Assessment of United Nations System

the political achievements of the United Nations.

- The United Nations Organization was established on October 24, 1945. The main objective of its
establishment was to establish international peace and security. Along with this, the purpose of the
United Nations is to prevent international wars and to establish friendly relations between different
countries. Not only this, its purpose is also to increase international cooperation. Since the
establishment of the United Nations, many such international disputes have come before it, in solving
which the United Nations has played an important role. Undoubtedly, the United Nations has not been
entirely successful in achieving its objectives, yet the successes of the United Nations cannot be ignored.
The achievements of the United Nations can be divided into two parts: (i) political achievements and (ii)
non-political achievements.

Those disputes can be mentioned as political achievements of the United Nations, which it has done the
work of solving. Some of the controversies are:-

1. Soviet Union - Iran dispute - The first dispute to come before the United Nations was - Russia-Iran
dispute. After World War II, the Soviet Union did not withdraw its army from Azerbaijan province of Iran.
On January 19, 1946, Iran complained about this in the Security Council. The states of the western bloc
supported Iran in the Security Council. In response, the Soviet representative appealed to the Security
Council to take action to evacuate the British troops present in Greece. The Soviet Union used its
embargo power for the first time in this dispute. The United Nations Security Council directed the Soviet
Union to withdraw its forces from Iran by May 6, 1947. After this Gamla was resolved through direct
talks between the two countries. On May 21, 1946, both countries announced that Soviet forces had
awakened Iranian public opinion on May 9 and thought it appropriate to withdraw its forces from
Iranian soil. Have vacated The debate in the Security Council on resolving the Iran crisis strongly
opposed the Soviet Union.

2. Greece dispute- On January 3, 1946, the Soviet Union complained to the Security Council of the
United Nations that even after the end of the Second World War, the British forces were frozen on its
land, and were interfering in its internal affairs. During the talks in the Security Council, the Greek
representative said that the Greek people consider the presence of British troops essential for their
security. In December 1946, Greece complained to the Security Council of the United Nations that the
neighboring communist countries were helping the guerrillas and creating tension in Greece. The
commission appointed by the Security Council confirmed this complaint in May 1947. When the Security
Council tried to investigate further, the Soviet Union used the power of prohibition. The General
Assembly then appointed a commission to investigate, which Albania, Bulgaria and Yugoslavia did not
allow to enter their borders. finally The Greek problem was solved because of the following three
reasons.

1.In the presence of the commission appointed by the General Assembly, the communist nation did not
give full help to the guerrillas.

2. Due to the Tito Stalin controversy, the guerrillas stopped getting help from Yugoslavia.

3. Economic and military assistance was given to Greece by the US under the supervision of the United
Nations.

3. Berlin Controversy - After Germany surrendered in World War II, under the Potsdam Agreement in
1945, the city of Berlin was divided into the Soviet Union and the Allies - America, Britain, France. East
Berlin was controlled by the Soviet Union and West Berlin by the remaining three states. Another
condition of the Potsden Agreement was to maintain the economic unity of Germany. Violating this
condition, the western states introduced new currency in Germany. Annoyed by this, the Soviet Union
blockaded the water and land routes of Berlin on March 1, 1948. This matter was raised in the Security
Council by America, France and Britain, but due to the use of embargo by the Soviet Union, the Security
Council could not take any decision. But these four states got the platform of the Security Council for
discussion. The problem was solved by the talks that took place between their representatives. On May
4, 1949, the Security Council was informed that an agreement had been reached on the Berlin problem
between the Soviet Union, the United States, France and Britain. Thus, the United Nations played a
behind-the-scenes role in solving the Berlin problem by providing a platform.

