Q1: Enlist basic principles of life.

The basic principles of life include:

1. Cell Theory – All living organisms are composed of cells.

2. Genetic Continuity – DNA and RNA are the hereditary materials.
3. Metabolism – Organisms carry out biochemical reactions to sustain life.
4. Homeostasis – Organisms maintain a stable internal environment.
5. Growth and Development – Organisms grow and change over time.
6. Reproduction – Living beings produce offspring for species continuity.
7. Response to Stimuli – Organisms respond to environmental changes.
8. Evolution and Adaptation – Species evolve over generations to adapt to their
environment.

Q2: How does loss of biodiversity affect the ecosystem?

Loss of biodiversity affects the ecosystem in several ways:

 Disruption of Food Chains – The extinction of one species affects others in the food
web.
 Loss of Ecosystem Services – Reduced pollination, water purification, and climate
regulation.
 Decreased Genetic Variation – Makes species more vulnerable to diseases and
environmental changes.
 Economic Loss – Impacts agriculture, fisheries, and medicinal resources.
 Imbalance in Ecosystem – Leads to increased pest populations and loss of natural
predators.

Q3: Write a note on Herbarium.

A Herbarium is a collection of preserved plant specimens used for scientific study.

 Specimens are dried, pressed, and mounted on sheets.

 Each sheet contains information such as the plant’s scientific name, collection location,
date, and habitat.
 Used for taxonomy, biodiversity conservation, and research.
 Important herbaria include Kew Herbarium (UK) and Central National Herbarium
(India).

Q4: Explain different tools used for maintaining biodiversity records.

1. Herbarium – Collection of dried and preserved plant specimens.

2. Museum – Preserves animal specimens, skeletons, and fossils.
3. Zoological Parks – Captive breeding centers for conserving endangered species.
4. Botanical Gardens – Maintain and study various plant species.
5. Digital Databases (e.g., GBIF, IUCN Red List) – Store biodiversity records globally.
Q5: Write the functions of key, monograph, catalogue, and label.

 Key – Used for the identification of plants and animals based on similarities and
differences.
 Monograph – A detailed study of a particular taxon (species, genus, or family).
 Catalogue – A systematic list of species with brief descriptions.
 Label – Provides essential information about a preserved specimen in herbaria or
museums.

Q1: Give the name of fungi-like protists.

Fungi-like protists are called Slime Molds. They include:

 Acellular Slime Molds (e.g., Physarum)

 Cellular Slime Molds (e.g., Dictyostelium)

Q2: Why are Archaebacteria called extremophiles?

Archaebacteria are called extremophiles because they survive in extreme environmental

conditions:

 Thermophiles – Live in high temperatures (e.g., Thermococcus).

 Halophiles – Survive in high salt concentrations (e.g., Halobacterium).
 Methanogens – Found in anaerobic environments like cow intestines (e.g.,
Methanobacterium).

Q3: Name the virus that infects bacteria.

Viruses that infect bacteria are called Bacteriophages (or phages).

Example: T4 Bacteriophage infects E. coli.

Q4: Give general characteristics of Kingdom Fungi with examples.

Characteristics of Kingdom Fungi:

 Eukaryotic and Heterotrophic – Absorb nutrients from organic matter.

 Cell Wall Made of Chitin – Unlike plants (which have cellulose).
 Reproduction – Asexual (spores, budding) & Sexual (fusion of gametes).
 Body Structure – Made of thread-like structures called hyphae.
 Decomposers – Help in nutrient recycling.
Examples:

 Sac Fungi – Aspergillus, Penicillium

 Club Fungi – Agaricus (Mushroom)
 Zygomycetes – Rhizopus (Bread mold)

Q5: Why are viruses classified as non-cellular organisms?

Viruses are classified as non-cellular because:

 They lack cellular structures like a nucleus, cytoplasm, and organelles.

 They cannot carry out metabolism outside a host cell.
 They reproduce only inside a host cell, not independently.
 They exist in a crystalline form outside a living organism.

Q6: Fungi are economically important: Give reason.

Fungi have economic importance in various fields:

 Medicine – Penicillium produces Penicillin (antibiotic).

 Food Industry – Yeast (Saccharomyces) used in bread, beer, and wine.
 Agriculture – Mycorrhizae help in nutrient absorption in plants.
 Decomposers – Break down organic material and recycle nutrients.

Q7: Differentiate between Kingdom Monera and Protista.

Feature Kingdom Monera Kingdom Protista

Cell Type Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

Nucleus No true nucleus (nucleoid) True nucleus with nuclear membrane

Cell Wall Present (except Mycoplasma) Some have cell walls, others do not

Mode of Autotrophic (e.g., Cyanobacteria) & Autotrophic (e.g., Algae) & Heterotrophic
Nutrition Heterotrophic (e.g., Bacteria) (e.g., Protozoa)

Examples E. coli, Streptococcus, Cyanobacteria Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena

Q1: How have vascular plants been classified?

