Research paper:

Republic of Ghana
ESTUDIOS DE ÁFRICA

Guerrero Contreras Mauricio

 Index

Introduction....................................1
Development:
Geography and Population............3
Ghanaian history and politics..........6
Political system.....................9
Foreign policy.............10
Present....................11
Conclusion.....................................14
References...........................15
introduction:

Ghana, located on the west coast of Africa, is a country with a rich and
fascinating history spanning centuries of development and transformation.
From its historical background to its political, economic and current situation,
Ghana has played a prominent role in the African context. This research aims
to delve into the history of Ghana, exploring its background, its political and
economic evolution, as well as its current situation. To understand Ghana's
history, it is crucial to examine its background. In the past, the territory now
occupied by Ghana was inhabited by various communities and ethnic groups.
These include the ancient kingdoms and civilizations such as the Akan, the
Akan-Ashanti, the Mossi, the Ga, among others. Each of these groups has left a
significant mark on the cultural and social history of the region.

Subsequently, Ghana witnessed the impact of European colonization. During

the 15th century, the Portuguese made the first contact with the region and
called it the "Gold Coast". Later, the British established their presence and
colonized the territory, then known as the "Gold Coast Colony". The struggle for
independence became a crucial milestone in Ghana's history, led by influential
figures such as Kwame Nkrumah, who became the newly independent
nation's first president in 1957.

In terms of its political evolution, Ghana has experienced ups and downs over
the years. After independence, a democratic government was established and
policies oriented towards unification and national development were
implemented. However, the country has also faced political challenges and
coups throughout its history, with periods of political instability.

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In terms of economy, Ghana has shown significant growth and
development in recent decades. The country has focused on economic
diversification and has promoted key sectors such as agriculture,
mining, and tourism. In addition, Ghana has shown a strong willingness
to attract foreign investment and improve infrastructure, which has
contributed to its sustained economic growth.

Today, Ghana is in a prominent position in the African context. The

country has demonstrated political stability and continues to make
progress in areas such as education, health, and governance. In
addition, Ghana has established a regional and international presence
through its active participation in organizations such as the African
Union and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS).

Throughout this investigation, the components of Ghana's history will

be explored in more detail, as well as the most relevant in terms of its
politics, geography, culture, etc. In order to give a more detailed vision
of the position that Ghana has both in the international system and its
relevance in the same African continent, and in this way give visibility to
a country that is usually overlooked or not taken into account. usually
counts in our conception of the world system

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Development
Geography and Population:
Ghana has become in recent decades a benchmark country, model and
example for many African countries, especially thanks to its economic
development and the great political and democratic stability that it has
experienced in recent years. Ghana is located in the area that is known as
the West African region. Its neighboring countries are Burkina Faso in the
north and Benin in the east.
Ghana has as a country an area of ​almost 2,400,000 square km (about half
of Spain), with a population of 32 million inhabitants, the capital of the
country is Accra, which has more than 2,450,000 inhabitants. Its
population is mostly young, since 60% are under 24 years old, of which half
live in urban areas, however, in the northern regions of the country they
are mostly rural, since only 30% live in urban areas.
Ghana as a country is divided into 16 administrative regions:
1. Ashanti Region (Kumasi): It is one of the largest and most populous
regions of Ghana. It is known for its Ashanti cultural history, traditions,
and rich mining industry.
2. Brong-Ahafo (Sunyani) Region: It is located in the center of the
country and is known for its natural beauty, including hills, forests and
waterfalls. It is also an important agricultural region.
3. Central Region (Cape Coast): It is a historically significant region, since
it was the entry point of the European colonizers in Ghana. It houses
several castles and colonial fortresses.
4. Eastern Region (Koforidua): It is a mountainous region with a diverse
landscape. It is famous for the suspension bridge in the Kakum
National Park and its cocoa production.
5. Greater Accra Region (Accra): It is the capital of Ghana and the
economic and administrative center of the country. It houses the
international airport, government institutions, companies and a large
number of services and cultural activities.