4. Corfe Channel Controversy - Two British naval warships were laid in the Corfe Channel by Albania.
Damage caused by landmines. On this, Britain raised this matter in the Security Council to get
compensation. Britain accused Albania of laying the tunnel after the Allied sea lanes had been cleared,
while Albania argued that British warships had entered Albanian waters without the government's
permission . After listening to the arguments of both the countries, the Security Council handed over the
matter to the International Court of Justice. For the first time a dispute was assigned to the International
Court of Justice by the Security Council. The International Court of Justice, after hearing arguments from
both sides, decided that the British warships should be indemnified by Albania. This court fixed the
amount of 84 397 pounds (about 2.4 million dollars) as damages. Although the decision was not
followed by Albania, the Korf Channel is an important dispute, as it was the first dispute to be referred
to the International Court of Justice by the Security Council.

5. Korea Dispute – Korea dispute was a complex dispute going before the United Nations. For the
resolution of this dispute, the United Nations had to resort to military action for the first time. In June
1950, North Korea invaded South Korea. The Security Council declared North Korea as an aggressor. In
July 1950, the Security Council assembled a joint force of 16 countries and took action against North
Korea action taken. China also jumped into the war in support of North Korea. On the one hand, the
military action of the United Nations continued, and on the other, the United Nations continued to
make efforts for a peaceful settlement. Finally, in July 1951, both the parties reached an agreement. The
Korean War was saved from becoming a world war by the efforts of the United Nations. In fact, the
United Nations was successful in the Korean War only on the strength of America's strong military
power.

6. Kashmir dispute- The next important dispute to go under the United Nations was the Kashmir dispute.
On August 15, 1947, India and Pakistan became free from colonial slavery. Before liberating them, the
British government arranged that the princely states could either join India or Pakistan or remain
independent as per their wish. In such a situation, Raja Hari Singh, the ruler of the princely state of
Jammu and Kashmir, decided to remain independent, but Pakistan's desire was to merge this princely
state with itself, so on October 22, 1947, it annexed Kashmir by the tribesmen of the North-West
Frontier Province. got attacked. Under these circumstances, King Hari Singh of Jammu and Kashmir
decided to merge this princely state with India and signed the legal document. Now protecting Kashmir
had become the responsibility of India, so the Indian Army and Air Force started retaliating to drive out
the Pakistani invaders. A large part of Jammu and Kashmir was liberated by the Indian forces. On July 1,
1948, India complained to the Security Council that this attack by Pakistan had created a threat to
international peace.

The Prime Minister of India Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru took the matter to the United Nations. The Security
Council of the United Nations heard the arguments of both the sides. On February 17, 1948, the Security
Council constituted a three-member commission to resolve the dispute. This commission was entrusted
with the responsibility of establishing a ceasefire after studying the situation on the spot. This
commission came to Kashmir in July, 1949 and succeeded in getting a ceasefire through mediation. But
this commission did not take any decision regarding the holding of plebiscite, so the Kashmir problem
remained in limbo. Thereafter, in December 1949 and February 1950, the Security Council appointed
Canadian General McNaughton and Australian Judge Dickson to solve the Kashmir solution.
McNaughton argued that Kashmir should be completely demilitarized before the plebiscite, but this
argument was not accepted by India on the grounds that it did not mention the Pakistani invasion. Judge
Dixon's proposal was that except for the Kashmir Valley, the rest of the place should be maintained as it
is (Status-quo), that is, the territories which are occupied by the country, should be kept as it is and the
decision of the Kashmir Valley should be made by plebiscite. But this proposal was rejected by both
India and Pakistan.