Vascular plants are classified based on the presence of xylem and phloem and their reproduction
type:

1. Pteridophytes – Seedless plants with vascular tissues (e.g., Ferns).

2. Gymnosperms – Naked-seed plants (e.g., Pine, Cycas).
3. Angiosperms – Flowering plants with enclosed seeds.

Q2: Name the smallest Angiosperm.

The smallest angiosperm is Wolffia (Watermeal).

Q3: Explain the term haplo-diplontic life cycle.

 A haplo-diplontic life cycle is when an organism alternates between haploid

gametophyte and diploid sporophyte phases.
 Found in Pteridophytes and some Algae.
 Example: Fern life cycle – The dominant sporophyte produces spores that grow into a
gametophyte, which then forms gametes.

Q4: Differentiate between haplontic and diplontic life cycles.

Feature Haplontic Life Cycle Diplontic Life Cycle

Dominant Phase Haploid (n) gametophyte Diploid (2n) sporophyte
Sporophyte Short-lived, dependent Dominant, long-lived
Gametophyte Main phase, independent Reduced, dependent on sporophyte
Example Algae (Chlamydomonas) Angiosperms, Gymnosperms

Q5: Describe alternation of generation.

 Alternation of generation refers to the life cycle pattern in which a plant alternates
between a haploid gametophyte and a diploid sporophyte.
 Example:
o Sporophyte (2n) produces haploid spores via meiosis.
o Spores germinate into a haploid gametophyte (n).
o Gametophyte produces gametes via mitosis.
o Gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote, which grows into a sporophyte.
Q6: Monocotyledonous plants lack secondary growth. Give reason.

Monocots lack secondary growth because:

 Vascular bundles are scattered, preventing the formation of a continuous vascular

cambium.
 No secondary cambium for producing secondary xylem and phloem.
 Example: Grass, Maize, Bamboo.

Q7: Differentiate between Monocots and Dicots.

Feature Monocots Dicots

Cotyledons One Two
Leaf Venation Parallel Reticulate (net-like)
Vascular Bundles Scattered Arranged in a ring
Root System Fibrous Taproot
Flower Parts Multiples of 3 Multiples of 4 or 5
Secondary Growth Absent Present
Examples Rice, Maize, Bamboo Mango, Rose, Pea

Q8: Describe alternation of generation in Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, and

Angiosperms.

1. Pteridophytes – Dominant sporophyte (2n), independent gametophyte (n).

2. Gymnosperms – Dominant sporophyte, reduced gametophyte (pollen and ovule).
3. Angiosperms – Sporophyte (2n) is dominant, gametophyte is highly reduced (pollen &
embryo sac).

Q1: Mention the salient features of class Amphibia.

Amphibians have the following characteristics:

1. Dual Life – Can live in both water and land (e.g., Frog, Salamander).
2. Moist Skin – Lacks scales, helps in respiration.
3. Three-Chambered Heart – Two atria, one ventricle.
4. Cold-Blooded (Ectothermic) – Body temperature varies with the environment.
5. External Fertilization – Eggs are laid in water, fertilized externally.

Q2: Give names of:

a) Limbless amphibian – Ichthyophis (Caecilian).
b) Egg-laying mammal – Ornithorhynchus (Platypus).
c) Flightless bird – Struthio (Ostrich).

Q3: Why are mammals considered the most advanced animals?

Mammals are advanced because:

 Warm-blooded (Endothermic) – Maintain a constant body temperature.

 Four-chambered heart – Ensures complete separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated
blood.
 Highly developed brain – Intelligence, memory, and learning abilities.
 Internal Fertilization & Parental Care – Ensures survival of young ones.
 Mammary Glands – Provide nourishment through milk.

Q4: Give a list of aerial adaptations shown by birds.

Birds are adapted for flight by:

1. Hollow Bones (Pneumatic Bones) – Reduce body weight.

2. Wings and Feathers – Aid in flight and insulation.
3. Aerodynamic Body Shape – Reduces air resistance.
4. Air Sacs in Lungs – Ensure a continuous supply of oxygen.
5. Keen Eyesight – Helps in navigation and hunting.

Q5: Give diagnostic features of class Mammalia.

1. Mammary Glands – Females produce milk for young ones.

2. Body Covered with Hair – Provides insulation.
3. Four-Chambered Heart – Efficient circulation.
4. Diaphragm – Helps in breathing.
5. Viviparous (Mostly) – Give birth to live young (except monotremes like platypus).

Q1: What are the different types of Lysosomes?

Lysosomes are classified into four types:

1. Primary Lysosomes – Contain inactive hydrolytic enzymes.

2. Secondary Lysosomes – Formed when primary lysosomes fuse with a vesicle containing
a substrate.
 3. Tertiary Lysosomes (Residual Bodies) – Contain undigested material.
4. Autolysosomes (Autophagic Vacuoles) – Help in self-digestion of old or damaged
organelles.

