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 Brewing Made Easy

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622138_BrewingFinalPgs.indd 2 12/4/12 11:15 AM
 BREWING
Made Easy
A Step-by-Step Guide to Making Beer at Home

Second Edition

Joe Fisher & Dennis Fisher

authors of The Homebrewer’s Garden

ß Storey Publishing

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 The mission of Storey Publishing is to serve our customers by
publishing practical information that encourages
personal independence in harmony with the environment.

Edited by Margaret Sutherland and Sarah Guare

Art direction and book design by Alethea Morrison
Text production by Jennifer Jepson Smith
Cover and interior illustrations by © Scotty Reifsnyder
Indexed by Christine R. Lindemer, Boston Road Communications

© 1996, 2013 by Dennis Fisher and Joe Fisher

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced without written permission from
the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages or reproduce illustrations
in a review with appropriate credits; nor may any part of this book be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means — electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or other — without written permission from the publisher.
The information in this book is true and complete to the best of our knowledge. All recom-
mendations are made without guarantee on the part of the author or Storey Publishing. The
author and publisher disclaim any liability in connection with the use of this information.
Storey books are available for special premium and promotional uses and for customized
editions. For further information, please call 1-800-793-9396.

Storey Publishing
210 MASS MoCA Way
North Adams, MA 01247
www.storey.com

Printed in the United States by Versa Press

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

libr ary of congress cataloging - in - publication data

Fisher, Joe, 1966–
Brewing made easy / Joe Fisher & Dennis Fisher. — 2nd edition.
p. cm
Includes index.
ISBN 978-1-61212-138-3 (pbk. : alk. paper)
ISBN 978-1-60342-854-5 (e-book)
1. Brewing—Amateurs’ manuals. I. Fisher, Dennis, 1963– II. Title.
TP570.F535 2013
641.8'73—dc23
2012032605

622138_BrewingFinalPgs.indd 4 12/4/12 11:15 AM

 Contents
You Can Brew It! 6

chapter 1

Brewing with Malt Extracts 9

chapter 2

The Second Batch 27

chapter 3

Ingredients and Recipe Formulation 43

Chapter 4

Recipes and Styles 67

Glossary 94
Appendix A: Amounts and Conversions 96
Appendix B: How to Use the Hydrometer 97
Sources for Supplies and Information 99
Index 101

622138_BrewingFinalPgs.indd 5 12/4/12 11:15 AM

 you can brew it!
E very year tens of thousands of people become homebrew-
ers. It isn’t hard to get started. You just walk into your
local brewstore and buy an equipment kit, a bag of brewing
ingredients, and a book like this one. And then you start to
brew. If you like what you made the first time, you brew again.
And again.
Suddenly, you are a brewer, capable of creating any exist-
ing style of beer or of designing your own beers. You start to
enter contests, join homebrewing clubs, subscribe to brewing
magazines, grow your own hops, travel to conventions, and
experience the exciting and growing world of beer from the
best possible perspective: that of the brewing insider.
The reasons people have for brewing their own beer are
many. But for most of us, it comes down to three essential
goals: saving money, improving on flavor, and having fun.

Saving Money. This is a great argument for making your

own beer. Today an incredible variety of microbrews and
imports is available, and there’s nothing wrong with that! The
fact that this country has finally thrown off the yoke of medio-
cre commercial beers and embraced the diversity of styles and
good taste is cause for celebration. But many of these beers can
be pricey. So why not make beer at home? You can brew simple
extract beers such as we describe in this book for just fifty
or sixty cents per glass. Compare that with import or brew-
pub prices! And all-grain brewers can achieve even greater

622138_BrewingFinalPgs.indd 6 12/4/12 11:15 AM

 savings. Of course, quality brewing ingredients are not cheap,
nor should they be. But the sticker shock you may feel when
picking up a big bag of brewstuff should be tempered by the
knowledge that it will make a significant amount of beer.

Improving on Flavor. Most of us who brew at home feel

that the taste of our beer is as good as, if not better than, any-
thing on the market. We use the best ingredients and serve
our beer perfectly fermented and aged. This is why homebrew
is often superior to microbrew. Our beer doesn’t have to be
shipped anywhere, it doesn’t sit on a shelf, and it doesn’t have
to make a profit. The only people our homebrew has to please
are our friends, ourselves, and maybe a panel of judges if we
decide to enter it in a contest. We can experiment with the
amount and kinds of grain, the type of hops, or the strain of
yeast. Ultimately, we can create a recipe that suits our palates
perfectly, and it becomes our own house beer, something that
we will brew again and again in the years to come.

Having Fun. Finally, brewing is fun. There is a deep satisfac-

tion that comes from taking simple ingredients and combining,
fermenting, and aging them to produce the age-old and ever-
new libation called beer. Some people spend years perfecting
just a few recipes; others never brew the same recipe twice. It
all depends on what you want to do. Some brewers enjoy com-
plex recipes and elaborate equipment setups; others cultivate

you c an brew it! 7

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 simplicity. There is a comfort level of brewing for everybody.
That’s what makes homebrewing such a great hobby.
Brewing Made Easy is designed for the beginning brewer,
and our goal has been to supply accurate, up-to-date informa-
tion that is easy to understand and apply, so that you can start
homebrewing right away, the right way. Every brewer does
things a little differently, and over time you will undoubtedly
develop an individual brewing style that suits you.
We wish you good luck and happy brewing!

8 you c an brew it!