There have been two wars between India and Pakistan in 1965 and 1971 on the issue of Kashmir. In the
Shimla Agreement (1972) concluded after the 1971 war, it was decided that instead of raising the
Kashmir issue in international forums, it would be resolved through bilateral negotiations. India wants to
solve the Kashmir problem through mutual talks under the Shimla Agreement, but Pakistan does not fail
to raise this matter in international forums from time to time. In 1999, Pakistan made an unsuccessful
attempt to occupy Indian territories by infiltrating its soldiers and terrorists in the Kargil region, due to
which the relations between the two countries deteriorated.
7.Palestine problem - Through the League of Nations, which came into existence after the First World
War, Britain announced in the mandate that it is not possible for it to manage this area. In April 1947,
Britain put this problem before the General Assembly. In August 1947, a special committee appointed by
the General Assembly recommended that Palestine be divided into two parts, with one part of the Arab
States and the other to establish a Jewish state. Although this recommendation of the General Assembly
was accepted, a conflict broke out between the Arabs and the Jews on the question of the partition of
Palestine. Efforts by the United Nations to broker an effective ceasefire between the two sides failed.
Meanwhile, on May 14, 1948, Britain withdrew its rule from Palestine. In such a situation, the Jews
announced the establishment of the State of Israel in Palestine.

On this, Arab countries like Iraq, Lebanon, Jordan etc. attacked Palestine, but the Arab states could not
tolerate Israel's retaliatory action. After this, on June 11, 1948, due to the efforts of United Nations
representative Bernadotte, there was a ceasefire on both sides for four weeks, but even then the
disturbance continued. Bernadotte was shot on 17 December 1948. After this, the Security Council of
the United Nations Dr. Ralph J. Bunch was appointed acting arbitrator. On December 29, the war was
again stopped for the third time. After this the General Assembly appointed the United Nations
Conciliation Commission. The matter was discussed deeply by this commission and it was also resolved,
under which treaties related to the border were made in Israel and neighboring countries. In 1956, war
broke out between Egypt and Israel over the Suez Canal dispute, but peace was soon established with
the efforts of the United Nations. Fierce wars took place between Arab countries and Israel in 1967 and
1973, but both times temporary peace was established with the efforts of the United Nations. In 1993, a
treaty was concluded between Israel and Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat. This treaty paved the way for
the establishment of peace in the region, however, estrangement between Israel and Palestine
continued.

8. Apartheid-related problem in South Africa- For a long time, the white government of South Africa
was adopting the policy of apartheid. There black people were discriminated against by the government.
Due to the policy of apartheid, the anger of the black people against the white government increased. In
1946, India put this question before the United Nations General Assembly. Three years later, in 1949,
this question was again raised in the General Assembly. As the number of newly independent nations of
Asia and Africa began to increase in the General Assembly, the demand for the removal of South Africa 1
from the United Nations began to gain momentum. The resolution that came in the Security Council in
this regard could not be passed due to the use of veto power by America, Britain and France. In
December 1977, the United Nations decided to impose economic sanctions on South Africa. Time
passed, finally South Africa announced the end of apartheid in 1991 from the United Nations forum. This
decision of the white government of South Africa was approved by the people through a referendum in
March 1992. After this, the emergence of a new era in South Africa, the government was formed under
the leadership of Huja and Nelson Mandela. In this way, the problem of apartheid in South Africa was
solved, in which the United Nations played a commendable role.
9. Indonesia Crisis- Before the Second World War, Indonesia was occupied by Holland, but during this
Buddha, Indonesia was taken over by Japan. Italy, Germany and Japan were jointly defeated in the
Second World War. After the defeat of Japan, Indonesian nationalists established an independent state,
due to which war broke out between Holland and Indonesia. The matter was taken to the Security
Council. To resolve this dispute, a harmony committee was formed by the Security Council. Due to the
efforts of this committee, the ongoing war between the two sides ended in August, 1947 and talks
started for a permanent treaty, but in December, 1948, Holland again started war against Indonesia and
Indonesian President Dr. Sukarna and Other prominent leaders were arrested. Opposing this action, the
Security Council of the United Nations asked Holland to establish a sovereign constituent republic in
Indonesia, to which the Dutch government should transfer sovereignty by July 1, 1949. To fulfill this goal,
the Goodwill Committee was converted into the Indonesia Commission. after careful discussion Holland
withdrew its forces from Indonesia and announced that power would be transferred to the Republic of
Indonesia by December 30, 1949. On December 28, 1949, Indonesia was recognized as a sovereign
republic and on the same day it was also granted membership of the United Nations.