Q2: Give reason – Lysosomes are called „suicidal bags‟.

 Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes (hydrolases) that break down cellular waste.
 When a cell is damaged, lysosomes release their enzymes and digest the cell, leading to
cell death.
 This self-destruction property gives them the name “suicidal bags of the cell”.

Q3: Give reason – Mitochondria are called the „powerhouse of the cell‟.

 Mitochondria generate ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate), the main energy currency of the
cell.
 They perform aerobic respiration, where glucose is broken down to release energy.
 More mitochondria = More energy (e.g., muscle cells have many mitochondria).

Q4: With the help of a neat labeled diagram, describe the structure of the
nucleus.

The nucleus is the control center of the cell. It consists of:

1. Nuclear Envelope – Double membrane surrounding the nucleus.

2. Nuclear Pores – Allow exchange of materials between nucleus and cytoplasm.
3. Nucleoplasm – Gel-like fluid inside the nucleus.
4. Chromatin – Contains DNA and proteins.
5. Nucleolus – Site of ribosome production.

✏ Diagram:

 You can draw a labeled diagram showing the nucleus with chromatin, nucleolus, and
nuclear membrane.

Q5: Draw a neat labeled diagram of the ultrastructure of chloroplast.

The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis. It contains:

 1. Outer and Inner Membrane – Protects the organelle.
2. Stroma – Fluid-filled space containing enzymes.
3. Thylakoids – Flattened sacs where light-dependent reactions occur.
4. Grana – Stacks of thylakoids.
5. Lamellae – Connect grana for energy transfer.

✏ Diagram:

 You can draw a chloroplast showing grana, stroma, thylakoids, and membranes.

Q1: Write three types of RNA with their functions.

There are three main types of RNA, each with a specific role in protein synthesis:

1. mRNA (Messenger RNA)

o Carries genetic instructions from DNA to ribosomes.
o Contains codons (triplets of nucleotides) that specify amino acids.
2. tRNA (Transfer RNA)
o Brings specific amino acids to the ribosome.
o Has an anticodon that pairs with the codon on mRNA.
3. rRNA (Ribosomal RNA)
o Forms the ribosome, which is the site of protein synthesis.
o Helps in the proper alignment of mRNA and tRNA.

Q2: With the help of a diagram, describe the structure of mRNA.

 mRNA is a single-stranded molecule that carries genetic information from DNA to

ribosomes.
 It contains:
1. 5' Cap – Protects mRNA from degradation.
2. Coding Region – Contains codons for protein synthesis.
3. Poly-A Tail (3' end) – Helps in mRNA stability and transport.

✏ Diagram:
You can draw a labeled mRNA structure with 5' cap, coding region, and poly-A tail.

Q3: Describe the Lock & Key Model for enzyme action.

 Enzymes are highly specific to their substrates.

 The active site of the enzyme has a specific shape that fits only a particular substrate, like
a key fits into a lock.
 Once bound, the enzyme speeds up the chemical reaction and releases the product.
  This model explains enzyme specificity and efficiency.

Q4: How do temperature and pH affect enzyme activity?

1. Temperature:
o Enzyme activity increases with temperature up to an optimum temperature
(~37°C in humans).
o Beyond this, enzymes denature (lose shape and function).
2. pH:
o Each enzyme has an optimum pH where it works best.
o Example:
 Pepsin (stomach enzyme) → Works at acidic pH (~2).
 Amylase (saliva enzyme) → Works at neutral pH (~7).
 Trypsin (intestinal enzyme) → Works at basic pH (~8).

Q5: Explain the properties of enzymes.

1. Catalytic Nature – Enzymes speed up reactions without being consumed.

2. Specificity – Each enzyme works on a specific substrate (Lock & Key Model).
3. Reversibility – Some enzyme reactions are reversible.
4. Temperature & pH Sensitivity – Enzymes work best at an optimum temperature and
pH.
5. Lower Activation Energy – Enzymes reduce the energy needed for reactions

Q1: Mitosis is called equational division – Justify.

 Mitosis is called equational division because the daughter cells have the same number
of chromosomes as the parent cell.
 A diploid (2n) parent cell divides into two identical diploid (2n) daughter cells.
 There is no genetic variation, ensuring that the genetic material remains constant across
generations.

Q2: Observe the diagram and:

i) Identify the stage of mitosis.

ii) Describe this stage.

(Since I don’t have the diagram, you can describe it, and I’ll identify the stage for you!)
Q3: Write differences between mitosis and meiosis.

Feature Mitosis Meiosis

Number of Divisions 1 2
Number of Daughter
2 4
Cells
Chromosome Number Same as parent (2n → 2n) Reduced to half (2n → n)
High variation (due to crossing
Genetic Variation No variation (identical cells)
over)
Growth, repair, asexual
Purpose Gamete (sperm/egg) formation
reproduction
Occurs in Somatic (body) cells Germ cells (testes, ovaries)

Q4: With the help of a diagram, describe metaphase of mitosis.