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 Brewing
with Malt
Extracts
Malt extract brewing is the simplest way to make
beer, and most people start out this way. Malt
extract is the product of grain mashing, in which
malt grains (barley that has been partially germi-
nated, dried, and roasted to produce different
brewing characteristics) are steeped at controlled
temperatures to extract the brewing sugars. Then
the resulting liquid is reduced until it is a syrup that
contains only about 20 percent water.

Mashing is the trickiest stage of brewing, and using malt

extracts means that you don’t have to mash grain. Later, you
can work up to more complex forms of brewing, such as partial
mash and all grain. But for now, let’s stick to the extracts.
Basic extract brewing is not complicated. Simply boil
together malt extracts, either in syrup or dry form (often both
are used in a recipe), water, and hops. You add hops to the
brew (wort) at various stages of the boil to provide bitterness,

622138_BrewingFinalPgs.indd 9 12/4/12 11:15 AM

 flavor, and aroma. And finally you add yeast after the wort
has cooled.
You can achieve even more simplicity by using can kits,
which are cans of hopped malt extract formulated to make a
particular beer. The recipe for Redemption Bitter (see page 15)
is not much more complicated than a simple kit recipe, because
it uses malt extract that has already been hopped by the
manufacturer.

Basic Equipment
You will need a few pieces of basic equipment. If you buy a
starter kit, much of what you need for basic brewing will be
in it. In addition to what is shown at right, it’s always handy
to have a few white food-grade plastic buckets kicking around
for cleaning bottles, soaking equipment, and so forth. Even the Thermometer.
most occasional brewer will soon acquire a sizable collection A thermometer,
of miscellaneous gear — and then he has to find room to store either a regular
it! Our philosophy in writing this book has been to find the cooking ther-
easiest method to help the beginner make good beer. To do mometer (left)
this we will often recommend buying a desirable tool, such as or a floating one
a Vinator or Auto-Siphon, right away rather than waiting and (right), is useful
using a simpler but sometimes less satisfactory method. for telling when
it’s safe to pitch
Sanitize Everything! the yeast. Yeast
The worst enemy of beer, and the most common cause of first- can stand very
time-brewing failure, is contamination by microorganisms. cold tempera-
The most important thing you can do for your beer is keep tures, but any-
your brewing area clean and well sanitized. The standard in thing above 90°F
commercial breweries is close to operating-room cleanliness. will kill it.

10 Brewing with Malt Ex tr ac ts

622138_BrewingFinalPgs.indd 10 12/4/12 11:15 AM

Other documents randomly have
different content
 At tournaments, 268.

Cousines, dame des belle, her reproof of a young page for his not
being in love, I. 32.

Crawford, Sir David de Lindsay, Earl of, his joust with Lord Wells, I.
290.

Cross, every military order had its, I. 362.

Wretched taste in concealing the cross of the order of the Bath by
a star, ib.

Cyclas, I. 85.

Cyneheard, his story, I. 5.

D.

Dagger of mercy, description of it, I. 92.

Story of its use, 93.

Dambreticourt, Lord Eustace, his chivalry inspired by the lady

Isabella, I. 204.
His valour at the battle of Poictiers, II. 44.

Dames and Damsels. See Lady.

Degradation, ceremonies of, I. 60.

Derby, Earl of, the sort of death he desired, I. 147.

Devices, what they were, I. 78.

Worn in tournaments, 272-275.

Discipline, chivalric array not inconsistent with feudal discipline, I.

145.

Douglas, story of the perilous castle of, I. 205.

Generousness of the good Lord James of, I. 206, 402.
His character, ib. note.
The Douglas of the sixteenth century, II. 67.
Wins the pennon of Hotspur, 77.
His heroism and noble death, 80.
Archibald, at Shrewsbury, ib.

Dress of ladies in chivalric times, I. 185.

Importance of modesty of, 186.

Dub, meaning of the word, I. 53. note.

Dynadan, Sir, a merry knight of the Round Table, his pretended

dislike of women, I. 196. note.

E.

Edward I., his chivalric character, I. 395.

A chivalric anecdote of, I. 142.

Edward II., state of chivalry in his reign, I. 402. 409.

Edward III., state of armour in his time, I. 97. 100.

Chivalry in his reign, II. 4, &c.

Eloisa, the Lady, a heroine of chivalry, I. 235.

England, antiquity of the sarcasm of its not being the country of

original invention, II. 48. note.
The melancholy of its mirth curiously noticed, ib.

Errantry, facts relating to the knight-errantry of the middle ages, I.

140. 145.
English knights-errant, 225.
General facts and usages, 226, &c.

F.

Falconry. See Hawking.

Falcons, placed on perches above knights at chivalric

entertainments, I. 281.

Father in chivalry, the respect which a knight bore to the cavalier

that knighted him, I. 54.

Festivals, description of chivalric, I. 176. 379.

At tournaments, 281.

Fidelity to obligations, a great virtue in knights, I. 151.

Flodden, chivalric circumstances at battle of, II. 121.

Flowers, Romance of, remarks on, I. 315. note.

Forget-me-not, romantic story of this flower: joust concerning it, I.

315.

France, state of, after the death of Du Guesclin, II. 203.

Chivalry in baronial castles, II. 169.
Knighthood given to improper persons, 211.
Extinction of chivalry in, 226.
Ridiculous imitation of chivalry by the profligate soldiers of a
profligate king, 228.

Francis I., his chivalric qualities, II. 223.

Circumstances which disgraced his chivalry, 224.
 Knighted by Bayard, 225.

Fraternity, origin and history of the spirit of, I. 4.

Encouraged by the institutions of Arthur, 379.

Froissart, character of his history, Preface.

Frojaz, Don Rodrigo, a Spanish knight, chivalric mode of his death, I.

71.

Furs, fondness of people in the middle ages for them, I. 49. 85.
note.