10. Congo dispute- Congo dispute came in front of the United Nations as a critical problem. In 1960, a
fierce civil war started in Congo. Belgium was blamed for provoking this civil war. The Congolese
government appealed to the United Nations, as a result of which the UN forces ended the conflict
between Congo and Belgium. Even after this, the situation of civil war in Congo kept getting worse and
worse. The United Nations prevented the disintegration of Congo by military measures on the one hand
and adopted a conciliatory policy on the other. In September 1962, the Secretary-General of the United
Nations, Doug Hemmershöld, arrived in the Congo to hold talks with the warring leaders, but died in a
plane crash on the way. The newly appointed General Secretary U-Thot continued the efforts in this
direction. Ultimately, the hostile province of Katanga capitulated and peace was established in Congo in
January, 1963. The peacekeeping work of the United Nations ended with the unification of the Congo.
Thus the Congo problem was solved.

11. Yemen dispute - On December 19, 1962, Imam Ahmed, the then ruler of Yemen, suddenly died, after
which the Revolutionary Council of Yemen abolished the monarchy and established a republic there. On
the other hand, taking the monarchists on his side, Prince Hassan established the government-in-exile of
Yemen at a place called Jiddah in Saudi Arabia. After this conflict broke out between the two
governments and both the governments started using diplomatic and strategic policies to eliminate each
other. By the end of October, a fierce struggle started between the monarchists and the republicans.
Saudi Arabia and Jordan aided the monarchists, while the United Nations intervened to end the
republican civil war in Egypt and prevent it from spreading. In 1963, Ralph Buch, on behalf of the United
Nations, convinced both sides to call their troops and find a permanent and peaceful solution to the
problem. After this the situation kept changing day by day. As a result of the efforts of the United
Nations, gradually the external powers withdrew their forces from Yemen. Thus peace was established
in Yemen.
12. Cyprus problem-On August 13, 1960, Cyprus located in the Mediterranean Sea became a republic
after being freed from British clutches. Arrangements were made to maintain harmony and peace
between Greeks and Turks by the newly created constitution of Cyprus. Shortly after gaining
independence, the President of Cyprus, Makarios, made such a proposal to amend the constitution,
which started a political struggle and civil war between the two ethnic groups. A peace conference
started in Britain between Greece, Turkey and Cyprus on this problem. Meanwhile Britain thought of
sending NATO forces to Cyprus. In such a situation, President Makarios presented the matter to the
Security Council in December 1963 and demanded the United Nations to send joint observers and
handle the situation. After long deliberations, in March 1964, the United Nations decided to send a
peacekeeping force to establish peace in Cyprus. Soon the international army reached Cyprus. This army
achieved remarkable success in establishing law and order there. After this, the period of stay of this
army was extended there, as a result of which peace was established in Cyprus.

14. Suez Canal Problem - Nationalization of Suez Canal by Egypt on July, 1956 became a big challenge for
international peace and security. Seeing the violation of the 1888 Suez Canal-related Constantinople
Agreement, France and Britain along with Israel attacked Egypt on October 29, 1956. He could exercise
his veto power. On November 1, 1956, the Emergency United Nations Security Council of the General
Assembly could not take any action on this dispute, because Britain and France meeting was called, in
which resolution was passed and the invading forces were appealed to withdraw immediately.On 4
November, the General Assembly passed another resolution asking the Secretary-General of the United
Nations to submit plans for an emergency force. The war was still going on that on November 5, 1956, in
its third resolution, the General Assembly formed the Emergency Army. The Secretary-General of the
United Nations was given the right to involve the troops of the remaining member states except the
permanent members of the Security Council. On 5 November, the Soviet Union threatened that if the
war was not stopped soon, it would join the war to aid Egypt. On one hand, the pressure of the United
Nations was increasing continuously and on the other hand the public opinion of the invaders in their
own countries was turning against them. In such a situation, one by one the invaders had to withdraw
their forces from Egypt.

