DELHI SULTANATE

Delhi Sultanate (1206 - 1526 AD):

• After the Death of Mohammed Ghori there were many contenders for the
throne, out of which Qutb-ud-din Aibak ascended the throne and started
slave dynasty rule.
• The Muslim invasions into India ultimately resulted in the establishment of
the Delhi Sultanate an Islamic empire based in Delhi that stretched over
large parts of South Asia for 320 years from 1206 - 1526 AD.
• Following the invasion of the subcontinent by the Ghurid dynasty, five
dynasties ruled over the Delhi Sultanate sequentially:
o Slave Dynasty (1206-1290)
o Khalji Dynasty (1290-1320)
o Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1414)
o Sayeed Dynasty (1414-1451)
o Lodhi Dynasty (1451-1526)

Map Of Delhi Sultanate Under the Tughlaq Dynasty

Slave Dynasty/ Mamluk Dynasty (1206 - 1290AD):
• A Mamluk was a soldier of slave origin who had converted to Islam.
• The phenomenon started in the 9th century and gradually the Mamluks
became a powerful military class in various Muslim societies.
• In 1206, Muhammad of Ghor, Sultan of the Ghurid Empire, was
assassinated.
• Since he had no children, his empire split into minor sultanates led by his
former Mamluk generals.
• Taj-ud-Din Yalduz became the ruler of Ghazni, Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar
Khilji got Bengal and Nasir-ud-Din Qubacha became the sultan of Multan.
Qutb ud-Din Aibak became the sultan of Delhi, and that was the beginning
of the Slave dynasty.

• Qutb-ud-din Aibak(1206 - 1210 AD):

• Aibak was a slave of Mohammed Ghori.
• He tried for internal consolidation only. His rule was for only four years.
• He constructed the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque in Delhi in commemoration
of Islam’s victory in India.
• He constructed the Adhai din ka-Jhompra mosque in Ajmer.
• He started the construction of the Qutub Minar, dedicated to Sufi saint
Khwaja Qutbuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki.
• He was also known as Lakh Bash (Giver of Lakhs) for his generosity. He
reigned till his death in 1210. He was said to have been trampled to death
by a horse While Playing Chaugan (Polo). He was succeeded by Aram Shah.
• Iltutmish (1210 - 1236 AD):
• Aram Shah was a weak ruler. It is not clear whether he was the son of
Aibak or not. He was conspired against by a group of nobles who invited
Shamsuddin Iltutmish to be the ruler.
• His original name was Shamsuddin Iliyas. He was son in law of Qutbuddin
Aibak.
• His Mongol policy saved India from the attack of Genghis Khan in 1221 AD.
• He shifted his capital from Lahore to Delhi.
• Iltutmish’s forces captured Bihar in the 1210s and invaded Bengal in 1225.
• He completed the construction of the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque and the
Qutb Minar.
• He started the feudalistic system Iqta/ Iqtadari
• He created a pact of forty Muslim nobles as “Chahalgani” or “Chalisa”.
• He started the coinage system of the Delhi Sultanate:
o Tanka- silver coin
o Jital- copper coin
• He nominated his daughter Raziya as his successor as he did not consider
his sons equal to the task.
• He died in 1236 AD.

• Razia Sultana (1236 - 40 AD):

• Raziya ascended the throne of Delhi by removing her brother Rukunuddin
Feroz.
• First Muslim women ruler in Indian history.
• She appointed an African(Abyssinian) slave Yakuth as incharge of cavalry.
• Her rule created differences with Chahalgani( 40 nobles)
• She married Altunia (governor of Bhatinda).
• Later both Razia and Altunia were killed by the coup of Chahalgani.
• She was known as an efficient and just ruler. Post Her Death Her brother
Muizuddin Bahram Shah succeeded her.