G.

Gallantry, its origin, I. 7-9.

Absurdity of antiquarians respecting, 175. note.

Garter, order of the, objects of, I. 360.

Its resemblance to a religious order, 361.
Reasons of its being established, 360.; II. 4.
Commonly ascribed origin a vulgar fable, 6.
Meaning of the motto, 7.
The collar, 8.

Gawain, Sir, a knight of Arthur’s Round Table, character of, I. 378.

Generousness of knights, high estimation of this quality, I. 153.

Instances, 153-157.

Gennet, order of the, I. 374.

George, Saint, the person that was understood by this name, II. 9.

Germans, superior virtue of German women owned by Tacitus, I. 7.

 Instances of this virtue, 7, 8.
Political chivalry had no influence in Germany, II. 303.
German knights quailed before undisciplined troops, 304.
When and where tournaments were held, I. 262.
Heraldic pride of the, 263. note.
Singular matter regarding the, 265. note.
Inferiority of to Italian condottieri, 305.
Intolerance and cruelty of German knights, 306.
Their education, 307.
Cruelty to their squires, 308.
Their avarice, 310.
Little influence of German chivalry, 311.
Singular exception, 312.
Destruction of chivalry, 317.

Gonfanon, what it was, I. 67.

Gonsalez, Count Fernan de, a fabulous hero of Spanish chivalry, II.

245.

Gordon, Adam, his chivalry, I. 56.

Graville, Sir William, loses a fortress out of his love for chess-playing,
I. 165.

Green-field, knights of the Fair Lady in the, story of their chevisance,

I. 223.

Gueldres, Duke of, story of his regard for knightly honour, I. 138.

Guesclin, Bertrand du, his birth, II. 174.

Became a cavalier in opposition to paternal wishes, 175.
His knightly conduct at Rennes, ib.
Amusing interview with the Duke of Lancaster, 177.
His gallant bearing at Cochetel, and the consequent recovery of
the fame of the French arms, 178.
 Taken prisoner at Aurai, 180.
Redeemed, 182.
His chivalry in Spain, 184, &c.
Taken prisoner again, 189.
Treated with cruelty by the Black Prince, 191.
Ransomed, 209.
Made Constable of France, 194.
Recovers the power of the French monarchy, ib.
His companionship in arms with Olivier de Clisson, 195.
His death before Randan, 199.
Character, 201.

H.

Harald, the valiant, account of, I. 9.

Hawking, a knowledge of, a necessary part of a knight’s education, I.

29.
A great chivalric amusement, 161.

Hawkwood, Sir John, story of his origin, and allusions to his battles,
I. 23.

Helmets, I. 88.
Various sorts of, I. 89.

Hennebon, noble defence of, by the Countess of Mountfort, I. 242-

246.

Henry I. and II., state of chivalry in their respective reigns, 387. 389.
395.

Henry II., of France, killed in a tournament, account of the

circumstances, II. 226. and note.
Henry, Prince, son of James I., his love of chivalric exercises, II. 137.

Henry IV., chivalric parley between him and the Duke of Orleans, II.
83.
His unchivalric deportment at Shrewsbury, 88.

Henry V., his love of chivalry, II. 85. 96.

His chivalric modesty, 98.

Henry VIII., account of his tournaments, II. 104, &c.

Heroines, nature of female heroism in days of chivalry, and stories

of, I. 234, &c.

Hita, Genez Perez de, nature of his volume on the fall of Grenada, II.
288. note.

Homildon Hill, interesting knightly story regarding battle at, I. 55.

Honour, curious story of knightly, I. 138.

The knights’ pursuit of, I. 144.
See, too, 277. note.

Horn, King, romance of, I. 27.

Horse of the knight, I. 111.

What horses were preferred, 112.
The famous horse of the Cid, ib. II. 287.
Armour of the horse, I. 114.
Always very splendidly adorned, 115.

Horsemanship, care with which knights were trained to, I. 44.

Hotspur fights with the Douglas, II. 77.

His gallant deportment at Otterbourn, 79.
And at Shrewsbury, 87.
Humanities of chivalric war, I. 129. 135.

Humility, a knightly virtue, I. 158.

Hunting, young squires instructed in the art of, I. 29.

A part of the amusements of chivalry, 161.

Huntingdon, Sir John Holland, Earl of, his skill in jousting, I. 307.

I.

Inauguration, ceremony of, into knighthood, when and where

performed, I. 50.
Its circumstances, 50-54.

Ingelbertes, Saint, joust at, I. 302-314.

Ipomydon, romance of, I. 28.

Isabella, the Lady, a heroine of chivalry, I. 235.

Italian armour, excellence of, I. 105.;

II. 293. note, 330.

Italy, but little martial chivalry in, II. 324.

Chivalric education, 321.
Changes of the military art in, 325.
Chivalry in the north of, 329.
Esteem in which the word of knighthood was held, ib.
Chivalry in the south of, 331.
Mode of creating knights in, 334.
Religious and military orders in, 335.
Political use of knighthood, 336.
Folly of an Italian mob regarding knighthood, ib.
 School of Italian Generals, 328.
Chivalric sports in, 338.

Ivanhoe, errors of the author of, regarding Anglo-Saxon and Norman

chivalry, I. 383. note;
and concerning the Knights Templars, 387. note;
and also concerning the nature and names of chivalric sports, 327.

J.

James, Saint, his popularity in Spain, I. 345. note; II. 230.

Order of, I. 344.

James II., of Arragon, gallantry of one of his decrees, II. 289.

James IV., of Scotland, chivalric and romantic circumstances of his

life, II. 118-124.