15. Czechoslovakia dispute - On August 21, 1968, under the leadership of the Soviet Union, the
Communist countries of the Warsaw Pact started military action in Czechoslovakia. In fact, it was an
aggressive action against a sovereign country. Western countries under the leadership of America
strongly criticized this action and this dispute was also raised in the United Nations Security Council. A
resolution was put forward by the seven members of the Security Council, criticizing the actions of the
Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact countries, demanding that the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact
countries' forces withdraw from Czechoslovakia immediately. Due to many reasons, this proposal
proved futile, because the government of Czechoslovakia itself, instead of supporting this proposal,
opposed it on the contrary. After this, an attempt was made to raise this dispute again in the United
Nations General Assembly session in September, but this time also no solution (result) came out of it.
The reason for this was that in relation to the Czechoslovakia crisis, the United Nations thought it
appropriate to play the role of a mute spectator.

16. Somalia conflict- In 1991 civil war started in Somalia. Along with this there was also a famine, due to
which the Somalia problem became a big problem. The United Nations started 'Operation Restore Hope'
with the aim of providing aid to this famine-stricken state and also deployed its troops in Somalia.
Ananta: Not only did the people of Somalia get relief from famine, but rival groups were also curbed.
Slowly things started improving. Today the Somalia crisis is not as dire as it was before.

17. Cambodia problem- After the removal of Cambodian prince Narottam Sihannuk from power, the
atmosphere in Cambodia became so bad that a civil war-like situation arose there. Many efforts were
made by the United Nations to bring all the conflicting groups on one platform for the purpose of
establishing peace in Cambodia, due to which on October 23, 1991, in the capital of France, Paris,
towards the establishment of peace between the conflicting groups of Cambodia. An agreement was
reached. Finally, in May 1993, free and fair elections were held in Cambodia under the auspices of the
United Nations and Prince Narottam Sihannuk became the head of state again. In this way this problem
was also solved.

18. Afghanistan problem- There was an atmosphere of unrest and anarchy in Afghanistan for a long time.
Peace could not be established there even after the withdrawal of Soviet Union forces, because there
was continuous fighting here. After Taliban forces captured Kabul, there was a fierce conflict between
Rabbani's forces and Taliban forces, which left Afghanistan in ruins. The United Nations appealed to all
parties to exercise restraint. The Taliban rulers also destroyed Buddhist statues in Afghanistan in March
2001, resulting in a religious frenzy. After the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in New York, the
United States conducted military operations in Afghanistan for more than two months, which led to the
end of the Taliban regime. In December 2001, Hamid Karzai took over the reins of power on December
22, 2001, as president of the United Nations-led interim government in Afghanistan. After this the
situation started becoming normal here.

19. Khanda problem - Civil war was going on in the African state of Khanda. The United Nations made
efforts to stop the ongoing civil war in Khancha. On June 24, 1994, the United Nations sent its
peacekeepers here, who worked towards a settlement between the two conflicting parties. It is the
result of his efforts that the situation in Khanda became normal.

Conclusion -After the establishment of the United Nations, many controversies have come to its fore,
which it not only resolved, but also prevented wars from happening many times. It has contributed to
resolving the Greek dispute, the Kashmir dispute, the Arab-Israeli dispute and the Congo. It removed
foreign forces from Syria, Lebanon, Burma, Iran etc. It also resolved disputes that could have given rise
to the Third World War, such as the Iraq-Iran War, Namibia and the Cuban Crisis. The United Nations
also made agreements on several occasions. Undoubtedly, the United Nations has saved humanity from
the ravages of wars. According to Ralph Bund, “The specialty of the United Nations is that it engages
nations in dialogue. The longer they talk, the better, because for that long the war is averted. From this
point of view, the role of the United Nations in resolving political and diplomatic disputes has been
important." If it has not been successful in resolving some disputes, it is because of power politics and
non-cooperation by the member states.