• Giyasuddin Balban (1266 - 86 AD):

• Balban was the greatest in the slave dynasty.
• He abolished Chahalgani.
• He knew that the real threat to the monarchy was from the nobles called
the Forty(Chahalgani).
• He was convinced that only by enhancing the monarchy’s power and
authority could he face the problems.
• According to Balban the Sultan was God’s shadow on earth and the
recipient of divine grace.
• Balban introduced Persian customs and traditions such as sizda,
paibas(kissing feet of the sultan), jamnibas (kissing hands), and Nowruz(
Persian new year).
• He established a defense department known as Diwan-i-Ariz.
• Balban took severe action against robbers and dacoits and made the roads
of Delhi safe to travel.
• Balban dealt with the Mongol issue with the blood and iron policy. he
strengthened western frontiers. He sent his son Mahamud to fight against
Mongols on western frontiers.
• Mahamud died fighting with Mongols.
• Saddened by this tragedy, Balban fell ill and died in 1286.
• After his death kalimullah and Qaimus became sultans.
 • Qaiqubad/Kaiqubad was the last sultan in the slave dynasty.
• After a few years Qaiqubad became paralytic. He was removed from the
throne by Jalaluddin Khalji.

The Khaljis (1290 - 1320 AD):

• The Khalji dynasty was a Turko-Afghan dynasty that ruled the Delhi
sultanate, covering large parts of the Indian subcontinent for nearly three
decades between 1290 and 1320.
• Founded by Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji as the second dynasty to rule the Delhi
Sultanate of India, it came to power through a revolution that marked the
transfer of power from the monopoly of Turkic nobles to Afghans.

• Jalaluddinn Khalji (1290 - 96 AD) :

• His real name was Malik Feroz Khilji Also Known As Jalaluddin Khalji was
Turk but settled in Afghanistan.
• He is remembered as a benevolent ruler. Thus also known as a ‘Saint ruler’
• Jalal-ud-din won many battles and even in old age he marched out against
the Mongol hordes and successfully halted their entry into India (1292 AD).
• He gave his second daughter to Mongol leader Ulugh khan in marriage.
• Alauddin Khalji was the son-in-law (also nephew ) of Jalaluddin. Alauddin
was governor of Kara.
• Alauddin invaded the Devagiri kingdom and procured a lot of wealth.
• Devagiri was the first south Indian state to receive Islamic invasion.
• Later Alauddin murdered his uncle Jalaluddin and ascended the throne.
• Alauddin Khalji (1296-1316):
• Alauddin was the most imperialistic sultan.
• His military expeditions were:
o Devagiri (1296, 1307, 1314),
o Gujarat(1299 - 1300),
o Ranthambore (1301),
o Chittor (1303) and
o Malwa (1305)
• He defeated Waghela karnadeva of Gujrat and married his wife
Kamaladevi.
• For the sake of Rani Padmini Alauddin attacked Chittore. Chittore was
captured but Padmini committed Jauhar.
• Alauddin’s Chittore campaign was described in the book Padmavat written
by Malik Muhammed Jayasi.
• He framed regulations to control the nobles.
• Malik Kafur, basically a eunuch became chief commander of the Imperial
Army And started the south Indian campaign. He defeated
o Ramachandradeva- Devagiri
o Prathaprudradeva- Kakatiya
o Veera Bhallala III - Hoysala
o Veera and Sundara - Pandya
• Malik kafur erected a victory pillar in Rameswaram.
• Alauddin inscribed the title Sikandar-e-Saini on his coins (Sikandar means
Alexander).
• Ala-ud-din nominated his eldest son, Khizr Khan, as his successor.
However, Ala-ud-din’s confidant at that time was Malik Kafur. So Malik
Kafur himself assumed the authority of the government.
• But Kafur’s rule lasted only 35 days as he was assassinated by hostile
nobles.
• After the death of Malik kafur Alauddin’s son Qutbuddin Mubarak came to
power.
• During the times of Qutbuddin, the Devagiri Yadava kingdom was annexed
into Delhi’s sultanate.
• Qutbuddin was murdered by his prime minister Nasiruddin Khushru shah,
who became the last sultan in the Khalji dynasty.
• Later kushru shah was dethroned by Giyasuddin Tughlaq in 1320 AD.

• Reforms Brought By Alauddin Khalji:

• Administrative Reforms:
• Alauddin was a strong and efficient ruler. He set up a strong central
government.
• He believed in the theory of divine right.
• He separated religion from politics.
• He took various measures to prevent rebellions, such as restricting
matrimonial alliances among nobles, prohibiting secret meetings and
parties, appointing spies to keep eye on them, and preventing the
interference of Ulemas in administration.

• Market Reforms:
• Ala-ud-din was the first Sultan to pay his soldiers in cash.
• As the soldiers were paid less, the prices had to be monitored and
controlled. Moreover, Ala-ud-din had to maintain a huge standing army.
• Toto restricts the prices of essential commodities, and Ala-ud-din set up an
elaborate intelligence network to collect information on black marketing
and hoarding.
• Shahana-i-mandi was in-charge of markets and kept eye on the prices of
essential commodities.