Jealousy, no part of chivalric love, I. 207.

Joanna of Naples, a chivalric anecdote regarding, II. 352.

Joust, nature of the, to the utterance, I. 289.

For love of ladies, 291.
Various, à l’outrance, 289-297.
A plaisance, 297, &c.
Romance of, 324.; II. 215.
Use of jousts, I. 330.

K.

Knights, their privileges, I. 17.

Expensive equipment of, necessary to the dignity, 16.
Preparations for knighthood, 48.
 His war-cry and escutcheon, 18.
Qualifications, 19.
Gentle birth not regarded when valour conspicuous, 22.
By whom created, ib.
(For his education, see Squire and Page.)
Often turned priests, I. 14.
Associations of, in defence of the ladies, 223-225.
Stipendiary knights in England, 385.
No resemblance between and the equites of Rome, 14.
Made in the battle-field, and in mines, 56-59.
Knight of honour, description of, 267.
English wore golden collars, II. 8.
Anxiety to receive the order from great characters, 55. and note.
No knights made on compulsion, after the days of Charles I., 158.
Degradation of, in the reign of James I., 157.

Knot, order of the, I. 358.

Knowles, Sir Robert, remarkable story of the heroism of one of his

knights, I. 124.

L.

Lady in chivalry, character of, I. 182. 256.

Her courtesy, ib.
Education, 183.
Amusements, 190.
Deportment, 185.
What ladies could create knights, 252.
Singular blending of the heroic and the tender feelings in her
character, 253.
Not made prisoner in war, 227.
Judge in the tournament, 267. 283.
Her favours worn by her knights, 272. 275. and note.
Lahire, the singular prayer of this knight, I. 147.

Lance, the chief weapon of the knight, I. 66.

The staff made from the ash-tree, ib.

Langurant, Lord of, bravery of, and of his squire, I. 46. and note.
Another story, 93.

Largess, distributed at ceremonial of inauguration, I. 54.

At tournaments, 284.

Launcelot, generous modesty of this knight, I. 159.

Singular proof of his high reputation, 55. note.
Beautiful lamentation over his dead body, 377.

Lee, Sir Henry, his gallantry, II. 132.

Legnano, battle of, II. 304.

Liberality, a great virtue in chivalry, I. 157.

Liegois, their battle with the French chivalry, II. 204.

Lists, description of the, I. 266.

London, citizens of, their taste for chivalric amusements, II. 11.

Lords, House of, errors of its committees, I. 15. note.

Lorrys, Sir Launcelet de, a gallant knight, killed in a joust for love of
his lady, I. 292.

Love, peculiarities of chivalric, I. 212. 217-222. 194, &c.

Perfection and purity of chivalric, II. 345.
Quick-sightedness of courtly matrons regarding signs of, II. 322.
Louis, Saint, his barbarous intolerance, I. 148.

Loyes, Sir, of Spain, his cruelty, I. 151.

M.

Mail-armour, various descriptions of, I. 78-81.

Mail and plate, 82.
Mail worn in all ages of chivalry, 84.

Manny, Sir Walter, succours the Countess of Mountfort, I. 245.

His bravery at Calais, II. 18.
An amorous knight, 27.
His kindness to two brother-knights, 29.
His joyous adventurousness, 30.
Other feats, 31, &c.
His filial piety, 34.
Gentleness of his disposition, 38.
His high rank in England, 39.
His sageness, 40.
His liberality, 41.
Founds the Charter-house, 42.

March, Countess of, story of her chivalric heroism in defending the

castle of Dunbar, I. 237.

Marche, Thomas de la, his duel with John de Visconti, II.

Martel, nature of that weapon, I. 68.

Marzia, degl’ Ubaldini, story of her heroic deportment at Cesena, I.

249.

Maule, its qualities, I. 68.

Not a perfectly chivalric weapon, 72.
Maximilian the only Emperor of Germany of a chivalric character, II.
315.
His joust with a French knight, ib.

Medicine, knowlege of, possessed by dames and damsels, I. 186.

Faith of knights in medicines administered by women, 187.

Medici, Lorenzo de, won a prize at a tournament, I. 267.

Men-at-arms, manner of their fighting, and description of their

armour, I. 107.

Mercenaries, their use in the French army, II. 209.

Mercy, order of our Lady of, reason of the establishing of the, I. 354.

Merlo, Sir John, a Spanish knight, account of his jousting in

Burgundy, II. 297-300.

Meyrick, Dr., character of his critical inquiry into ancient armour, I.

79. note, 101. note, 114. note.

Michael of the Wing, purposes of the establishing of this order, I.

356.

Milan, Sir Galeas, Duke of, his courtesy to the Earl of Derby, II. 330.

Milanese armour, excellence of. See Italian armour.

Missals, the merits of, decided by battle, II. 288.

Minstrels, description of them and their art in connection with

chivalry, I. 166, &c.
Their chivalric importance in Italy, II. 327.
Molai, Jacques de, appoints a successor to his authority over the
Templars, I. 140.

Montferrand, Regnaud de, the romantic excess of his love for

chivalric honours, I. 59.

Montglaive, Guerin de, I. 30.

Montpensier, Henry de Bourbon, his death in a tournament, II. 226.

Mountfort, Jane de, tale of her heroism, I. 239.

Music, ladies in chivalry were taught, I. 183, 184.

N.

Naples, chivalry at, II. 331.

Ceremonies of chivalric inauguration in, 332.

Navaret, battle of, II. 189.

Nobility, education of English, in the sixteenth century, II. 115.

Normans, nature of their chivalry, I. 383.

Plant chivalry in Italy, II. 331.