non-political achievements of United Nations.(socio - economic success)

- The United Nations was established on October 24, 1945. The makers of the United Nations were well
aware of the fact that economic and social justice is necessary for the development of peace and
friendly international relations in the world. 2/3 of the world's people live in the less developed
countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America. This population is a victim of hunger, malnutrition, poverty
and unemployment. Keeping this fact in mind, Article 55 (A) of the Charter of the United Nations states
that it (the United Nations) is responsible for raising the standard of living of the people, providing full
employment and creating conditions for economic and social development. Will work for For this reason,
many commissions and agencies have been established under the United Nations, which are helping the
poor people of many countries with the aim of establishing economic and social equality. Prominent
among these agencies are International Labor Organization, International Monetary Fund, World Bank,
International Development Association etc. Many works have been done by the United Nations in the
economic and social sector, such as-

1. Work for the welfare of the workers - The International Labor Organization has done many things for
the welfare of the workers, such as improving the standard of living of the workers, protecting their
health, taking steps for economic and social security, working hours fixing minimum wages etc. Not only
this, it has not only given many useful suggestions to various state governments from time to time, but
has also played a role in getting them implemented.

2. World Food Program - The United Nations has done many things to free the people of different
countries from the problems of hunger and malnutrition. The World Food Program is being run by this
international organization under the Food and Agriculture Organization. Under this programme, apart
from agriculture, work has been done to collect production and other services and make them available
for the economic development of backward states. Similarly, extra food items are delivered to the
distressed people during earthquakes, droughts, wars and other crises.
3. Child-welfare- United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) has been working continuously for the
welfare of children since 1946. It has fulfilled its obligations of providing life-saving vaccines, food and
education etc. to the children. It has done many things for the betterment of the children of different
countries. For example, the contribution of UNICEF for the poor children of the countries of Africa and
Asia including India has been commendable. .

4. Assistance to backward countries in the field of industrial and agriculture: - United Nations is
continuously providing technical assistance to various backward countries in the field of industrial and
agriculture. These developed countries of Asia and Africa have taken help from the technical experts of
the United Nations with a view to develop their industries and agriculture. The United Nations has also
established a committee of 18 members, which looks after the technical cooperation programme. In
November 1965, the United Nations General Assembly established the United Nations Development
Program, which helps in many areas. Under this programme, many countries have been helped in the
fields of electricity, building construction, animal husbandry, forest development and agriculture. The
United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR), established in 1965, has trained technical
staff for developing countries. It has been very helpful for the backward countries in the field of
industrial and agriculture.

5. Disarmament / Arms Control - Deadly weapons were used in the First and Second World Wars;
Because of which lakhs of people had to lose their lives. Keeping this in mind, the United Nations has
promoted disarmament and arms control. It has been mentioned in Articles 11, 26 and 47 of the Charter
of the United Nations that if lasting peace is to be established in the world, then it has to be freed from
destructive weapons. The United Nations started efforts towards disarmament soon after its
establishment. The Atomic Energy Commission was established in 1946 in the first session of the United
Nations General Assembly. The purpose of this commission was to present such suggestions, so that
nuclear and other destructive weapons could be abolished. The General Assembly also instructed this
commission to explore the possibilities of using atomic energy for peaceful purposes. To make the
concept of disarmament more effective, the Disarmament Commission was established by the General
Assembly in January, 1952. This commission was asked to draft a treaty; So that all types of weapons
and services can be limited and balanced cuts can be made in them.