 Metaphase is the second phase of mitosis.

 Chromosomes align at the equatorial plate (center) of the cell.
 Spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of each chromosome.
 This ensures that each daughter cell receives an equal number of chromosomes.

✏ Diagram:
Draw a labeled diagram showing chromosomes aligned in the center with spindle fibers attached.

Q5: Explain any four phases of Prophase I with the help of a diagram.

Prophase I is the longest phase of Meiosis I and has five sub-stages:

1. Leptotene – Chromosomes condense and become visible.

2. Zygotene – Homologous chromosomes pair up (synapsis).
3. Pachytene – Crossing over occurs, leading to genetic variation.
4. Diplotene – Homologous chromosomes start separating but remain attached at
chiasmata.
5. Diakinesis – Nuclear membrane dissolves, spindle fibers form.

✏ Diagram:
You can draw the different stages showing homologous chromosome pairing and crossing over.

Q6: What is crossing over? Mention its significance.

  Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes
during Prophase I of Meiosis.
 It occurs at the chiasmata, leading to new gene combinations.

Significance:

 Increases genetic variation in offspring.

 Helps in evolution and adaptation.
 Ensures unique genetic traits are passed to the next generation.

Q1: With the help of a neat labeled diagram, explain:

i) T.S. of Dicot Leaf

ii) Parenchyma

i) T.S. of Dicot Leaf:

 A transverse section (T.S.) of a dicot leaf shows three main tissues:

1. Epidermis – The outer protective layer with stomata and cuticle.
2. Mesophyll – Contains palisade (for photosynthesis) and spongy parenchyma
(for gas exchange).
3. Vascular Bundles – Xylem (water transport) and phloem (food transport).

✏ Diagram:
You can draw a dicot leaf T.S. showing epidermis, mesophyll, and vascular bundles.

ii) Parenchyma:

 Parenchyma is a simple permanent tissue made of thin-walled, living cells.

 Functions:
1. Storage of food and water.
2. Photosynthesis in chlorenchyma (contains chloroplasts).
3. Support and healing of damaged plant tissues.

✏ Diagram:
Draw a labeled parenchyma cell structure showing cell wall, nucleus, and cytoplasm.

Q2: Which is the dead tissue present in the phloem component?

 Phloem Fibers (Bast fibers) are the only dead tissue in phloem.
 They provide mechanical strength to the plant.
Q3: Describe the various components of xylem with their functions.

Component Function
Tracheids Long, dead cells for water conduction.
Vessels Tube-like structures for efficient water transport.
Xylem Fibers Provide mechanical support.
Xylem Parenchyma Stores food and water.

Q4: Justify – In leaves, secondary growth does not take place.

 Secondary growth is due to the activity of vascular cambium.

 In leaves, there is no vascular cambium, so they do not undergo secondary growth.
 Leaves have limited lifespan and are replaced regularly, making secondary growth
unnecessary.

Q5: Write a note on concentric vascular bundles.

 Concentric vascular bundles are those where one type of vascular tissue completely
surrounds the other.
 Types:
1. Amphivasal Bundles – Phloem surrounds xylem (e.g., Dracaena).
2. Amphicribral Bundles – Xylem surrounds phloem (e.g., Ferns).

Q1: Define the following terms:

1. Aestivation – The arrangement of sepals or petals in a flower bud before blooming.

o Types: Valvate, Twisted, Imbricate, Vexillary.
2. Inflorescence – The arrangement of flowers on a branch or stem.
o Types: Racemose (indeterminate) and Cymose (determinate).
3. Incomplete Flower – A flower lacking one or more floral parts (sepals, petals, stamens,
or carpels).
o Example: Corn (lacks petals).
4. Perigyny – A floral condition where the ovary is at the same level as other floral parts.
o Example: Peach, Rose.
5. Zygomorphic Flower – A flower that can be divided into two equal halves only in one
plane.
o Example: Pea, Orchid.

Q2: Differentiate between Cymose and Racemose Inflorescence.

 Feature Cymose Inflorescence Racemose Inflorescence
Growth Determinate (Growth stops after flower
Indeterminate (Growth continues)
Pattern formation)
Oldest flowers at the top, youngest at the Youngest flowers at the top, oldest at
Arrangement
bottom the bottom
Example Jasmine, Sunflower Mustard, Gulmohar

Q3: Describe the given modifications of the leaf.

1. Leaf Spine – Modified leaves that reduce water loss and protect from herbivores.
o Example: Cactus (Opuntia).
2. Leaf Tendril – Modified leaves that help in climbing by coiling around a support.
o Example: Pea (Pisum sativum).
3. Phyllode – A leaf modification where the petiole is flattened and functions like a leaf.
o Example: Acacia.

Q4: Explain different types of aestivation with suitable examples.