O.

Oak, in Navarre, order of, I. 374.

Obedience, dignity of, I. 6.

Olympic games, their inferiority to the games of chivalry, I. 259.

Orbigo, account of a singular passage of arms at, II. 292-296.

Orders, the religious, their general principles, I. 333.

Qualifications for them, 336.
Use of the religious, 337.
Military orders, ib.
Dormant orders, 366.
Singular titles of, 371.

Ordonnance, companies of, established by Charles VII., their

unchivalric nature, II. 209.

Orleans, Duke of, his satire on the heaviness of English armour, I.

91.

Orris, Michael de, the romantic and chivalric nature of his love, I.
322.

Ostrich feathers, whether originally a crest or a device of the Black

Prince, I. 101, &c.

Otterbourn, description of that chivalric battle, II. 76, &c.

Oxenford, Earl of, amusing story of his absurd pride, I. 36.

Oxford, Edward Vere, Earl of, his coxcombry and romantic gallantry,
II. 150.

P.

Page, the first gradation in chivalry, I. 30.

At what age a boy became one, ib.
His duties, 31.
Personal service, ib.
Taught love, religion, and war, 32.
 His martial exercises, 35.
(See Saintré.)
Combats of pages, II. 208.
State of English pages during the sixteenth century, 149.

Palaye, Sainte, character of his Memoirs of ancient Chivalry, Preface.

Paleaz, Martin, a Spanish knight, his story, II. 271.

Passage of arms, what it was, I. 327.

Error of the author of Ivanhoe concerning, ib. note.
Description of one in Burgundy, 328.;
and at Orbigo, in Spain, II. 292.

Patriotism, not necessarily a knightly virtue, I. 139.

But encouraged by the religious and military orders, 335, 336.

Peacock, festival and vow of the, I. 177.

Mode of dressing the, 178. note.

Pelayo, his history, II. 242.

Pembroke, Earl, stories of, II. 33. 52-58.

Penitents of love, a singular set of fanatics in France, I. 211.

Pennon, the streamer at end of a lance, I. 66.

Perceval, Mr. George, excellence of his history of Italy, Preface.

Cited, I. 102. note. II. 218. 325. note. 326-328.

Percy. See Hotspur.

Perfumes, fondness of people in the middle ages for, I. 194. note.

Philippa, Queen, her heroism, I. 236.

Plate-armour, description of, I. 83.
Its inconveniences I. 84. 102. note.

Peter the Cruel, his history, II. 181, &c.

Politeness of knights in battle, I. 135.

Pride of knights ridiculed by Cervantes, I. 393.

Prisoners, when made by knights, delivered to the squires, I. 41.

Curious pride of knights concerning, 138.
Ladies were never made prisoners, 227.

Pursuivant of love, the favourite title of a knight, I. 202.

Pye, Lord Saint, his skill in jousting, I. 309, &c.

Q.

Quinones, Sueno de, account of his holding a passage of arms at

Orbigo, in Spain, II. 292.

Quintain, nature of that amusement, I. 44.

R.

Ramsey, William de, the chivalric nature of his death, I. 147.

Ransoming, the general principles of, in chivalric times, I. 136.

Rapier, an Italian weapon, II. 135.

Fighting with it supersedes the sword and buckler, ib.
Religion, nature of the knight’s, I. 146. 150.
Brevity of his devotions, ib.
Curious instance of it, 147.
The chivalric glory of a man being shriven in his helmet, ib.
Intolerance of the knight, 148.
His ferocity against Pagans and Saracens, ib.
His idle impiety at a tournament, 266.
Maintained opinions by the sword, 349.

Rienzi, Cola di, instance of his coxcombry, II. 335. note.

Richard I., description of his battle-axe, I. 69.

His chivalric character, 391.

Rivers, mystery of, meaning of the phrase, I. 29.

Romance of chivalry displayed in the tournament, I. 266.

Great estimation of romances in chivalric times, I. 174.
Beneficial effects of, on chivalry, II. 170.
Their popularity in England during the sixteenth century, 100.
Effects on Italy, 337.

Roncesvalles, chivalric march through the valley of, by the soldiers of

the Black Prince, II. 189.
Question regarding battles in, at the time of Charlemagne, 244.

Round Table, when and where held in England, II. 3.

Number of knights attached to the fabulous, I. 376. note.

Roy, Raynolde du, a good jouster, chivalric reason for it, I. 312.

Rybamount, courtesy of Edward III. to Lord Eustace of, II. 19.

S.
Sageness, meaning of this old word, I. 129.

Saintré, Jean de, curious account of the education in love of this

knight, I. 32.

Scales, Anthony Woodville, Lord, his joust with the Bastard of

Burgundy, I. 314.

Scarf, ladies’, on the knight, I. 85. 89. 101.

Scotland, form of chivalric oath in, II. 70.

Chivalric circumstances, 71.
Frenchmen’s opinions of Scotsmen’s chivalry, 73.
Reasons for Englishmen’s dislike of wars in, 75.
Courtesies between English and Scottish knights, 75.
See James IV.

Shield, sentiments of honour connected with the, I. 77.

Its various shapes, 78.

Sidney, Sir Philip, his chivalric character, II. 126.

His Arcadia, 127.
Circumstances of his life, 128.
Remarkable grief at his death, 129.
Uncommon kindness of the Sidney family, ib., and note.
His description of the nature of chivalric courage, I. 130. note.
His apology for ladies studying surgery, I. 188.

Sir, its title in chivalry, I. 31.

Skottowe, Mr., excellence of his work on Shakspeare, I. 209. note.

Smithfield, anciently the principal tilting ground in London, I. 269.