• Military Reforms:
• Alauddin maintained a strong and huge standing army.
• He introduced the system of branding of horses (dagh) and maintenance
of a detailed register of soldiers to prevent false musters and corrupt
practices.
• He paid the salaries in cash.
• Ariz-i-Mumalik was in charge of the appointment of soldiers.

• Revenue Reforms:
• Alauddin created a separate department for revenue as Diwan-i-
Mustkharaj.
• He introduced the scientific method for land measurement for the
assessment of land revenue.
• Jaziya was imposed on non-Muslims.
• He imposed heavy taxes on sardars, jagirdars and Ulemas.
• Alauddin also constructed Siri city and Alai Darwaza.
The Tughlaqs (1320 - 1414 AD):
• The Tughlaq dynasty was a Muslim dynasty of Turkic origin that ruled over
the Delhi sultanate in medieval India.
• Its reign started in 1320 AD in Delhi when Ghazi Malik assumed the throne
under the title of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq.
• The dynasty ended in 1414 AD But The dynasty expanded its territorial
reach through a military campaign led by Muhammad Bin Tughluq and
reached its zenith between 1330 and 1335 AD.

• Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq (1320 - 25 AD):

• He founded the Tughlaq dynasty in 1320 AD & added Tughlaqabad city to
Delhi.
• He replaced men with horses in the courier system & started Dawk
chowkies.
• His son prince Jaunakhan defeated Prathaprudradeva of Kakatiyas and
annexed the kingdom in 1323 AD.
• Ghiyasuddin died accidentally in 1325AD.
• Jauna ascended the throne and took the title Muhammad bin Tughlaq.
• Muhammad Bin Tughlaq (1325 - 51 AD):
• Muhammad bin Tughlaq was the most controversial personality in
medieval Indian history.
• He was a learned, cultured and talented prince but gained a reputation for
being merciless, cruel, and unjust.
• He was very tolerant in religious matters.
• His innovative reforms brought him a bad name, as they were not executed
properly.
• During the time of Muhammad bin Tughlaq Vijaynagar(1336 AD) and
Bahamani (1347 AD) Empires emerged.
• Ibn Battuta, a Moroccan traveler visited Tughlaq. He recorded his
observation in his book Qitab-ul-Rihla. Later he was sent to China as an
ambassador of Tughlaq.
• Experiments By Muhammed Bin Tughlaq Are As Follows:

• Introduction Of Token Currency:

• Muhammad Tughluk orders his brass coins to pass for silver, A.D. 1330
• He introduced token currency or copper coins. His main aim was to save
precious metals like gold and silver and introduce more money in
circulation.
• For this reason copper coins were issued that had the same value as silver
tanka.
• But Minting the copper coin was not retained as the monopoly of the
government.
• The goldsmiths began to forge the token coins on a large scale. Soon the
new coins were not accepted in the markets.
• Finally, the sultan stopped the circulation of token currency and promised
to exchange silver coins for copper coins. Many people exchanged the new
coins but the treasury became empty.

• Transfer Of Capital:
• To safeguard the capital from Mongol invasion and to have better control
over south India, the sultan decided to shift the capital from Delhi to
Devagiri(Daulatabad).
• He desired to shift the entire population. Barani says, “ not a cat or a dog
was left”.
• The reason for the move was very practical, but the method adopted was
impractical.
• Entire population was made to travel around 1500km to Daulatabad.
• Many people died during the rigorous journey in the summer.
• After two years, the Sultan abandoned Daulatabad and asked them to
return to Delhi.

• Increase in taxes:
• The area between Ganga Yamuna doab was very fertile, hence sultan
decided to raise taxes to enhance the revenues of his empire.
• Although it was a practical decision the tax hike was too steep and
introduced during a time of no rainfall.
• Agricultural Reforms:
• He launched a scheme by which takkavi loans (loans for
• cultivation) were given to the farmers to buy seeds and to extend
cultivation.
• A separate department for agriculture, Diwan- i- Kohi
• was established.
• To curb the rebellion of Taghi, Tughlaq entered the Sindh desert and Died
Due To Sunstroke At Thatta In 1351 AD.