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6. Region of the High Eastern Coast (Koforidua): It is a mountainous region
that borders with Togo. It is known for its cocoa production and for hosting
several traditional tribes.
7. West Coast Region (Sekondi-Takoradi): Located on the southwestern coast
of Ghana, it is home to major seaports and a growing oil industry.
8. Northern Region (Tamale): It is the largest region of Ghana and is located in
the northern part of the country. It is known for its ethnic and cultural
diversity, as well as for its agricultural and livestock production.
9. Upper West (Wa) Region: It is a mountainous region in the northwestern
part of Ghana. Agriculture and livestock are the main economic activities in
the region.
10. Western Region (Sekondi-Takoradi): It is a coastal region in the southwest
of Ghana. It is home to important seaports and a developed fishing and oil
industry.
11. Northern Savanna Region (Damongo): It is located in the northern part of
Ghana and is characterized by its savannah landscape. Agriculture and
livestock are the main economic activities in the region.
12. Volta (Ho) Region: It is a region in the southeastern part of Ghana and is
home to Lake Volta Reservoir, the largest man-made lake in the world. It is
also known for its tourism industry and its rich Ewe culture.
13. Upper East Region (Koforidua): It is a mountainous region in eastern Ghana.
It is known for its production of tropical fruits and for its rich traditional culture.
14. East Coast Region (Koforidua): It is a coastal region in eastern Ghana. It is
home to beautiful beaches and is known for its fishing industry and palm oil
production.
15. West Coast Region (Sekondi-Takoradi) Region: It is a coastal region in
western Ghana. It is home to important seaports and a developed fishing and
oil industry.
16. Oti Region (Dambai): It is the most recent region of Ghana, established in
2018. It is located in the center of the country and is known for its cultural
diversity and natural resources.
(TMLT Editorials & TMLT Editorials, 2022)

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These are in turn divided into three natural regions, in the north they are characterized
by being savannah lands, in the center there are mostly jungle areas and finally in the
southern area is the coastal zone. In turn, this division of natural regions could be
translated into cultural groupings, that is, the peoples of Ghana (3 mainly).

In the north are the Gurma and Mole-Dagbani.

The Gurmas are an ethnic group residing mainly in the northern part of Ghana, in
the Upper East region. They are also found in adjacent areas of Burkina Faso and
Togo. They are known for their rich cultural tradition, including music, dance, crafts,
and colorful festivals. Agriculture is the main economic activity of the Gurmas, with
an emphasis on the cultivation of millet, sorghum, maize and other staples. In
addition, they are recognized for their skill in pottery and basket making.

On the other hand, the Mole-Dagbani ethnic group is found mainly in the north of
Ghana, in the Northern, Upper East and Upper West regions. The Mole-Dagbani are
known for their traditional political system and strong leadership structures.
Agriculture is a fundamental part of their livelihood, with the cultivation of crops
such as millet, maize, sorghum and rice. They are also engaged in fishing, livestock
and crafts, including basket making and weaving
• Both ethnic groups have a rich cultural heritage and play an important role in
Ghana's ethnic and cultural diversity. Its traditions, languages ​and festivals
contribute to Ghana's national identity and are an integral part of the country's
history and society.
(Country Facts, 2019.)

In the south and center are the towns of Akan and Ga Dagme
• The Akan people are one of the largest and most predominant ethnic groups in
Ghana. They are found mainly in the Ashanti region and in other parts of central and
southern Ghana. The Akan are subdivided into subgroups such as the Ashanti, the
Fante, the Akuapem, the Akyem, and the Kwahu, among others. They are known for
their rich culture, art, music and dance. The traditional Akan religion, which involves
beliefs in deities and ancestors, is still practiced by many. The Akan also have a
matrilineal system, where descent and inheritance are traced through the maternal
line. Agriculture, especially the cultivation of cocoa, is an important part of its
economy.