Used for other purposes, note, ib.
Its state in the sixteenth century evidence of the degeneracy of
chivalry, II. 136. note.
Spain, religious orders in, account of, I. 344.
General nature of Spanish chivalry, II. 230.
Religion and heroism, ib.
Gallantry, 231. 289.
Curious blending of Spanish and Oriental manners, 232.
Beneficial effects from the union of Moors and Spaniards, 233.
Religious toleration in Spain, 235.
Loves and friendships of Moors and Christians, ib.
Peculiarities of Spanish chivalry, 236.
Forms of knighthood, 237.
Various classes of knights, 238.
Spanish knights travel to distant countries, asserting the beauty of
Spanish maidens, 296.
Extinction of Spanish chivalry, 301.
The knight’s idolatry of women outlives this extinction, 302.
Spanish poetry, 241.
Story of Spanish manners 271. 277.
State of Spanish chivalry after the death of the Cid, II. 287.

Spenser, his Fairy Queen supports chivalry, II. 126.

Object of the poem, ib.
Poem cited, passim.

Spices, fondness of knights for them, I. 169. note. 282.

Spurs, buckling them on, a part of chivalric inauguration ceremonies,

I. 53.
Suspended in churches as memorials of victory and honour, II.
305. note.

Squire, his personal and chivalric duties, I. 35, 36. 39.

Never sat at the same table with knights, 36.
Story of a high-spirited squire, 37.
His dress, 39.
Various sorts of squires, 40.
 Spenser’s picture of one, ib.
His duties in battle, 41.
Carried the pennon of a knight, ib.
His gallantry, 41. 45.
His martial exercises, 43.
Undertook military expeditions, 45.
His services in the battle-field, 41. 46.
Nature of his armour, 107.
Story of the boldness of a, I. 128.
English squires wore silver collars, II. 8.
See Bovines.

Squirehood, the third class of the general order of chivalry, I. 23.

Of whom it was formed, 24.

Stephen, his courtesy to Matilda, I. 153.

Important effects of chivalry in his reign, I. 389.

Stocking, order of the, I. 379.

Origin of the phrase Blue Stocking, 380.
This contemptuous expression no longer applicable to
Englishwomen, 381.

Stothard, Mrs. Charles, her Tour in Normandy cited, I. 241. note.

Surcoats, their materials and purposes, I. 85.

Of the military orders, 86.

Surgery, knowledge of, possessed by ladies in chivalric times, I. 188.

Surry, Earl of, incorrectness of the common tale regarding, II. 114.

Swinton, Sir John, his fine heroism, I. 56.

Another story of the heroism of a, 128.

Sword, girding of it on the knight a part of the chivalric inauguration

ceremonies, I. 11. 63.
The favourite weapon of the knight, I. 70.
Swords had names and mottoes; the cross hilt; the handle
contained the knight’s seal; Spanish swords, 70-77.
Story of the Cid’s favourite swords, II. 279.

T.

Tabard, description of, I. 85.

Templars, Knights, extravagance of their ascetism, I. 324. note.

Errors of the author of Waverley regarding, 337. note.
The valiancy of the, 338.
Succession of Grand Masters from the persecution to the present
time, 340, &c.
Present state of, 342.
Their importance in Spain, 241.

Thistle, order of the, I. 363.

Its absurd pretensions to antiquity, ib.

Thomson, Anthony Todd, value of his botanical lectures, I. 315.

note.

Tournaments, superiority of, to Grecian games, I. 259.

Origin of, 260.
Objects, 261., and notes.
Qualifications for tourneying, 263. 265. 272.
Who tourneyed, 264.
Ceremonies of the, ib.
Procession to the, 268.
Nature of tourneying weapons, 270.
The preparation, 273.
The encounter, 274.
English regulations concerning, 279. note.
 Opposed by the Popes, 286. note.
Their frequency in the reign of Edward III., II. 2.
Time of their death in England, 137.
Female tournament in Germany, 314.

Tristrem, Romance of, I. 26.

V.

Valet, the common title of the page, I. 35.

Vargas, Garcia Perez de, a splendid exemplar of Spanish chivalry.

Story of his romantic gallantry, II. 289.

Vigil of arms a necessary preliminary to knighthood, I. 49.

Vilain, Sir John, anecdote of his remarkable prowess, I. 69.

Virtue, degree of, expected in a knight, I. 149.

Visconti, John de, his duel with Thomas de la Marche, II. 22.

Vows, knightly, courage incited by, I. 127.

Fantastic, ib., &c. 322.

W.

Wallop, Sir John, his men break lances for ladies’ love, II. 117.

Warwick, an earl of, a famous jouster, I. 301.

Wells, Lord, his joust with Sir David de Lindsay, first Earl of
Crawford, I. 290.
Werner, fiendlike ferocity and impiety of, II. 328.

William Rufus, authors wrong, in calling him a chivalric king, I. 391.

But he promoted the growth of chivalry in England, I. 387.

Wines, dislike entertained by the Englishmen of old for the wines of

Spain, I. 143.
Wines drank in chivalric times, 193. and note.
Wines and spices, 169. note.

Woods, mystery of, I. 29.

Worcester, John, Earl of, Constable. His regulations regarding

tournaments in England, I. 279. note.

Wordsworth, his beautiful description of the occupations and life of a

minstrel, I. 171.

X.

Ximena, a Spanish maiden, story of her voluntary marriage with her

father’s murderer, II. 247.

Z.

Zamora, story of that town and the Cid of Spain, II. 254.