1. Valvate – Petals or sepals touch but do not overlap.

o Example: Mustard.
2. Twisted – One petal overlaps the next one, forming a spiral.
o Example: China rose (Hibiscus).
3. Imbricate – Some petals overlap irregularly, while others do not.
o Example: Cassia, Gulmohar.
4. Vexillary (Papilionaceous) – One large petal (standard) overlaps two lateral petals
(wings), which overlap two smaller inner petals (keel).
o Example: Pea, Bean.

Q5: Write distinguishing characteristics of family Fabaceae with its floral

formula.

Characteristics of Fabaceae (Leguminosae):

 Leaves: Compound, stipulate, pinnately arranged.

 Inflorescence: Racemose.
 Flower: Zygomorphic, bisexual, vexillary aestivation.
 Fruit: Legume.
Floral Formula:
⚥ K(5) C1+2+(2) A(9)+1 G1
✏ Diagram: Draw the floral diagram showing sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.

Q6: Give vegetative and floral characteristics of family Solanaceae with its floral
formula.

Vegetative Characteristics:

 Leaves: Simple, alternate.

 Stem: Erect or creeping.
 Roots: Taproot system.

Floral Characteristics:

 Flower: Actinomorphic, bisexual.

 Inflorescence: Solitary or cymose.
 Fruit: Berry or capsule.

Floral Formula:
⚥ K(5) C(5) A5 G(2)
✏ Diagram: Draw the floral diagram for Solanaceae.

Q7: Explain each symbol in the given floral formula and identify the family.

 ⚥ = Bisexual flower
 K = Calyx (sepals)
 C = Corolla (petals)
 A = Androecium (stamens)
 G = Gynoecium (carpels)

If you provide a floral formula, I can help you identify the family!

Q1: Complete the following table with respect to given characteristics of muscles.

Cardiac
Characteristic Skeletal Muscle Smooth Muscle
Muscle
Present
Striations Present (Striated) Absent (Non-striated)
(Striated)
Location Attached to bones Walls of internal organs Heart
 Cardiac
Characteristic Skeletal Muscle Smooth Muscle
Muscle
(stomach, intestine)
Shape Long, cylindrical Spindle-shaped Branched
Nucleus Multinucleated Uninucleated Uninucleated
Branched/Unbranched Unbranched Unbranched Branched
Voluntary (Under
Voluntary/Involuntary Involuntary Involuntary
conscious control)

Q2: Explain the structure of a sarcomere.

 Sarcomere is the functional unit of muscle contraction.

 It is present in striated muscles (skeletal and cardiac).
 Composed of:
o Actin (thin filament) and Myosin (thick filament).
o Z-lines – Define the boundary of each sarcomere.
o H-zone – Center of the sarcomere (only myosin present).
o A-band – Overlapping region of actin and myosin.
o I-band – Actin filaments only.

✏ Diagram: Draw a sarcomere showing Z-line, H-zone, A-band, and I-band.

Q3: Define:

1. Saltatory Conduction –
o The jumping of nerve impulses from one node of Ranvier to another in
myelinated neurons.
o Increases speed of impulse transmission.
2. Synapse –
o The junction between two neurons where nerve impulses are transmitted.
o Can be chemical (neurotransmitters) or electrical.

Q4: Differentiate between Myelinated and Non-Myelinated Nerve Fibers.

Feature Myelinated Nerve Fibers Non-Myelinated Nerve Fibers

Structure Covered by myelin sheath No myelin sheath
Speed of Impulse Faster (due to saltatory conduction) Slower
Location Brain, spinal cord (CNS) Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
 Feature Myelinated Nerve Fibers Non-Myelinated Nerve Fibers
Color White (White matter) Grey (Grey matter)

Q5: Describe the types of neurons depending upon their function.

1. Sensory Neurons (Afferent Neurons) – Carry impulses from sense organs to CNS
(e.g., optic nerve).
2. Motor Neurons (Efferent Neurons) – Carry impulses from CNS to muscles/glands
(e.g., neurons controlling movement).
3. Interneurons (Association Neurons) – Connect sensory and motor neurons inside CNS.

Q6: Describe the types of neurons depending on the number of processes from
the cyton.

1. Unipolar Neuron – Single process from the cell body (e.g., sensory neurons).
2. Bipolar Neuron – Two processes (one axon, one dendrite) (e.g., retina).
3. Multipolar Neuron – Multiple processes (one axon, many dendrites) (e.g., brain, spinal
cord).

Q7: With the help of a neat labeled diagram, explain the structure of a
multipolar neuron.

 Multipolar neurons have a single axon and multiple dendrites.

 They are found in the brain and spinal cord.
 Parts of a neuron:
1. Cyton (Cell Body) – Contains nucleus and organelles.
2. Dendrites – Receive signals from other neurons.
3. Axon – Transmits impulses away from the cell body.
4. Myelin Sheath – Covers axon for faster impulse conduction.
5. Axon Terminals – Pass signals to the next neuron at the synapse.