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 On the other hand, the Ga-Dagme people are found in the Greater Accra
region of southern Ghana. The Ga and the Adangbe are the two main
subgroups of the Ga-Dagme. They are known for their maritime history and
their role in establishing the city of Accra, the capital of Ghana. The Ga-Dagme
have a rich cultural tradition, including festivals, music, dance, and crafts.
Traditional religion, which involves beliefs in gods and ancestral spirits, is
practiced in combination with Christianity and Islam. Fishing, trade and crafts
are important economic activities for the Ga-Dagme.
(Country Facts, 2019.)

And finally in the southeast is the town of Éwé.

• The Éwé people are an ethnic group found mainly in the Volta region of south-
eastern Ghana, as well as in Togo and Benin. They are known for their rich history,
culture, and unique traditions. The Éwé have their own language, music, dance
and vibrant festivals. Agriculture is their main economic activity and traditional
religion plays an important role in their life. They are a brave and resilient people
who have maintained their cultural identity over the years.
(Country Facts, 2019)

Ghanaian history and politics

To understand the history of Ghana, we must go back to the 14th century, where
the current territory that makes up Ghana was inhabited by various groups,
among which, in the first instance, "to the south of the coast, the Fanti - who had
formed the powerful kingdom of Denkyira-, and in the center different Akan
groups, organized into kingdoms. For a long time, Denkyira dominated the Akan
peoples of the interior, who, in turn, traded with the peoples of the North,
receiving products through the trans-Saharan routes. (History Of Ghana.
www.Africainfomarket.org, 2006)

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Subsequently, the Akan kingdoms, more specifically the Ashanti (Established
since the 17th century, also known as the Asante, are part of the Akan ethnic
group and are considered one of the most prominent groups in Ghana)
strengthened their political structure and had the opportunity to confront
each other. militarily to the kingdom of Denkyira (made up of the Fanti), which
they defeated. Later they would organize themselves into a great centralized
State, under the king's mandate, “The Ashanti formed a great army, and took
over part of the slave trade on the coast. The capital of the kingdom, Kumasi,
was, throughout the 18th century, one of the most powerful in West Africa in
political and economic terms. (History Of Ghana. www.Africainfomarket.org,
2006)

Subsequently, different colonial powers, such as the Portuguese, English,

Dutch, and Danish, among others, built factories on the coast, in order to
participate in the slave trade, from the 15th century to the beginning of the
19th century. (when trafficking was abolished). During this period, more than
forty forts were used for the slave trade. During the 19th century, the British
carried out their policy of invasion into the interior of the African continent,
which in 1806 unleashed the first Angloshanti war, which lasted 10 years,
followed by a new war between 1825 and 1828, and a third in 1874. Already in
1895, the Protectorate was proclaimed in the northernmost area, as well as on
the coast by the English. “A year later, the fourth and final war between the
British and Ashanti began, which led to the destruction of much of Kumasi by
the British, the death of thousands of people, as well as the exile of King
Prempeh I. In 1902 , on paper, the Ashanti kingdom passed to belong to the
British crown and the colonization of the territory of present-day Ghana was
completed. (History Of Ghana. www.Africainfomarket.org, 2006)

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After all these tensions, during the first decades of the 20th century, a nationalism
was introduced in the Gold Coast area, with the help of lawyers and related
professionals with the formation of the United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC), so
that finally with the arrival of Kwame N'Krumah who was a politician and
Ghanaian independence leader who played a fundamental role in the fight for the
independence of Ghana, and because of this nationalism takes even more
strength in the region. Under the leadership of N'Krumah, the Gold Coast would
become the first State in Black Africa to gain independence in 1957, thus
becoming the benchmark for an entire continent. Once the independence of the
Gold Coast was consolidated, it changed its name to Ghana, which was inherited
by the Sudanese empire of Ghana (in territory, above all, of present-day
Mauritania).