The United Nations had some success in stopping the nuclear arms race in 1963 when the Nuclear
Test Ban Treaty was signed by the US, the Soviet Union and Britain. Under this treaty, the signatory
states will not conduct nuclear tests in the atmosphere or under water. Similarly, in preventing the
spread of nuclear weapons, the United Nations got success when the General Assembly passed the
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1968. The treaty prohibits signatory states from acquiring nuclear
weapons, but permits the use of nuclear power for peaceful purposes.

The Cold War started in 1945 between the US and the Soviet Union, due to which the armament
continued to increase. Through two strategic limitation treaties between 1972 and 1974, the ever-
increasing arms race between these two superpowers was curbed. After this, by signing the
Intermediate-Range Nuclear Weapons Agreement in this direction, the superpowers decided to
eliminate missiles that could strike at a distance of 500 kilometers and implemented this treaty by 1991.
The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (C.T.B.T.) was accepted by many countries of the world. It is clear
from the signing of this treaty by most of the countries of the world that it is an important step towards
the disarmament of the United Nations.

3. Use of space for the betterment of humanity - Immediately after the establishment of the United
Nations, the Cold War started between America and the Soviet Union. The arms race took a new turn in
1957 when the Soviet Union launched the first satellite, Sputnik, into Earth's orbit. In such a situation,
apprehensions were being expressed that space would be used for military purposes. That's why the
United Nations took initiative in this direction and the General Assembly unanimously passed the
resolution that outer space should be used only for peaceful purposes. Apart from this, between 1960-
1966, the General Assembly passed six other resolutions, whose goal was to link space exploration with
human welfare and to provide benefits of space exploration to all states without any discrimination. It
was also hoped in these proposals that the United Nations would work as a center for space exploration
and this research would encourage international co-operation. In fact, it was the result of the efforts of
the United Nations that in 1966 an agreement was reached in America, Soviet Union and Britain on the
basis of the resolutions of the General Assembly, according to which the use of space discoveries for
human welfare and the prohibition of weapons in space were recognized. .

4. Development of International Law- Undoubtedly, the emergence of International Law was long before
the International Organizations, but the International Organization-especially the United Nations has
played an influential role in the systematic development of International Law. The United Nations was
established on October 24, 1945. Since its inception, the international world had become aware of
preparing a code of conduct. This work could have been possible only through systematic collection and
clarification of international laws. Therefore, the United Nations General Assembly took the first step in
this direction by establishing the International Law Commission. The International Law Commission is
contributing to its development by respecting international law as much as possible.

5. Recognition of human rights- The United Nations has contributed to the expansion of human rights.
Shortly after the establishment of this institution, on December 10, 1948, the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights was made by the United Nations General Assembly. In fact, this declaration is a
comprehensive document of human rights, in which all types of rights have been included. In the form
of this declaration, for the first time at the international level, rising above different ideologies, a list of
human rights was presented and explained. Not only this, every year December 10 is celebrated as
'Human Rights Day', due to which the attention of the world is attracted towards them. In addition, a
Human Rights Commission has also been constituted. Action is taken against those states which violate
human rights. For example, the apartheid policy of South Africa has been the subject of condemnation
in the sessions of the General Assembly. Actions have been taken by the United Nations from time to
time to protect human rights, such as in 1977, the General Assembly imposed economic sanctions
against South Africa. After this the apartheid policy ended in South Africa. In 1994, white leader Dr.
Nelson Mandela was unanimously elected as the President of South Africa. That's why we can say that
the United Nations has awakened the world public opinion towards human rights and has established it
as an international movement. In fact, many commendable steps have been taken by the United Nations
regarding human rights.
6. Scientific, educational and cultural work - The United Nations has done many works in the scientific,
educational and cultural fields. For the execution of these works, it has established several agencies, in
which the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is the main one.
The basic objective of UNESCO is to promote harmony in the world through education, science and
culture. Along with this, this institution has contributed in the works of conservation of music, drama,
painting, architecture, literature etc. Preservation of many ancient artistic and historical remains has
been possible due to its efforts. It has run many programs to promote philosophical and creative
thinking. It also plays a significant role in scientific fields. It has opened its science offices in India, China,
Egypt and Uruguay. Not only this, this organization has also contributed in making barren land fertile.