✏ Diagram: Draw a multipolar neuron showing dendrites, axon, myelin sheath, and
synapse.

Q1: Give the systematic position of Cockroach.

The scientific classification of a cockroach (Periplaneta americana) is:

 Kingdom: Animalia
 Phylum: Arthropoda
  Class: Insecta
 Order: Blattodea
 Genus: Periplaneta
 Species: americana

Q2: Define the following terms:

1. Ommatidia – The small visual units of a compound eye in arthropods, helping in

mosaic vision.
2. Fenestrae – Small openings in the exoskeleton that help in respiration.
3. Mastication – The process of chewing food, performed by mandibles in cockroaches.
4. Nocturnal – An organism that is active at night (e.g., cockroach).

Q3: What are sclerites? Write their names.

 Sclerites are hardened plates forming the exoskeleton of a cockroach.

 Names of sclerites:
o Tergites – Dorsal plates (back).
o Sternites – Ventral plates (belly).
o Pleurites – Lateral plates (sides).

Q4: Enlist the names of mouthparts of a cockroach along with their functions.

Mouthpart Function
Labrum (Upper lip) Holds food
Mandibles Crush and chew food
Maxillae Help in tasting and manipulating food
Labium (Lower lip) Helps in handling food
Hypopharynx (Tongue-like structure) Helps in swallowing

Q5: Write a short note on the salivary glands of a cockroach.

 Cockroaches have paired salivary glands in the head region.

 These glands secrete saliva, which helps in food digestion.
 Saliva contains enzymes that break down complex food substances.
Q6: Give the functions of the following parts of the digestive system of a
cockroach.

Part Function
Crop Stores food temporarily
Gizzard Grinds food using chitinous teeth
Hepatic Caeca Secretes digestive enzymes
Malpighian Tubules Excretes nitrogenous waste
Rectum Absorbs water and forms feces

Q7: Explain in brief about the body divisions of a cockroach.

The body of a cockroach is divided into three main regions:

1. Head – Triangular, contains compound eyes, antennae, and mouthparts.

2. Thorax – Three segments (prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax) with legs and wings.
3. Abdomen – Ten segments in males and females, containing digestive and reproductive
organs.

Q1: Distinguish between cyclic and non-cyclic phosphorylation.

Feature Cyclic Photophosphorylation Non-Cyclic Photophosphorylation

Photosystem Involved Only Photosystem I (PSI) Both Photosystem I & II (PSI & PSII)
Electron Pathway Electrons cycle back to PSI Electrons do not return to PSI
ATP Formation ATP is produced ATP and NADPH are produced
Oxygen Production No oxygen is released Oxygen is released
Occurs In Bacteria, some plants Most plants and algae

Q2: What are C4 plants? Give any four examples.

 C4 plants use the C4 pathway to fix carbon efficiently, especially in hot and dry
climates.
 They have Kranz anatomy and minimize photorespiration.
 Examples:
1. Maize (Zea mays)
2. Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)
3. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
4. Amaranthus (Amaranthus sp.)
Q3: Write a note on factors affecting the process of photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis is influenced by:

1. Light Intensity – More light increases photosynthesis up to a saturation point.

2. Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) Concentration – Higher CO₂ levels enhance photosynthesis.
3. Temperature – Optimum range 25-35°C; too high/low temperatures reduce the rate.
4. Water Availability – Less water leads to stomatal closure, reducing CO₂ intake.
5. Chlorophyll Content – More chlorophyll allows efficient light absorption.

Q4: What is Kranz anatomy in C4 plants?

 Kranz anatomy is the special leaf structure of C4 plants.

 Bundle sheath cells surround the vascular bundles, and they contain large chloroplasts.
 Helps in reducing photorespiration and improving efficiency in dry conditions.
 Example: Sugarcane, Maize, Sorghum.

Q5: Give the significance of photosynthesis.

1. Produces Oxygen – Essential for respiration in all aerobic organisms.

2. Forms the Basis of Food Chains – Provides energy for all living organisms.
3. Maintains CO₂-O₂ Balance – Absorbs CO₂ and releases O₂.
4. Produces Glucose – Used in respiration and plant growth.
5. Contributes to Biomass Production – Forms energy-rich organic compounds.

Q6: With the help of a neat labeled diagram, describe the ultrastructure of
chloroplast.

Structure of Chloroplast:

 Outer Membrane – Protective layer.

 Inner Membrane – Regulates molecule exchange.
 Stroma – Fluid-filled region with enzymes.
 Thylakoids – Disc-like structures where light-dependent reactions occur.
 Grana – Stacks of thylakoids.
 Lamellae – Connect grana for energy transfer.

✏ Diagram: Draw a chloroplast showing grana, thylakoids, stroma, and membranes.

Q7: Answer the following questions:

a) Which is the first CO₂ acceptor in the HSK pathway?

 Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP).

b) Why does CO₂ concentration increase in bundle sheath cells of C4 plants?

 CO₂ is first fixed as a 4-carbon compound (Oxaloacetate) in mesophyll cells and

transported to bundle sheath cells, where it is released for the Calvin cycle.

c) How many ATPs are required by C4 plants for the synthesis of one glucose molecule?

 30 ATP molecules.

Q1: Answer the following:

a) Define aerobic respiration.

 Aerobic respiration is the process in which glucose is broken down in the presence of
oxygen to produce ATP, CO₂, and water.
 Equation: C6H12O6+6O2→6CO2+6H2O+38ATPC_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 → 6CO_2 +
6H_2O + 38 ATPC6H12O6+6O2→6CO2+6H2O+38ATP

b) Which is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?

 Oxygen (O₂) is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration.

Q2: Define anaerobic respiration and write a note on „Alcoholic fermentation‟

with one example.

 Anaerobic respiration is the breakdown of glucose without oxygen, producing less

ATP.
 Equation: C6H12O6→2C2H5OH+2CO2+2ATPC_6H_{12}O_6 → 2C_2H_5OH +
2CO_2 + 2 ATPC6H12O6→2C2H5OH+2CO2+2ATP

Alcoholic Fermentation:

 Occurs in yeast and some bacteria.

 Converts glucose into ethanol, CO₂, and energy.
 Used in brewing and baking industries.
 Example: Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Yeast).
Q3: Answer the following:

a) What is the substrate and end product of glycolysis?

 Substrate: Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)

 End Products: 2 Pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

b) Where does glycolysis take place inside the cell?

 Cytoplasm

Q4: Fill in the blanks.

a) Fermentation is anaerobic type of respiration.

b) Kreb‟s cycle is also known as Citric Acid Cycle.
c) Yeast culture can perform alcoholic fermentation.
d) Accumulation of lactic acid causes muscle fatigue in athletes.

Q5: Answer the following:

a) Where does Kreb‟s cycle take place inside the cell?

 Mitochondrial matrix

b) What is the significance of Kreb‟s cycle?

 Produces ATP (energy).

 Generates NADH and FADH₂ for the electron transport chain.
 Releases CO₂ as a byproduct.

Q6: Answer the following:

a) "Kreb‟s cycle is known as an amphibolic pathway" – Justify.

 Amphibolic Pathway means it plays a role in both catabolism (breakdown) and

anabolism (synthesis).
 It breaks down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats for energy while also providing
intermediates for biosynthesis.
b) What is the role of FAD and NAD in Kreb‟s cycle?

 FAD (Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide) and NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide)

are coenzymes that accept electrons and hydrogen to form FADH₂ and NADH.
 These molecules transfer electrons to the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) to generate
ATP

Q1: Write a short note on:

1. Jaundice
o A disease caused by excess bilirubin in the blood, leading to yellowing of the
skin and eyes.
o Occurs due to liver dysfunction, hepatitis, or blockage of bile ducts.
2. Marasmus
o A severe protein-energy malnutrition due to deficiency of both proteins and
calories.
o Symptoms: Extreme weight loss, muscle wasting, thin limbs.
o Common in children under 5 years with insufficient food intake.
3. Kwashiorkor
o Caused by severe protein deficiency (with adequate calorie intake).
o Symptoms: Swollen belly, edema, skin changes, stunted growth.
o Affects young children when weaning off breast milk.

Q2: Answer the following:

1. Enlist the functions of the liver.

o Metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
o Detoxification of harmful substances.
o Bile production for fat digestion.
o Storage of glycogen and vitamins (A, D, B12).
o Regulation of blood clotting.
2. Explain why human dentition is described as thecodont, diphyodont, and
heterodont.
o Thecodont – Teeth are embedded in sockets in the jawbone.
o Diphyodont – Two sets of teeth in a lifetime (milk teeth & permanent teeth).
o Heterodont – Different types of teeth (incisors, canines, premolars, molars) for
different functions.
3. Give a detailed account of digestion of food in the stomach.
o Food enters the stomach through the esophagus.
o Gastric glands secrete:
 HCl – Kills microbes, activates pepsin.
 Pepsin – Breaks down proteins into peptones.
 Mucus – Protects stomach lining from acid.
o Food is partially digested into chyme, which moves to the small intestine.
 4. Give a detailed account of digestion of food in the buccal cavity.
o Mastication (chewing) breaks food into small pieces.
o Saliva contains:
 Salivary amylase – Converts starch into maltose.
 Mucus – Helps in swallowing.
o The tongue moves food into the pharynx, starting swallowing.
5. Explain pancreas as a digestive gland.
o Exocrine function:
 Secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum.
 Contains enzymes:
 Trypsin – Digests proteins.
 Lipase – Digests fats.
 Amylase – Digests starch.
o Endocrine function:
 Secretes insulin and glucagon for blood sugar regulation.