Footnotes:
[1] The History of Italy, from the Fall of the Western Empire to the
Commencement of the Wars of the French Revolution. By George
Perceval, Esq. 2 vols. 8vo. 1825.
[2] A third volume was added in the year 1781, which also bears the
title “Mémoires sur l’ancienne Chevalerie;” though more than half of
the volume relates to the sport of hunting, which is a baronial or
feudal rather than a chivalric subject.
[3] The Troubadour, &c. By L. E. L., author of The Improvisatrice.
12mo.
[4] Jean Froissart, called Sir Jean Froissart, (the title, Sir, being in
the middle ages common to all who were either in the holy orders of
the church or in the holy order of knighthood,) was born at
Valenciennes in the year 1337, and died in 1397.
[5] The Prologue of Froissart—Lord Berners’ translation.
[6] I subjoin Schultens’ Latin version of the Arabic passage in
Bohadin, vita et res gestæ Saladini, c. 127. p. 209. “Cupere Anglum
ut Almalichus Aladilus sororem ipsius in matrimonium duceret (eam
e Sicilia cujus functo domino nupta fuerat, secum avexerat frater,
quum insulam illam trajiceret).”
[7] Reiske’s Latin version of Abulfeda is this:—“Illuc commeabant
Francorum pacis causa legati, eam offerentes conditionem, ut Malec-
al-Adel, frater Sultani sororem Regis Angliæ in matrimonium, et
Hierosolymas in regnum acciperet.” Abulfeda, vol. iv. p. 111.
[8] Tacitus Germania, sec. 6. Cæsar de Bello Gallico, lib. i. s. 48.
[9] Tacitus Germania, s. 13. Mallet’s Northern Antiquities, vol. i. p.
197.
[10] Tacitus Germania. Cæsar, lib. 6. s. 14.
[11] Ammianus Marcellinus, lib. 16. c. 13.
[12] Chron. Saxon, 57, &c. Florence, ad an. 784. William of
Malmsbury, 7.
[13] Athenæus, lib. iv. c. 36.
[14] Treatise on the Virtue of the Female Sex.
[15] Tacitus Germania, s. 18. c. 19.
[16] Ibid.
[17] Strabo, lib. iv. Tacitus Historia, lib. iv. c. 61. 65. Pomponius
Mela, lib. iii. c. 6.
[18] Tacitus, Hist. lib. iv. c. 18. Life of Agricola, s. 32. Germania, s. 7.
[19] Barthol. p. 54. as cited by Warton, Dissert. I. Of the Origin of
Romantic Fiction in Europe, in the first volume of the late admirable
edition of his History of English Poetry.
[20] It is also curious that this blow was said to have been
customary.—“Dato eisdem, sicut consuetudinis est, manu colapho.”
[21] Not exactly according to the form, for by this time a belt with a
sword inserted was girded round the military candidate, instead of
delivering a javelin to him. See the preceding page.
[22] William of Malmsbury, lib. ii. c. 6.
[23] Ingulph, p. 512.
[24] Caxton, Fayts of Arms and Chivalry, chapter entitled “Of the
Honor that ought to be done to a Knight.”
[25] Spencer’s Fairy Queen, book v. canto 5. st. 37. The romance of
the Morte D’Arthur says, that in early times there were no hermits,
but who had been men of worship and prowess; “and the hermits
held great household, and refreshed people that were in distress.”
Lib. 18. c. 10.
[26] The reader will find in Johnson’s Dictionary the etymology of sir.
When this word, acknowledging power and superiority, was first
used as the title of chivalry, I do not know. Instances exist as high as
the reign of Henry II.
[27] Coke, Instit. 4. In the Reports of the Lords’ Committees
respecting the Peerage, (printed 2d July 1821), doubts are often
expressed regarding the meaning of the word Banneret. A little
attention to the difference between the personal nobility of chivalry,
and the nobility which arose as a franchise appurtenant to land,
would have prevented the entertaining of such doubts, and the
conclusion might have been drawn from principles, instead of being
guessed from precedent, that the title of banneret had no relation to
the dignity of Lord of Parliament. The Lords’ Committees seem
surprised that barons should sometimes have had the addition of
knights, and at other times of bannerets but in truth chevalier was
the title which comprehended all others, and, like the word ‘Lord,’
was used in a general sense.
[28] See Du Cange, Dissertation 9. on Joinville. This learned
commentator seems inclined to confound knights-banneret with
barons, chivalry with nobility; and a herd of subsequent writers,
refining on his error, have gravely placed knights-banneret as an
order or class of society mediate between Nobility and Knighthood.
[29] Some fortune was, however, always thought necessary for the
support of the dignity of knight-banneret. In the 28th of Edward III.
John de Cobham was made a banneret, and had a grant of an
annuity of 100 marks, out of the issues of the county of Norfolk,
expressly for the better support of that dignity. Dugdale’s Baronage,
vol. ii. p. 66. Many similar instances are mentioned in the
Parliamentary Rolls.
[30] A note of Waterhouse on Fortescue will illustrate this. “The title
of franklein is ‘good man;’ and yet they have oft knights’ estates.
Many are called by courtesy ‘masters,’ and even ‘gentlemen;’ and
their sons are educated in the inns of court, and adopted into the
orders of knights and squires.”
[31] Illegitimacy seems not to have been a matter of the slightest
consequence. Froissart. ii. 26.
[32] Favyn. i. 6.
[33] When Don Quixote was dubbed a knight, the landlord asked
him whether he had any money. “Not a cross,” replied the knight;
“for I never read in any history of chivalry, that any knight-errant
ever carried money about him.”—“Respondio Don Quixote que no
traia blanca, porque él nunca habia leido en las historias de los
caballeros andantes, que ninguno los hubiese traido.” This was a