• Firoz shah Tughlaq (1351 - 89 AD):

• Born in 1309 AD and ascended the throne of Delhi after the demise of his
cousin Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq.
• He started the imposition of Jizya And Also destructed the Jwalamukhi
temple.
• He protected Sanskrit scriptures and started their translation into Persian.
• He was the first to link rivers and provide irrigation with the help of four
canals.
• He imposed water cess Haq-i-Shrib.
• The British called him the ‘father of the irrigation department’ because of
the many gardens and canals that he built.
• He established the Diwan-i-Khairat - office for charity.
• He established the Diwan-i-Bundagan - department of slave
• He established Sarais (rest house) for the benefit of merchants and other
travelers.
• He adopted the Iqtadari framework.
• Established four new towns, Firozabad, Fatehabad, Jaunpur, and Hissar.
• He established hospitals known as Darul-Shifa, Bimaristan, or Shifa Khana.
• Because of all these, he was called Sultan of constructions.
 • Firoz shah died in 1388. After his death, Muhammad shah ascended the
throne.
• During the rule of Muhammad shah Timur invaded and ruined Delhi in
1398 AD.
• Turkish Timur, who could claim a blood relationship with the 12th century
great Mongol Chengiz Khan, ransacked Delhi virtually without any
opposition.
• On hearing the news of the arrival of Timur, Sultan Muhammad Shah fled
Delhi.
• Timur also took Indian artisans such as masons, stone cutters, and
carpenters whom he engaged for raising buildings in his capital Samarkand.
• Nasir-ud-din Muhammad shah managed to rule up to 1412 AD.
• Then the Sayyid and Lodi dynasties ruled the declining empire from Delhi
till 1526 AD.

The Sayyids (1414-1451 AD):

• Timur appointed Khizr Khan as governor of Multan. He captured Delhi and
founded the Sayyid dynasty in 1414 AD.
• Members of the dynasty derived their title, Sayyid, or the descendants of
the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, based on the claim that they belonged to
his lineage through his daughter Fatima.
• Khizr Khan is succeeded by Mubarak Shah and Muhammad Shah.
 • Muhammad Shah is succeeded by Allam Shah.
• Allam Shah was a philosopher. He voluntarily abducted the throne to
Bahlul Lodi and led a peaceful life in a small town outside Delhi.
• Bahlul Lodi started Lodi dynastic rule.

The Lodhi (1451-1526)AD:

• Bahlul Lodi (1451 - 1489 AD) :
• He was the founder the of Lodi dynasty.
• Lodis were originally from Afghanistan.
• Bahlul Lodi is succeeded by Sikandar Lodi.

• Sikandar Lodi (1489-1517 AD):

• He was the greatest in this dynasty.
• He was contemporary to bhakti saint Kabirdas.
• Constructed Agra city and shifted the capital from Delhi to Agra in 1504.
• He destroyed many Hindu temples and imposed many restrictions on the
Hindus.
• Sikandar Lodi was succeeded by his son Ibrahim Lodi.

• Ibrahim Lodi (1517 - 1526 AD):

• He was not an able administrator like his father. He had differences from
nobles and governors.
• His close relatives Allam khan Lodi and Daulat Khan Lodi invited Babar to
invade India.
 • Mewar ruler Rana Sanga also invited Babar to Invade India.
• Sri Krishnadevaraya was emperor of Vijayanagara in southern India during
this time.
• Babar defeated and killed Ibrahim Lodi in the first battle of Panipat in
1526 AD.
• Ibrahim Lodi was the last sultan in the Delhi sultanate.
• Babar started Mughal rule in India in 1526AD.

Administration During Delhi Sultanate Period:

• The effective administrative system under the Delhi Sultanate made a great
impact on the Indian provincial kingdoms and later on the Mughal
administrative system.
• At its peak, the Delhi Sultanate controlled regions as far south as Madurai.
The Turkish ruler Mahmud of Ghazni was the first to adopt the title of
Sultan.
• With the establishment of the Delhi sultanate a new ruling class emerged
in India. This new class introduced a new administrative system.
• During the Sultanate period the administrative apparatus was headed by
the Sultan who was helped by various nobles.
• There were various other offices along with the office of the Sultan.
Theoretically, there was a council of Ministers - Majlis-i-Khalwat to assist
the Sultan.
• The Sultans considered themselves as representatives of the Caliph.
• Iltutmish was the first sultan to receive a recognition letter from Caliph.
• Delhi sultanate was neither a theocratic state nor a secular state. It
depended on the ruler.
• The name of the Caliph was included in the Khutba (prayer) and also
inscribed on their coins.
• This practice was even followed by Balban, who called himself “the shadow
of God”.
• Iltutmish, Muhammad Bin Tughlaq, and Feroz Tughlaq obtained a ‘Mansur’
(letter of investiture) from the Caliph.
• Administrative units under Delhi Sultanate were:
o Iqta Province
o Shiq District
o Paragana Mandal
o Gram Village
• The Lands Were Classified Into Three Categories:
o Iqta land: lands assigned to officials as Iqtas instead of paying for
their services.
o khalisa land: land under the direct control of the Sultan and the
revenues collected were spent for the maintenance of the royal court
and royal household.
o Inam land: land assigned or granted to religious leaders or religious
institutions
• Major departments in the central administration of the Delhi Sultanate:
o Diwan-I-Risalat Department Of Appeals
o Diwan-I-Arz Department Of Military
o Diwan-I-Ishtiaq Department Of Pensions
o Diwan-I-Mustakhraj Department Of Arrears
o Diwan-I-Kohi Department Of Agriculture
o Diwan-I-Insha Department Of Correspondence
o Diwan-I-Bandagan Department Of Slaves
o Diwan-I-Qaza Department Of Justice
o Diwan-I-Khairat Department Of Charity
 • Officers at Different Levels Of the Delhi Sultanate:
o Wazir The Prime / Chief Minister
o Ariz-I-Mumalik Military Department Head
o Qazi The Head Of The Judicial Department
o Barid-I-Mumalik Head Of State News Agency
o Dahir-I-Mumalik Royal Correspondence Head
o Naib Wazir Deputy Minister
o Sadr-Us-Sudur The Minister Of The Department Of Religion.
o Sadr-I-Jahan In Charge Of Religious Matters And Endowments
o Qazi-I-Mumalik Chief Justice
o Qazi-Ul-Kazat Head Of The Chief Judicial Department
o Amir Governor
o Mukti Or Wali Responsible For Law And Order
o Shiqdar Officer In Charge Of Land Measuring A Shiq
o Amil Revenue Officer
o Barid Intelligence Agents
o Kotwal Head Of City Law And Order
o Muhatasib Head Of Municipality Law And Order
o Muftis Expounder Of Law

Economy During Delhi Sultanate Period:

• Land revenue was a major source of income for administration.
• The peasantry paid one-third of their produce as land revenue, and
sometimes even one-half of the produce.
• Agriculture formed the occupation of the bulk of the people.
• The peasants produced a large variety of food crops, cash crops, fruits,
vegetables, and spices.
• They practiced advanced agricultural techniques such as crop rotation,
double cropping, three crop harvesting, fruit grafting, etc.
• Various types of artificial water-lifting devices were also used for this
purpose.
• The Persian wheel was the most advanced water-lifting device of this
period.
 • During the Sultanate period, the process of urbanization gained
momentum.
• Construction of roads and their maintenance facilitated smooth transport
and communication.
• Particularly the royal roads were kept in good shape. Sarais or rest houses
on the highways were maintained for the convenience of travelers.
• Cotton textile and silk industry flourished in this period.
• Paper-making technology evolved by the Chinese and learned by the Arabs
was introduced in India during the rule of the Delhi Sultans.
• Craft production was organized in villages as well as qasbas. There also
existed imperial
• These karkhanas were part of the royal establishment. These units
produced commodities for the consumption of the royal household and the
court, Generally, expensive and luxury items were produced here.
• In the field of commerce India had trade links with contemporary central
Asia, China, Southeast Asia, Europe, etc

The Literature During Delhi Sultanate:

• The Delhi Sultans gave huge importance to literature and showed more
interest in the progress of Persian literature.
• Apart from poetry and theology, history writing was also promoted.
• The most renowned historians of this time were Minhaj-us-Siraj, Zia-ud-din
Barani, Hasan Nizami, and Shams Siraj.
• Tabaqat-i-Nasari was authored by Minhaj-us-Siraj and gives a general
account of the history of Muslim dynasties up to c. 1260 AD.
• The history of the Tughlaq dynasty, Tarikh-i-Firoz was written by Barani.
• Prince Muhammad, the eldest son of Sultan Balban was a great patron of
scholars and protected two great scholars of his time i.e., Amir Khusrau
and Amir Hasan.
• Amir Khusrau has been regarded as the greatest Persian poet of his age.
• He is said to have written more than 4 lakh couplets.
• He created a new style of Persian poetry called Sabaq-i-Hind (Indian style).
• His important works include Khazain-ul-Futuh, Tughlaqnama, and Tarikh-i-
Alai.
• He was a great singer and was given the title ‘Parrot of India’.
 • Translation of certain Sanskrit books was done into the Persian language
during this period. Zia Nakshabi was the first to translate Sanskrit stories
into the Persian language.
• The book Tutu Nama or the Book of the Parrot was first translated into
Turkish and then into many European languages.
• The famous book Rajatarangini written by Kalhana belonged to the era of
Kashmiri ruler Zain-ul-Abideen.
• In the Arabic language, Al-Beruni’s Kitab-ul-Hind is the most important
work.
• Al-Beruni or Alberuni was an Arabic and Persian scholar patronized by
Mahmud of Ghazni.
• He learned Sanskrit and translated two Sanskrit works into Arabic.
• He was impressed by the Upanishads and Bhagavad Gita.
• In his work Kitab-ul-Hind (also known as Tarikh-ul-Hind), he mentioned the
socio-economic conditions of India.
• A large number of scholars flourished at the courts of provincial rulers as
well.
• Chand Bardai, a Hindi poet, was the author of Prithviraj Rasau.
• Nusrat Shah patronized the translation of Mahabharata into Bengali.
• Krittivasa prepared a Bengali translation of the Ramayana from Sanskrit.

Music During Delhi Sultanate:

• The important phase in the development of music during this period
belongs to the time of Amir Khusrau.
• Amir kusrau was the first to describe Kashmir as Eden on earth.
• He proclaimed himself as tuti-i-hind or parrot of India.
 • He was a contemporary of Jalaluddin Khalji, Alauddin Khalji, and
Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq.
• He witnessed the rule of eight sultans.
• It is during this period that the qawwali style is said to have developed. He
is also credited for the development of many modern ragas like aiman,
Gora, and Sanam.
• He is credited with the creation of a new musical instrument, the sitar
which was a combination of the Indian vina and the Iranian tambura.
• New musical instruments such as sarangi and rabab were introduced
during this period
• Raja Man Singh of Gwalior was a great lover of music. He encouraged the
composition of a great musical work called Man Kautuhal.
• Ragadarpan, the Indian classical work, was translated into Persian during
the rule of Firoz Shah Tughlaq.
• Pir Bhodan was a Sufi saint who was regarded as the greatest musician of
his age.

Architecture During Delhi Sultanates:

• New architectural forms and styles were introduced in India during the
medieval period.
• The synthesis of Indian and Islamic architectural features led to the
emergence of Indo-Islamic architecture.
• The arch and dome were new architectural additions of the period.
• The use of lime-mortar in the construction of buildings and houses altered
the building techniques
• The development of the true arch was an important feature of the
architectural style of the period.
• In the beginning, they converted temples and other structures demolished
into mosques. For example, the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque near Qutub
Minar in Delhi was built by using the materials obtained from destroying
many Hindu and Jain temples.
• With the arrival of artisans from West Asia the arch and dome began to
show up with precision and perfection.
• Gradually local artisans also acquired the skill. The tomb of Balban was
adorned with the first true arch and the Alai Darwaza built by Alauddin
Khalji as a gateway to the Quwwat-Islam Mosque is adorned with the first
true dome.

• Tughlaqs went for the introduction of innovative features in architecture

also, such as
o “Batter” Or Sloping Walls Use Of Stone Rubble As The Principle
Building Material
o A New Type Of Arch Called The Four-Centred Arch
o The Emergence Of The Pointed Dome
o The Introduction Of An Octagonal Plan Of Tomb Building.
• Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq added Tughlaqabad to Delhi.
• Muhammad bin Tughlaq added Jahanpanha to Delhi
• Firoz shah Tughlaq added Ferozabad to Delhi.
• Muhammad bin Tughlaq built the tomb of Ghiyasuddin on a high platform.
• After Tughlaqs Sikander Lodi constructed the Jama Masjid in Agra, it is the
first structure in the middle of the garden.
• Later, structures in the middle of the garden became an essential feature of
the Mughal style.