Once his independence was consummated, N'Krumah consolidated a socialist

policy, with the implementation of the development of agriculture and industry,
until in 1966, when a group of pro-British officials overthrew him and Kofi Busia
obtained power. Government which collapsed when in 1972 a coup would seize
power to "Ignatius Acheampong who ended the socialist plans initiated by
N'Krumah and began a policy that benefited the large cocoa exporting owners."
(Africainfomarket.org, 2006)

The social and political tension in Ghana at the time led to a series of attempted
coups, which would end with Acheampong relinquishing power. However,
popular discontent and the acute economic crisis continued to be the dominant
trend at the beginning of the eighties. During 1986, Jerry Rawlings carried out a
coup d'état, and during his first years he focused his politics on fighting
corruption, trying to put a stop to the growing smuggling and trying to follow the
recipes of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. “His economic
policy led Ghana to go from an inflation rate of 200% to a rate of 25% in a few
years. The confidence of many international economic organizations in the
Rawlings government was demonstrated by the granting of credits at very low
interest. Rawlings began a democratizing process in 1992 and called elections a
year later, in which he obtained 58% of the votes. Rawlings revalidated his position
in 1996. Since 2001 John Kufuor has been the country's president.”
(Africainfomarket.org, 2006)

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Political system
The Republic of Ghana is governed by the 1992 Constitution, approved in a
referendum on April 28. It establishes a multi-party democratic regime of a
presidential nature, with a head of state elected by Universal Suffrage for a
period of four years, allowing a single re-election. There is a Unicameral
Parliament of 230 members in charge of approving the laws. (Pages - Ministry
of Foreign Affairs, European Union and Cooperation, 2016.) The system has
complementary institutions to the Presidency of the Republic and Parliament,
such as a Human Rights and Administrative Justice Commission, an Anti-
Corruption Office, an Independent Council for the media, etc.

Ghana establishes 3 main powers. In the first instance, executive power in

Ghana rests with the president, who is elected by universal suffrage for a four-
year term. The president is the head of state and government and exercises a
wide range of executive powers. He also appoints government ministers, who
make up the cabinet, and are responsible for the implementation of policies
and the administration of state affairs.
Legislative power in Ghana is vested in the Parliament, which is a unicameral
body made up of members elected through general elections. Currently,
Parliament is made up of 275 members known as Members of Parliament
(MPs). Parliament is responsible for passing laws, approving the national
budget, and overseeing government activities.
The judiciary in Ghana is independent and has the responsibility of
administering justice in the country. The judicial system is made up of various
courts, including the Supreme Court, courts of appeal, regional courts, and
district courts. The Supreme Court is the highest court and has the authority to
interpret the Constitution and resolve legal disputes of national importance.
Ghana's political structure is based on a democratic and republican system.
The country has a Constitution that establishes the fundamental principles and
values, and has a separation of powers between the executive, legislative and
judicial. Local governments also play an important role in the administration of
local affairs. In addition, political parties have significant influence in the
political process and participate in general elections.

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Foreign policy
Ghana is committed to the defense and promotion of democracy, the rule of
law, the protection of human rights and the fight against threats to peace and
security in the region (terrorism, organized crime, illicit traffic...); principles
consistent with the objectives of ECOWAS. Ghana's foreign policy has been
based on the promotion of peace and the peaceful resolution of conflicts. The
country has been a key advocate of preventive diplomacy and mediation in
regional conflicts. Ghana has deployed troops and has actively participated in
United Nations peacekeeping missions, such as in Liberia, Sierra Leone and
South Sudan. In addition, he has been a promoter of nuclear non-proliferation
and has advocated for disarmament and the diplomatic solution of
international tensions.

Similarly, Ghana has sought to strengthen regional cooperation in West Africa

and has been an active member of the Economic Community of West African
States (ECOWAS). Through ECOWAS, Ghana has worked to promote economic
integration, intra-regional trade, the free movement of people and goods, and
policy harmonization. The country has participated in the implementation of
regional development programs and has promoted political stability and
democratic governance in the region.