very singular error in Cervantes, for in Amadis de Gaul, which he
characterizes as the best work of its class, and which is evidently
one of his textbooks, we read that the queen gave Adrian the Dwarf
enough money to last Amadis de Gaul his master for a whole year.
Book III. c. 6.
[34] Froissart, i. c. 448.
[35] Froissart, ii. c. 49.
[36] Thus, as Bracton observes, if a villain be made a knight, he is
thereby immediately enfranchised, and consequently accounted a
gentleman, l. iv. f. 198. b.
[37] Froissart, i. 384.
[38] Du Cange says, the third order of Chivalry consisted of the
Esquires; but he evidently thinks they were the personal attendants
of knights, for he calls them infancons or damoiseaux. He does not
seem to have thought that a grave old squire ever existed.
[39] ——“Mais le dit escuyer s’excusa; et dit qu’il ne pouvoit trouver
son bacinet.”—Froissart, i. 211.
[40] favour.
[41] soon.
[42] diligently.
[43] attempted.
[44] against.
[45] rule.
[46] the minstrelsy art.
[47] went.
[48] knew.
[49] Geste of Kyng Horn, v. 233.
[50] Mr Rose’s note on the Romance of Partenopex of Blois, p. 51.
[51] Caxton, Fayt of Armes and of Chyvalrye, c. 9., Mémoires du bon
Messire Jean le Maingre, dit Boucicaut, Maréchal de France, c. 5, 9.
in the sixth volume of the large collection of French Memoirs.
[52] L’Histoire de Guerin de Montglaive.
[53] L’Histoire et plaisante Cronicque du petit Jehan de Saintré, vol.
1. c. 3-6. I have the authority of Sir Walter Scott and other able
writers on chivalry, to cite this romance as good evidence for the
laws and manners of knighthood. It was written in 1459; the first
edition was printed in Gothic characters in 1523, and it was reprinted
in three volumes, 12mo. in 1724.
[54] Caxton, Fayt of Armes and Chevalrye, c. 9.
[55] Damoisel et Eescuyer sont arrivés à Novandel demandant
chivalarie, lequel layant reçu n’est plus appellé de tels tiltres, ains
seulement des tiltre de chevalier.—Amadis de Gaul, liv. 3. c. 3.
[56] Fauchet de l’Origine des Chevaliers, liv. 1. ch. 1. Monstrelet, vol.
1. c. 138. L’histoire de Bertrand du Guesclin, c. 1.
[57] Paulus Warnefridus, lib. 1. c. 23.
[58] Eximinus Petri Salonava Justitia Arragonum. Lib. de privilegiis
baronum et riccorum hominum.
[59] Froissart, vol. 2. c. 31.
[60] Froissart, vol. 2. c. 92. The Earl of Oxenford had reason to
repent of his arrogance. Sir John Chandos, observes Froissart,
marked well all the matter between his squire and the earl, and
remained quiet till the prince was gone from them, and then coming
to the earl, he said, “Sir Thomas, are you displeased that I drank
before you? I am constable of this country; I may well drink before
you, since my lord the prince, and other lords here, are content
therewith. It is of truth that you were at the battle of Poictiers; but
all who were there do not know so well as I what you did. I shall
declare it. When my lord the prince had made his voyage in
Languedock and Carcassone to Narbonne, and was returned hither
to his town of Bourdeaux, you chose to go to England. What the
king said to you on your arrival I know right well, though I was not
present. He demanded of you whether you had finished your
voyage, and what you had done with his son the prince. You
answered, that you had left him in good health at Bourdeaux. Then
the king said, ‘How durst you be so bold as to return without him? I
commanded you and all others when ye departed, that you should
not return without him, and you thus presume to come again to
England. I straitly command you, that within four days you avoid my
realm and return again to him, and if I find you within this my realm
on the fifth day, you shall lose your life, and all your heritage for
ever.’ And you feared the king’s words, as it was reason, and left the
realm, and so your fortune was good, for truly you were with my
lord the prince four days before the battle of Poictiers. On the day of
the battle you had forty spears under your charge, and I had
fourscore. Now you may see whether I ought to drink before you or
not, since I am constable of Acquitain.” The Earl of Oxenford was
ashamed, and would gladly have been thence at the time; but he
was obliged to remain and hear this reproof from that right noble
knight, Sir John Chandos.
[61] Fairy Queen, book 1. canto 10. st. 7.
[62] Froissart, 1. c. 269. M. Paris, 873.
[63]
“Les prisons firent arreter,
Et en lieu seur tourner,
A leurs escuyers les liverent
Et à garder les commandement.”
[64] Ulrich von Lichtenstein, p. 70. Ulrich was a German knight, who
lived in the fourteenth century, and wrote his own memoirs. They
often give us curious glimpses into ancient chivalry.
[65] Chaucer, in drawing his squire, had certainly in mind a passage
from his favourite poem, “The Romaunt of the Rose:”—
“Si avoient bien a Bachalier,
Que il sache de vieler,
De fleuter et de danser.”
I do not notice this circumstance on account of the literary
coincidence, but to shew that the squire of France and the squire of
England were in Chaucer’s view the same character.
[66] Du Cange, Dissert. 7. au Joinville, and Menage, Dict. Et. in verb.
[67] Fairy Queen, book 2. canto 3. st. 46.
“So to his steed he got, and ’gan to ride,
As one unfit therefore, that all might see
He had not trained been in chivalry;
Which well that valiant courser did discern;
For he despised to tread in dew degree,
But chaf’d and foam’d with courage fierce and stern,
And to be eas’d of that base burthen still did erne.”
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