Q3: Complete the following:

1. Sucrose → Sucrase → Glucose + Fructose

2. Starch → Amylase → Maltose
3. Proteins → Pepsin (Acidic Medium) → Peptones + Proteoses
4. Emulsified fats → Lipase → Fatty acids + Glycerol

Q1: Write a short note on ultrafiltration.

 Ultrafiltration occurs in the glomerulus of the kidney.

 The blood is filtered under high pressure through the glomerular capillaries into
Bowman‟s capsule.
 Filtrate contains:
o Water, glucose, amino acids, salts, and urea (small molecules).
 Blood cells and large proteins do not pass through the filter.

Q2: Write any two examples of each of the following organisms.

1. Ammonotelic (Excrete ammonia as nitrogenous waste)

o Examples: Amoeba, Fish, Amphibians.
2. Ureotelic (Excrete urea as nitrogenous waste)
o Examples: Humans, Frogs.
3. Uricotelic (Excrete uric acid as nitrogenous waste)
o Examples: Birds, Reptiles.
Q3: Explain why the composition of glomerular filtrate is not the same as urine.

 Glomerular Filtrate is the initial filtrate formed in Bowman‟s capsule.

 It contains water, glucose, salts, urea, and other small molecules.
 Urine is the final waste product after reabsorption of useful substances and secretion of
excess ions.
 Urine contains:
o More urea, uric acid, and creatinine (waste products).
o Less glucose and amino acids (reabsorbed in renal tubules).

Q4: With the help of a well-labeled diagram, explain the structure of Malpighian
body.

 The Malpighian body consists of:

1. Glomerulus – A network of capillaries that filters blood.
2. Bowman‟s Capsule – A cup-like structure surrounding the glomerulus, collecting
filtrate.

✏ Diagram: Draw a labeled diagram of the Malpighian body, showing the glomerulus,
afferent and efferent arterioles, and Bowman‟s capsule.

Q5: With the help of a well-labeled diagram, explain the structure of L.S.
(Longitudinal Section) of the Kidney.

 The kidney has three main regions:

1. Cortex – Outer layer containing nephrons.
2. Medulla – Inner layer with pyramids and collecting ducts.
3. Pelvis – Collects urine before it moves to the ureter.

✏ Diagram: Draw a labeled kidney L.S. showing cortex, medulla, pyramids, pelvis, ureter,
and nephrons.

Q6: Explain the role of skin and lungs in excretion.

1. Skin –
o Sweat glands remove water, salts, and some urea through sweat.
o Helps in temperature regulation.
2. Lungs –
o Remove CO₂ and water vapor as waste during exhalation.
Q1: Write the peculiar characteristic of the mandible.

 The mandible (lower jawbone) is the only movable bone of the skull.
 It is the strongest and largest bone in the human face.
 It is attached to the skull by the temporomandibular joint (TMJ).

Q2: Write a short note on:

1. Hyoid Bone
o A U-shaped bone located in the neck.
o Supports the tongue and larynx (voice box).
o Does not articulate with any other bone.
2. Ball and Socket Joint
o A freely movable joint where a rounded bone head fits into a cup-like socket.
o Allows movement in all directions (flexion, extension, rotation, abduction,
adduction).
o Example: Shoulder joint (humerus in scapula), Hip joint (femur in pelvis).
3. Synovial Joint
o A highly movable joint filled with synovial fluid for lubrication.
o Provides smooth movement and reduces friction.
o Example: Knee joint, Elbow joint.

Q3: Match the following.

Group A Group B
1. Xiphoid Process c. Sternum
2. Acromion Process d. Scapula
3. Transverse Process b. Vertebra
4. Olecranon Process a. Ulna

Q4: What is arthritis? Explain in detail the types of arthritis.

 Arthritis is the inflammation of joints, causing pain and stiffness.

 Types of Arthritis:
1. Osteoarthritis – Degeneration of cartilage due to aging.
2. Rheumatoid Arthritis – Autoimmune disorder causing joint inflammation.
3. Gout – Caused by uric acid crystal deposition in joints.
Q5: What are antagonistic muscles? Explain any three pairs with examples.

 Antagonistic muscles work in opposite pairs – when one contracts, the other relaxes.
 Examples:
1. Biceps & Triceps – Biceps contract to bend the arm, Triceps contract to
straighten it.
2. Quadriceps & Hamstrings – Quadriceps extend the leg, Hamstrings bend it.
3. Flexor & Extensor Muscles of Fingers – Flexors close the fingers, Extensors
open them.

Q6: Identify the type of joint.

Joint Type
a. Joint between atlas and axis Pivot Joint
b. Elbow and knee joint Hinge Joint
c. Joint between tooth and jaw bone Gomphosis (Fibrous Joint)
d. Hip joint and shoulder joint Ball and Socket Joint
e. Joint between carpal & metacarpal of thumb Saddle Joint
f. Joint between skull bones Sutures (Fibrous Joint)