7. Opposition to imperialism and colonialism: Many states of the world were bound by the shackles of
imperialism and colonialism for a long time. Many states of Africa and Asia were bound in the chains of
colonialism till the end of the nineteenth century, but today almost all the states have become
independent. The role of the United Nations has been important from the point of view of eradication of
colonialism and imperialism. The process of anti-imperialism and anti-colonialism had started only after
the First World War, but it gained a lot of momentum after the Second World War. It is the result of the
same speed that today most of the third world nations have become independent. The Trusteeship
Council, established under the Charter of the United Nations, was extended to all dependent nations
and colonies, not limited to territories snatched from enemy countries. The 11 territories which were
placed under the Trust Council have become independent only then. The United Nations has
contributed in liberating many countries of the world; Like- Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, Indonesia etc. The
United Nations has defended the independence of the Congo and Kuwait with arms."

In the international world, the platform of the United Nations was used to raise voice against
colonialism. Being a worldwide organization, the resolutions passed on its platform helped a lot in
raising world public opinion against colonialism and imperialism. The declaration made by the United
Nations General Assembly on September 24, 1962 to overthrow colonialism has had a special impact.
Today the world is looking at colonialism and imperialism with hatred. In fact, the United Nations has
played a major role in the eradication of colonialism and imperialism.

8. Eradication of diseases- The United Nations has not only done scientific, educational and cultural
work, but has also worked for the prevention of many dreadful diseases spread in the world. It has done
commendable work in eradication of Tuberculosis, Malaria, Filaria etc. The World Health Organization,
as a specialized agency of the United Nations, has greatly assisted the member-states in this task. This
organization also took steps to prevent floods in various areas. It saved countless lives from typhoid in
Egypt and Afghanistan in 1949. The World Health Organization has provided assistance in many public
welfare works. For example, it has done commendable work for maternal and child welfare, public
health training, supply of nutritious food, drinking water as well as pharmaceutical science research. At
present, various programs for child welfare are being run by various organizations of the United Nations.
UNICEF has a leading contribution in these organizations. Efforts are being made to remove illiteracy,
malnutrition, hunger etc. of children through more than 500 programs in the world. Efforts are being
made by the United Nations and its various agencies to save millions of children of the world from
tuberculosis, leprosy, malaria and other diseases. Many workers of United Nations (UNICEF) are
providing their services in drug and health centers. The United Nations is also making continuous efforts
for the prevention of drugs like cocaine, opium, IMS, etc. The United Nations has banned the production
and trade of drugs. A method of international control has been presented. The purpose of this control is
that the use of such substances Used only for medical and scientific purposes. An organization under the
United Nations sets a policy in this regard, which has to be followed by all the member states. In the
'Human Development Report' published by the United Nations in July 2003, the work of non-
governmental organizations providing accessible toilets has been appreciated.

Conclusion- It is clear from the description of non-political i.e. social and economic functions being
performed by the United Nations that the scope of its non-political functions is wider than its political
functions. The United Nations has been very successful in terms of socio-economic work. In this regard,
E. P. Chase says that in the end the success of the work of the United Nations will be judged by the fact
that in increasing the level of health and nutrition, in making the journey of the seas safe, in protecting
humans from harmful drugs. To what extent has it been successful in providing experienced support and
information and planning for a freer, prosperous, educated and more integrated world? Although the
United Nations has not been very successful in solving political problems, but it has definitely worked to
improve the condition of the developing countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America. C.B. In the words of
Narasimhan Rao, “The achievements of the United Nations since 1945 have been remarkable and
wonderful. Indeed historians will someday have to admit that this non-political work of the United
Nations is the most lasting contribution to world peace, while it is the least publicized. Indeed, the
contribution of the United Nations in non-political fields is monumental."