthyness ad security,
and new business opportunity.
4. Cloud Computing - It shows convenient scalability, strong
network security, standby infrastructure, new service
opportunities, reduced oprating costs, and network automation.
5. 6G Technology (TBA)- It will show faster data transfer rates, lower
latency, increased connectivity, improved connectivity, improved
reliability, and enhanced energy efficiency.
 YOUR VIEW ABOUT THE LATEST
TECHNOLOGY ADOPTED

1. 5G Technology - 5G technology is expected to be the one of the

gretest contributors to digital transformation. 5G enables a
network that is created to connect everyone and everything
virtually together including machines, objects an d devices.
2. Internet of Things (IOT) - IOT is a new paradigm that has changed
the traditional way of living into a high tech life style. Smart city,
smart homes, pollution control, energy saving, smart
transportation, smart industries are such transformations due to
IOT.
3. Artificial Intelligence (AI)- AI has the potential to improve various
aspects of the telecommunication industry. The use of AI in
customer service can greatly improve the customer experienced
by automating routine tasks and freeing up human
representatives to handle more complex inquiries.
4. Cloud Computing - The sector is moving towards a virtual
network, and the transition to the cloud among communication
service providers is also significant. Cloud Computing technologies
in telecom industry should give rise to more chatbots and visual
assistants.
5. 6G Technology (TBA)- We can expect 6G networks to use higher
frequencies than 5G networks and provide substantially higher
capacity and much lower latency. Current projections call for 6G
to hit a maximum speed of one terabit per second (Tbps), which is
100-times faster than 5G.
 IS THERE ANY CHANCE FOR FURTHER
IMPROVEMENT

1. 5G Technology – The possibilities with 5G are vast and varied,

from enabling new applications and services to transforming
industries and improving the way we live and work. 5G has the
potential to drive significant technological and economic growth
in the years to come.
2. Internet of Things (IOT) - The prospects for implementing and
developing IoT technologies in the telecom industry are
promising. Of course, telecom operators, developers and end
users need time to accumulate experience and build up expertise
in this segment.
3. Artificial Intelligence (AI)- In a recent study, it was observed that
the global AI in telecom industry is estimated to be $1.2 billion in
2021 and is projected to increase to $14.99 billion by 2027. This
indicates AI solutions in various telecom operations are likely
drive market growth and provide effective network management
solutions.
4. Cloud Computing - The use of cloud computing is becoming more
prevalent in the telecommunications industry. This technology
can help companies improve their operational efficiency and
generate new revenue streams.
5. 6G Technology (TBA)- 6G is currently in its research and
development phase, with many aspects still to be
defined, implemented and legalized.
 LIMITATIONS OF TECHNOLOGY
ADOPTED
1. 5G Technology – Proximity, spectrum and bandwidth, rural
and remote locations, and security.
2. Internet of Things (IOT) - Security risks, complexity, compatibility
issues, and data overload.
3. Artificial Intelligence (AI)- High costs, no creativity,
unemployment, make humans lazy, no ethics, emotionless, and
no improvement.
4. Cloud Computing - Downtime, security and privacy, vulnerability
to attacks, limited control and flexibility, vendor lock-in, and cost
concerns.
5. 6G Technology (TBA)- The increased speeds and reliability of
6g networks will require more energy, which could lead to
higher energy costs for users. Additionally, the costs associated
with building and maintaining 6G networks could be
prohibitively expensive for some countries and regions.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
The content for this project report has been taken from the
following sources:-

 Wikipedia.org
 www.bsnl.co
 www.airtel.in
 www.myvi.in
 www.jio.com
 www.google.com