Another priority point is the economic issue, in which Ghana has sought to
diversify its economic relations at the international level. It has promoted
foreign investment and has established trade ties with various nations. The
country has sought to strengthen its position as an emerging economic player
in Africa and has fostered cooperation in areas such as agriculture, mining,
energy and tourism. In addition, Ghana has been an advocate for global
economic justice and has participated in international forums in search of a
more equitable and favorable trading system for developing countries. Ghana
is the world's second largest producer of cocoa, after the Ivory Coast, and the
second largest producer of gold on the continent, after South Africa. The
problem is that the huge tax breaks for multinationals limit the benefits for the
African nation.

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Ghana's foreign policy has been characterized by its commitment to peace,
regional cooperation and the promotion of human rights. The country it has
actively sought to contribute to the development and stability of Africa,
participating in peacekeeping missions and promoting regional integration
through ECOWAS. In addition, he has been a defender of human rights and
democracy, and has sought to diversify his economic relations internationally.
Ghana has demonstrated its commitment to a responsible foreign policy and
has sought to be a positive actor on the global stage, seeking the well-being of
both its people and the region as a whole.

Present
Ghana, a nation located on the west coast of Africa, has emerged as a
prominent player at both the regional and continental levels. Its political
stability, economic growth, commitment to peace and democracy, as well as
its active participation in regional and international affairs, have consolidated
its position as one of the most important and respected countries in Africa.

Has earned an enviable reputation for its political stability and commitment to
democracy. Since its independence in 1957, it has held regular elections and
experienced peaceful transitions of power. This strong democratic record has
been instrumental in building trust and attracting both domestic and foreign
investment. In addition, Ghana's political stability has had a positive impact on
the region, serving as an example to other African countries and strengthening
its regional leadership.it has experienced significant economic growth in
recent decades, which has contributed to its regional and continental
importance. The country is one of the main producers and exporters of key
products such as cocoa, gold, oil and agricultural products. Additionally, Ghana
has promoted economic diversification and encouraged foreign investment,
especially in sectors such as energy, infrastructure, and tourism. Its economic
leadership has been recognized on the continent, which has strengthened its
influence and contributed to regional development.

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Ghana has also been an active advocate of regional integration and has played
a key role in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). The
country has worked closely with other Member States to promote the free
movement of people and goods, economic integration and regional
development. In addition, Ghana has participated in regional and continental
initiatives such as the African Union (AU), promoting cooperation in areas such
as governance, peace and security, and intra-African trade Ghana is known for
its abundant natural resources, which have played a crucial role in its economic
development. The country is one of the main producers and exporters of gold,
cocoa, oil and agricultural products. The mining industry, in particular, has
been a key driver of economic growth, attracting investment and creating
employment. Furthermore, Ghana has sought to diversify its economy and
reduce dependence on natural resources through the promotion of other
sectors such as manufacturing, tourism and services.

The Ghanaian government has implemented policies aimed at fostering

sustainable economic development. These policies have focused on
macroeconomic stability, the promotion of trade and investment, and the
improvement of infrastructure. Incentives have been established to attract
foreign investment, reforms have been implemented to improve the business
climate, and rural development programs have been promoted to boost
agricultural production. In addition, the government has made efforts to
improve education and technical training, in order to develop a skilled labor
force prepared for the challenges of the 21st century.

has actively sought to strengthen its international business ties. The country is
a member of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and
has signed trade agreements with other African nations and with key
international partners. In addition, Ghana has been involved in promoting
intra-African trade through the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)
Initiative, which has facilitated access to broader markets and stimulated
economic growth.

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Challenges and Opportunities:
Despite its economic success, Ghana faces challenges on its path towards
sustainable development. Poverty, inequality and lack of employment remain
persistent problems. In addition, the management of revenue from natural
resources and the fight against corruption are important challenges that the
country must address. However, Ghana has significant opportunities to
continue its economic development. The country has a growing domestic
market, a young and dynamic population, and an expanding business sector.
Furthermore, investment in infrastructure, economic diversification and skills
development are key areas that can further drive growth and create
opportunities for all Ghanaians.
First, social inequality is one of the most pressing challenges in Ghana.
Although the country has experienced significant economic growth in recent
years, this growth has not been equitable in terms of wealth distribution. There
is a considerable gap between the rich and the poor, which contributes to the
persistence of poverty and social exclusion. It is necessary to implement
policies and programs that effectively address this inequality and promote
more inclusive development.

Furthermore, corruption remains a major problem in Ghana. Despite the

government's efforts to combat corruption, it continues to exist at different
levels of society and in various institutions. Corruption undermines citizens'
trust in the political and economic system, limits development opportunities
and perpetuates inequality. It is crucial to strengthen control and
accountability mechanisms, as well as foster a culture of transparency and
ethics in the country.
In terms of social development, Ghana faces challenges in areas such as
education and health. Although significant progress has been made in
expanding access to education and health care, regional and socioeconomic
disparities still persist in terms of quality and access to these services. It is
essential to invest in improving the educational and health infrastructure, as
well as in the training and development of human resources in these areas.

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Finally, violence and intercommunal conflict represent a challenge to social and
political stability in Ghana. In some parts of the country, there have been conflicts
related to land, natural resources and ethnic identity. These conflicts threaten
social cohesion and can have a negative impact on economic and political
development. It is essential to promote inter-community dialogue, peaceful
conflict resolution and social inclusion to address these challenges.

Conclusion:

Ghana's history shows us the greatness of the ancient kingdoms and their
influence in the region, as well as the impact of colonization and the struggle for
independence led by emblematic figures such as Kwame Nkrumah. This history of
struggle and determination has left a lasting mark on the country and forged its
national identity. Today, Ghana stands out as one of the strongest and most stable
economies in Africa, with sustained economic growth and diversification in key
sectors such as agriculture, mining, oil and gas, and services. The country has
managed to attract foreign investment, improve its infrastructure, and promote
regional and international trade.

However, Ghana still faces challenges in its pursuit of comprehensive and

sustainable development. Inequality, poverty, corruption and social problems
persist in the country. Addressing these issues is essential to ensure that economic
growth translates into tangible benefits for all Ghanaians.

In political terms, Ghana has managed to consolidate its democracy, with regular
elections and a peaceful transition of power. However, democratic consolidation
requires active citizen participation, transparent governance and the protection of
human rights. Civil society plays a crucial role in this process and must be
strengthened and supported.

Today, Ghana also plays an important role at the regional and continental level. His
leadership in promoting peace, stability and human rights in Africa has been
recognized and admired. Additionally, the country has been an advocate of
regional trade and economic integration through the AfCFTA, making it a key
player in the economic transformation of the continent.

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References

Country facts. (n.d.). https://ghana.um.dk/en/about-us/about-ghana/country-

facts

The Culture of Ghana. (n.d.). SpainExchange Country Guide.

https://www.studycountry.com/guide/GH-culture.htm

TMLT Editorials & TMLT Editoriales. (2022, May 12). Información detallada
sobre las 16 regiones de Ghana y sus capitales. Current School News.
https://www.currentschoolnews.com/es/articles/16-regions-in-ghana-and-
their-capitals-a-detailed-information/

Jgn, T.-. A.-. (2020, March 6). Ghana, de la independencia política a la

colonización económica. TelesurTV.
https://www.telesurtv.net/telesuragenda/ghana-independencia-politica-
economia-oro-multinacionales-20190305-0017.html

Historia de Ghana. www.Africainfomarket.org. (n.d.).

https://www.africainfomarket.org/esp/cultura/sectores/historia/ghana.php#0

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